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Of the republic of kazakhstan (the kazak: Қ а з а қ с т а н Р е с п б л и seem а с ы / ق an ز an ق س ت an ن ر ە س پ ۋ ب ل ى ي ك an س ى
[38]
, English: The Republic of Kazakhstan), short for Kazakhstan (
Kazakh language
It is located in central Asia. Russian is a compulsory language.
[48]
Northern neighbours
Russia
, Minami Yo
Uzbekistan
,
Turkmenistan
,
Kyrgyzstan
Bordering on the west
Caspian Sea
East to China. It covers an area of 2,724,900 square kilometers. Population of Kazakhstan 20 million (as of 14 November 2023)
[50]
. The country has 14 states and 3 municipalities. capital
Astana
.
Founded in 1456 AD
The Kazakh Khanate
In the 16th century
Kazakh nationality
Develop separately, become big, small and medium three
Ngoc
. Mid-19th century
Russian Empire
Annex. Established in 1936
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
And join
The Soviet Union
, become
Soviet republics
One of them. On December 16, 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan became independent.
Kazakhstan has strengthened ties with
The Commonwealth of Independent States
Economic, political, Military and other aspects of integration of countries, January 1, 2015, and
Russia
,
Belarus
,
Kyrgyzstan
The Eurasian Economic Union was established. In 2021, Kazakhstan's GDP was $176.6 billion, an increase of 4% year-on-year. In January-April 2022, Kazakhstan's GDP grew by 4.4% year-on-year.
On April 24, local time, Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Nurtreu and British Secretary of State for Foreign Development David Cameron signed a strategic partnership agreement in Astana, capital of Kazakhstan.
... details
Content from the interface news
- Chinese name
- Republic of Kazakhstan
- Foreign name
-
The Republic of Kazakhstan
(English)
S. S. S. S. P. P. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. p (Kazakh)
ق an ز an ق س ت an ن ر ە س پ ۋ ب ل ى ي ك an س ى [38] - Abbreviated form
- Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan
- continent
- Asia [1]
- capital
- Astana [27]
- Major city
- Almaty Karaganda, etc
- National Day
- October 25th [29]
- National song
- " My Kazakh "
- Country code
- KAZ [2]
- Official language
- Kazakh language , Russian
- currency
- Kazakhstan tenge (KZT)
- Time zone
- UTC+5 [57]
- Political system
- Presidential republic
- National leader
- Kasemmart Tokayev [26] (President)
- Population number
- 20 million [33] [44] [46] [50] (As of 14 November 2023)
- Population density
- 7.0 persons/km2 [10] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Kazakh nationality
- Major religion
- Islam (Sunni)
- Land area
- 2724900 km²
- Water area ratio
- 1.7%
- Total GDP
- $220.472 billion [44] (2022)
- Per capita GDP
- $9,060 [36] (2020)
- International telephone area code
- 997 [30]
- International domain name abbreviation
- kz
- Road access
- Keep to the right
- National symbol
- Snow leopard , Golden eagle
- Legal system
- Civil law system
- State structure form
- Unitary system
- Calendar method
- Gregorian calendar
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Natural environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- ▪Hydrological distribution
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪regionalization
- ▪capital
- 5National symbol
- ▪Country name
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- ▪National anthem
- ▪The national flower
- ▪National bird
- ▪National Day
- 6Population nationality
- 7political
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- 8economy
The meaning of the word "Kazak" is disputed. According to folk legends about white geese, Kazak means "white goose"; It is also believed that Kazak is a synonym for "Hogsa", "Asa" or "Khazar" in ancient China. Others interpret Kazakhs as "refugees," "fugitives," and "breakaways." Many scholars believe that the name "Kazak" first appeared in
The 15th century
Early.
Kazakhstan
In 766 AD, a Turkic tribe
Qarluc
The state of Yekhun was established in what is now eastern Kazakhstan. In the 8th century the south was conquered by the Arabs
Samanid dynasty
Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the west and southwest, the south and the north were joined by the Ugus, the Black Khan, the Kimak, and the Kipchak. In the first half of the 12th century, he was invaded by the Khitans (
Silliao
). Early 13th century, by
Mongols
Conquer and receive
The Golden Horde
Control.
In the 15th century, most of what is now Kazakhstan was separated from the Golden Horde and became part of the Lunar Khanate, and subsequently a number of tribes broke away from the Lunar Khanate, known as "escapees" and "breakaway", and gradually formed the Kazakh ethnic group (see entry: Kazakh Khanate).
Map of Central Asia
Map of Central Asia
In the 1420s, in
The Golden Horde
The east appeared.
The Uzbek Khanate
, in order to
Syr
The lower reaches are centered on the Topol River in the north and the Irtysh River in the northeast. In 1456, the Khanate had two sultans (Jilai and Zanibek) who, due to internal strife, fled east into the territory of Yili, and Yili gave them nomads in the Western Seven rivers of the Chu and Talas rivers in order to strengthen their power. Those who left the Uzbek Khanate were called Kazakhs, meaning "asylum seekers" or "escapees".
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Kazakhs were divided into three khanates: Great Yuz, Middle Yuz and Little Yuz.
Taraz
Taraz
In the 17th century, a powerful nomadic regime emerged in Central Asia - the Junggar Khanate established by the Moxi Mongols. Under the invasion of the Junggar Khanate, Xiaoyuzi sent a mission in September 1730
Russia
Acceptance into Russia; In December 1735 Zhongyuzi joined Russia. It is also believed that in the 1730s and 1740s, both the small account and the Middle Account were incorporated into the Russian Empire. As for the Great Yuzi, it was annexed by the Junggar Khanate. However, in the middle of the 18th century, the Qing Dynasty eliminated the Dzunggar Khanate (1757), unified the Dzunggar ministry, and removed the threat of Kazak from the Dzunggar, and the Kazak Sanyuzi also expressed their allegiance to the Qing Dynasty, especially Zhongyuzi and Dayuzi, and had closer relations with the Qing Dynasty. As a result, Dayuzi and Zhongyuzi became vassals of the Qing Empire. Due to the population decline of Junggar in the long-term war with the Qing Dynasty, coupled with the outbreak of diseases, Junggar disappeared in the east and south of Balkhash Lake, and Kazakhs gradually migrated to the Qing Empire's territory in the east and south of Balkhash Lake due to Tsarist Russia's invasion of Central Asia.
The Qing Empire in the 19th century
Opium Wars
After the decline of the state power, Russia took the opportunity to seize the Qing Empire lands east and south of Balkhash Lake in 1864, so that most of Kazakhstan was under Russian ownership. On December 13, 1917, as a result of the Russian Revolution, most of Kazakhstan became part of the Autonomous Republic of Arash, which gained temporary independence from Russian rule.
Atrau
Atrau
On 26 August 1920, the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established as part of the Russian Federation. On April 19, 1925, the Central Asian states were demarcated by nationality and renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On October 25, 1990, the Declaration of Sovereignty was issued.
On 10 December 1991, it was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Karaganda
Karaganda
On December 16, 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan declared its independence. It joined the Commonwealth of Independent States on 21 December.
[3]
On March 20, 2019, the Parliament of Kazakhstan passed a constitutional amendment to rename the capital Astana as Nursultan.
[4]
On December 29, 2021, President of Kazakhstan Mikhail Tokayev signed amendments to the law on the abolition of the death penalty.
[13]
As an alternative punishment, Kazakhstan introduced life imprisonment in 2004.
[14]
On January 8, 2022, President of Kazakhstan Mikhail Tokayev declared January 10 a National Day of mourning.
[19]
On January 11, 2022, Russian satellite news Agency news, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan released a news that the country arrested 9,900 people in the context of riots. According to CCTV news client, Kazakh President Tokayev said in a video call with EU Council President Michel on the 10th local time that the recent terrorist violence in Kazakhstan has caused a large number of casualties among law enforcement personnel and civilians, about 1,300 commercial facilities have been destroyed, and more than 100 shopping centers and banks have been attacked. About 500 police cars were burned. According to Tokayev's preliminary assessment, the domestic economic losses of about $2 billion to $3 billion.
[20]
On September 2, 2022, a parliamentary panel of Kazakhstan proposed that the capital be changed from Nursultan to Astana, which came into effect on September 19.
[42]
On March 30, 2023, the lower house of the Parliament of Kazakhstan approved acting Prime Minister Arihan Smyrov as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan. On the same day, Kazakh President Tokayev signed a presidential decree formally appointing Arihan Smyrov as Prime Minister of Kazakhstan.
[37]
On July 4, 2023, the 23rd meeting of the Council of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization decided that Kazakhstan will take over the rotating presidency of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization for 2023-2024.
[43]
January 19, 2024, according to
Satellite news agency
The government of Kazakhstan has decided to merge UTC+5 and UTC+6 time zones into UTC+5 from March 1, 2024. Twelve regions, including Astana, Almaty and Shymkent, will move their clocks back by one hour on March 1, 2024, to the UTC+5 time zone.
[54]
On February 5, 2024,
The Kazakh president's office issued a statement saying that President Tokayev accepted the resignation of the government on the same day, and nominated first Deputy Prime Minister Skliar as acting prime minister.
[55]
From 0:00 local time on March 1, 2024, the three municipalities of Astana, Almaty and Shimkent, as well as Kazakhstan and 12 eastern states, will set their clocks back by one hour, thus combining the two time zones of the Eastern Five Time Zone (UTC+5) and the Eastern Six Time Zone (UTC+6) previously implemented in the country into the Eastern Five time Zone (UTC+5).
[57]
The world's largest landlocked country, Kazakhstan covers an area of 2,724,900 square kilometers, accounting for about 2% of the earth's land surface, and its territory spans Europe and Europe, with the Ural River as its boundary. The total length of the border is more than 10,500 kilometers.
Kazakhstan is located in central Asia. It borders Russia to the north, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south, the Caspian Sea to the west and China to the east.
Kazakhstan has a complex terrain, mostly plains and lowlands. It is characterized by high southeast and low northwest, and most of the territory is plain and lowland. The west and southwest are the lowest.
The coastal lowlands of the Caspian Sea gradually decline southward towards the Caspian Sea, and are up to 28 meters below sea level along the Caspian Sea zone; The lowest point, the Karakiye Basin, is 132 m below sea level. It gradually rises to the south, forming the Yustit Plateau at an altitude of 200 to 300 meters and the Karatao Mountains and Aktau Mountains (555 meters above sea level) on the Mangeslak Peninsula. In the northeast of the country, there is the Turan Plain, which gradually transitions from northeast Kazakhstan to the Kazakh hills through the center, and then extends to the Tianshan Mountains in the southeast. In the north, the Kazakh hills connect with the southern edge of the West Siberian Plain.
In the east and southeast of Kazakhstan, there are mountains with high mountains and intermountain basins. Here stand the Altai Mountain, the Talbahatai Mountain, the Junggar Alatao Mountain, the Waiili Alatao Mountain, and the Tianshan Mountain. The Altai Mountain system is divided into the southern Altai Mountain and the Northern Altai Mountain in Kazakhstan, with a height between 2,300 and 2,600 meters above sea level, and its highest peak, Beluja Peak, is 4506 meters above sea level. The Junggar Alatao Mountain range is 450 km long and 100 ~ 350 km wide, and is divided into North Junggar Alatao Mountain and South Junggar Alatao Mountain by the Koksu and Bolatar rivers. Its highest peak, Besbakan, is 4,464 meters above sea level. The Tianshan Mountain system, located in the southeastern tip of Kazakhstan, borders China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Its majestic peaks are covered with snow and ice all year round. The highest peak, Khantengri, is 6,995 meters above sea level and is the highest mountain in Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan has a continental climate with an average temperature of -19 ° C to -4 ° C in January and 19 ° C to 26 ° C in July. The natural conditions of northern Kazakhstan are similar to those of central Russia and southern England, and those of the south are similar to those of Transcaucasia and southern Europe
Mediterranean
Coastal states are similar. There are both lowlands tens of meters below sea level, and high mountain ranges, with snow and glaciers on the top of the mountain. Precipitation, 300 ~ 500 mm in the north, about 100 mm in the desert, 1000 ~ 2000 mm in the mountains. To the southwest are the Turan lowlands and the Caspian coastal lowlands. In the middle and east, it belongs to the Kazakh hills, and the eastern margin is mountainous. Kazakhstan's semi-desert and desert are mostly in the southwest, the northern natural environment is similar to Russia, more humid, the northern and Caspian Sea region can receive water vapor from the sea.
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has more than 85,000 rivers of all sizes, a large number of domestic lakes, up to 48,000, with about 2,700 glaciers, the main water bodies include Balkhash Lake, Jaisanpur and so on. It shares the Aral Sea with Uzbekistan, bordering the Caspian Sea to the west, and most of its lakes are saltwater. Most of the rivers in the territory are internal rivers, mainly the Syr River, the Ural River,
Chu River
Let's wait. The Irtysh and its tributary, the Ishim, are outflow rivers flowing to the Arctic Ocean.
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Oil and mineral resources are abundant. It has proven oil reserves of 14 billion tons (on land and in the Caspian Sea area), and has proved more than 90 kinds of mineral deposits.
On May 4, 2022 local time, Kazakh President Tokayev signed a presidential decree announcing the official establishment of three new administrative regions of Abai, Jetsuzhou and Ultau, and made adjustments to the county division of Dongha. In addition, the city of Kapchagai in Almaty region was renamed Kunayev City, and the administrative center of Almaty region was moved from Taledkurgan City to Kunayev City.
[25]
The country consists of 14 prefectures and 3 municipalities (capital Nursultan, former capital Almaty, Shymkent). They are: Nursultan City, Almaty City,
Shymkent
Cities, Almaty, Tardikurgan, Akmola, Aktube, Aktobe,
Atrau State
(Atyrau, Atrau), Pavlodar (Pavlodar), Mangghsystau (Aktau), Karaghandy (Karaganda), Kostanay (Kostanay) Kostanai, Kyzylorda (Kizilorda), Jambyl (Taraz), East Kazakhstan (Shyghys kazakstan, Uskmen),
Turkistan Oblast
(Turkistan,
Turkistan
Western Kazakhstan (Batysdy kazakstan, Urals), North Kazakhstan (Soltustik kazakstan, Kizilzhar)
Note: Provincial capitals in parentheses.
[5]
Ural
Subdivisions of Kazakhstan
As
Tarner
(formerly Nur-sultan) (Nur-Sultan, n ұ asper-C ұ density posts; Formerly known as Astana, renamed in March 2019), there is an airport named
Nazarbayev International Airport
. The average temperature in January is -19 ° C to -4 ° C, and the average temperature in July is 19 ° C to 26 ° C.
[6]
The word Kazakh means "escapee" or "breakaway" in Slavic language, and is a direct branch of the ancient Turkic people. And gradually formed the Kazakh nationality. It is a direct branch of the ancient Turkic people. The ancient Kazakhs generally refer to the ancient nomadic tribes of the present generation of Central Asia, such as Wusun, Yuezhi, etc., and these ancient nomadic tribes are the ancestors of modern Kazakhs.
Flag of Kazakhstan
Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 2:1. The flag is light blue, in the middle of the flag is a golden sun, the sun radiates 32 rays, under which there is an eagle flying with wings. There is a vertical bar on one side of the flagpole, which is a traditional Kazakh gold pattern. Light blue is the traditional color favored by the Kazakh people, representing the sky, but also symbolizing well-being, peace and tranquility; The flag was adopted by Kazakhstan after its independence in December 1991 and was adopted on June 4, 1992.
Coat of arms of Kazakhstan
Opened on June 4, 1992, it is round, with blue and gold as the main colors. The national emblem highlights the Kazakh traditional golden felt yurt and the flying horse with ribbons, symbolizing nomadic life; On the bottom sash is the Kazakh name "Kazakhstan".
National emblem
My Kazakh
The lyrics are as follows:
"Eklotiana" (h) ү "a", with a "u",
Kazakhstan national anthem score
Kazakhstan national anthem score
The e x x ә x x x,
Е virgin virgin nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun nun,
Е l - silo! Е l - silo!
Е albumo-density dossier,
Д а ң seem ы м ы з ш ы қ т ы ғ о й.
A surname,
Қ а з а ғ ы м м ы қ т ы ғ о й!
Manna ң multi-level bar, multi-level bar ң multi-level bar,
Ti ү clicked ң h clicked clicked clicked clicked, Ж h clicked clicked clicked clicked clicked, Ж H clicked clicked clicked clicked clicked clicked, ө H clicked clicked clicked clicked,
е л yongjiang м! Obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory obligatory
Precast ң decency decency decency decency decency decency decency decency decency decency decency decency decency decency.
albumosin
(tipә y -) e - l - ty - ty - ty - ty - ty - ty - ty - ty - ty - ty.
Lov. - lov. - lov. - lov. - Lov.
Manә ң vertical-vertical-vertical-vertical-vertical-vertical-vertical-vertical-vertical-vertical-occlusive.
Biliudinaria hedricoluva jiң cleavage cleavage cleavage cleavage,
Baucucaria occlusal! Baucuca occlusal scrupulң central density.
Manna ң middlesand, middlesand ң middlesand, ti ү middlesand ң com/com/com/com/com/u,
Ж Sugu ң fungus - density - gazed, gazed - gazed, gazed - gazed, gazed - gazed, gazed - gazed, gazed - gazed, gazed - gazed, gazed - gazed! Т ғ а н ж е р yongjiang м м е н yongjiang ң - Қ а з а қ с т а н ы м!
Translation:
My Kazakh
Words: Jumakan Khachmidnov and Nursultan Nazarbayev
Song: Sash Kardayakov
Golden sun in the sky, golden millet in the fields.
The legend of the hero is my hometown.
In ancient times we have shone,
We Kazakhs are proud and strong.
Ah, my hometown! Ah, my hometown
I am your flower opening,
I am your song singing, home
My country, Kazakhstan
I have endless rivers and mountains, the future is smooth.
I have people who are independent and united as one.
Our happy land is like friends,
We happy people welcome the new era.
Ah, my hometown! Ah, my hometown
I am your flower opening,
I am your song singing, home
My country, Kazakhstan
tulip
; The tulip blooms all year round in Kazakhstan, which is also an important reason why Kazakhstan has designated it as its national flower.
Golden eagle
; It symbolizes the freedom and boldness of the Kazakh nation.
On September 29, 2022, Kazakh President Aleksandr Tokayev signed into law the amendment and addition of certain laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Cinematography, culture and festivals. The bill proposes to amend the Law on Holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan to designate October 25 as the National Day of the Republic and December 16 as a national holiday. The holiday has the same status as other public days such as National Symbol Day and Thanksgiving Day. According to the Act, December 1, the first President's Day, is no longer a national holiday.
[29]
Kazakhstan has a population of 18,395,700 (as of January 2019). There are about 140 ethnic groups, of which 65.5% are Kazakhs and 21.4% are Russians.
Kazakhstan has a population of 19.003,300 (as of February 2021). There are about 140 ethnic groups, of which Kazakhs make up 68% and Russians 20%.
Kazakhstan has a population of 19.125 million (as of January 2022). There are about 140 ethnic groups, of which Kazakhs make up 68% and Russians 20%.
As of January 1, 2023, the total population of Kazakhstan is 1,976,5004. The urban population is 12,208,200 and the rural population is 7,556,700. The female population is 10,118,282 and the male population is 9,646,722. The natural population increased by 268,791 during the year, while the migration population was negative (-6,946). Compared with the beginning of 2022, the country's population increased by 261,845 people. Almaty saw the largest increase in population with an increase of 60,000 people, while Astana came in second with an increase of 58,724 people, followed by Turkestan, Shymkent and Almaty. Karaganda, Kostane, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan Oblasts, as well as Abai and Jete Suzhou all have negative population growth.
[33]
On November 16, 2023, the State Statistics Office announced that the population of Kazakhstan exceeded 20 million on November 14.
[50]
The political situation is stable. In March 2019, President Nazarbayev announced his resignation in a televised speech. In March of the same year, a joint session of the two houses of the Kazakh Parliament was held, and the former Speaker of the upper house of the parliament, Tokayev, was sworn in as the new president. In June, Tokayev won the unscheduled presidential election. In November 2022, Tokayev was re-elected in the seventh presidential election.
There are six main political parties: the "Amanat" party, the "Awul" People's Democratic Patriotic Party, the Republican Party, the "Bright Path" party, the People's Party, and the National Social Democratic Party.
[40]
The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan has the highest legal force and is the core and basis for the further development of the state legal system and legislation of Kazakhstan. The Constitution of Kazakhstan, ratified by referendum in August 1995, declared Kazakhstan a unitary presidential republic and affirmed the supreme power of the President. Kazakhstan's first president Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a decree revising the country's constitution in March 2017. Under the revised constitution, the president transferred some of his powers to the government and parliament, which were strengthened. In June 2022, Kazakhstan passed a referendum to amend the constitution.
[46]
The highest legislative body of the country. The Upper House is also called the "Senate", and the lower house is also called the "Majlis", with 50 seats in the upper house and 98 seats in the lower house. The Upper House serves a six-year term, with half of its members elected every three years, while the lower house serves a five-year term. Speaker of the Upper House: Maulen Ashimbaev (Manas), assumed office in May 2020 and reelected in January 2023. The Speaker of the Lower House of Parliament: Yerlan Koshanov (Е nitrosa), assumed office in March 2023.
[23]
[35]
39 - [40]
[46]
[51]
The highest administrative organ of the State, exercising the executive power of the Republic of Kazakhstan and responsible for its activities to the President. The current government was formed in April 2023, with Alikhan Smyrov as Prime Minister.
[40]
On 5 February 2024, First Deputy Prime Minister Skriar was nominated as acting Prime Minister.
[55]
National President:
Kasemmart Tokayev
(Kassym - Jomart Tokayev, Қ а с ы м - Ж о м а р т Т о қ а е kind guide).
[16]
[28]
There are the Supreme Judicial Council of the Republic, the Judicial Appraisal Council, the Constitutional Council, the Supreme Court and local courts at all levels. At the beginning of 2001, the Law on the Judicial System and the Status of Judges was passed, which stipulates that judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law. The Supreme Judicial Council, chaired by the President and currently chaired by Ta Donakov, has been in office since January 2012, and its members include the Chairman of the Constitutional Council, the President of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General, the Minister of Justice, and members of the Upper House. The President of the Supreme Court, Bektas Beknazarov, took office in April 2011. Procurator-general Ashat Dorbayev (a.e.) assumed office in April 2011. The Minister of justice is
Escaraf Azamat Nesibavich
He took office in January 2023.
[32]
Kazakhstan began to diversify its politics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. After independence, a process of multi-party system was introduced. In July 2002, the Law on Political Parties was introduced, which stipulates that only political parties with more than 50,000 members, branches in 14 states and two municipalities, and branches with more than 700 members, can be registered with the Ministry of Justice. As of December 2011, there are nine political parties registered with the Ministry of Justice, the main ones being:
|
Political party
|
introduce
|
|---|---|
|
"Light of the Motherland" People's Democratic Party
(H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H)
|
Founded and registered on December 22, 2006, it now has 770,000 members, making it the largest political party in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev himself became the party's chairman, and the first deputy chairman was Baibek. The party fully supports Nazarbayev's policies. A free and open society based on the principles of social partnership and harmony; Advocate strengthening the social functions of the state; In terms of economy, it is advocated to strengthen the state's macro-control capacity of economy; In terms of foreign relations, we stand for consolidating and developing good-neighborly and friendly relations with Russia, Central Asian neighbors, China and other countries. The party fully supports the development program of "The Way of Kazakhstan" proposed by Nazarbayev, is committed to studying and implementing specific reform measures, and advocates maintaining the current constitution and fully exploiting its potential. The party has an absolute majority of seats in the lower house of Kazakhstan's parliament and in regional assemblies.
|
|
The communist party (К о м м н и с т и discusses some related problems е с seem а second н а р о д н а second п а р т и second К а з а х с т а н а)
|
The party calls itself the constructive opposition, and its members are mainly workers, students, intellectuals, retirees, and entrepreneurs. In the January 2012 election for the lower house of Parliament, he received 7.19% of the vote and entered parliament. It has seven seats in Parliament.
|
|
"Light path" Democrats (Д е м о seem р а т и discusses some related problems е с seem а second п а р т и second К а з а х с т а н а "А seem ж о л")
|
It was founded in April 2002 and has 176,000 party members. The party is the "constructive opposition" of Kazakhstan. The Chairman is Peruashev. In the August 2007 elections for the lower house of Parliament, the party received 3.27% of the vote, failing to cross the 7% parliamentary threshold. In the January 2012 elections for the lower house of Parliament, the party received 7.43% of the vote to enter parliament. It has eight seats in Parliament. The party aims to build an independent, prosperous, democratic, free and just Kazakhstan, and is a major participant and promoter of the political democratization movement in Kazakhstan.
|
In addition, By the justice department to register the legitimate political party and the country's social Democratic Party (Г о с д а р с т kind guide е н н а second с о ц и а л ь н о - д е м а seem р а т и discusses some related problems е с seem а second п а р т и second и "А з а т" referred to as "Г С Д П" А з а т "), the patriot party (П а р т и second п а т р и о т о kind guide К а з а х с т а н а), the communist party (К о м м н и с т и discusses some related problems е с seem а second п а р т и second К а з а х с т а н а), "rural" social Democratic Party (К а з а х с т а н с seem а second с о ц и а л - д е м о seem р а т и discusses some related problems е с seem а second п а р т и second "Ekishu"), and the Spiritual Ba 'athist Party (" P 'huasa ").
The PRESIDENT:
Kasemmart Tokayev
(Kassym - Jomart Tokayev, Қ а с ы м - Ж о м а р т Т о қ а е kind guide).
[15]
[21-22]
[55]
Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia, contains a large amount of natural resources, so the Kazakh economy is based on oil, gas, mining, coal. Its natural resources are rich, the whole of Kazakhstan has proven total oil reserves of 10 billion tons, coal reserves of 3.94 billion tons, natural gas reserves of 1.8 trillion cubic meters, manganese 400 million tons. Due to the influence of the former Soviet Union, Kazakhstan did not introduce a market economy and privatization until after independence.
Kazakhstan's economy is dominated by oil, mining, coal, agriculture and animal husbandry. In 2022, Kazakhstan's GDP reached 220.472 billion US dollars, an increase of 3.2% over the previous year. In the first half of 2023, Kazakhstan's GDP was $101.056 billion.
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Kazakhstan's economy is dominated by oil, gas, mining, coal, agriculture and animal husbandry, and the processing industry and light industry are relatively backward. Most consumer goods are imported. After independence, Kazakhstan implemented economic reforms, introducing a market economy and privatization in stages. Due to the influence of the former Soviet Union, Kazakh market economy and privatization were only implemented after independence. Kazakhstan's economy is dominated by oil, mining, coal and farming. In 2017, Kazakhstan's GDP was about 139.03 billion US dollars, an increase of 4% year on year. The industrial output was US $36.466 billion, up 7% year-on-year, and the agricultural output was US $12.428 billion, up 2.9% year-on-year. According to Kazakh statistics, in 2018, Kazakhstan's GDP reached 144.702 billion US dollars, up 4.1% year-on-year, its industrial output reached 37.961 billion US dollars, up 4.1% year-on-year, and its agricultural output reached 12.851 billion US dollars, up 3.4% year-on-year.
Kazakhstan is a large country with a small population. The arable land area of the country exceeds 20 million hectares, the annual crop planting area is about 16 million to 18 million hectares, and the grain output is about 18 million tons. Major crops include wheat, corn, barley, oats and rye. The main grain producing areas are in the northern regions of Kostanai, North Kazakhstan and Akmola. Rice, cotton, tobacco, grapes and fruits can be grown in the south. In 2012, the agricultural output value was about 12.847 billion US dollars, down 17.8% year on year.
From January to August 2020, the total agricultural output value of Kazakhstan was 2.4 trillion tenge (about 5.64 billion U.S. dollars), an increase of 4.9 percent year-on-year.
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The tenge has lost almost 40 per cent of its value since Kazakhstan allowed its exchange rate to float three months ago. In the face of hyperinflation, Kazakhstan announced the issuance of 20,000 tenge banknotes, double the previous maximum value. Last night, Kazakhstan's central bank issued 20,000 tenge banknotes, which it said would become legal as of the following day, December 1. Previously, the maximum value of Kazakh banknotes was 10,000 tenge, and a 10,000 tenge banknote was only convertible to $33 at the exchange rate. On August 20, 2015, Kazakhstan announced that it would abolish the exchange rate band limit and implement a floating exchange rate from the same day, and the tenge exchange rate plunged 30% against the dollar on the same day, and plunged 23% the next day.
Nazarbayev said in his new State of the Nation address on November 30 that the current international financial, energy, food and other markets are unstable, so that Kazakhstan's economy is facing a test, and the collapse of international raw material prices has also had an impact on Kazakhstan's economy. Acknowledge that some countries, including Kazakhstan, are no longer able to rely on oil for large revenues. Kazakhstan has suffered from the collapse in oil prices. According to the data of the National Statistical Commission of Kazakhstan, in 2014, the added value of the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan accounted for 85.3% of GDP, 76.3% of total exports, and more than 85% of government revenue came from oil exports, which is an important economic lifeline.
Mr Dosayev said rising food prices were the primary cause of higher inflation. "The annual increase in domestic food prices is between 10.8% and 11.3%, and the imbalance between supply and demand of vegetable oil, white sugar, eggs and other commodities has intensified." The annual price increase of non-food goods was about 5.5 percent, and the price increase of clothing, shoes and hats was close to 4.8 percent.
Dosayev said that due to the crisis caused by the novel coronavirus epidemic, the currencies of many developing countries will suffer different degrees of depreciation in 2020. According to the statistics of the central bank of Kazakhstan, the exchange rate of the Kazakh currency tenge against the US dollar fell from 382.6 tenge to 1 US dollar in 2020 to 420.91 tenge to 1 US dollar, and the exchange rate fell below 448.5 tenge to 1 US dollar in March, depreciating about 10% throughout the year.
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In 2012, the total volume of foreign trade was US $136.8 billion, up by 9.8%. Among them, exports reached 92.3 billion US dollars, up 5.3%, and imports reached 44.5 billion US dollars, up 20.2%. The trade surplus was $47.8 billion.
In the same period, the bilateral trade volume between Kazakhstan and the member countries of the Customs Union Russia and Belarus reached 24.626 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 6.9%. The top three import destinations are Russia (38.4%), China (16.8%) and Ukraine (6.6%).
From the perspective of commodity structure, the main export commodities: mineral products accounted for 75% (including petroleum and petroleum products), metals and their products accounted for 13.1%, chemicals and plastics
rubber
Plant and animal products and refined grains accounted for 3.4 percent, machinery, equipment, means of transportation, instruments and meters accounted for 1.4 percent, and other 2.9 percent. Main imports: machinery, equipment, vehicles, instruments and meters accounted for 40%, chemical products (including rubber and plastics) accounted for 12.9%, mineral products accounted for 12.7%, metals and their products accounted for 12.3%, animal and plant products and refined grains accounted for 9.5%, other accounted for 12.2%.
tenge
($1 is about 430 tenge).
The majority of Kazakhstan's inhabitants follow Islam (Sunni). In addition, there are Orthodox, Catholic and Buddhist.
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Festivals
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time
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New Year
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January 1st
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Naurus (Spring Festival in Persian and Turkic countries)
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On March 21st
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Defenders of the Motherland Day
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On May 7th
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Constitution Day
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The 30th of August
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Independence Day
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December 16th
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In addition, there are religious festivals such as Cumin and Eid al-Adha.
The main food of Kazakh people is beef and mutton, milk, pasta, vegetables, etc., and the habits are basically the same as in Europe. The most commonly consumed beverages are milk tea and mare's milk.
The traditional food of Kazakh people is mutton, goat's milk and its products, and the most popular dish is hand-held mutton. The Kazakh language hand-grabbed mutton is called "Beshbarmak", meaning "five fingers", that is, to grab the hand to eat, which is also a special food.
In Kazakhstan, the most attractive is horse sausage meat, in the severe winter, many people living in the cold areas of the north to eat horse meat to fight the cold.
The armed forces of Kazakhstan were established in 1992, with three branches of the army, air defense force and Navy, and two branches of the aviation mobile force, rocket force and artillery force. The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The equipment is mainly old Russian equipment.
According to the constitution, the president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President exercises direction and command over the armed forces through the Secretary of Defense. The Ministry of National Defense is the highest military leadership and command organ. In peacetime, the General Staff Headquarters exercises leadership over the armed forces. The Ministry of National Defense is responsible for organizing national defense construction, formulating and implementing plans for the construction and development of the armed forces, and providing financial, material, technical and equipment support for the armed forces. The General Staff Headquarters is the main military command in peacetime and wartime, responsible for the training, mobilization and operational command of troops. We will implement a military service system that combines compulsory and contract military service, and gradually transition to a professional military.
The Kazakh Army has one mechanized division, one motorcycle division each, five independent motorcycle brigades, as well as airborne assault battalions, artillery brigades, missile brigades, rocket artillery regiments, engineering brigades, independent communications regiments, and independent communications battalions. In addition, there are large stockpiles of ex-Soviet weapons and equipment.
Kazakhstan combines the air force and the air defense force to carry out combat tasks together. The Meha Air Defense Army consists of 36 air brigades in 9 air bases. Two anti-aircraft missile brigades, two radar brigades, and four anti-aircraft missile regiments. The Kazakh Air Defense Army received various aircraft from the former Soviet Army, with a total of more than 100 aircraft equipped. It mainly includes: mig-29 fighter aircraft, Su-25 strike aircraft, Su-24 bomber, Su-27 fighter aircraft, mig-31 interceptor aircraft, mig-25 interceptor aircraft and military transport aircraft. There are also Mi-24, Mi-8, Mi-6 and Mi-26 helicopters.
The Kazakh Navy was formed from the former Soviet naval fleet and was tasked with "protecting ports from possible terrorist attacks and sabotage from the sea." Missile and artillery are divided into two categories.
There are 866 vocational and technical schools in Harbin, with 610,000 students and 39,000 teaching personnel.
There are 144 institutions of higher education in Kazakhstan, including 9 national universities, 32 national universities, 14 state-owned universities and 75 private universities. The total number of university students is 634,000, and the teaching staff is 38,000.
By the end of 2000, Kazakhstan had 2,500 news media, 1,500 newspapers, 600 radio, television and other electronic media, and 15 news agencies of all kinds.
There are radio stations and television stations broadcasting in Russian, Kazakh and other languages, and Russian accounts for more than 40% of the broadcasts. There are two state-level official radio stations, with a total of four programs, broadcasting nearly 80 hours a day. Three national state television stations and more than 20 local government and unofficial commercial television stations broadcast daily from nine Russian television stations. Kazakhstan News Agency (Qazaqparat) is the state news agency.
Newspaper: Aikyn Gazeti
Sovereign Kazakhstan Newspaper (Egemen Qazaqstan)
Expressen (Russian daily)
Vanguardia (Russian daily)
Elkem (Havin Daily)
Caravanserai (Russian weekly)
Megalopolis (Russian weekly)
Panorama (Russian weekly)
Industrial Weekly (in Russian), etc.
Major news agency
(1) The "Kazakhstan" News Agency, established in 2000, is a private media.
(2) "Interfax - Kazakhstan" news agency, the Russian Interfax News agency in Kazakhstan.
Main broadcasting station
(1) Kazakh Radio, a subsidiary of the State Radio and Television Corporation of Kazakhstan (state holding).
(2) The "Habar Hot Spot FM" radio station under the "Habar" Radio and Television Company (state holding).
(3) Radio "Russia-Asia", co-organized by Radio Russia and Kazakhstan.
In November 2021, in some regions of Kazakhstan, children between 12 and 17 years of age, pregnant women and breastfeeding women can be vaccinated.
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In January 2022, the government of Kazakhstan imposed a "critical red" terrorist threat level in the country, authorizing military personnel to restrict movement.
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Implement a pragmatic and balanced approach centered on consolidating independence and sovereignty
Foreign policy
In the integration process and in the many issues that arise within individual countries in the process.
Relations with China
China and Kazakhstan established diplomatic relations on January 3, 1992. In December 2002, China and Kazakhstan signed a treaty of Good-neighborliness, friendship and cooperation. China and Kazakhstan established strategic partnership in July 2005. In 2011, the two sides announced the development of a comprehensive strategic partnership. In September 2019, the two sides announced the development of a permanent comprehensive strategic partnership. In September 2022, China announced the vision and goal of building a China-Kazakhstan community with a shared future featuring lasting friendship, high mutual trust and solidarity.
In May 2023, he attended the China-Central Asia Summit and paid a state visit to China. In 2013, China and Kazakhstan officially launched the mechanism of regular meetings between the prime ministers of the two countries, which is held every two years. The fourth regular meeting between Chinese and Kazakh prime ministers was held in Beijing in November 2018. At present, bilateral exchanges and cooperation mechanisms at all levels are sound and running smoothly.
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In 2022, the bilateral trade volume between China and Kazakhstan reached 31.17 billion U.S. dollars, up 23.6 percent year-on-year. In the first half of 2023, the bilateral trade volume reached 18.25 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 26.8%.
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China and Kazakhstan have conducted sound cooperation in oil and gas and other fields. The two sides jointly built China's first cross-border oil pipeline, the China-Kazakhstan crude Oil Pipeline, and the A/B/C line of the China-Central Asia natural gas pipeline transits through Kazakhstan.
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The two countries have conducted fruitful cooperation in education, culture, science and technology, and exchanged art troupes throughout the year. China has set up five Confucius Institutes in Kazakhstan. By October 2023, China and Kazakhstan have established 25 pairs of sister provinces, states and cities, among which Beijing and Astana are sister cities to each other.
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November 10, 2023,"
Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on mutual Visa Exemption
"Came into effect.
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Relations with Russia
Russia is the primary direction of Kazakhstan's diplomacy. In 2012, Kazakhstan-Russia strategic partnership developed steadily. Leaders of the two countries continue to maintain frequent meetings and dialogues and maintain a high degree of coordination in foreign policies. In March, former President of Kazakhstan
Nazarbayev
He attended the meetings of the Inter-State Committee of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economy in Russia. In May, she visited Russia and attended the Commemorative Conference of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the informal meeting of the Committee of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In May, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev visited Kazakhstan. In November, Kazakh Prime Minister Akhmetov paid a working visit to Russia. In December, former President Nazarbayev visited Russia and attended the meetings of the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economy, the Committee of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Summit of the Eurasian Economic Community, during which he met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. On January 1, 2012, the unified economic space of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan was launched. Under the framework of integration and bilateral relations, the economic and energy ties between the two countries have been further strengthened, and the cooperation in the development of oil and gas resources, foreign transport, atomic energy and mineral resources development and utilization has been deepened.
Kazakhstan-russia economic cooperation has maintained a high level of growth. In 2012, two-way trade exceeded 23.9 billion US dollars, up 25 percent year-on-year. Among them, Kazakhstan imported 17.15 billion US dollars and exported 6.75 billion US dollars to Russia. There are about 3,000 Russian companies in Kazakhstan. Some of Russia's largest companies, such as Lukoil and Gazprom, are active in Kazakhstan's energy and other industries. Nearly 80 Russian federal entities have trade and economic ties with Kazakhstan. Trans-regional and border trade accounts for more than 70% of the turnover of goods between Russia and Kazakhstan.
Relations with the CIS countries
The CIS is Kazakhstan's foreign policy priority. In February, former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev attended the summit of the heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Moscow. In March, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko visited Kazakhstan and the two countries decided to strengthen cooperation in the oil and gas sector. From April to May, Kazakhstan invited Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Uzbek President Islam Karimov and Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon to visit Kazakhstan. In July, Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister Shukyev visited Uzbekistan. In August, the heads of state of the two countries held an informal meeting at Lake Jiisek. In September, the Speaker of the Lower house of Kazakhstan Musin visited Kyrgyzstan and the Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus Babizi visited Kazakhstan. In the same month, the CSTO Heads of State Summit was held in Moscow and adopted a statement on the Caucasus issue. In October, the heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Economic Community held a meeting in Bishkek, after which the heads of state of the five Central Asian states had a special meeting and reached a short-term agreement on water resources, energy and other issues. In November, the CIS Prime Ministers' Meeting was held in Chisinau, Moldova, and adopted the CIS Economic Development Strategy to 2020 and other documents. In December, the heads of state of Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Asia held a summit in Habalavoi to discuss the international economic crisis and decided to establish an investment fund with a total value of 10 billion US dollars.
Relations with Islamic countries
In 2008, the diplomacy between Kazakhstan and Islamic countries continued to maintain an active momentum, and Kazakhstan actively participated in various activities in the Islamic world and promoted dialogue among civilizations between Islam and Western countries. In February, the Speaker of the lower house of Kazakhstan Musin visited Kazakhstan. In March, the King of Qatar visited Kazakhstan and the two sides decided to jointly build an investment fund. In the same month, former President Nazarbayev visited Oman; In April, Minister Haneng attended the Islamic International Economic Forum held in Kuwait. In May, former President Nazarbayev attended the Near East Forum in Egypt. In June, the Speaker of the Upper house of the Kazakh Parliament, Khalid Tokayev, attended the annual Islamic Dialogue in Saudi Arabia. In July, the President of the United Arab Emirates visited Kazakhstan and the two sides launched a series of large-scale cooperation projects. In October, Kazakh Transport Minister Akhmetov went to Iran to discuss the construction of the "Kha-Turkish-Iranian railway" project.
Relations with Uzbekistan
On December 6, 2021, President of Kazakhstan Tokayev and President of Uzbekistan Mirziyoyev signed the Declaration of Alliance Relations in Nursultan, the capital of Kazakhstan.
Tokayev held talks with visiting Mirziyoyev on the same day, exchanging views on bilateral relations, multi-field cooperation as well as international and regional hotspot issues. At the conclusion of the talks, the two presidents signed the"
Declaration of alliance
The two countries also signed a number of intergovernmental cooperation agreements and memoranda covering investment, energy, transportation, justice and other fields.
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On December 22, 2022, in the framework of his state visit to Uzbekistan, President Tokayev of Kazakhstan and his Uzbek counterpart Mirziyoyev signed a series of important agreements. As a result of the bilateral meeting, the two presidents signed the Agreement on Alliance Relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Agreement on Demarcation of the Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan border between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan share a border of more than 2,100 kilometers. Negotiations on the demarcation of the border between the two countries began in 2003, and the signing of the treaty marks the complete demarcation of the common border between the two countries. At the same time, in the presence of the presidents of the two countries, the delegations signed 15 cooperation agreements on the establishment of an international industrial cooperation center in Central Asia, e-commerce, higher education, environmental protection, forestry, mineral fertilizer production and local cooperation.
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Relations with Italy
On April 25, 2022, according to an agreement between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, the Civil Aviation Commission and the Italian aviation authorities, the two largest cities of Kazakhstan and Italy -
Almaty
and
Milan
Regular direct flights (round-trip) will be launched on June 12, 2022.
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Relations with Japan
On January 9 local time, the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Kazakhstan signed a memorandum of cooperation on decarbonization, which will use Japan's environmental technology to support the introduction of renewable energy in the two countries.
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Relations with Britain
On April 24, 2024 local time, Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Nurtreu and British Secretary of State for Foreign Development David Cameron signed a strategic partnership agreement in Astana, capital of Kazakhstan.
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The Medio Mountain Winter Sports Complex was built in 1972 and won the State Prize of the former Soviet Union in 1975. With an area of 10,500 square meters and a thickness of 2.3 meters, the rink can be used almost all year round. Because of its superior conditions. Around the skating rink there are star hotels, swimming pools, restaurants, bars and cafes. There is also an anti-debris flow dam between the two mountains, which was built in 1964 and completed in 1980, with an altitude of 1750 meters, a height of 150 meters, a length of 530 meters and a base width of 800 meters.
Chimbrak Alpine Ski Base
: About 5 km from the "Maidio" Ice and Snow Sports Center,
2230 meters above sea level, there are three level cable car, about 1500 meters long, up to the annual snow more than 3,000 meters above sea level, the ski path length of about 3,000 meters, is a good place for winter leisure and entertainment.
Coctobe TV Tower
: Its interior is a radio and television relay station, located in the south of Almaty city on the hillside of Koktobe, 1000 meters above sea level, the tower is 372 meters high, the power of 271 kilowatts, can cover the radius of 80 ~ 190 kilometers of the area, relay 5 TV channels, 4 radio channels. Adjacent to the TV tower is the panorama platform, overlooking the panorama of Almaty city, and there is a cable car to the city.
Independence Monument: The monument was built in 1999 on the initiative and support of former President Nazarbayev. Located in the middle of Independence Square in the center of Almaty, at the intersection of Satbayev Street and Baissetov Street. The monument is 28 meters high.
Panfilov-28 Warrior Park: Located in Gogol Street, Almaty, covers an area of 18 hectares. The park has lush trees and beautiful scenery, and there are buildings such as Changming Fire, glorious monument, and officers' home in the park. The park was built in the 1970s and is named in honor of 28 former Soviet soldiers of the 1075 Regiment of the 316th Panfilov Guards Division (10 of whom were Almaty) who fought off the attack of German fascist tanks during the Battle of Moscow.
Abay Ibrahim Qunanbayuli
The Kazakh poet was born Ibrahim Kunanbayev (1845-1904) in Kazakhstan. Great Kazakh poet, composer, philosopher and classic writer.
Abay
Bawirjan Mamish uli
He was born on October 24, 1910 in Jabpur and died in 1982. A Soviet war hero, Mr. Borjiang was a near-saint among Kazakhs, who sought to collect what he used or touched because they believed it contained magical powers. The most important thing to see a person's moral cultivation is his performance after receiving honor.
