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One of the three major schools of Christianity
The full name of Catholicism is the "Roman Catholic Church", also known as the "Roman Catholic Church", referred to as "Catholic", and previously was transliterated as "Gatrianism". Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism are listed as the three major Christian denominations, which are usually called "Christian religion" in Chinese academic circles.
Christianity is a religious system that believes in Jesus Christ as the savior, the trinity of God as the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the resurrection of man after death and the last judgment, as well as the return of Christ and the salvation of the world. It originated in ancient Palestine, matured in the ancient Roman Empire, was founded as a representative of the Western religious ideology in the Middle Ages of Europe, and has gained its global development since modern times.
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At present, Christianity has developed into the largest religion in the world according to its number of believers and geographical distribution. The total number of its followers is said to be 2.3 billion, accounting for 31.2% of the world's population and 44% of the total number of religious believers in the world. It has a broad and profound impact on human society, ideology, culture, politics and economy. According to the Catholic Church, there are 1.13 billion Catholics worldwide, accounting for 17.7 percent of the world's population. The percentage of Catholics by continent is 48.5% in the Americas, 21.8% in Europe, 17.8% in Africa, 11.1% in Asia and 0.8% in Oceania.
- Chinese name
- Catholicism
- alias
- Catholic , Roman Catholic , Roman Catholicism
- Full title
- Roman Catholic Church
Christianity originally emerged from Judaism, and from Judaism inherited some religious ideas and myths from the ancient Hebrew civilization and related civilizations such as Ancient Babylon, ancient Egypt, ancient Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. These religious thought and cultural factors were inherited and carried forward by the Christian religion, reformed and reformed in its historical development, thus forming some basic concepts embodied in its thought and theology, ritual and religious life. For example, the creation myth, the Paradise of Eden and the flood legend in the Christian tradition were all influenced by the ancient Babylonian religion, and their materials came directly from the ancient Babylonian civilization. In addition, its accounts of the passion of Christ, the resurrection, and the Virgin Mary also bear some traces of ancient Babylonian legends.
The word "Catholic" comes from a Greek word meaning "universal" and "universal." The Chinese word "God", after the Catholic missionaries entered China at the end of the Ming Dynasty, borrowed the original name of China to translate the god they believed in, meaning the supreme sovereign, in order to distinguish it from the gods believed in in China, so it is called Catholicism.
The introduction of Catholicism into our country was tortuous and changeable. In the Yuan Dynasty, Catholicism was once introduced into our country, interrupted in the Yuan Dynasty. In the 16th century, Catholicism was once again introduced into China, and Jesuit, Franciscan and Dominican missionaries successively came to China to preach, of which the Jesuits sent by Portugal were the most powerful. Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit, took spreading scientific knowledge as the medium and integrating Catholic doctrine with Confucian ethical concepts as his missionary policy, and actively participated in the Chinese intellectual class, laying the foundation for the widespread spread of Catholicism in China. In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a debate within the Catholic Church on the attitude to Chinese liturgy, which was called the "Chinese liturgy debate". From 1700, the dispute developed into an open conflict between the Roman Pope and the Qing emperor. The Holy See issued the "Forbidden Covenant" decree, and sent special envoys to China to forbid Catholics to worship their ancestors and sacrifice holes. The Vatican's actions angered the Kangxi emperor, who saw them as interference in China's internal affairs, arrested missionaries and banned Catholic missionary work in China. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), the Ministry of Rites requested permission to ban religion throughout the country, and except for a few missionaries serving in the imperial court, all were expelled from China. After the twelfth year of Qianlong (1747), the Qing Court repeatedly searched for and suppressed the missionaries who had illegally entered the mainland, and the Catholic missionary activities in China suffered serious setbacks. After the Opium War, the door of China was wide open, and the Catholic forces, under the protection of unequal treaties and Western powers, relied on special privileges to penetrate into all parts of China and achieved rapid development. The number of Catholics in China reached 720,000 in 1900, more than 2 million in 1921, and more than 3 million in 1945. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to rid the Chinese Catholic community of imperialists and their influence, and change the colonial status of the Chinese Catholic Church, the patriots of the Chinese Catholic community were the first to stand up and angrily condemn the various acts of the Holy See using the Chinese Catholic Church as a tool for imperialist subversion of the New China, and called on the majority of Chinese Catholics to take action. The realization of the independent innovation of the Chinese Catholic Church was warmly responded by the majority of Chinese Catholics, thus setting off an anti-imperialist patriotic movement, and transforming the Chinese Catholic Church, which had long been manipulated by foreign forces, into a religious cause run by the Chinese Catholic community. At present, the Catholic Church in China has 98 dioceses, about 6,000 churches and activity halls, about 8,000 clerical personnel, 9 theological colleges, the number of believers more than 6 million.
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The Catholic Church believes in God and Jesus Christ, and respects Mary, Jesus' birth mother, as the "Virgin." The "Creed" is the authoritative outline of the Catholic faith, and it is also the scripture that believers must read when they are baptized into the church. Among them, the Apostles' Creed is one of the oldest creeds, with a total of twelve, with "twelve ends of faith", which covers the main themes of the Catholic faith, mainly including three parts: 1. Believe in God the Father Almighty (God). He formed heaven and earth and created man. 2. Believe in the Son of God (Jesus Christ). Jesus was born, redeemed, suffered (was put to death), rose, ascended to heaven, and will come again at the last Judgment. 3. Believe in the Holy Spirit of God, the Holy Church, the resurrection of the body, etc.
The Holy Spirit is a complex concept that has been hotly debated within the Christian religion. In the Christian concept, there is only one God, but there are three "persons" including the Father, Christ the Son and the Holy Spirit. All three are one true God, not three Gods. The Catholic Church believes that the Father and the Son love each other and share the "Holy Spirit," and the Holy Spirit can "sanctify humanity." The "Holy Church," founded by Jesus Christ and "one, Most Holy, Most Public, descended from the Apostles," has "the power to forgive SINS." "Resurrection of the flesh" means that the flesh of man will rise again at the end of the world and be judged by Christ. The Bible is the religious Canon of all who believe in Jesus Christ as their Savior and is considered the overarching principle of Christian faith. The Bible is divided into two parts, the Old Testament and the New Testament, called the New and Old Testament books. The Catholic Church believes that God is the primary author of the Bible, that what is recorded in the Bible is the "word" of God, the "holy Word" of God, and that it is the source and foundation of the Church's theological doctrines, doctrines, canons, ethics and institutions. God has entrusted the Bible to the Church for safekeeping, and only the Church has the privilege of interpreting the Bible, and believers are to accept the guidance of the Church. The Bible adopted by the Catholic Church consists of 73 books, including 46 books of the Old Testament and 27 books of the New Testament. Chinese Bibles adopted by Chinese Catholics are mainly the 1968 Chinese version of the Bible, which was translated under the auspices of the Catholic Siko Bible Society. In addition, the Catholic Church has compiled catechism into the Catechism of the Catholic Church and Canon law into the Catholic Code.
The Catholic Church has a hierarchical, centralized, hierarchical management system, that is, the so-called "holy control". This set of clerical hierarchy and educational administration system sprouting in the 2nd to 3rd century AD, after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD, it gradually completed with reference to the imperial hierarchy system and was finalized in the European Middle Ages. The main body of the system's "divine vocation level" is composed of three levels: bishop, priest (the official rank within the church is "priest", the priest is an honorific title), deacon (deacon), which is considered to be "the rank established by God", and the ordination must be ordained by the bishop to perform the "divine sacrament", and the clergy of different grades have different levels of "divine authority" when holding the liturgy and "sacrament". But the system's "hierarchy of authority," which is a hierarchy based on church governance and authority and certain divisions of labor, divides bishops into several levels. Among them, the Pope (more commonly translated as "Pope") is the supreme head, and the Holy See assists him as the central administrative organ to carry out his work, both of which are now based in the Vatican City State, an area of 0.44 square kilometers, northwest of Rome, Italy. Under it are cardinals (commonly known as "cardinals", have the right to elect the Pope), archbishops (archbishop), diocesan bishops and so on. Among bishops, there are also regular bishops, assistant bishops (when a diocesan bishop becomes vacant, he automatically succeeds the bishop), and auxiliary bishops (without automatic succession). The Catholic Church attaches great importance to this hierarchy system, believing that only believers without hierarchy cannot be a "church." According to the Measures for the Identification of Catholic Clerical Personnel in China issued by the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association and the Chinese Catholic Bishops' Conference, Catholic clerical personnel "refer to bishops, assistant bishops, auxiliary bishops, priests (priests), deacons, and nuns." Among them, nuns are female members who leave home to enter the order, usually with "three great wishes" : no wealth (not private property), no beauty (not marriage), no intention (not private intention, only the order is from), engaged in prayer or social service and other work, used to be called "Mu mu". Catholic clergy are celibate. To ask them about their marriages or children is to show a lack of basic knowledge of Catholicism and is inappropriate.
The main religious activity of the Catholic Church is the Mass. The Mass is a re-enactment of Jesus' Last Supper with his disciples, and the central part is the "Holy Communion" and the "Holy Blood," when worshippers kneel and bow their heads in the highest respect. The Catholic Church believes that formal and complete liturgy must be carried out in the church, and only bishops and priests have the "divine right" to officiate at Mass, and the participation of the faithful is called the "Hope Mass". In the past, Mass was always said in Latin. After the 1960s, the Catholic Church began liturgical reform, and now most have adopted the national language. In a church with a priest, Mass is held every day. Sunday Mass on weekends, often more than one, more believers attend. In the big festival, also held a grand "Mass", Christmas Eve held "Mass". Since the 11th century, the Catholic Church has gradually identified seven "sacraments". The Catholic Church holds that, unlike acts such as prayer, the sacraments are instituted by Christ and are the work of the Holy Spirit to "sanctify" the souls of believers and give "grace" to the recipients, so the Catholic Church attaches great importance to these sacraments.
These sacraments are: 1. Baptism. Baptism is an initiation ceremony, usually performed by the clergy in the church. 2. Firm reinforcement. It's called the anointing ceremony, which anyone who has been baptized can receive as a sign of firm faith. It is usually administered by the bishop, but in special cases it may also be administered by a priest appointed by the bishop. 3. Confession. Also called confession, "work of God", also known as the "sacrament of reconciliation", is a "forgiveness of SINS" ceremony. Believers declare their "SINS" to the clergy, obtain "forgiveness of SINS" and make certain "reparations". 4. Eucharist. The Eucharist portion of the Mass. The Catholic Church believes that communion is union with Christ and that the Eucharist is the source and peak of church life. 5. Final Fu. Sick or dying believers are blessed with anointing and chanting by a priest or bishop. 6. Good products. The ordination of a monk to the priesthood, performed by a bishop. 7. Marriage. A rite of marriage performed by a priest.
