Xia Dynasty (about 2070 BC - about 1600 BC) ^[1-2] ^[108] ^{[115
]} ), is the first recorded in Chinese history books slavery Dynasty. ^{[113
]} The Xia Dynasty was actually composed of clan As a nation formed by core development, ^{[3
]} It is generally believed that the Xia Dynasty lasted for 14 or 17 generations ^{[4
]} ^[5] (The ruler of the Xia Dynasty was called "Hou" and "Di" after his death), founded by Yu the Great , ^{[112-113
]} That is to say Rev. ^{[111
]} ^{[116
]} , appoint the capital Yangcheng , Pour your wine 鄩 , Anyi Etc. Songshan area in Henan Province Yi River , Luohe River The river basin is the central area of activity. ^{[116
]}

Summer is a long history in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Tribal alliance , by more than a dozen Husband's surname Made up of tribes, Chargott He took a leading position in these tribes. During the Yao and Shun dynasties, Gun was gradually strong, but failed to control water and was killed. Yu, Gun's son, inherited his father's business and achieved success in flood control. With the support of many tribal leaders, becoming Moratsu The supreme leader of the clan, and gradually established the Xia royal power. ^{[117
]} Yu originally passed down yi But Yi gave way to Yuzi Rev. This is regarded as the most important in Chinese history. Family and state The beginning of ^[6] .

The Xia Dynasty began in the west of Henan Province, the south of Shanxi Province, the east of Henan Province, Shandong Province And Hebei Province three provinces junction, south of the north of Hubei Province, north and south of Hebei Province. The geographical center of this area was present-day Henan A surname , be sealed, New secret , Yuzhou Around.

Among the relics of the Xia period are a certain number of bronze and jade ritual vessels, dated about Neolithic age Late, Bronze Age Early. ^{[7-8
]}

By Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasty history research and Project to explore the source of Chinese civilization It Outlines the social picture from the Yao and Shun era to the Xia and Shang Dynasties from 2500 to 1500 BC. The Central Plains included Yu Du Yangcheng Six large scale and high grade central capital towns in the Xia Dynasty are included in the research focus. Luoyang Yanshi, Henan Province Erlitou site The discovery of the ancient "summer capital" has uncovered the mystery, Erlitou site It has gradually become a consensus in the academic circles that Xia Dynasty capital remains. ^[101]

Chinese name: Xia Dynasty
Foreign name: The Xia Dynasty
alias: In the summer , Xiyi Summer ^[106-107] , Xiyi County ^[106-107] , summer
Time frame: From 2070 to 1600 BC
emperor: Si Qi, Si Taikang, Si Shaokang, Si Jie, etc

metropolitan: Yangcheng , Yang , Anyi , Pour your wine 鄩 Etc. ^{[116
]}
Major city: The original , Emperor Chu, Old hill , Xi He , Recommend her Etc.
species: Refined words
currency: Shellfish, shellfish, copper shellfish
founder: Xia Yu

catalogue

1Title of a kingdom
2history
▪Origin of Xia nationality
▪Gun Yu controlled the water
▪Fight against the three seedlings
▪Establish a dynasty
▪Taikang lost the state
▪Shaokang Zhongxing
▪Violent violence and the overthrow of the state
▪Descendants of Xia people
3territory
▪Radius

Title of a kingdom

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EDITOR

The Xia Dynasty, historically known as "Xia". There are many theories about the origin of this title, among which the more credible view is that "Xia" is the pictograph of the Xia clan totem. Sima Qian The record "summer" is Husband's surname Chargott , Yuhu , Arito , Pouo 鄩 , Tongcheng family , Bao's, Fei's, Qi's, Zeng's, Xin's, Mo's, Pouvan's The name of a tribe of twelve clans, ending with" Summer post Therefore, after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, it was named by the tribe. ^{[110
]} The Xia Dynasty was founded on the ruins of the primitive social system.

Tang Dynasty Zhang Shoujie It is believed that "Xia" is the Great Yu sealed in Yang It is named after "Shabo". "Xia" evolved from the place names of "a house with summer" and "Bactria" into tribal names, and then became the name of the country, which is the beginning of many historians believe that hereditary dynasties in China. ^[10]

The Book of Rites Black shirt ", "Shang Shu · Tai Jia ", "Tsinghua Jane A surname "And" Tsinghua Jane Yin Zhi ", called the Xia Dynasty "Xiyi Xia" or "Xiyi", some scholars according to this research, "Xiyi" in the oracle bone inscriptions refers to "Xia", that is to say, "Xiyi" is the name of the Shang Dynasty "Xia". ^[106-107]

According to the "Huaxia" entry in the Concise Encyclopedia Britannica, "Hua" means "Rong", and "Xia" means "people of China", that is, people of the Central Plains. ^{[11
]}

history

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EDITOR

Origin of Xia nationality

Yu the Great, father of Qi, founder of the Xia Dynasty

According to historical records, before the establishment of the Xia Hou Clan, there were frequent wars between the Xia tribe and other surrounding tribes for the leader of the alliance. The Xia tribe is probably a legend in ancient Chinese history Zhuanxu (a legendary monarch in ancient China) It gradually rose after that. Many ancient documents trace the Xia tribe back to Zhuanxu. therein Shih Chi , Charbon period "And" The Book of Dai Li · Emperor System "said Gun for Zhuanxu (a legendary monarch in ancient China) Son, think: the second son of the Yellow emperor said Changyi Born Zhuanxu, Zhuanxu's son was named Gun, Gun's son was named Yu, for Xia Qi (i.e Xia Kai ) Father. ^[12-14] But... History of the Han Dynasty · Lu Li Zhi quoted "Bo Yu Emperor system" as saying that "Zhuanxu was born Gun". ^[15-17] Regardless of lineage, these accounts indicate that the Xia tribe was probably a descendant of Zhuanxu, a clan of the Huangdi descendants of Zhuanxu Gaoyang and Zhuanxu Yan Emperor A tribe formed by the intermarriage of one of the Gonggong families, the Xia Tribe originally inhabited Weihe River In the middle and lower reaches, it moved to the south of Shanxi and the Yiluo Valley in the west of Henan. ^[14] ^[18] The region of Xia is roughly in today's central and western Henan Province to the southwestern part of the mountain, Feng Gun , yu For the ancestral God. "History · Chronology of the Six States" says: "Yuxing in the western Qiang." Quotations from the Collection of Historical Records Imperial century ":" Mencius According to Yu the Great The new stone is born, so are the people of West Yi." The research of our neighbor also shows that until the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, the legend that Yu came from the Western Qiang was still widely spread, and Yu was called "Rong Yu", and the Qiang people also maintained their worship of Yu. Historian, Inscriptions on tortoise shells and bones expert Xu Zhongshu It is believed that the main tribe of the Xia Dynasty was the Qiang, and there is no reason to say that the Xia is not the Qiang, according to the Qiang legend that has been spreading for 500 years from Han to Jin. Lin Xiang The New Certificate of "Yuxing in Xiqiang" uses new archaeological evidence of Xia Qiang cultural relations. The culture of Xiqiang (Jiang) Rong represented by Yu combined with the original culture of Southern Shanxi and Northern Henan to form the backbone of Chinese culture. Some scholars believe that Shimao Ancient City is the capital of Xia people, but Shimao culture is closer to the "Di" system. The ancient books say that Yu came from Xiqiang, which seems to have nothing to do with Beidi. If we understand Yu's argument that he came out of Xiqiang in a broader context, that is, Yu had a "pan-Northwest cultural system" or a background of Rong Di, then we cannot rule out the relationship between Shimao and Xia. ^[103]

Gun Yu controlled the water

See also: Yu the Great controlled the flood

One of the earliest documented members of the Xia clan was Gun. " National language , Zhou language It is said that Gun, as the leader of the Xia clan, was sealed in Chong, so it was called Chong Bo Gun.

Gun was on the south bank of the big river Nakatake Songshan Mountain Among them is the Tsung tribe leader . There is Chongshi with Taihang Mountain on the north bank of the Great river at the eastern foot Gongshi All tribes experienced in water control. in Yao and Shun, ancient dynasties In order to compete for royal power, Gun and Gong Gong Yao, Shun launched a fierce struggle, all failed. later yu He inherited Gun and was called Chong Boyu. This indicates that the early Xia people were active near Chongshan Mountain ^[19] . At that time, the river was overflowing. In order to resist the flood, many tribes formed a tribal alliance, Gun was Gun Four mountains It took nine years to elect a leader to control the flood, but ultimately failed. The failure to control the water may have been due to his inability to unite his people and other tribes. " A surname , Canon According to the records, Yao initially thought Gun Fang's life is torn Destroy the good and oppose Gun's leadership in flood control ^[20] It shows that when Gun was leading water control, many tribes were dissatisfied with him. The Book of Ancient Times Great Fan "And" National Language · Lu language It also mentioned that "Gun prevented floods", indicating that Gun's method of water control mainly consisted of blocking up the floods with civil engineering. Perhaps this was one of the reasons for Gun's failure in water control for nine years ^[21-22] . After Gun failed to control the water, he was killed in the east The Yellow Sea Hayama on the seashore.

The statue of King Yu of Xia^[23]

yu is Gun the son After Gun's death, Yu was commissioned and coordinated with Gonggong and many other tribes to carry out activities in Yi, Luo, The river , dhi Along the way, ^[24] The work of water control was gradually carried out. ^[25] Yu gave up Gun's "blocking" strategy of water control and instead focused on dredging water, that is, dredging water from rivers and streams in the highlands according to the height of the terrain so that the fertile plain could reduce the disaster of flooding. After the treatment, the residents who had been mostly concentrated in the higher areas along the edge of the Great Plains moved to the lower plains and cultivated those fertile lands. Those lush vegetation, the breeding of animals and animals in the serval land, became a happy place for people to settle. ^[26]

Due to Yu's contribution to water control and promoting agricultural production, the Xia tribe's power was strengthened, and the social productivity was significantly improved Hereditary system The establishment of the state provided the necessary Economic basis . " Shih Chi · Xia Benji records that when Yu controlled the flood, he "worked hard to think, lived outside for thirteen years, and did not dare to enter the house". His hardworking spirit was praised by later generations, and the process of controlling the flood also promoted the unity of various tribes.

Therefore, the direct cause of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty is probably derived from Three emperors and five emperors epochal The Yellow River Due to the long-term impact of the flood on the production and life of the surrounding people Yu the Great The work of water control that lasted for 20 years by mobilizing all ethnic groups not only united the ancestors of China unprecedentedly, but also greatly enhanced their reputation. After the flood was eradicated and living conditions improved, the first unified kingship was established.

Fight against the three seedlings

Establish a dynasty

See also: The abdication system , The meeting of Tu Shan , Hereditary system , Yuhu , To be punished

Hand down yao , shun , yu When adopted within the Tribal alliance" abdicate The way to "choose the worthy and the able" and elect the co-lord of the alliance. As Yao Lao, the "king" position of zen to the virtuous Shun.

Xia Wangqi

A surname abdicate To Yu, Yu is Tu Shan Gather the tribal alliance and fight the three Miao again. According to... The Biography of Zuo The record of "The nations of the sticklers" participated in the Tushan Alliance, which shows the appeal of the Xia tribe. ^{[28
]} Once in inspection When the tribes met in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, parsnip The leader was put to death by Yu for being late. The ancient documents also record how much tribute Yu paid according to the distance of the vassal tribe's journey, which shows the economic control of the Xia clan over its surrounding tribes. ^{[3
]}

Yu once elected a prestigious Eastern leader named Yan Gaota As the successor, to show respect for the traditional Zen system. However, Gao Tao did not wait for the abdication and died earlier than Yu. Yu Youming A surname Chief Boik is heir.

After Yu's death, yi ( Beuil Some people believe that Yi is not Boyi, but two people of the same era) in accordance with the tradition of tribal alliance, held a funeral for Yu, mourning, and mourning for three years. After three years of mourning, Yi did not get the right, and Rev. With the support of the people, he gained power.

Accounts of this period of history differ: the ancient" The bamboo books chronicle the years "After Yi ascended the throne, Rev. Kill and gain the throne "; Another said, "After Yi succeeded to the throne, some tribes did not submit to Yi, but supported Qi, and launched a war against Yi's tribe, and finally Qi won the power." Then Yi led the Dongyi Alliance against Qi. After several years of struggle, Qi established himself as the leader of the tribal alliance ", but the common view was that" The state "Became" Family and state ".

From then on, Zen let system Hereditary system To be replaced. This marks a long time Primitive society be Private ownership Social substitution ^[29] It should be said that it is a historical progress. However, the establishment of a new system is bound to meet with some opposition. Subsequently, many tendencies towards Zen led traditional tribes to question Qi's position. On the outskirts of Kitu Yuhu Righteously, he led the tribal alliance to Qidu and fought with the Qidu army gump . Before the war, he called his position "reverent to heaven," and this was after Zhou Dynasty The embryonic form of the theory of the Son of Heaven. Kai Owned Central Plains The approval of the people was overwhelmingly superior in terms of numbers, and eventually defeated You Hu's family and punished them as grazing slaves. This victory represents that the mainstream social concept in the Central Plains has changed from the primitive Zen surrender system to the hereditary system. ^[29]

Xia clan's original surname si But from the beginning to use the name of the country" In the summer "For the surname. At the same time, no longer use " this Title Instead of after , that is to say" Summer blossom " ^[30] . He was good at singing and dancing and often held feasts. One of the biggest was in Jun Terrace , that is Enjoy Jun Tai And also performed songs and dances in the "Wild Sky of Mu". " The Classic of Mountains and Rivers · Qi Zai is recorded in the Overseas West Classic Dance When "left hand exercise " , right hand exercise ring , wear Jade Juan ^[31] . Some documents even say that Qi once took music and dance from heaven. Ancient Chinese music and dance literature Nine arguments "," Nine songs "And" Nine Recruitments "both refer to Qi as their original author.

During the reign of his son Martial arts temple Often in trouble. " Han Feizi · Say Doubt said that he "hurt the country, hurt the people and defeated the law", and was eventually killed ^[32] . In addition to the internal disputes of the Xia clan, in order to compete for the dominance of the tribal alliance, also often with A surname Battle.

Taikang lost the state

Shaokang Zhongxing

Shao Kang

Shao Kang Grow up, for Just as bad Makimasa . Water the After hearing the news, send people to kill Youmiss, less Kang helpless defends The Youyu clan ( shun The descendants), done A surname . The princes of the Yu clan Yu Si He had no children and only two daughters. And he betrothed his two daughters to Shaokang, and gave him a portion of the field, and a journey Lon City Shaokang is in charge. Shao Kang to Lon Yi as a base to organize the rest of the Xia tribe people, set up official divisions. send mugwort To pour the court spy, ready to restore the summer room. ^[37] At this time, hide in Yuki The summer chamber of the left minister A peddler Learned that less Kang ready to take back the regime, personally led pouring irrigation, Pouo 鄩 The remnants of the populace joined forces with Shaokang and defeated them simmer . Restore Shaokang after summer. Then Little Kang put it out, and sent his son Zhu of xia destroy 豷 Hugo. So far, control Central Plains Three generations four hundred years after the Dongyi nationality Ariko The end of forty years of "kingless" period ^[38] Later called" Shaokang Zhongxing ".

pass Taikang lost the state At least this history of Kang Zhongxing can see the Xia dynasty pacified Central Plains Fangguo tribes (especially Dongyi nationality ).

Son of Shaokang Zhu of xia (also" to ") to the rear. He understood Dongyi's dissatisfaction with Xia Shi, and in order to consolidate his power in the East, he removed the capital from the city The original Move east to Old hill . He attached importance to the development of weapons and the manufacture of armaments. There is often "Zhu Zuo" in the literature a ", "Zhu Zuo spear "The statement. He also sent a crusade against Dongyi in the eastern region. Shandong (Province) The South, Anhui (Province) To the north, Jiangsu (Province) The North). Legend has it that he acquired the mascot Nine-tailed fox . Under Zhu's reign, the territory of the Xia Dynasty expanded to The East China Sea ( The Yellow Sea ) shore. The reign of Zhu was the most prosperous period of the Xia Dynasty. Xia people have special respect for Zhu and held a "sacrificial offering" for Zhu. ^[19] " National language · Lu Language said, "Zhu can command Yu, also, after Xia's report," that Zhu fully inherited Yu's career.

Zhu Yuko locust In his reign, Dongyi nationality And the Xia Dynasty began to coexist peacefully. among Beat a field ditch , Yu Yi, Fang Yi , Huangyi , A surname , Chi Yi, A surname , wind level, Yang Yi , reside in Huaihe River , Surabaya The nine tribes of the valley usually sent tribute to the Xia Queen. After the death of Huai, son mans To ascend the throne. After the death of MAO, his son drain To ascend the throne. During this period Dongyi nationality Gradually assimilate with the Xia people. During his reign, Xie began to expand to the West. At the same time, he began to give land titles to the Fangguo tribes that were obedient to Xia Shi. This was the beginning of the feudal system centuries later. After his death, his son Refuse to yield To ascend the throne. He led many campaigns against the Nine Courts in the West.

Violent violence and the overthrow of the state

Do not drop after death, let its brother was Inherited the throne. The building is dead, my son Jin of xia To ascend the throne. 廑 He died of illness shortly after taking the throne, the son of his cousin Pore nail To ascend the throne. He changed the tradition of worshipping ancestors in the summer ceremony and began to emphasize deference The emperor of Heaven . "Shiji Xia Benji" describes that Dao Kong Jia "good at ghosts and gods, things adulterous." Not a few Fang Guo The tribes began to resent the Xia House, but relations between the Xia Dynasty and the Dongyi remained friendly. This may be the reason for the high degree of assimilation between Dongyi and Xia people.

Kong Jia died, son gao To ascend the throne. Die, son hair To ascend the throne. During this period, the relationship between the Fangguo tribe and Xia Shi deteriorated, and disputes within the clan intensified. From Kong Jia through Gao and Fa, to Perform the duties of (i.e. jie (Civil unrest continued.

Xia Jie lost political map

Kong Jia disorderly government The rule of the later Xia dynasty gradually declined. After his death, his son Lugui ( Xia Jie ) to the throne. Jie Shanwu, "Fight the jackal with your hands and chase the four horses with your feet" ^[39] . During Jie's reign, the relationship between Xia Shi and Fangguo tribes had broken down. The number of tribes paying tribute to Xia dwindled. Therefore, Jie often crusaded against those tribes that did not comply.

Ancient texts say that when you defeat a tribe, you pick the woman you love from that tribe and bring her back to the palace as a concubine. " National language · Jin Yu "mentioned Yusch ," The bamboo books chronicle the years The Minshan family and the Late Xi family mentioned in the book all suffered this fate. One of the concubines of the late Xi family A surname He had already made peace with Yi Yin, but Jie took her away in Luo, and Yi Yin ran away in anger Tang of Shang .

Jie's repeated expeditions also angered many of the more authoritative tribes. Min's shun The descendants) were destroyed for disobedience. It is located in the eastern part of Henan Province Shandong Province southwestern Son's surname The Shang tribes prospered during the summer chaos. Jie Youyin shang The pretext of disobedience against the merchant leader soup And fail. Tang was imprisoned in Shitai He was later released. In addition to the deterioration of Xia's external relations, the literature also mentions Jie's improper employment in the court.

Xia Jie imaginary painting by modern painter

Jie only cared for his own enjoyment and ignored the sufferings of the people. In about 1600 BC, Tang, the leader of Shang tribe, led the tribes of Fang State to fight against Jie. After destroying the pro-Xia tribes Wei, Gu and Kunwu, they went to war with Jie in Canghuang. Tang's power is large, Jie can not resist, flee and fight, and finally defeated by you 娀 site. Jie fled to Singing bar Present Shanxi Anyi ), Tang chased it, and launched a war in Ming Tiao. Jie was defeated again and was banished by Tang Lishan Mountain (A mountain), and Suki They live together, and then they run away South nest Mountain (now Chaohu City, Anhui Province) and died here (" Huai Nan Zi Repair service training "slightly different, said tang" the whole soldier singing, trapped summer south nest, Qiao with its over, put it. Lishan Mountain ").

Battle of Narujo After the fall of the Xia House, with the support of the Fangguo tribes, Shang Tang became the "king" in Bo. ^[40] . So, for the first time in Chinese history Hereditary system Xia Dynasty ^{[3
]} Death, said a total of 13 generations ^[41] 17 Kings, ^[42] It lasted about 400 years. ^[2] The time of the subjugation, around 1600 BC.

Descendants of Xia people

After the demise of Xia, the remaining forces mainly stayed in the Central Plains, ^[43] Jie led some people to obey Lishan Mountain South to the south nest ^[44] . Shang Tang King because of Dining's former capital, sealed a branch of the summer room Husband's surname aristocrat Qiguo To worship the ancestral temple. The History of Chen Qi Family shows that the Xia people were either sealed or eliminated during the Yin Dynasty. ^[45] . King Wu of Zhou After destroying Shang as king, he was sealed Yu the Great Donglou Gong, the descendant of the Emperor, continued the succession of the kingdom of Qi and was in charge of the sacrifice to Yu. In the late Spring and Autumn period, Confucius Because of the worship of Xia Li, but also specially to visit the state of Qi ^[46] . in Zhejiang (Province) Shaoxing Guijishan Mountain Yuling village Xia Yu Husband's surname Generations of descendants for Yu guarding mausoleum ^[47] .

Guo Moruo , Hu Houxuan Cheng Gallery, etc Inscriptions on tortoise shells and bones The earth in the summer after the defeat. According to the inscriptions, the earthwork is located Yin A powerful country to the northwest, yes Vouding And the object of the long campaign of the former Shang king. After Wuding conquered Tufang, he built a large city called Tang Tu in its hinterland, suppressed and controlled the Tufang people, and there were no records of mutinous Tufang since then ^[48] . At the beginning of the week, A surname seal State Jin The beginning of the emperor Tang Shuyu here. ^[49]

territory

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EDITOR

Radius

The Xia Dynasty was an alliance of city-states to feudalism The transitional period of the country, so there are no clear boundaries. The Xia Clan had a lot of relationships with other city-states like Metropolitan state The same as tributary states, but some of the states were subdivided by the summer chamber, as Vassal state Therefore, its influence can only be expressed in terms of its sphere of influence.

Yugong Kyushu map

The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the Xia Dynasty

Map of Xia Dynasty territory

The eleven tribes of the Xia Tribe had clan relations with the central royal family in blood, political fealty and economic tribute, and constituted roughly the core territory of the Xia Dynasty ^[50] . Rising Xia Xi Henan Province The West, Shanxi Province South, east Henan Province , Shandong Province and Anhui Province Tri-provincial junction, Nanda Hubei Province North, north and Hebei Province South. The geographical center of this area was present-day Luoyang A surname , enseal , New secret , Yuzhou area ^[19] . At that time the power of summer extended to The Yellow River North and south, even Yangtse River The river basin.

In the early Xia Dynasty, the Xia people were mainly active in the Hanoi area of south-central Shanxi, along the river The Fenshui River (in Shanxi Province) , River water Moving southeast, late to the central Henan Yi, Luo River basin. "Guoyu · Zhouyu" said, "Xiyiluo exhaustion and summer death", which shows the importance of Yiluo River water to the late summer. ^{[52] 51 -}

For the administrative regions of the Xia Dynasty, they were known as "Kyushu" : ^[53]

1.
Jizhou Clamp right Jieshi into The river Three sides from the river, is the state tributary road must pass through. (Present province of Shanxi, Hebei, western Liaoning.)
2.
Yanzhou Floating in Ji, Luo, reached in the river. (now Shandong (Province) West, southeast corner of Hebei.)
3.
Qingzhou Float in vain, reach in chi. (now Mount Taishan East of the Shandong Peninsula.)
4.
Xuzhou Floating in Huai, Si, up to the river. (The present-day Jiangsu and Anhui provinces north of the Huai River and Shandong (Province) The south.)
5.
Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province) Along the river, the sea, up to Huai, Si. (Jiangsu and Anhui to the south of the Huaihe River and Zhejiang and Jiangxi to the north.)
6.
Jingzhou Floating in the river, Tuo, latent, Han, over the Luo, as for the South River. (Present Hubei Province, Hengshan Mountain North of Hunan and northwest of Jiangxi.)
7.
Yuzhou Float in the Luo, reach the river. (Present Henan province, northern Hubei Province, southeast Shaanxi Province, southwest Shandong province.)
8.
Liangzhou Floating in the dive, more than in the mianyang, into the Wei, chaos in the river. (Present-day Sichuan and southern parts of Shaanxi and Gansu.)
9.
Yongzhou As for the Longmen West River, it will be in the Wei, the Rui. (Present Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai.)

Change of capital

The capital of the Xia Dynasty changed
leader	Place of residence	Imadji
Gun	chung	today Henan (Province) Luoyang Songxian County ^[54]
Yu the Great	Yangcheng	Present Henan Zhengzhou enseal Chengzhen ^[55]
	Yang	Present Henan Yuzhou
	Binh Duong	Present Shanxi Anyi or Jinyang
Rev.	Yang	Present Henan Yuzhou
Taikang, Zhongkang	Pour your wine 鄩 ^[56]	Present Henan Luoyang Yanshi Erlitou Site
phase	A surname	Present Henan A surname Suiyang District
phase	A surname	Present Henan Puyang south
Processing of	鉏	Present Henan Hua County
Yi and Han Zhuo	Pour your wine 鄩	Present Henan Luoyang A surname Erlitou site
Shao Kang	Lon City	Present Henan A surname Yucheng county Limin town 35 miles southeast
	Xia Yi	Present Henan A surname Xiayi County
	A surname	Present Henan Puyang south
Zhu of xia	The original	Present Henan Jiyuan 2 km northwest Temple Street Harashiro
Zhu, Huai, aeng, drainage, not down, shut up	Old hill	Kaifeng, Henan Province Auspicious symbol area Guori village
廑, Kong Jia, Gao, Fa	Xi He	Present Henan Anyang southeast
jie	Pour your wine 鄩	Present Henan Luoyang Yanshi Erlitou Site

Fang Guo

The state regime of the Xia Dynasty was different from the tribal alliance at the end of primitive society, and at the same time, it was practiced in the same way as the Western Zhou Dynasty The system of enfeoffment And after the Qin Dynasty The system of prefectures and counties The centralization system is different. Some scholars believe that the Xia Dynasty was a Xia Yi As the center of the land is not too large country. Xia Hou, as the co-ruler of the world, had a complicated relationship with the local authorities inside and outside Xiayi, and through its role and influence, it gradually strengthened the unstable and even loose hierarchical subordination and hierarchical order within the scope of its control. ^[102]

Fang Guo Were small states transformed from primitive clans and tribes, which lay outside the kingdom, ^[57] Not under the direct jurisdiction of the summer queen. Some were only large tribes, while others had established state organizations even larger than the Xia Dynasty. During the reign of Youqiong, Shao Kang went to Youstill and Youyu, where he served as a priest A surname .

Just as bad Also known as Youren, Feng surname , reside in Shandong (Province) Jining Weishan Lake Yes, A surname , Shao Hao The descendants of... There are still close contacts with the summer, and there is intermarriage between them. wife Min From you still. When Xiang was killed by the cold, Min was already pregnant, she fled to her hometown, and gave birth to Shaokang. After less rehabilitation, Feng still clansman in Imkoku .

The Youyu clan It is Yu Shun Later, he lived in Shangqiu, Henan Province Yu Cheng . ^[58] When Shun was old, he thought his son Shangjun County unworthy unworthy So Zen is located in Yu. When Yu followed Yao, Shun first gave way to Yao Zi Danju However, the people supported Yu and ignored him, so Yu inherited the throne and divided Shang Jun into Yucheng, Henan Province. ^[58] After the fourth generation, the summer chamber in decline, young Si Shaokang He fled to Youyu for refuge and got the leader Yu Si Vigorous assistance, which made the summer room finally reversed the situation, Yu is directly related to the survival of the summer after.

When one says it, the name is no Gaota Descendent. When Yu was old, he recommended Gaotao as his successor, but Gaotao died before Yu, and Yu recommended Boyi. After Yu's death, Boyi followed the routine and first gave way to Yu Ziqi, but Qi was very popular and won the support of the people, and Boyi lost power. Yi could not give up, so he fought with Qi, and was defeated and killed. Gaotao was then confined to the southeast six , The British , xu Three places. ^[59]

Yuhu Xia's clan of the same name. Qi seized the throne, some Hu refused to accept, under the name of "Yao and Shun to promote the wise, Yu alone with them" against Qi's rule, the result was defeated in the War of Gansu, his troops were punished as cattle slaves, engaged in animal husbandry for generations.

Assumed the Zi Baimei was a tribal leader after the surrender of Xia, and then returned to Taikang when he lost his country Houyi Han Zhuo killed Yi and fled Yuki . I know less Kang ready to revive the summer room, the organization has a li, two pieces of water and less kang meeting.

Pouvan's , Pouo 鄩 Collectively referred to as "two pieces of glass", the same as the summer queen Husband's surname It was an important pro-Xia clan in the early Xia Dynasty. The two clans merged with the later Xia Dynasty in the process of their southeast migration, and the land of 鄩 became the capital city of the later Xia Dynasty, Yanshi Erlitou site May be Pour your wine 鄩 . ^[60] In the period of no king, Han ordered Zi to lead the army to destroy the two drinking points and kill the later Xia who avoided drinking 鄩. A few years later, the remaining forces joined forces with Shaokang and Bomey to revive the Summer Room. ^[61]

Rouleaux is Shao Hao Another descendant was a powerful eastern state in the late summer. Xia Jie still held an alliance meeting in Jie, some leaders because of dissatisfaction with Jie's rule, indignation returned, Jie then destroyed it.

Yu Shen Emperor 喾 descendant of the Gosin family, of the beginning support A kingdom was banned. On the occasion of Summer and Shang Yi Yin With the help of the Youxin family, Shang Tang made an alliance in Northern Bo, and Tang also married a concubine from Youxin family.

" The Classic of Mountains and Rivers The Four overseas Sutra records the names of many countries around the Xia Dynasty, which may be purely mythic or a corrupt version of the names of ancient tribes. ^[62]

political

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bureaucracy

Restoration of Erlitou No.1 palace^[63]

The Xia Dynasty was in Primitive society Built on the ruins of an institution. In the process of the gradual disintegration of the primitive tribal system, the patriarchal patriarchal family became a destructive force to it, because the hereditary monarchy and hereditary nobility of the hereditary state were gradually developed on the basis of the patriarchal patriarchal family. Therefore, after the formation of the country, noble organizations at all levels still had to maintain the old blood ties and strictly distinguish the surname. Royal family By enfeoffing the tribes, in addition to maintaining the names from which they were born, they also established new families with fiefdoms, and the doctors with towns as families. Among the nobles at all levels, the clan relationship was established according to the difference of surname. This clan relationship, though inherited from the old clan But in fact, the legacy system of the organization is based on the patriarchal system as the core, according to the level of the class and the relationship between relatives and distant families to determine the levels Nobleman Of the rank status.

" The Book of Rites · Sacrificial Yi said, "In the past, there were Yu's noble virtues and teeth, and Xia's noble jue and teeth," reflecting the Xia people's attention to the official position, but also from the side shows that the Xia officials have obvious differences between high and low levels.

Summer post , that is Xia Wang He was the supreme ruler of the Xia Dynasty, with military and political power in one body. The army under its command, Government official and prison Etc., is the pillar to maintain the state power. is It is a common name for officials in charge of specific affairs in the Xia Dynasty. There are car officials, cattle officials, and ministry officials, who manage vehicles, animal husbandry and meals respectively. " The Biography of Zuo · Ding AD "Cloud:" Xue's emperor ancestor Xi Zhong lived in Xue, thought Xia Che Zheng." According to the "Zuo Zhuan Ai A.D." records, Shaokang had been the pastor of Youmiss. After "running away is dangerous, for the right."

Xia dynasty Settings Imperial historian Token . Taishi to reprove Jie invalid and run shang Famous all over the world. " Mo-tse · Tillage column "records after summer casting Pottery tripod I passed him when I was in Kunwu ombudsman Weng difficult B, ask the gods. The Book of Summer says," A surname After the summer, officials who went around collecting poems and opinions were called "Qiu Ren", "police" and "Sifu", which should all belong to the "gong" level of minor officials. After the summer, there may be an "official occupation" specializing in divination. "Summer Book" also says, "the sun does not gather in the room, the drums play, increase Husband, Gallop, The common people Let's move." . Narrative occurrence Solar eclipse At that time, there was a "police officer" who beat a drum to show it to the people, and the officials and the common people ran to tell each other.

The Xia Dynasty had officials in charge of the four seasons of heaven and earth. "Shiji · Xia Benji" collection paraphrase Kong Anguo Yun; "Xi and He are the rulers of the four times of heaven and earth." " A surname · Xia Shu has an overview of the process of establishing officials and dividing them into posts, which says, "Fu Fu to speech, Ming try to work, and car suit to yong."

The Xia king also temporarily appointed ministers to carry out special missions, just like the imperial ministers of later generations. "Shiji Xia Benji" cloud: "Emperor Kang, Xi, and indulgence, waste time chaos. It is the place where Yin went to take it." Kong Anguo said, "The king of the kingdom of Yin was ordered by the king to fight for it." Zheng Xuan said, "Yin, my minister's name is also."

chronology

Chinese traditional Stem branch The origin of Ji Fa is very early. The emperors at the end of the Xia Dynasty were Pore nail , Yinjia , Perform the duties of (Jie), etc., all use the name of Tianqian, indicating that it was more common to use Tianqian as ordinal number at that time.

calendar

The Xia Dynasty has calendar judges, the Xia Dynasty calendar, is the earliest in China calendar . There was evidence at the time The Big Dipper Rotate the direction of the handle to determine the month, the summer calendar is to the handle refers to the north of the so-called "due east." Jian Yin The moon is the beginning of the year.

Preserved in The Book of Dai Li " Xia Xiaozheng "Is known to be relevant The lunar calendar Important literature. According to the order of the twelve months of the summer calendar, it describes the stars, meteorology, objects and the agricultural and political affairs that should be engaged in each month. To a certain extent, it reflects the development level of agricultural production in the Xia Dynasty and preserves the most ancient and precious scientific knowledge in China.

" Xia Xiaozheng Xia Xiaozheng is one of the earliest existing scientific documents in China. Except for February, November and December, Xia Xiaozheng contains seasonal astrology (mainly circumpolar astrology and ecliptic astrology) every month to guide agricultural production. In addition, it also records the growth forms of plants, the activity habits of animals and sacrifices in the month (also an important work of phenology). ^[78]

Since the content of Xia Xiaozheng involves the relationship between astrology and the calendar used in agriculture, it is also of great reference value for the study of ancient celestial phenomena and the pre-Qin calendar. ^[79] Xia Xiaozheng is the earliest existing work with abundant phenological knowledge in China. Its text has 463 characters, according to the 12 months of the year respectively recorded phenology, meteorology, sky, and important political events, mainly related to production of farming, sericulture, horse raising, collection, fishing and hunting activities.

Penal law

The Xia had instituted penalties. " The Biography of Zuo · Zhaogong six years "cloud:" Summer there is chaos, and Yu punishment." The Oath of Loyalty contained in Shiji Xia Benji has a specific explanation on the punishment of the army. "Use your life to reward your ancestors." Set paraphrase Kong Anguo said: "The Son of Heaven will carry the father of the temple." Meritorious is to reward the ancestor before the Lord, show not special also." "Don't use your life, 僇 Yushe." Set paraphrase Kong Anguo said; "It also contains the social master, which is called social affairs. To the north, 僇 before the social owner. Society rules Yin, and Yin rules killing also." "Zi Zechao 僇 girl." Set paraphrase Kong Anguo said: "Not only stop, insult and women, talk shame tired."

The guiding ideology of legal system in Xia Dynasty can be summarized as punishment for "heavenly" crimes. On the one hand, the rule basis of the ruler comes from Kismet ; On the other hand, he ruled under the banner of heaven.

After the stability of the Xia Dynasty, it gradually formed and expanded in order to adjust the needs of social relations. Its basic content is based on the customary law of the criminal legal nature of punishing illegal and criminal acts. Yu's punishment This is the first formal code in Chinese history.

" Tang Lu Shuyi · There are three thousand Summer punishments in the Law of Famous Examples, Zheng Xuan annotate The rites of Zhou Said: "Two hundred great, three hundred bin, five hundred palace, 劓 ink each thousand." It can be seen that the number of laws in the Xia Dynasty should be more, the provisions should be more detailed, and the legal system should begin to take shape. "Zuo Zhuan Zhaogong six years" said "summer chaos, and Yu punishment." Most of the later generations will "Yu Punishment" as the general name of the Xia dynasty law. The Xia Dynasty had initially formed the five punishments, and had some basic principles for convicting and sentencing crimes.

The ancient literature records that the Xia period has a relatively perfect criminal law system. " A surname , Lyong "King Mu instructs Xia Atone for punishment To be punished "means King Mu of Zhou The "Redemption Punishment" of the Xia Dynasty is regarded as an important reference for the formulation of the criminal law system of the Zhou State - "Lu Punishment". And the article mentioned" Atone for punishment "Is likely to be similar to" The Biography of Zuo "There is a chaotic government in summer, and do Yu's punishment "Yu Punishment" is actually a thing. However, whether "Redemption Punishment" and "Yu Punishment" are Xia's criminal law, and how the specific content is, there is no examination. "Zuo Zhuan" quoted the Xia Shu on the Xia criminal law contained "dizzy, ink, thief, kill", referring to the three crimes of dizzy, ink, thief should be sentenced Death penalty . State Jin Tertiary direction This criminal law is called "the punishment of Gao Tao". Although the idea of capital punishment should have emerged in the Neolithic Age, Gao Tao, Yu's official, may have been the first person to legalize the death penalty.

There were prisons in the Xia Dynasty. "Shiji Xia Benji" cloud, Jie "is called Tang and the prisoner of the Xia Tai, has been released." The index said: "Prison name." Summer post locust The "hwan soil", Shang soup The "Xia Tai" imprisoned by Jie Xia was the prison of the Xia period, which was the earliest prison recorded in Chinese history books. Hanyuan soil is a kind of primitive prison, digging round earth prison in the ground, and building a fence on the ground to surround the earth prison. " Yu Mo the Great "The use of the ring, the use of Dong Wei, persuade it to" Nine songs ", So as not to be bad ", the evaluation of the post-Xia criminal law is a means to govern the people. Besides... Yu's punishment In addition, there is also" seonori ".

Military affairs

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Organizational form

The Xia army was a full-time warfare tool invented to maintain the rule. Before the summer, the tribes, tribal alliance between the young and middle-aged men to bear the burden of the tribes, after the establishment of the summer, the Central Plains formed a unified tribal community, and the emergence of state institutions, so the establishment of full-time combat teams is essential. Yu commandeered Sanmiao and called the army under his command "numerous"; Qi Zheng You Hu Shi, sternly warned the subordinate army to strictly follow his command. There was already a powerful army. Oath of Loyalty is the earliest military law in ancient China.

In order to safeguard the interests of slave-owning aristocrats, Xia rulers established a slave-owning army, so the primitive form of military system also emerged. The Xia army was controlled by the Xia King. In establishing Kai's dominance Battle of Gan In the middle (Gan in the west of Huxian County in today's Shaanxi Province), Qi asked all participants to strictly carry out orders, and rewarded those who fought bravely and carried out orders, and punished those who did not. According to the Book of Shang · Oath, it is recorded: "Use your life to reward your ancestors; Fu used his life to kill the community, and you were killed by children." It can be seen that the Xia army already had strict discipline. Because the Xia Dynasty was in the early stage of class society, the productive forces were not very developed, so the number of troops in the Xia Dynasty was not large. For example, when Xiaokang, King of Xia V, fled to Youyu, he lived in Lon (southeast of today's Yucheng in Henan Province) with only 500 subordinates. Later, Shaokang, together with the two tribes of the Fuxun clan and the Fuguan Clan, overthrew the dormant Xia Dynasty and restored the Xia Dynasty's rule.

Xia army organization form, in the beginning of the crusade Yuhu An indication of this can be found in the oath taken by Gandhi's master. " Shih Chi , In the summer This record Cloud: "Will fight, write" Take an oath "Is called six points. And said, 'Contempt! The man of the six things, I swear to you: there is Hu's power to insult the five elements, to neglect the three right, and to destroy his life with heaven. I'm going to punish you now. Left do not attack left, right do not attack right, you do not share the fate. If you do not rule by your horse, you will not share your destiny. Use your life to reward your ancestors; Do not use life, 僇 in the community, the son is the money 僇 female. 'Then You Hu Shi. The world is salty." The meaning of this passage is that before the beginning of the war, Qi summoned his subordinates to denounce the crimes of You Hu family and warn the soldiers to be loyal to their duties. Reward the meritorious, punish the disobedient. After the destruction of the Yu Hu clan, all the princes surrendered. The six ministers, six people, left, right, royal, etc. mentioned in the oath are the titles of army officers and soldiers.

" Six secretaries ", Records of the Grand Historian Charbon period Kong Anguo said: "The six armies of the Son of Heaven, which will all order your majesty." "People of six things", set out to quote Kong Anguo said: "Each has a military, so say the six things." "Left", "right", set paraphrase Zheng Xuan said: "left, car left. Right, car right." "Royal", set out to paraphrase Kong Anguo said: "The royal horse is also the government."

Branch of an army

The Xia army consisted mainly of infantry, but chariot soldiers began to appear. " Take an oath "If the left does not attack the left, you are not respectful; Right does not attack right, you do not respect life; The record of "The emperor is not his horse is not right, you are not respectful" confirms the existence of the chariot soldier. Left is the car left, holding the bow main shooting; Right for the car right, holding the spear master assassinate; The king is in the center. One tank, three crew, as the later Shang Dynasty chariot troop organization. In addition," Methods of Sima The Xia chariots are called hook chariots. The weapons used by the Xia army were mainly wood and stone sticks, spears, axes, manacles, bows and arrows, and a small amount of bronze weapons. In the Xia Dynasty, there was no standing army, and only the peacetime guard composed of nobles served as the guard of the Xia king. In case of war, the Xia king would temporarily collect slave owners to form an army to fight. ^[80]

Chariot battle It was the main form of combat in the Xia Dynasty. CAI Shen's "Book book collection transmission Yin interpretation · Gan Oath" cloud: "The ancient method of vehicle warfare, Jia Shi three people, one house to the left with the main shot, one house to the right with the main attack, the emperor in the center, to the main horse." This form of vehicle warfare formed by the combination of left, right and royal three people has continued to shang , weeks Time.

economy

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ground

There is no consensus on the social nature of the Xia Dynasty, but it certainly existed at that time commune And its ownership field The system has been recognized by many experts.

" The Biography of Zuo "Lament AD records soldiers Speak of" Shaokang Zhongxing Shaokang fled to Youyu because of the overwatering, and said: "Yu Si then took two Yao for his wife, and the city Zhulun, has a field, a happy trip, can make its virtue, and Zhaohis plan, in order to collect the summer crowd, and ease its official position." The "Ten percent" mentioned here is the "nine husband is the well" and "ten miles is the success" as stated in "Zhou Li, Kaogong Ji, Craftsman". Square and well, a well is a li, square ten li is a "success", is a hundred Wells.

" History of the Han Dynasty The Annals of Criminal Law also said: "The Shang Dynasty ruled the world with soldiers." ... An official of the horse, set up The six armies Many people, because of the well field and military Fu. Place a mile for the well, well ten for tong, tong ten, ten square; Into ten is the end, the end of ten is the same, Tongfang hundred li; The same ten is the seal, the seal ten is the Gi, and the Gi Fang Li." Although this paragraph is said to be the system of Yin and Zhou, but from here said "ten miles", "ten as the end" is the name of the unit of the land division, it can be sure that the "Cheng" of "You Tian Yi Cheng" in the "Zuo Zhuan" reflects the Xia Dynasty The "minefield" system The existence of communal ownership. Therefore, the ancient literature is also called the system of the well field, "the reality begins with Yu".

taxes

A surname the A surname Tribute was the main source of income for the Xia Hou family, and there were many officials in the "Xia Hou official hundred" who were in charge of enlisting and dispatching.

According to the Mencius It seems that the tribal farmers of the Xia Dynasty may cultivate five acres of "common land" in addition to their own 50 acres of "land", that is, such as Zhao Qi "Mencius Notes" said, "The people plow 50 mu, pay five mu." The actual content of this five-mu annual tribute, like Marx It is pointed out that this is "refers to the tribute relationship when the original community." This "tribute method" can also be seen from the ancient literature its original meaning. " Shuowen Cloud: "Tribute, contribution also." From the bell sound." " Begin to remember Book 20: "Guang Ya" says: "tribute, taxes, and tributes." Zheng Xuan said, "To offer, to advance, to deliver, to belong to, and to serve, all bring things to man, and honor the righteousness of man." According to A surname "' Yu left Kyushu and appointed earth as tribute. It is a tribute to those who offer it." What is said here all refers to the meaning of folk labor dedication to the above, as the "Zhou Li, Xia Guan, Shi Fang" job cloud: "to make its tribute, each with its own." This shows that most of the land in the commune of the Xia Dynasty has been allocated to the members of the commune as allotments and cultivated by them independently. The other part of the land is the commune "common land", which is cultivated by the members of the commune together, and the harvest is paid to the commune in the form of tribute Chief of a tribe . This is related to... Friedrich Engels In discussing the Klotians and Germany It is the same to say in the days of the human clan that "the clan chief has lived in part on the gifts of the tribe members such as livestock, grain, etc."

Diagram of five uniforms^[64]

"Shang Shu Yu Gong" was written by a later generation, in which the record of the tribute to the state of Kyushu cannot be regarded as completely reliable, but it says: "Five hundred li Dienfu: one hundred li Fu general, two hundred li na, three hundred li straw clothing, four hundred li chestnut, five hundred li" according to the local system of tribute already existed in the Xia Dynasty, when it is possible. Therefore, the so-called "After Xia's fifty and tribute" "tribute law" is not like "Mencius Tengwen Gong" quoted Longzi as saying: "Tribute, school several years old think often: music, grain rice Wolf, take more and not for abuse, then few; In a bad year, if there is not enough manure in the field, there will be plenty." The "tribute method" said by Mencius is not the "tribute method" of Yu, which has been pointed out by scholars of earlier generations, for example Yan Ruoqing lead Hu Wei The saying goes: "What the Longzi called not bad is the tribute of the Warring States princes, not the tribute of the Xia Dynasty." Yin Shang in Oracle bones Tsuchida With farming.

Xia clan Feudalism was also reflected in the economy. " A surname "Four seas in common, six house Confucian repair. Common soil is right, 厎 Shen Fu, salty is three soil into fu, in the state of tin soil, the name, Giitai Dexian, not far from me, said the four seas within the clan tribe are attached to the summer ^[65] , metal, wood, water, fire and earth... All the six kinds of materials were governed, the advantages and disadvantages of each field were clearly defined, and they were divided into three grades to determine the amount of the grants, so that the grants were correct and not biased, and the grants of land and family names were given, and the feudal order was determined according to the close and distant relationship between the tribes of Fang country and the Xia Hou family. " Yugon List after list A surname For the specific situation of the items, the number of items is divided into upper, middle, lower, upper middle, middle, lower middle, upper and lower nine, etc. According to the geographical distance from the capital city of the Xia Empress, he made the following categories: survey, Hou, Sui, important and barren." A surname ".

Survey uniform The Fangguo tribe within 500 miles of Shadu City is the main food supply area of Shadu City. Within a hundred li, grain with straw will be allowed; Another hundred miles out of the grain; Three hundred miles away, grain with glume; Four hundred miles away, coarse rice; White rice for every man 500 miles away.

Wait to be convinced The Fangguo tribes located between five hundred and one thousand miles from the Xia capital were the Xia Hou clan Dukes The fiefdom of the tribe. First small, then large, 500 to 600 miles fief (i.e. Doctor Qing Fiefdom); Six or seven hundred miles BARON A small country; Eight to a thousand miles hou " A big country.

Suifu One thousand to fifteen hundred miles away from the Xia capital was the marginal area reached by the post-Xia forces. Within three hundred miles, cultural education can be implemented, and 200 miles away, the implementation of the military garrison.

Be obliged to A distance of 1,500 to 2,000 li from the Xia capital was the area where influence had to be exerted by means of alliance bargaining after the Xia Dynasty. 300 miles to live in peace through alliance, 200 miles away Xia Min The penal colony.

baru Two thousand to two thousand five hundred miles away from the Xia capital is a foreign territory, and only indirect communication with the Xia Queen family. Within 300 miles are the ethnic minorities, and 200 miles away are penal colonies. The description of the ninth grade and the five suits is Zhou people The view of the Xia dynasty endowment economy is not the reality of the Xia Dynasty. Such as iron , ornamental It is unlikely that the objects were seen in the Xia Dynasty, and the titles of princes in the Xia period cannot be verified. However, some of the views reflected in it, such as paying different products according to the road distance and production conditions around the summer, should be the reality of the Xia Dynasty.

On the Xia Dynasty's endowment system, Mencius "Xia Empress 50 and tribute, Yin 70 to help, Zhou people best mu In fact, both tithes As well" ^[26] It is intended that the "tribute" of Xia people, the "help" of Yin people and the "che" system of Zhou people are actually one-tenth of the total annual output of people's households, and Xia, Shang and Zhou Three generations The land tax system is in the same line, Gu Yanwu According to this, "the system of land Fu in ancient times really began with Yu." Zhou Dynasty The tithing method is to average the total harvest of a household over several years and then take a moderate constant as the amount of payment. In view of the productivity and political radiation of the Xia Dynasty, it is not able to implement this kind of land rent system. The word "tribute" recorded by Mencius means Crowd with Nobleman There is not much of a mandatory component, and there may be some degree of voluntarism. This kind of tribute system of people's autonomy conforms to the situation of backward productive forces and incomplete political structure in the Xia Dynasty, and is close to the democratic economic order of primitive clans and tribes. At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the relationship between the Xia Hou clan and the Fangguo tribe deteriorated jie Everywhere, he raised the amount of land to cover the military expenditure, thereby increasing the burden of the people, intensifying discontent, so that they eventually abandoned the Xia and defected Tang of Shang . On the occasion of the invasion of Summer, Tang had vowed to the crowd, "' Summer crimes are like Taiwan? "The king of Xia suppressed the forces of all, cut the Xia City, and there were many people who neglected the Association of Buddha", which pointed to the main crimes against Jie. Jie recruited the militia outside the tithe "tribute", and then the people were dissatisfied and took an uncooperative attitude. Turn to see Shang Dynasty Under the "aid" law system, the common people had additional duties of corvee service, mainly military service, in addition to agricultural production obligations. As a result, the mobilized troops of the Shang people under the aid law system were larger than those after Xia.

agriculture

Use tools

Fishing (Sculpture)

The agricultural production tools of the Xia Dynasty were mainly wood and stone tools, with some parts Bone object with Clam trap . Among the stone agricultural tools unearthed, Stone shovel and Stone knife The number is much. The stone shovel is a flat rectangle, and more than one or two round holes are drilled in the middle. This kind of perforated stone shovel is equipped with a straight handle to be used for digging and turning the earth 臿, and tied to a wooden handle with a hook at the front end, it can be used as a stone hoe for weeding loose grass. The application of hoeing to agricultural production is undoubtedly a major change and improvement to improve the level of agricultural production. Among the tools used for harvesting crops, the number of stone knives is the largest, and the improvement of stone knives compared with the previous is also to drill one or two round holes for tying wooden handles in the middle of the stone knives. The improvement of tools greatly improved the agricultural production in the Xia Dynasty. ^{[27
]}

Water conservancy construction

In the Analects Taibo, Yu "tried his best to canal in the field", changed floods into water conservancy, and served farming. In fact, the application of water conservancy technology was slowly accumulated and developed by the people of the Yellow River Basin in the process of labor practice, and was not done by Da Yu alone. ^[66]

Work (sculpture)

Calendar application

In order to meet the needs of agricultural production and explore the rules of farming seasons, the modern still popular lunar calendar sometimes called the Xia calendar may be compiled in the Xia Dynasty.

Handicraft industry

Eggshell high handle cup of Longshan culture

With the development of agricultural production and the division of labor in the Xia Dynasty, various handicraft industries such as pottery firing, stone cutting, bone and clam making, bronze smelting and wood making also had new development and division of labor. In addition, the manufacture of wood, jade, bone and clam ware, as well as textile and wine making, may have become independent handicraft production departments in the Xia Dynasty. ^[77]

Fired pottery

Pottery in the Xia Dynasty may have become an independent and extremely important industry. In the firing of pottery, at that time, not only the rapid wheel manufacturing technology was widely used, but also the water application method before the pottery was used in the firing method, so that the pottery was mostly gray, gray or black, and the texture was hard. In addition to the decoration of basket pattern, check pattern and rope pattern, there are exquisite and detailed nail pattern, feather pattern, scratch pattern, circle pattern and cutout decoration. There are more than 30 kinds of utensils, such as cooking utensils, drinking utensils, eating utensils and storage containers. In particular, some polished black pottery with beautiful shape, exquisite production, delicate texture, thin as eggshell, and dark and shiny surface can only be fired by people with rich experience and superb skills in pottery burning, so the pottery industry has probably become an independent handicraft production department.

Stone tool making

Xia dynasty utensils^[76]

In the manufacturing of stone tools, drilling shovel and stone knife mainly. All kinds of stone tools are finely ground, almost no drilling damage or redrilling phenomenon, indicating that the technology of making stone tools has been quite mature. In the few sites near the mountains, more stone tools were unearthed. In places far from the mountains, semi-finished and downed stone flakes are rare. It shows that the stone tools unearthed in these places were exchanged from the places where the stone tools were made. It also shows that the special processing and exchange of stone tools had appeared at that time.

Bronze ware

Erlitou culture bronze wine ware

In the literature, there are records of smelting bronzes in the Xia Dynasty. For example, "Yu cast nine tripod" and after Xia Qi ordered people to cast tripod in Kunwu, the remains of the unearthed casting copper ware can be testified. For example, in the middle and late Longshan culture site of Coal Mountain in Linru County, copper smelting crucible fragments were unearthed, of which the largest piece is 5.3 long, 4.1 wide and 2 cm thick, and there are six layers of copper smelting traces preserved on it. In the late cultural site of Niuzhai Longshan, Zhengzhou, a copper smelting crucible remains were also unearthed, and the remains were also attached with copper debris and copper rust, which is a bronze remains belonging to copper-tin alloy. In particular, during the excavation of Wangchenggang in Dengfeng in 1980, a bronze fragment with a residual width of about 6.5, residual height of about 5.7 and wall thickness of about 0.2 cm was unearthed, which was tested to be bronze containing tin, lead and copper alloys. Its shape may be bronze 鬶. Some scholars believe that the Xia Dynasty had already cast bronze vessels and entered the Bronze Age.

It is known that no large bronze ware has been found in the site of the Xia Dynasty, but in the remains of the Erlitou culture, there are tools, weapons and containers such as bronze casting knives, cones, adzes, chisels, arrowheads, swords, jue, etc., and at the same time, there are also found casting copper sites, unearthed Pottery pattern Copper slag and crucible fragments. The unearthed copper vessel was made of composite casting, which reflects that the copper casting technology had a certain scale and level at that time.

As for bronzes, bronze knives of the Erlitou culture have been found in China. If the Erlitou culture is considered to be the culture of the Xia Dynasty, then this bronze is from the Xia Dynasty. The form of bronze ware in the Xia Dynasty is very close to pottery, and its history of casting bronze is not long, so bronze ware did not form a good standard, so it is a bit like pottery, and the pottery unearthed in the Xia Dynasty is exactly the same, relatively primitive, it does not have many patterns, there are small dots, and simple lines are carved.

Raise livestock

In the Xia Dynasty, animal husbandry developed to a certain extent, and there were some clans and tribes specializing in animal husbandry. Such as Yuhu After the defeat of Gan, he was demoted to pastoral slavery and engaged in pastoral work. Much attention has been paid to the breeding of horses.

culture

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EDITOR

Text

The prototype of the original writing, from Yangshao culture to Dawenkou culture Such cultural relics have appeared and are gradually developing. It was found in Yin Ruins, the commercial capital of Anyang, Henan Province Inscriptions on tortoise shells and bones Word sum Inscriptions on ancient Chinese characters ", is the earliest writing that has been found in China, and is a basically mature writing. From the Yin Dynasty to the early summer, but 800 years, the Xia Dynasty has written and documentary records, there is no doubt. The writing of the Shang Dynasty is mature, and the writing of the Xia Dynasty is also mature, because it has been in history A kind of seal style used in summer The record of, Xia Yushu , Stele of Yu Wang Is the Xia dynasty handed down the characters, is the summer seal.

Map of Great Yu's flood control

When it comes to seal characters, it naturally comes to mind Big seal style and Small seal style The so-called big seal, that is, refers to the Zhou Seal; The so-called small seal style refers to Style of calligraphy used in the Qin dynasty . The seal character is the official character. There are also summer seals in history, because people did not find the characters of the Xia Dynasty, so there have been different views on summer seals, such as: 'Summer seal, the legend of the characters of the Xia Dynasty. It is generally thought that the Taishi of King Xuan of Zhou 籀 wrote fifteen Big Seal characters, beginning with seal characters. The "seal characters" of this "summer seal characters" are also commonly known. From the archaeological objects, no reliable characters of the Xia Dynasty have been found. If there is, it must be more primitive than oracle. The ancients have a lot of Jinwen big seal with the summer seal said, all this, all rely on the false say "here is considered to be the summer seal" "false say" based on the Xia Dynasty does not exist, there is no summer seal.

Geography

The emergence of maps, from the legend of Xia Yu's water control, we can see that people at that time had known many mountains and rivers, determined the east, west, north and south of the earth, learned to open canals, flood diversion, embankment repair, and mastered the calculation, measurement and drawing simple maps. Legend has it that Yu the Great collected copper and other metals offered by Kyushu Island through his own practice, and cast nine large triplets, on which there are mountains, trees, and animals in each state. Some people say that this may be the "guide map" of the tour guide, or the original map 4,000 years ago.

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Sanmiao

The homonyms of "Miao" and "man" in ancient Chinese agree that the three Miao and the later Nanman should be homologous. ^[29] " Strategy of the warring States · Wei Ce "recorded the three Miao on the ground, east Dongting, west Pengli ^[81-82] From Wenshan in the north, Hengshan in the south ^[83] . During the period of Yao and Shun, when floods were flooding, Sanmiao took the opportunity to carry out chaos in the southeast. Gun, who had worked together with 驩 and failed to control the water, was collectively called the "four crimes" of the world by the four yue religions. Shun sent Yu to surrender to the Miao people, but with no result. Shun himself in his later years to the south, on the way in the field of Cangwu died of illness. Yu continued to take the Miao cause, made the oath "Yu Oath", and the Miao army launched a war that lasted 70 days, overcome the Miao division, and put down the three Miao ^[84] . From then on, the three Miao languished and withdrew from the stage of history. ^[85]

A surname

Yi people are located in the east of the Central Plains, so it is called A surname . The Dongyi nationality originally distributed in the area from Yi County of Baoding, Hebei Province to the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain, and in the Xia and Shang Dynasties, it was divided into four branches, one of which lived in central Hebei, the northern branch moved around Bohai Bay to Liaodong and the Korean Peninsula, the southern branch moved south to Jianghuai area through Shandong, and the western branch spread across Shanxi and Henan provinces in the west of North China Plain, reaching as far as Shaanxi. During the period of Taikang Zhishu, he posed a great threat to the Xia Hou regime. The poor family xing in the poor mulberry, then moved north to the Bohai Sea bin Li, where gradually growing. During the period of the Five Emperors, he joined the tribal alliance of You Yu, and worked with Emperor Shun to expel Fengfeng, Ten days, nine Ying, 猰 Yu, Zao Tooth, Feng Sieges, Xiu Snake and other tribes against the alliance, and his prestige was once revitalizing. At the beginning of the summer, the Hoe moved west, approaching the heart region of Xia Hou. During the time of Taikang, the Xia House was in decline, and Yi, the leader of the poor family, took the opportunity to move west. South across the Yellow River, the destruction of Jiefeng Sieges, Kui, Luobo, Hebo four Xia after the country, occupied Songshan north foot, Hebo's former site of the poor stone. After seizing the summer capital 鄩, he put Taikang in the east of Henan and set up his brother Zhongkang. In Kangzhi, the son set up, Yi then took over, so seized power. Eight years later, Yi was killed by his adoptive son Han Zhuo. Han Zhuo cooked Yi's meat and forced him to eat it. When he refused, Han killed him. Hanzhuo married Yi's wife Chunhu and gave birth to 豷 and Chu two sons. The Han recipe was atrociously weak. After the Xia Dynasty, Shaokang united with You Li's subordinates Ji, Youyu, Youqing, poured Water, and poured water 鄩 to eliminate 豷, Chu and the Han recipe at one stroke. Some poor clans have since left the Heluo area and migrated southwest ^[86] . In the eastern states, except for the early Youqiong clan, who was the enemy of Xia dynasty and replaced the Xia Dynasty for about 40 years with Houyi and Han as the leader, the rest of the Eastern states were harmonious with Xia for most of the time. Among these countries, there are Li, You Still, You Yu and other countries that give support to the activities of the little rehabilitation country, and Xue who used to be "Xia Chezheng". ^[102]

The southeast branch of Dongyi nationality is divided into nine groups, collectively known as "nine Yi". " The bamboo books chronicle the years "Records that the phase," in Yi Laibin ", and little rehabilitation of the country, only Fang Yi annexed, the remaining eight continued to fight against the Xia people. During the reign of Xiao Kang Zizhu, he greatly improved military equipment, made armor and spear, repeatedly defeated the tribe, and expanded the power of the Xia Dynasty to the coast of the East China Sea. At the time of Zhuzi Huai, the nine Yi acceded to Xia one after another, and then Yi Xia was in peace with each other.

shang

In the "Five emperors" era, which was listed by Sima Qian as the beginning of the official history of China, the Dongyi cluster had been divided into many tribal groups that were constantly reorganized, such as the famous Chiyou Department, Zhuanxu Department, the Emperor 喾 Department, the Emperor Shun Department, the Gao Tao Department, the Boyi Department, etc., all of which originated from the earlier existence of Taihao and Shaohao two groups. Shang family name, derived from the emperor 喾 Gaoxin, the ancestor Qi for the emperor 喾 Concubine you 娀 Jandi. Qi was a figure in the same period of Yu, living in Shangqiu, ^[87] He helped Yu the Great to control the flood. Through Zhaoming, Xiangtu, Changruo, Cao Yu and Ming, the Shang clan developed from eastern Henan to northern Henan. Xia Ren after the water officer, in the process of water control died ^[88] . During the reign of Mingzi Wang Hai, the economy of the Shang nationality reached a new peak. We find It is recorded that Wang Hai could sacrifice as many as fifty cows at one sacrifice ^[89] . In order to solve the problem of livestock surplus and difficult to raise, Wang Hai sent some cattle and sheep to Heboshi Youyi . However, Mianchen, the Yi leader, pushed for an inch and forced Wang Hai to hand over all the cattle. When Wang Hai refused, Mianchen killed him and took away his cattle and sheep. Later Wang Hai's brother Wang Heng recaptured the cattle and sheep from Mian Chen. Wang Heng's son Shangjia Wei allied with the Hebo clan against You Yi clan and killed Mian Chen. The Shang clan became strong at the same time as Yi's decline ^[90] . During the period of Zhuren and Zhugui, the power of the Shang people was on the rise, and they attracted the clans and tribes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and gradually approached the Xia Hou region in the Central Plains. Day B soup after the succession, the net talent, in Yi Yin , Viper , dove Under the coordination of the female room, the beginning of Ge, and has destroyed Wei, Gu, Kunwu and other pro-summer clans, weakening the force after summer, "eleven and invincible in the world. ^[91] " Tang took advantage of the drought in the summer, the army to the west, in the Ming tiao and the Xia Jie launched a fierce battle, Jie resist but, the mountain fled to the south nest. Tang became king in Xibo, the Xia Dynasty fell and the Shang Dynasty was established. ^[92]

The more

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Yu died and was buried in inspection (Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province), Shaokang feng concubine Yu Yue, in charge of Yu's sacrifice. "Shiji" said that it was based on the "Yubenji" written by people in the Warring States period. Oracle bone inscriptions have a country, which is suspicious Yue . "Wu Yue Spring and Autumn Annals of King Yue Wu Yu's Biography" about the beginning of Wu Yu's title and the rise and fall of his descendants seems to have some evidence. According to these legends, a vast area of southeast China Ethnic Vietnamese As far back as the Xia Dynasty, there was contact with Chinese culture. ^{[118
]}

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diet

Staple food

The staple food of three generations of the common people was porridge made of various grains. The millet, millet, millet, rice cooked into thin porridge, thick porridge to eat, the upper class of society is more dry rice, occasionally eat vegetables. The sacrificial meat was killed only during large-scale sacrificial activities, and the sacrificial meat was stored underground in the ding ^[72-74] . At multiple places Erlitou site There are found millet husks, rice husks remains ^[75] .

In the excavation of the early site of Erlitou culture, some remains of millet husks and rice husks were also found in the grass-mixed mud, indicating that there were cereals such as millet and rice in the Xia Dynasty. ^{[27
]}

tipple

Legend has it that Yu's minister Yi Di Start brewing wine, after summer Shao Kang The method of making straws was invented. In the Central Plains culture of the late Neolithic Age Longshan culture There was the habit of making wine, and in the more productive Xia Dynasty, making good wine and drinking good wine became a symbol of power and financial resources. ^[67] "Du Kang made wine" recorded in ancient literature, ^[68] "Yi Di Zuo Wine" ^[69] "Taikang Kangjiu", ^[70] "Less Kang as Hong Jiu" ^[70] Such legends can attest to the importance of wine in this period. The wine in the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties was grain wine with low degree and was not strong. "Li Ji Yu Zao" recorded that the ancients still quiet brain Ming after drinking three jue. ^[71]

Among the pottery unearthed in the middle and late period of Longshan culture in West Henan Province, there are many exquisite wine vessels such as 斝, 鬶, 盉, gu, cup and small pot. There are many records of aristocratic drinking in the literature. Wine was always made from grain in ancient China. Only on the basis of the continuous development and improvement of agricultural production can the surplus grain be used to make wine. ^{[27
]}

traffic

Chariots appeared in the Xia capital, but it is not clear whether they were rickshaws or horse-drawn carriages, because the ruts were only 1 meter wide, unlike the 2 meter wide ruts of the Shang Dynasty, which had confirmed the use of horse-drawn carriages.

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Existence or not

Due to the lack of historical materials related to the Xia Dynasty, there have been many debates about the existence of the Xia Dynasty since the 1920s ^{[121
]} . Although the relics of the Xia Dynasty have not been dug up, nor have the characters of the Xia Dynasty been found, the lineage of the Xia Dynasty recorded in the Shiji · Xia Benji is similar to that of the Xia Dynasty. Yin Benji The Shang Dynasty lineage recorded in "is as clear, and the Shang Dynasty lineage is in Yin Ruins of Anyang It is confirmed in the unearthed oracle bone inscriptions, so the lineage of the Xia dynasty recorded in Shiji Xia Benji is believed to be credible by most scholars. In this way, archaeologists on Anyang Yin Ruins , Zhengzhou Mall On the basis of further understanding of the material cultural remains of the Shang Dynasty, this paper puts forward the research topic of Xia culture exploration, hoping to find the material cultural remains of the Xia Dynasty by archaeological means, and then restore the history of the Xia Dynasty.

According to the literature, ancient historians have proposed that there are two possible areas of Xia people's activity: one is Dengfeng, Yu County and Luoyang Plain near Songshan Mountain in western Henan province; One is the lower reaches of Fenshui River in southern Shanxi Province. Because the legendary capital city of the Xia Dynasty and some important historical events are mostly related to these two areas. Since 1959." Summer ruins The investigation opened the prelude to summer cultural exploration. In the past 40 years, a series of archaeological investigations and excavations have been carried out in the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi, which has gradually narrowed the goal of Xia culture exploration. Most scholars believe that: named after the Yanshi Erlitou site" Erlitou culture (including the Erlitou type and the Dongxiafeng type) and the western Henan region of the" Longshan culture It is the main object of exploring the summer culture, and has expressed various views on the summer culture. However, due to the lack of direct evidence such as writing, the academic community has not reached a consensus on which kind of relics is the Xia Dynasty culture. However, both "Longshan culture" and "Erlitou culture" in western Henan have accumulated quite rich materials, which provide a large number of new materials for the recovery of the history of the Xia Dynasty ^[119] .

It is said that a group of Spring and Autumn Period bronzes unearthed in Linzi during Xuanhe period of Song Dynasty A surname (By Shu Yi Nai Duke Mu of Song Descendant, Duke Ling of Qi was the Zheng Qing of the State of Qi) there is an inscription recalling the Song Dynasty Zu Ye said: "... Gap into the Tang Dynasty, and Yan in the emperor, Pu by the mandate of heaven, cut off the summer division, defeat the spirit division, with little minister but auxiliary, salty Kyushu, Yu block..." That is, "the mighty Cheng Tang, fearing the Emperor of Heaven, accepted the mandate of heaven, invaded You Xia, and defeated its army." Under the assistance of the small minister, he conquered the land of Kyushu and occupied the capital of Yu Da. This inscription is completely consistent with the statement in the literature since the Western Zhou Dynasty that Xia and Yin (Shang) are the two successive dynasties and 'Yin reformed the Xia Dynasty', which becomes a strong evidence of the records of the Xia dynasty in the two weeks of historical records." In view of the fact that the documents and historical records describing the replacement of Xia Dynasty and Xia and Shang Dynasty did not reach the Western Zhou Dynasty earlier, so the bronze Shuyi bell in the Spring and Autumn period could not become "since the Western Zhou Dynasty" or "the two weeks of historical records about the Xia Dynasty." ^[93]

It came out in 2002 pleurogonid It belongs to the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which has the words "Heaven's mandate Yu to apply soil, falling mountains and dredging rivers". The inscriptions describe how Yu calmed the flood by cutting down some hills to block the flood and open the river, demarcating Kyushu and specifying each region's contribution according to the conditions of the land. After the flood receded, the people who had fled to the hills came down and resettled in the plains. Due to his contributions to the people, Da Yu was able to become the king of the people and the "parents" of the people. The discovery of Sui Gong che () advanced the documentary record of Yu controlling the flood by 600 to 700 years, which is the earliest and most detailed and reliable text about Yu However, there is no word "Xia" in the text, and Yu seems to have a divine character rather than a human king, so it seems that this inscription cannot be regarded as "the earliest cultural relic example of the legend of Yu the Great controlling the flood" in the Xia Dynasty. ^[9]

Feng Shi In 2002, the Xia She Examination was published, and in 2008, the Wen Yi Examination was published, which confirmed the existence of the Xia Dynasty by unearthed documents, oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin and Shang dynasties, gold inscriptions and archaeological data, and proved the existence of the Xia Dynasty for the first time according to unearthed written materials equivalent to the early Xia Dynasty, thus making the Xia characters and the Xia Dynasty have been clearly confirmed, and related to the institutional history of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. It became an important breakthrough in the study of archaeology and pre-Qin history. ^[109]

Da Yu Clan

At the beginning of the "ancient history debate" movement, Gu Jiegang Once believed that "Yu or an animal cast on the nine tripod" ^{[120
]} . Thereafter, accept Qian Xuantong Gu Jiegang quickly abandoned the hypothesis that "Yu the Great was a worm" and focused on whether Yu had a divine nature and how it was related to Yao and Shun. The reason why the study of Yu's myths and legends is of great significance to Gu Jiegang and the school of "Ancient History debate" is that the attention to Yu is the entrance to Gu Jiegang's "layered theory", which is one of the most basic theories of the school of "ancient history debate". ^[105] His conclusion:

(1) In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yu was the God of mountains and rivers; Later, there was a community sacrifice, and it evolved into a community god... Because the boundary between God and man was not clear at that time, Yu was also named with the ancestors of the Zhou nationality, so the legend of Yu gradually became the "man king" and separated from the myth.

(2) The relationship between Yu and Xia is discussed in the book The Book of Songs "," A surname "And" Analects of Confucius "And other books are not mentioned, to" The Biography of Zuo "," Mo-tse "And" Mencius "Xia Yu" in the record, and these documents are written in the Warring States period, so the relationship between Yu and Xia is after the middle of the Warring States period.

(3) As for the origin of Yu, it is admitted that "Yu is an animal from the nine tripod" is only a hypothesis, but it also puts forward a new hypothesis that "Yu is a figure in the mythology of the southern nationalities"; At the same time, it is pointed out that the legend about Yu originated from the "need of leveling the soil" of the southern nationalities in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the center was in Yue, and then passed to Qunshu, and then to Chu, and finally from Chu to the Central Plains.

(4) The legend of Yu began in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. yao Shun began in the late Spring and Autumn period, and the relationship between them was based on the theory of Zen and surrender in the Warring States period.

With the increasing number of unearthed documents, Gu Jiegang's review of historical materials in the study of ancient history has been criticized in two aspects: "examining the age" and "distinguishing the truth from the falsehood". However, although the changes in the authenticity factors of the newly unearthed documents and historical materials have corrected the conclusion of the research on the legend of Gu's Yu, the changes are still within the old argumentative framework of Gu's family, and have not shaken the foundation of the "layered theory". ^[104]

Cultural site

There was no writing in the Xia Dynasty, so we can only rely on the records of ancient documents to understand the Xia Kings, officials, troops and prison conditions. Since modern times, the excavation of large palaces, tombs and many bronzes in Erlitou Village site in Yanshi City, Henan Province, has revealed from one side the political economy, social culture, life and other aspects of Xia State, which is an alliance of tribes in the late Neolithic period. The underground archaeological work of the Xia Dynasty is still being explored.

After years of investigation and excavation, in the western part of Henan and the southern part of Shanxi, a kind of cultural remains between Henan Longshan culture and Zhengzhou Erligang early Shang culture have been found, with the connotation of Yanshi Erlitou site in Henan Province being more typical. Erlitou culture ". The time of this cultural remains, according to the determination of about 1900 BC, belongs to the Xia Dynasty chronology. At present, although there is no direct evidence to determine that it is the Xia Dynasty culture, the rich archaeological materials provided by it have strongly promoted the work of exploring the Xia Dynasty culture.

The reason for determining Erlitou site as the summer capital is mainly based on three scientific considerations. The first is to determine the relative age of Erlitou through archaeological stratigraphy and typology, which is between Longshan culture and Shang culture. Secondly, through the carbon-14 dating method, the Erlitou site was determined between 3800 and 3500 years ago, and the age is more consistent with the middle and late Xia Dynasty recorded in historical books. In addition, Erlitou site is located in the west of Henan Province, which is also in line with the historical records of the Xia Dynasty's main activity area.

"More importantly, the Erlitou site has a series of connotations of dynastic weather." With its highly brilliant dynastic atmosphere, highly developed control network and ruling civilization, Erlitou culture became the earliest core culture and wide-area kingship country in East Asia around 3800-3500 years ago, and took the lead in entering the stage of dynastic civilization. In this process, the overall pyramidal settlement structure and the spatial distribution pattern of settlements with Erlitou capital city as the center were formed in the central Plains.

With the development of the Chinese civilization exploration project and the "Xia-Shang-Zhou Dating Project", through the comprehensive study of carbon 14 dating, documentation, archaeological stratigraphy and other aspects, the main part of Erlitou culture is Xia culture has been accepted by most people ^[100] .

Social nature

According to Marx's historical theory, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties were characterized as slave societies. The slave society took the majority of the lower class of the society as the main production role, but the traditional literature records and archaeological excavations have not found any signs of widespread practice of slavery in ancient China ^[90] . Karl Marx Sum up Ancient Greek , Ancient Rome According to the social history of the ancient Germanic nation, the primitive form of primitive society evolved into a secondary form when it stepped forward to civilization, and the slave or serf system replaced the primitive clan commune, and he believed that the disappearance of the primitive clan system was inevitable. However, in ancient China, the clan system did not disappear, but it was tenaciously preserved for a long time. In the embryonic stage of the country, the primitive clan commune system could not bear the task of effective management of the vast area, so it evolved into a clan feudal hereditary system. It developed into patriarchal feudal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Effective enforcement of slavery required a well-established centralized system and a strong military, which was Xia Dynasty Don't have. China practiced slavery on a small scale for three generations, but it never reached the scale of Western civilization. The slave population generally outnumbered the free population in the city-states of ancient Greece, and slaves made up more than 40 percent of the population of the Italian peninsula in ancient Rome. The main body of the three generations of society is" The multitude "And" The common people Despite their low social status, they still had families and households, and their crops were produced by "tribute", "aid" and "che", rather than slaves Subordinate system Under the gratuitous plunder ^[94] . The real slaves were only a minority of criminals and prisoners of war, who did not replace the common people as the main labor force in Xia, Shang and Zhou societies, but were more used Human sacrifice . ^[95]

The king's lineage

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emperor	warfare	capital	The present site of the capital
Yu the Great ( Gun The son of)	Send a punitive expedition against Sanmiao	Yangcheng	Present Henan Dengfeng City Chengzhen
		Binh Duong	This mountain Xi 'an city or Jinyang
		Yang	Present Henan Yuzhou City
Rev. (Son of Yu)	The battle of gain	Yang	Now Yuzhou city, Henan Province
	Battle of Gan	Anyi ^[96]	Xia County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province
	The Battle of the West River	Anyi ^[96]	Xia County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province
Taikang	-	Pour your wine 鄩	Henan Yanshi Erlitou
Zhongkang	The Battle against Xi and His family	Pour your wine 鄩	Henan Yanshi Erlitou
phase	The Battle of Dongyi	A surname ^[97]	Henan Shangqiu Suiyang district southwest
	The War to douse the phase	Pouring irrigation A surname ) ^[98]	Southwest of Puyang, Henan
	The War to douse the phase	A surname ^[99]	Henan Shangqiu Suiyang district southwest
Houyi , simmer	Usurping the summer for more than 40 years	Hoe → chanite	-
Shao Kang	The War of Restoration	Lon City	Henan Shangqiu Yucheng County Limin town southeast
Shao Kang	The Battle of Douche	Lon City	Henan Shangqiu Yucheng County Limin town southeast
Grant ( Zhu of xia )	The War to end 豷	The original	Jiyuan, Henan Province, 2 km northwest temple Street original city
	The war against the cold recipe
	The Battle of Dongyi
locust	The battle between Lob and Hob	Old hill	Henan Kaifeng city Xiangfu district Guoli village
mans	Shang A micro annihilation of Yi's battle	Old hill	Id.
drain	-	Old hill	Id.
Refuse to yield	The Battle of Jiuyuan	Old hill	Id.
was	-	Old hill	Id.
Jin of xia ( Yinjia )	-	Xi He	Southeast of Anyang, Henan Province
Pore nail	-	Xi He	Id.
gao	-	Xi He	Id.
hair	-	West River → Pour your wine 鄩	Southeast of Anyang → Yanshi Erlitou
jie ( Perform the duties of )	The Battle of Arishi	Pour your wine 鄩	Yanshi Erlitou
	The Battle of Yumin's
	Be defeated by Battle of Narujo

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