古生物（地质学专业术语）

Paleobiology (Trilobites)

Through the role of nature, fossils are preserved in the strata of paleontological remains, relics and their living remains. Mostly stems, leaves, Sea shell Hard parts, such as bones, bones, and other hard parts, through the filling and alternating action of minerals, forming calcified, carbonized, silicified, and mineralized biological remains, relics, or impressions that only maintain the original shape, structure, and even impressions. A few are intact, unaltered remains, such as mammoths in the frozen soil, amber In insects and so on. The fossil is paleontology The main object of study.

Since the advent of paleontology, humans have recognized that there have been mass extinctions. Multicellular organism In the course of 600 million years of history, there have been five major mass extinction events. In all Mass extinction One of the biggest incidents occurred Permian period The end, most notably the end of the Cretaceous Dinosaur The extinction of...

All studied organisms are to be given a scientific name, that is, a scientific name. internationally nomenclature , biological levels Classification level The scientific name, instead Latin word Or Latinized script. Genus and above genus names are used uninomen It is named after a Latin word with the first letter capitalized. The species name is adopted Binomial nomenclature (binomen), which consists of the species' proper name and its subordinate genus name, with the genus name first, Species proper name After. First letter of species, subspecies and varieties Lower case . Genus and the following names are required in printing and writing italics The word belongs to the above name Upright letter . For ease of reference, after each level of name, the surname of the namer shall be noted in bold (read Latin alphabet Collage) and the Gregorian year number of the name, separated by a comma. If there is more than one person named, connect it with the Latin link et (and).

Species both Biological classification the Basic unit , too Biological evolution The basic unit of. The essence of biological evolution is the origin and evolution of species. To understand species from a biological point of view, to think of species Basic structure is population , not individuals.

Biological nomenclature One of the key principles is Law of priority (law of priority), that is, the effective scientific name of an organism is consistent with the international animal, Plant nomenclature The first officially published name as prescribed. In cases where the same organism has two or more names, a synonym is formed, or different organisms share a name, a homomym, the earliest officially published name should be selected according to the preference law. For example:

Laminaria A genus of Tetrapora was originally named by H. abe and Ichiro Hayasaka I. H. Ayasaka (Tetrapora Yabe et Hayasaka, 1915). In 1940, paleontologists discovered that the genus name had been used as early as 1857 for a genus of bryozoan bryozoan (Tetrapora Queenstedt,1857). It was later designated by Tetrapora Yokasakaia, which should be abandoned by the law of precedence and replaced by a new genus name Hayasakaia. Coral hayasakana ) in place of.

Life is generally thought to have evolved from inorganic to organic chemicals. Primitive atmosphere Be rich in methane , ammonia, Carbon dioxide Water vapor, etc., these gases in the outside high-energy ( Ultraviolet light , lightning, high temperature) under the action of the first synthesis Amino acid Fatty acids micromolecule Organic compound . These small molecular organic compounds, under the right conditions, can be further combined into more complex ones protein , Nucleic acid Etc. macromolecule Organic matter After further evolution, it finally produced the ability to continuously carry out self-renewal Very complex in structure Multimolecular system And from that came Primitive life .

When non-cellular forms of primitive life appeared on Earth, they must have been, since the atmosphere was still lacking oxygen anaerobic And oxygen suppression type. The Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago, from Australia Filaments found in the 3.5 billion-year-old Varaona Group Bacterial fossil This suggests that the origin of life, the process of chemical evolution, should have occurred about 1.1 billion years after the formation of the Earth. The birth of life was one of the greatest leaps in Earth's evolutionary history Earth history From the chemical evolution stage to the biological evolution stage.

The first life should be non-cellular life, in order to guarantee organism Normal with the outside world Material exchange Primitive life formed in the process of evolution Cell membrane appear Cell structure the prokaryote . Cells are alive Structural unit , functional unit and reproductive unit, cell production is Life history A major leap forward. At present, the earliest reliable fossil with cellular structure found on Earth is the fossil of filamentous bacteria in the Varauna Group.

The earliest heterotrophic prokaryotic bacteria on the earth, after continuous differentiation and development, finally appeared to be able to carry on photosynthesis , from Inorganic substance Synthetic organic nutrients autotrophic prokaryote cyanobacteria . Cyanobacteria and bacteria as early Biological kingdom The synthesizer and decomposer , form Material cycle The two basic links form a complete ecosystem . The transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic was another major leap in early biological evolution.

Cyanobacteria were the earliest oxygen-releasing organisms, which increased the oxygen concentration in the primitive atmosphere on Earth and formed oxygen atmosphere . The ozone layer appears high in the sky, absorbing the sun's Ultraviolet radiation And changed the whole Ecological environment Which provides an advantage for oxygen-loving organisms Living environment . So the creature is free anaerobic Switched to oxygen. Increased Energy metabolism The effectiveness of... in Canada In the Gamflin Formation, intact fossils of bacteria and cyanobacteria dating back about 2 billion years have been found.

eukaryote The emergence of...

from pronucleus to eukaryon It is a turning point in the evolution of organisms from simple to complex, and the earliest organisms with cells are single cells prokaryote . Prokaryotic cell none caryotheca , no organelle The structure is simple. Eukaryotic cell Has a nuclear membrane, whole Cell differentiation for nucleus and cytoplasm Two parts. The nucleus has chromosomes, which become the genetic center, and the cytoplasm is carried out Protein synthesis Become a metabolic center. On account of Cell structure The complex, enhanced variability , make eukaryote It is possible to progress to a high-level system. About 1.3 billion years old has been found California Of the Baker Springs Formation dolomite In prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotes Green algae . Green algae are also found in the Bitter Spring Formation of Australia about 1 billion years ago, and green algae are the first eukaryotic organisms.

The emergence of animals

paleontology

With the emergence of eukaryotes, animals and plants began to differentiate and develop. The appearance of animals forms a new one A tripolar ecosystem . Green plant (Eukaryotic plants and prokaryotic cyanobacteria) through chlorophyll Photosynthesis makes food and is the producer of nature; Bacteria and fungi are natural decomposers; Animals are consumers of nature. Geologic history uppermost Animal fossil It was 565 to 543 million years ago in Australia The Ediacaran Fauna Where to coelenterate resemble medusa Class, Sea gill Class, annelid And a little arthropod Mainly, there are some difficult fossils whose taxonomic location is not determined, which may represent the taxa that appeared briefly in the history of the earth and quickly disappeared. At the level of animal differentiation, The Ediacaran fauna It is a later type, not a primitive representation of animals. This marks metazoan It has long since emerged and has undergone a considerable period of differentiation and evolution.

The yankees' algae and invertebrate age

In the history of biological evolution is called" Marine algae Time "and" Marine invertebrates The Times ". It began 600 million years ago and lasted about 170 million years.

Plants are still dominated by Marine algae, but are difficult to preserve as well-preserved fossils. Due to plant Rate of evolution Much slower and earlier than animals Paleozoic Era The plant world has remained in the algal stage. The algae blooms not only serve Marine invertebrates It provides rich food resources, and releases oxygen through chlorophyll photosynthesis, preparing a favorable living environment for the development of Marine invertebrates.

Following the Proterozoic eon Late Ediacaran postnatal nudity fauna Later, in the early period, there appeared the earliest calcareous crusts in Earth history Small shell fauna , include hyolithes , monoplacophora , gastropods , brachiopoda Let's wait. This has to do with the fact that the water was rich in calcium. Due to a mineralization event, it's Cambrian period There was a sudden increase in preserved fossils. This period is called "No The Age of Trilobites ". After entering the trilobite age, 570 million years old was found in Yunnan, China Chengjiang fauna , mainly by medusa Trilobite, golden arm, non-trilobite arthropod, vermiculite , sponge It is composed of the earliest preserved soft-bodied multiphyla fauna in the world, and the discovery of this fauna also indicates that metazoa existed before the beginning of the Cambrian experienced A period of differentiation, radiation of the historical process. Later, coelenterates, Archaeocyathids , mollusk (Double shell, pleopod Head and foot), echinoderm , conodont , graptolite And so on. Among them, trilobites have rapid evolution and obvious ecological differentiation, and are distributed throughout the entire sea area of the world animalia Central occupation Absolute advantage Therefore, the Cambrian period is called the "Trilobite Age". Paleocalpids are the earliest reef-building animals in Earth history, living in the early Cambrian, The Middle Cambrian Era It was the first reef-building species to become completely extinct in the history of biology.

is Natural environment An era conducive to the continued development of Marine invertebrates, stromatoforaminifera, bryozoan And so on, graptolites, brachiopods, Nautilus The difference is significant. Dendrograptus Continue to develop, part of the fixation Submarine life While most of the distant ocean floating life, throughout the global waters. By the middle of the Early Ordovician, Orthograptus Rising and evolving rapidly, yes Ordovician period Important points of Zone fossil . The brachiopods appeared to be the first to diverge Peak period It is important in quantity. Nautilus began to appear in the late Cambrian, to the Ordovician obviously different, a wide variety of individuals, is the ferocity of camp swimming life carnivore . Coral first appeared in Cambrian period In the middle and late Ordovician, a large number of breeding, together with stratiforaminifera, bryozoa, etc., is an important reef-building animal in warm shallow seas. The emergence and diversification of new groups of Marine invertebrates have intensified the shallow shelf area Survival competition .

The biological world is of relatively short duration, originating from the Ordovician period, but with new developments. One of the most important biological events is, trilobite Significant decline, graptolites evolve toward simplification, monograptus Rise and develop greatly. coralline In order to tabula And sunbeam coral predominates, appearing endemic Dinophyllum . Brachiopods developed more complex internal structures Pentamerus And the winglike shell of spirifer. Ammonites are significantly reduced but still represented. The largest of the arthropods Pleuropleura First appeared in the Ordovician period, to Silurian period Large breeding, late Silurian, due to Caledonian movement The impact of the sea gradually receded. In order to adapt to the new living environment, some organisms changed from the sea to the land life.

Transition and development to life on land

Sphenella fossils

Due to the large scale of the late Silurian period regression The land area gradually expands from coastal shoals Green algae Evolved from the land psilophyte First appeared in the Late Silurian, to Early Devonian They began to live in large numbers in the coastal swamp lowlands, and the root, stem and leaf differentiation appeared in the late Middle Devonian lycopods And verses, up to the late Devonian Natural selection Under the action of, psilophyllum It quickly died out. From the end of Silurian to the Middle Devonian, it is generally called the "age of psilophytes". To the Carboniferous, Permian period Terrestrial plant Further development, appeared Club pine Knot fern, true fern and primitive gymnospermia the Seed fern and Cordaitoids This period is known as the Age of ferns. From the Late Carboniferous to the Permian, all kinds of plants flourished, due to different adaptations Climatic condition Gradually formed obvious Plant geography Partition.

After the development of land plants, insects that are closely related to plants breed in large numbers, and they are interdependent, mutually restricted and develop in parallel. The earliest insects were the most primitive finless types, and the earliest finless fossils appeared in. The earliest known winged insects appeared, and the most abundant were the now extinct Palaeodictyoptera. The insect fauna changed dramatically, orthoptera shrank significantly, and many modern types began to appear.

The emergence and development of fish

Chinese protopaddlefish fossil

fish include gnatha And agnathus. agnatha include cephalaspis Forms and fins turtle A class of forms. Cephalomorphs include modern species lamprey and hagfish and Paleozoic Era There are armour The kind of; pterygiid Forms include the extinct heteropteris and the whorling. The earliest group of agnathids is Heteromorpha. Be found in North America Middle Ordovician terrapin of the Rocky Mountains. Yes vertebrate Earliest fossil On behalf. In the late Silurian epoch, the first gnathous species diverged from agnathus acanthoid and Peltate fishes . With a lower jaw, it's not just passive feeding Organic matter And can actively hunt down the big food. Bony fishes include crossopterygian Class, lungfish Sum of classes actinopterys It first appeared in the late late Silurian and shares a common ancestor with Acanthofishes. Peltderms first appeared in the Late Silurian and survived until the Early Carboniferous Devonian period The most flourishing. Cartilaginous fishes It appeared in the late Early Devonian and may have shared a common ancestor with peltderms. The Devonian period was so rich in fish that it was called the "Age of Fish". Bony fish dominate modern fish and are known as the "masters of the water". from Jurassic Period Since then, cartilaginous fishes have appeared, such as Shark And rays, and those that live in the deep ocean chimaera .

amphibians

crossopterygian Landed in the late Devonian, yes Terrestrial vertebrates The earliest type. The first thing vertebrates need to do when they get to land is to solve breathing and mobility problems. The flag tip has the structure of primitive lungs, and the meat quality Paired fin You can crawl on the ground. earliest amphibians The representative is found in Greenland And late Devonian of North America Labyrinthodonts ichthyostega Ichthyostega (Ichthyostega), with distinct subspecies Flag fish In transition to amphibians Intermediate type Nature. The Carboniferous Permian period is the most prosperous period of amphibians, known as the "amphibian age". The surviving modern amphibians are salamander Frogs, etc.

Gymnosperms and reptiles

Although gymnosperms are in carboniferous -- Permian period When has begun to appear, but the most prosperous period is, so Mesozoic Be known as gymnospermia The Times ". Of this period flora In order to cycad , The cycas bennei and coniferae Main. The northern hemisphere There are more ginkgopsida , The southern Hemisphere The conifer species predominates. from ferns Evolution into gymnosperms marks the transition from spore propagation to Seed propagation . Gymnosperms propagated from seeds suitable for terrestrial life and spread expanded Living space The formation of the earth's vast forests, for the development of reptiles, providing a favorable living environment.

Carboniferous - Permian time, from amphibians Labyrinthodonts evolved saurichthys Formoids, which adhere to a terrestrial orientation, are probably the ancestors of reptiles. It evolved over time to be able to adapt to drought Terrestrial environment the Amniotic egg . And so, reptiles were born. From aquatic spawning and aquatic fertilization in amphibians to that of reptiles In vivo fertilization And the production of amniotic eggs, is a major leap in the history of vertebrate evolution.

Among the terrestrial reptiles, Dinosaur is the main representative. Dinosaurs first appeared in the Middle Triassic saurischia and ornithischia Two branches, yes Mesozoic The dominant terrestrial vertebrate. Due to the large number of reptiles, in addition to the vast majority of living on land, some returned to the water to become aquatic reptiles, as in the beginning ichthyosauria , and plesiosaurs. Some developed into flying reptiles called pterosaurs Such as Germany Jurassic system Found in rhynchosaurus Rhamphorhyn-chus, two of the forelimbs Alar membrane Fly. From the rostryphosaurs came another group of flying reptiles called Pterodactylus Ptercdactylus lived mainly in the Late Jurassic to Cretaceous.

Reptiles are the most dominant vertebrates on the earth in the Mesozoic era, so the Mesozoic era is called the "era of reptiles" or "era of dragons". By the end of the Cretaceous, there were significant global Geological event So that the surface of the natural environment has undergone great changes. Because dinosaurs could not adapt to the rapidly changing environment at that time, along with the great decline of the entire reptile, whether terrestrial, aquatic or flying dinosaurs, by the end of the Cretaceous period, they were extinct. Residue of reptiles and continue, only Rhynchocephalus Class, crocodilians , testudines and squamata (Snakes and lizards).

There are different explanations for the extinction of the dinosaurs. Many people think of dinosaurs Cluster extinction With extraterrestrial origin Catastrophic event Be concerned with, as Supernova explosion , Small body impact The earth, etc.

Birds The emergence and development of

Birds diverged from reptiles as an offshoot. Bird brains and nervous system Well-developed, well-separated hearts, warm-blooded vertebrates. The transition from ectothermic reptiles to endothermic birds was a major leap in the evolution of vertebrates. endothermy (Birds and mammal The body temperature is relatively stable and is not affected by the outside temperature, which enhances the relationship between the two Climatic environment The adaptability has expanded Geographical distribution Scope.

Petite Liaoxi bird fossil

The earliest fossil representations of birds are from the Late Jurassic in Germany Archaeopteryx Ar-chaeopteryx, an intermediate type from reptile to bird, is the earliest representative of birds. Also, 1986 in the United States Texas A new bird fossil was discovered and named Protoavis, meaning "primitive bird." This was the Triassic period, earlier than Archaeopteryx, but closer to modern birds than Archaeopteryx. So it was suggested that Archaeopteryx might have been a bird System evolution One of the side branches. The origin and early development of birds need further study.

angiosperms And mammals

Early Cretaceous Later angiosperms appeared, medium, Late Cretaceous It quickly reproduces, Cenozoic When it was extremely prosperous, it replaced the gymnosperms as plantae The most advanced group in the world, ushering in the age of angiosperms. The origin of angiosperms has not yet been determined.

Angiosperms have more advanced internal structure and perfection than gymnosperms genitals Officer. The rapid development and wider geographical distribution of angiosperms provided rich food resources for the plant-dependent animal kingdom, and promoted the development of insects, birds and mammals. Human life is also closely related to the development of angiosperms.

The first mammals were from the Triassic period Mammalian reptile Moderately differentiated It came out. In the Cenozoic era, due to the separation or convergence of plates, the differentiation of climate, and the rapid development and wide distribution of angiosperms, mammals rapidly differentiated, radiated, and achieved unprecedented development, replacing reptiles and occupying the dominant position on the earth. Thus the evolution of vertebrates entered a more advanced stage Age of mammals . From the change in temperature of reptiles, ovipary Developed into a mammalian thermostatic, viviparism And breastfeeding, as well as a highly developed nervous system and Sensory organ It is a major leap in the history of vertebrate evolution.

It is generally believed that the Mesozoic ancient mammals are Cretaceous and Cenozoic marsupial and placentata A common ancestor. During the Cretaceous period, marsupials were widely distributed on all continents of the world, and in the Tertiary period they flourished in South America, while in modern times they only live in Australia. Placentates are a higher class of mammals than marsupials. The earliest placentates were small ones that appeared in the Cretaceous insectivora . After the Cenozoic era, it developed unprecedentedly and differentiated and radiated many branches. One of them, pterodactyls and bats adapted to flying life, evolved from an arboreal insectivorous species in the Paleocene. The other is adapted to life in the sea cetacea And retained what they inherited from their terrestrial ancestors Pulmonary respiration Is a phenomenon of evolutionary convergence. rodent Including living squirrels, beaver , House mouse It is the most successful species in the evolution of mammals, regardless of the type, number, distribution area, in the dominant position in the mammals. carnivore Be subdivided into paleocarnivore , neocarnivores and pinniped . Ancient carnivores had a lot of radiation Paleocene epoch and Eocene epoch . At the end of the Eocene, new carnivores flourished, such as modern cats, tigers, and dogs. Soon after the emergence of new carnivores, Marine pinnipeds ( Sea lion , seal , walrus ) began to appear.

The most primitive mammals were primarily insectivorous. archaic ungulate condyloidea It also evolved from the primitive insectivorous species, from insectivorous development to herbivory One of the most primitive branches of the process is that of most later ungulates, including horses, tapirs, rhinoceros, etc perissodactyla And pigs, cows, sheep and so on artiodactyla A common ancestor.

Elephants may have descended from earlier condyloidea Evolved. The earliest image was found in North Africa Late Eocene to early Oligocene the eimorpha (Moerither), the size of a pig, with a second pair of incisors that have not yet formed the large incisors characteristic of elephants. The ancient mastodon A direct descendant of the first elephant, Palaeomastodon was about twice as large, with elongated upper incisors, quaternary The beginning of the majority extinct, a few live early Pleistocene . Eusoids evolved from mastodons and are divided into stegodon Class and true image class. There are many elephant fossils in China, such as Gansu Early Pleistocene the A stegodon fossil Be named as Yellow River elephant True elephant fossils are widely distributed in North China and Northeast China Late Pleistocene the mammoth . The trend of elephant evolution is the enlargement of individual size, the growing of snout length and the increasing of large tusks. All that remains today African elephant and Elephas indicus .

The evolution of equus is the best studied of the ungulates. The earliest representative of the horse was the Hyracotherium of the early Eocene, which was about the size of a modern fox and had four toes on the front foot and five toes on the back foot. Meso appeared in the Oligocene hippus The front and back feet have only three toes, both of which are on the ground. The beginning horse and the middle horse both live in In the forest . Miocene Epoch emerge Steppe ancient horse In Mery-chippus, the front and back feet have only three toes, with only the middle toe touching the ground, and the sides have been degraded. From the prairie guma, equine To live on the prairie. to Pliocene epoch The single toed horse began to appear and was named Pliohippus. By the Quaternary period, the modern horse (Equus) appeared. The evolutionary trend of horses is that the individual size is larger, the legs and feet are extended, the side toe is degraded, the middle toe is strengthened, Premolar teeth Molarization, Cheek teeth Corona dentis Increase.

Artiodactyla appeared from the Eocene and developed greatly through the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene, from Pleistocene From... on herbivore Both in kind and in quantity. The even-toed ungulates are divided into pigs, camels and ruminants. The hyoforms appeared in the early Eocene, and are all small shaped artiodactylates, as in the Eocene Diconodon Gobi pig and so on. The body size increased from Oligocene to Pliocene. In the Pleistocene, pigs similar to modern wild boars appeared. The camel appeared in the late Eocene and was also a small cloven-toed ungulate. From the Eocene eocamel Through the Oligocene deer camel, to the Miocene and Pliocene Procumbellus All the way to modern times Asia True camel and South American camel Alpaca . Ruminants include 鼷 deer , deer, Giraffe , cattle, sheep, antelope Let's wait. The main features of this category are digestive system Complex, able to process and digest rough grasses well. 鼷 The deer is the most primitive ruminant. There are many deer fossils found in China, including those from the Miocene Crown deer The Upper new deer of the Pliocene and the four different deer of the Pleistocene megaloceros Let's wait.

From ape to man

Our closest relatives in the animal kingdom are anthropoid (Short for ape). Modern apes have gibbon , gorilla, gorilla and chimpanzee . Apes are both in appearance and Facial expression On, or inside the structure of the body are similar to people. Of the great apes, chimpanzees are closest to humans.

According to fossil data, from ape to man, Dryopithe-cus, Ramapithecus There are four stages (Ramapithecus, Australo-pithecus, Homo). dryopithecus Flourished in the late Oligocene and Middle Miocene in Europe, Asia, African continent Is now born various ape The ancestors of... Ramapithecus evolved from a forest ape about 15 million years ago and lived between 15 and 8 million years ago. The fossil was first discovered (1932) in Siwari, India Kesan In the future Africa It has been found in Europe and Yunnan, China. It is generally believed that Ramapithecus is the earliest representative of the transition stage from apes to humans hominidae Member. But new fossil discoveries in recent years have added to the suspicion that Ramapithecus was a hominid, a progressive ape, according to some. Australopithecus The fossil was first discovered in 1924 S.Africa Australopithecus lived about 3 to 1 million years ago, and its primitive type may represent the late transition stage from apes to humans. From Australopithecus to modern humans. Labor played an important role in the evolution from ape to man. The position of the body changed from semi-upright to upright by labor. Labor and language in turn promoted the development of the brain, and the development of the brain accelerated the transition from ape to man.

Human development

The process of human development is generally divided into four stages: early Homo sapiens stage, late Homo sapiens stage, early Homo sapiens stage and late Homo sapiens stage.

Early ape-man stage. Appeared in the early Pleistocene to Tanzania It is represented by Homo habilis from 1.75 million years ago. At this stage, human beings already have the basic characteristics of human beings, but there are many original characteristics. Can walk upright and make simple gravel tools. It looked like an ape, but had a brain size of 700 milliliters, larger than that of modern apes.

Late Anthropoid (Homo erectus) stage. It appeared in the middle Pleistocene and was represented by Homo erectus pekinensis and Homo ercetus Java. At the same time as Peking Man were Homo erectus lantianensis and Homo erectus heidelber ensis. During this period, the ape man's body shape had been obviously progressive, and the body was like a human. cranium Like apes, but the brain size is larger, between 715 and 1225 milliliters, and the posture of upright walking has been close to modern humans. Culturally they were able to make more advanced stone tools and began to use natural fire. More widespread than early Homo sapiens.

Early Homo sapiens stage. Ancient people lived from 100,000 to 200,000 years ago to 50,000 years ago, and were widely distributed in many parts of Asia, Africa and Europe, with Homo sapiens neanderthalensis in Germany as the representative. Ancient fossils found in China include Maba Man in Guangdong Province, Changyang Man in Hubei Province and Dingcun Man in Shanxi Province. The brain size of ancient people has reached the level of modern people, making stone tools, living by fishing and hunting, can Manual ignition . Compared with Peking man, Dingcun Man has significantly improved the stone making technology, and the processing is more refined.

Late Homo sapiens (New man) stage. It appeared within the last 50,000 years and was represented by Homo sapiens sapiens of France. There are in China Beijing Zhoukoudian The new people have been very much like modern people in form, and have carved and painted art in culture, and have appeared decorations. The newcomers are more widespread than the ancients. New fossils are not only found in Asia, Europe, Africa, in the vast area Oceania and America There are also findings. In the new stage, modern human species, including yellow, white, black and brown species, began to differentiate and form, widely distributed around the world. Liujiang people are the ancestors of the modern yellow race, and Cro-magnon people are the ancestors of the modern white race in Europe.

Paleontological fossil It means the prehistory of man Geological historical period Formation and occurrence of stratigraphic remains, including plant biological remains and live animals, invertebrates, vertebrates and other fossils and remains of fossils. It's the earth Witness of history It's research. biogenesis And the scientific basis for evolution. A fossil, unlike a relic, is important Geological relic Is China's precious, non-renewable Natural heritage .

Comprehensive value

Fossils provide valuable information for domestic and international research on animal and plant living habits, reproductive methods and the ecological environment at that time Physical evidence ; Fossil pair study Geological time paleogeography , paleoclimate The evolution of the earth and the evolution of organisms have inestimable value; Fossils explore the mass death and extinction of life on Earth Event study , provide rare entities; Some special and special fossils themselves or after processing have high aesthetic appreciation value and collection value, so in a certain sense, it is also an important Geological tourism resources And tourism commodity resources.

study

Through the study of fossils, scientists can gradually understand the form, structure and category of organisms in the distant past, can speculate the origin, evolution and development of organisms for billions of years, and can also restore the ecological environment of the earth in various stages of the long geological history.

Preservation conditions and formation process of fossils

The paleontological remains or remains of a geological period can be deposited over a long period of geological time after being buried Diagenetic process Fossilized. But not all of them Prehistoric creature Can be fossilized. The formation process of fossil and its later preservation require certain special conditions.

The formation and preservation of fossils first require certain biological conditions. Organisms with hard bodies are more likely to be preserved as fossils. The shells of various invertebrates and the bones of vertebrates are mainly composed of minerals and can withstand various destructive effects for a long time. In addition, have cuticle , fibrous and chitin Membranous organisms, such as plant leaves and graptolites Body wall Although it is easy to be damaged, it is not easy to dissolve and can be carbonized at high temperatures and become a fossil. The internal organs and muscles of animals are easily oxidized and corroded, and are difficult to preserve as fossils except under very special conditions.

The formation and preservation of fossils also require certain burial conditions. Biological death Later, if it can be buried quickly, it has a better chance of being preserved as a fossil. If biological remains are exposed to the surface for a long time or remain on the bottom for a long time without being buried by sand, they are easy to be swallowed by live animals or corroded by bacteria, and are also vulnerable to weathering and water Dynamic action Such as destruction. Different buried sediments also make a difference in the likelihood and condition that organisms will fossilize and be preserved. If biological remains are buried in chemical sediments, biogenic sediments, and fine-grained sediments, they are less likely to be destroyed during burial. However, if they are buried in coarse-grained sediments, they are susceptible to infection during burial Mechanical motion (rolling and friction of coarse debris) is destroyed. Under special conditions, the coating of turpentine and the burial of frozen soil can even preserve intact paleontological software, providing scientists with a more comprehensive and rich scientific research material, amber Spider And quaternary permafrost mammoth That's how it's been preserved.

Time factor It's also essential in the formation of fossils. The remains of organisms, or their hard parts, must be buried for a long time before they can be fossilized by the diagenetic processes of the surrounding sediments. Sometimes, although an organism is buried quickly after death, it is soon exposed again due to various natural forces such as scouring, so that it still cannot form a fossil.

sedimentative diagenesis It also had an impact on the formation and preservation of fossils. Generally speaking, the sediment is in Consolidated rock in-process compaction and crystallization Can affect the formation and preservation of fossils. Among them, the compaction of clastic sediments is more significant, so in Clastic sedimentary rock Very few of the fossils in the US remain in their original stereoscopic state. The crystallization of chemical sediments in diagenesis often destroys the fine structure of biological remains, especially in deep diagenesis, high temperature and high pressure metamorphism and recrystallization fossilize Seriously damaged Or even disappear altogether.

use

Uniform cuneiform fossils

At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, naturalist Through the observation of fossils, it is found that the face of fossil organisms in the older strata is more different from that of modern organisms, and the face of fossil organisms in the younger strata is less different from that of modern organisms. This discovery is biological Theory of Evolution The generation of ideas provides direct enlightenment. Subsequently, generations of scientists continued to discover more and more Biological fossil The research, according to them Morphological characteristics The similarities and differences on the above will make the relationship between the different kinds of organisms more and more clear. On this basis, further research by scientists has made us have a deeper understanding of the lifestyle of various paleontologists, the laws and mechanisms of evolution.

microbody paleontology It is a new branch of paleontology formed in the 20th century due to the rapid development of industry, and the main object of study is those tiny fossil organisms, such as foraminifera , radiolarian , chitinozoon , ostracoda , Dinoflagellates and diatom And the fossils of tiny organs of certain paleontological classes, such as conodont , chara And sporopollen (plant spores and pollen ), etc. Among them, sporopollen The research in dividing and contrasting non- Marine strata It is of special significance to study paleoclimate, paleogeography and paleovegetation.

On the basis of fossil research, paleoecologists can study paleontology and paleoenvironment To understand the way of life, living conditions of paleontologists in various periods of geological history, Vital activity The morphology and function of organisms and their organs, the burial process and mechanism after the death of paleontologists.

Theoretical paleontologists study large amounts of fossil data to explore speciation The law of biological evolution, such as the differentiation of categories, the way of evolution, the rate of evolution and the mechanism of evolution. paleontology geographer Through the comparative study of a large number of fossil organisms, we can understand the geographical distribution of fauna and flora in various periods of geological history.

In addition, such as Biostratigraphy , Molecular paleontology , paleobiochemistry Kaku bionics Etc. Marginal discipline The study of ancient fossils. It can be seen that all aspects of paleontology and the scientific research of some related subject areas are inseparable from paleontological fossils.

In addition to scientific research, fossil Aesthetic value , Cultural value and Social value It's big, too. Many beautiful fossils are both natural heritage and natural works of art. abroad Developed country Many ordinary people are lovers and collectors of fossils, and through the collection of fossils, they learn about natural history and so on Scientific knowledge It also plays the role of self-cultivation and edifying sentiment; With the recent years Chinese economy The development and the people Living standard The rise has also seen the emergence of a group of fossil enthusiasts and collectors whose activities have not only played a role Popularization of science In fact, it has greatly promoted the development of paleontology. For example, in recent years China Western part of Liaoning Many of the world's most sensational paleontological discoveries were originally associated, to a greater or lesser extent, with a few fossil collectors. However, China's fossil collection market is still very irregular, although private collections have played a positive role in scientific research, but also for indiscriminate mining, precious fossil smuggling and other hidden dangers. Therefore, practical regulations and systems for the protection of precious fossils and the standardization of the fossil collection market must be sound.

Ancient Chinese ancestors have known about fossils for thousands of years. In traditional Chinese medicine, fossils have been used as a kind of medicine - keel, which is used to treat certain diseases. But the mining and medicinal use of the keel is a huge destruction of precious fossil resources. In the age of knowledge economy, fossils should be recognized Scientific value and Humanistic value Far greater than its medical value; In addition, the medical functions of the keel have long since been replaced by many newly invented drugs, so it is time to remove the keel from the medical profession.

Solid fossil A fossil formed by the preservation of all or part (especially the hard part) of a paleontological body itself.

In being able to avoid air oxidation In particularly suitable conditions for bacterial corrosion, the remains of some organisms can be preserved relatively well without significant changes. For example, Siberia Some have been found preserved in frozen soil that once lived 25,000 years ago quaternary Not only did the skeleton of the mammoth remain intact, but the skin, body hair, flesh, and even the food in the stomach were well preserved. in Poland The Stallunian found once accidentally fell into it 10,000 years ago Pitch lake Hit the mark Woolly rhinoceros The entire fossil is the most complete vertebrate animal fossil known to date. Coal seams in the Fushun coal mine in China, formed during the Eocene to Oligocene (about 56 million to 23 million years ago), contain large quantities of amber, often beautifully preserved mosquitoes Seeds, bees and so on Insect fossil and Spider fossil .

However, the remains of such creatures, which have not undergone significant fossilization or have undergone only slight changes, are rarely found. The vast majority Biological fossil Only the hardware parts remain, and all have undergone varying degrees fossilization . The term "fossilization" refers to the change of sediment into rock diagenesis Biological remains buried in sediments have undergone physical and chemical transformations, but still retain biological features and parts Biological structure The role of. The petrochemical process generally includes several modes and processes such as mineral filling, alternation and distillation.

For example, invertebrates have more or less empty Spaces between their hard structures, such as septum in corals and sponges Channel system , foraminifera the atrioventricular , the porous and loose inner layer of some shells, and the bones of vertebrates. Especially the limb bones of vertebrates, Medullary substance After the decomposition and disappearance of organic matter, leaving the hollow part, after being buried under the ground for a long time, the minerals dissolved in the groundwater (mainly Calcium carbonate It is often recrystallized in its pores to become denser, firmer, and heavier solid fossils. This effect is called mineral filling.

The process in which the components of biological hardware are gradually dissolved under burial conditions and then gradually supplemented and replaced by foreign minerals is called alternation. In this process, if the dissolution and alternation rate are equal, and the molecules are exchanged, the original fine structure can be preserved. Such as is often found around the world Silicified wood The formation of ancient trees Wood fibre The result is that it is replaced by siliceous material, but fine structures such as tree rings and cell contours are still preserved. If the exchange rate is less than the dissolution rate, the fine structure of the biological hardware will also be destroyed, and only the external form of the original will be preserved. Common alternate substances are Silicon dioxide , calcite , dolomite , pyrite And so on, the corresponding process can be called silicification, calcite , dolomitization And pyrite.

Uplifting refers to the process in which the unstable components decompose and the volatile materials disappear first after the remains are buried, and only the carbon film is left and preserved. This process is also known as carbonization. For example, the skeleton composition of graptolites is chitin After ascending distillation under buried conditions, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other elements volatilize and escape, leaving only carbon films. Another example is the plant leafage The main component is carbohydrate After the uplift process, only carbon is often preserved as a fossil.

Solid fossils preserve all or part of the remains of paleontologists, so in general, they can provide scientists with the most detailed information about the morphology and structure of paleontologists, so they are the most important materials in paleontological research.

paleontologist Impressions and replicas that leave the remains in rock or surrounding rock are called Cast fossil They can be divided into 5 types according to their relationship with the surrounding rock: Imprint fossil , Impression fossil , Monocore fossil , Cast fossil And composite fossil.

A fossil imprint is the imprint left by the remains of organisms (mainly soft parts) trapped in fine clastic or chemical deposits. Etch action Although the body itself is destroyed by diagenesis, the imprint is preserved and often reflects the main characteristics of the creature. Jellyfish marks of coelenterates, helminth Impressions of the leaves of plants and so on are imprint fossils.

There are two types of fossil impressions: inner and outer impressions. Outer mold It is a hard part of an ancient body, such as a shell The outer surface The marks printed on the surrounding rock can reflect the morphology and structural characteristics of the original biological surface. Internal model It's the inside of the shell Surface profile The imprint left by the structure can reflect the internal morphology and structural characteristics of the biological hardware. For example, bivalve The two-valve shells are often scattered and preserved when they are buried by sediment Diagenetic process Solidified into rock, and the shell is sometimes dissolved by water, but it is printed on the contact surface of the surrounding rock and the outer surface of the shell, and at the same time in the surrounding rock and the shell The inner surface The contact surface is printed with an internal mold.

Mould-core fossils are divided into two types: inner core and outer core. when brachiopod After the death of some bivalves and bivalves, the shell is often buried intact in two pieces, and the inner cavity is filled with sediment, leaving behind an internal entity called the inner core after consolidation and dissolution of the shell. If the shell is not filled with sediment, when the shell dissolves, it will leave a space equal to the size and shape of the shell in the surrounding rock. If this space is filled again, it will form an entity with the same size and shape as the original shell, but the composition is uniform, and such an entity is called Outer core .

when Sea shell Buried in sediment and already formed Outer mold After mixing with the core, the chitin is sometimes completely dissolved and then filled with some other mineral, so that the filling retains the original shape and size of the shell like a cast model, thus forming a cast fossil.

A cast fossil in which the inner and outer molds overlap is called a composite mold fossil. When shells are buried in sediment and formed Internal model After the outer mold, if the shell is subsequently dissolved, leaving a gap in the surrounding rock, then due to the rock formation compaction And by superimposing the outer mold on the inner mold, a composite fossil is formed.

The activity traces and relics of ancient life that remain in the rock layers are called ichnofossil . Among them, the relics of paleontology can become relics fossils.

Vestigial fossils are rarely preserved at the same time as the paleontological entity that left the remains, so it is difficult to determine the correspondence between the two. Vestigial fossils speak volumes Geological historical period The existence of certain organisms and their ways of life enrich the record left by paleontology and give us clues to a more comprehensive understanding of paleontology.

The most fascinating fossils are the footprints of vertebrates. Based on the size, depth and arrangement of the tracks, scientists can infer whether the ancient animals that left these tracks were heavy or light, and walked with a walking gait, a fast running or a jumping gait. Based on whether there are paw prints or hoof prints on the tracks, scientists can infer that these animals are carnivore still herbivory Yes. Be located on Beijing Zoo nearby Chinese ancient animal Museum There are many large and small treasures inside Dinosaur footprint Through these remains you can imagine the Earth 100 million years ago dinosaurs roaming or galloping across the ancient landscape.

In addition, common fossil remains include creep tracks, arthropod tracks, linguata and worm From drilling holes in the ocean floor burrow And certain animals Foraging trail Let's wait.

Relic fossils are mainly of animals excrement ( coprolite ) or eggs (fossil eggs). Fish coprolite , hyena Coprolites, all sorts of things Fossil dinosaur eggs Relics such as ostrich egg fossils can also be seen in the ancient zoological Museum of China.

Since the appearance of ancient humans, the tools and other cultural relics made and used by them in various stages of development are also relics fossils. If you come to our Chinese ancient animal hall, you will be in the "tree Hua. Ancient humans In the museum, we can appreciate hundreds of precious pieces that reflect the wisdom of ancient humans Paleolith , Bone object Such remains as fossils. Longzi, the main owner of the museum, also saw in a farmer's hand a short sword made of mammoth bones by ancient humans more than 10,000 years ago, which was extremely fine, almost like the daggers used by modern soldiers. Blood tank It still contains the oily black residue of spoiled animal blood from hunting residue . Through this short sword, I seem to see the primitive life scene of our ancestors more than 10,000 years ago, but I feel more that our ancestors use wisdom to survive in the harsh Competitive environment The indomitable spirit of ceaseless struggle. It is with this spirit and wisdom that we human beings have finally evolved step by step and become the masters of the earth.

In most cases, the remains of ancient animals are destroyed and not preserved. However, under certain conditions, organic substances such as amino acids and fatty acids formed after the decomposition of organic components of living organisms can still remain in the rock formation. These substances cannot be seen or touched, but they have certain effects Organic chemistry Molecular structure Enough to prove the existence of past life. Therefore, scientists call this kind of organic matter Chemical fossil .

Scientists have known about 300 million years ago fish and Bivalve fossils And more than 100 million years ago Dinosaur fossil Went through Chemical analysis Seven amino acids have been analyzed, even in ancient strata dating back 500 million years Amino acid And proteins and other organic matter.

The study of chemical fossils is of great significance to the origin of life on earth and the elucidation of the history of biological evolution. Due to the difference Geological time There are many differences in the organic components of various organisms, which should be solved by further research on chemical fossils Biological classification And the division and correlation of strata will play a role. The study of chemical fossils is still in the exploratory stage, but it has revealed great prospects for development, and thus produced a new science Emerging discipline - paleobiochemistry In the near future, it will certainly get rapid development and bring great promotion to the whole paleontology.

amber A large amount of resin secreted by ancient plants, which is so viscous and concentrated that insects or other organisms can fly onto it and get stuck on it. After sticking, the resin continues to flow out, and the insect's body may be completely wrapped in resin. In this case, no outside air can penetrate, and the whole creature is preserved without any significant change, which is amber.

Chinese medicine shop Keel - The keel used by people as traditional Chinese medicine, in fact, mainly Cenozoic Skeletons and dental stones of various vertebrates that have not been fully fossilized in the late period are mostly from Pliocene and Pleistocene mammals, such as Rhinocerotidae, Three-legged horse The bones and teeth of Hipparion spp., Cervidae, Bovidae, and Proboscidae were even occasionally mixed with a small amount of human material. As for the fancy keel or fancy Dragon tooth The color is not like the general monotonous white, gray or yellow white, but there are still intermixed between yellow and white Reddish brown Or blue and gray pattern. More beautiful, it is the incisor of the elephant.

Chinese ancient animal museum exhibits

in Beijing Planetarium To the west, White Stone Bridge Between the zoo t-junction Looking to the south, the road to the east side can be seen in a tall Yang Shulin Among the blue castle style buildings, this is full of mystery Chinese ancient animal Museum . This is the world's best and the best in Asia Paleontological fossil There are more than 20 kinds of dinosaurs alone: there are 22-meter-long behemoths Mamenchisaurus It's about a meter long, Turkey Small dinosaurs of the same size; There are gentle, slow-moving herbivores; Others were ferocious, with sharp teeth and claws carnivore . There are also all kinds of prehistoric monsters here, and the whole skeleton fossil of the ancient Yellow River elephant depicted in the lesson "Yellow River Ancient Elephant" in the textbook of the fifth grade of primary school is displayed here. In addition, there are ancient fish, Fossil bird And many vivid ones Simulated dinosaur Models, etc.

Zigong Dinosaur Museum Architectural design Novel, unique shape, by a number of different sizes, shapes, functions have other Stone masonry The structure of the building seems to be large sandstone The bodies are scattered throughout a subtropical flora. One of the hollow elliptic stone masonry sits in a green ring of grass, Look out Like a giant dinosaur head, like a giant Dinosaur egg This is the large stone carving: "prehistoric soul". The main building of the museum is rough and simple, concise and thick, and the momentum is very large. Its shape is like a cave, and the distant view is like a pile of yellow boulders, which is reflected with the surrounding plants of the Mesozoic era, giving people an impression of ancient flood.

Enter from the gate of the "Dragon Palace", step by step across time thousands of years, into the far stone Age of dinosaurs It was a spectacular prehistoric scene: Central hall The basement and the fossil burial hall are like a huge "dinosaur cemetery", and many animal remains resemble the "Wanlong Pit" where they were "buried alive" after being killed. This magical Natural landscape It is breathtaking. The fossil burial Hall is the essence of Zigong Dinosaur Museum, covering an area of about 1,000 square meters. It has now uncovered many kinds of overlapping and cross-stacking Dinosaur fossil And symbiotic animal fossils of about 40 individual materials. All fossils remain buried in their original condition.

Chengdu University of Technology Museum locate Chengdu The city Chenghua Avenue The third section, built in 1960, is a geo-oriented Natural history museum .

The museum is rich in exhibits and unique in collection, especially the most famous dinosaur fossils. Has the famous Hechuan Mamenchisaurus ^[1] , Lin kaijiangsaurus , Multiacanthotuojiangosaur , Sichuanosaurus gani , Honghe Yandu dragon , He's Tonganlong There are more than 30 dinosaurs of different species such as Zhang's Chinese hunting dragon. In addition to dinosaurs, the museum's treasures include: Giant panda , stegodon, rhinoceros , nothosaur , fish and other fossil specimens, as well as representing the friendship between China and Vietnam Elephas asiatica Kanzan ^[2] The specimen of... There are also exhibitions in the museum Scientific research All kinds of minerals, rocks, Gem and jade And rare stones, a variety of shapes, colorful. Among them, China's earliest recorded "visitor to the universe" - the 158.5 kg fell during the Ming Dynasty Longchang iron meteorite ^[3] And collected from Earth The South Pole , The North Pole , Mount Everest and Pacific Precious rock and mineral specimens at the bottom. ^[4]

Lufeng Dinosaur Museum Located in what is known as" Land of Dinosaurs "Chuxiong Prefecture of Yunnan Province Lufeng county The county seat, covering an area of 3,000 square meters, construction area of more than 1,600 square meters, was built in 1989, completed in 1991, and on October 26 of the same year, the first "Dinosaur Culture Festival" officially opened to the public, is the first county level in China Dinosaur Museum .

Lufeng County The Dinosaur Museum takes "based on Lufeng and serving the society" as its purpose and gives full play to it Social education The function of. Since its opening, the museum has received nearly 400,000 visitors at home and abroad, and has cooperated with many academic institutions at home and abroad Social group A regular academic and cultural exchange mechanism has been established, and a series of popular science programs have been held for students Summer camp Lufeng dinosaur fossils have also been carried out in Japan, the United States, Taiwan and other places Academic exchange On display.

Geological Museum of China Founded in 1916, it is the earliest national geology museum in China and the largest in Asia, and has a long reputation in the museum circles at home and abroad. The museum is famous for its long history, large collection, high rate of treasures, exquisite display, Scientific research achievement Dominate Asia in abundance Geoscience museum . It not only has the three traditional functions of collection, scientific research and social education, but also has the characteristics of The Times, integrating science popularization, teaching, academic exchange, viewing and leisure in one, and its social influence is increasingly extensive.

The museum has a collection of 200,000 geological specimens, including the world's largest and best-preserved dinosaur fossils. Shandongosaurus giganteus "With a large amount of storage, treasure The most famous" Sinosauropteryx Such as the original bird series fossils, the earliest found in China Hominin fossil -- Yuanmou people in Yunnan Province Fossil teeth ; Stone tools excavated from the mountaintop cave Man site, Stone bead , spicule , Bone jewelry And" The Crystal King ", giant fluorite And so on, are national treasures.

The National Museum of Natural History is located in the capital Nancheng Central axis Go up to the overpass area, back up World cultural heritage Temple of Heaven Park In the face of modernity Tianqiao Theatre Have special Cultural environment . Her predecessor was the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum of Natural History, founded in April 1951, in 1962 Officially named On June 5, 2023, it was renamed the National Museum of Natural History. ^[5]

The National Museum of Natural History has a collection of more than 200,000 specimens, of which a considerable number of animals are protected by the State Plant specimen And have a certain number of Type specimen As well as precious specimens with special significance, many specimens in the domestic and international can be called A unique work Including the world-famous ancient Yellow River elephant skull fossil, 26 meters long giant Mamenxi dragon, one of the earliest birds in the world The three-tower Chinese bird And the whole nest Fossil dinosaur eggs Let's wait. It's still in the museum Countries of the world 友好人士赠送给中国国家领导人的部分礼品标本，如科摩罗总统访华时赠送给江泽民同志的珍贵的 Latimai fish ( spearfish Specimens, early years Vietnam Ho Chi Minh 送给毛泽东的亚洲象标本、朱德转送的 crocodile Specimens and other gift specimens. Among them, there are more precious gifts from Australia to China dinornis The skeleton, the largest bird on Earth, became extinct on our planet in 1885, and this specimen is the only moa specimen preserved in China.

Tianjin Museum of Natural History It is the largest natural science museum in China and one of the famous natural science museums in China, located in Tianjin Peace zone racecourse Number 206. It has a long history, rich collections and outstanding scientific research results Enjoy a good reputation both at home and abroad . The collection of biological, geological and fossil specimens, with its extensive sources, complete categories and treasures, has formed three characteristics, which have laid a solid material foundation for the collection, research and exhibition of Tianjin Museum of Natural History.

The museum Collection volume As many as 380,000, ranking first among similar museums in the country. Among them, there are 1,305 first - and second-class treasures and 1,452 type specimens. Most of them are among the treasures of China and the world: type specimens. One of the most important collections is the late Cenozoic fossil fauna of China. Among them, from 1935 to 1937 in Shanxi The Yu Society basiniferous mammalia Fossil fauna, revealing the evolution of some animals over a period of up to 10 million years; In Gansu in the 1920s Qingyang A large number of Tertiary mammal fossils excavated in Hebei Sanggan basin Nihewan Animal fossils and Inner Mongolia Ancient Ordos area The Sarawusu River The fossil fauna is the earliest found in China Paleolithic age "Surviving." Hetao culture ".

The other is North China, northwest modern movement flora Specimen. Birds and mammals are basically complete, and there are as many as 230,000 insects, Plant specimen The most distinctive one is Northwest Desert plant .

Shanghai Museum of Natural History It is the largest comprehensive nature in China Science museum On November 1, 1956, the Shanghai Municipal People's Committee approved the formation of 12 people including Jin Zhonghua to form the Preparatory Committee for the Shanghai Nature Museum.

Among the 180 exhibits on display in the Hall of Ancient Animal History, the most eye-catching is the Hechuan Mamenxi Dragon and dragon in the center of the hall Yellow River elephant The former is 22 meters long, 3.5 meters high at the shoulder, and weighs dozens of tons. It was excavated in Sichuan Province Hechuan county One of the largest dinosaurs in the world; The latter is 8 meters long and 4 meters tall, and a pair of front teeth are 3 meters long. It was excavated in eastern Gansu Province Loess plateau , too palaeotherium The behemoth in the middle. In addition, there are Lufengosaurus hsu , Multiacanthotuojiangosaur , Djungaripterus wei , Dinosaur egg , Dinosaur footprint , Rana basaltica , ichthyosaur , brontothere , Giant rhinoceros Such ancient animal fossils.

Dalian Museum of Natural History It's China Natural history Museum of sex . locate Liaoning (Province) province Dalian The city Victory Bridge North. The building area is 5100 square meters, and the exhibition area is 2470 square meters. The building is a Russian architecture, built before 1900, originally Tsarist Russia When the Empire occupied Dalian guildhall In March 1925, it was expanded into the Manchurian and Mongolian Materials Reference Museum, renamed in 1926 as the Manchurian and Mongolian Resources Museum, and renamed at the end of 1931 The Manchurian Resources Museum . 1945 attribution Medium-long distance railway Dalian branch, named Northeast Resources Library. In 1950 Dalian Municipal People's Government It was officially taken over and renamed Dalian Natural History Museum in 1959.

The museum has a collection of more than 50,000 items, including 264 first-class items. Medium large cetacea , dugong , White-flag dolphin , Giant panda , Snub-nosed monkey , echidna , platypus , Nippon ibis , Bird of Paradise , hummingbird And the earliest insectivorous species endotherium Fossils, etc. are precious specimens in the world. The black right whale With a length of 17.1 meters and a weight of 66.7 tons, it is the largest shape specimen of a black right whale in Asia. Fin whale With a length of 18.4 meters and a weight of 34.7 tons, it is the only fin whale shape specimen in China. Ancient lotus seed It was buried about 821 ~ 1251 years ago, and can still sprout and flower after cultivation. The museum also keeps complete sets Taiwan Province insects and plenty of the world Insect specimen And Germany, Japan, North Korea, The Soviet Union Rock and mineral specimens from other countries. among Korean peninsula Of orthoclase Crystal class , which druse So big, Crystal form The beauty is rare at home and abroad.

It was built in Frankfurt Sengenburg Museum of Natural History It is the largest natural history museum in Germany and one of the most famous first-class museums in the world.

The Sengenburg Natural Museum has millions of animal and plant specimens, paleontological fossils and mineral rock specimens from all over the world, many of which are rare treasures. The paleontological exhibits are very rich, including various ancient fish, dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaur Archaeopteryx and mammals. The exhibition in the museum is also very particular, such as the elephant exhibition hall, which reflects the origin and evolutionary relationship of the elephant with the molar fossils of various ancient elephants. Then, based on these elephant fossils, the process of the development, distribution and evolution of the elephant on the whole earth is graphically drawn to give the audience an intuitive impression. Finally, Several elephant skeletons and equally sized restored models with modern ones Whale The huge skeleton is displayed together, so that the audience can feel the strangeness of various creatures in the vast world of biology "thousands of types of frosty sky competition freedom".

American Museum of Natural History It's the largest in the world Natural history museum Located in the United States New York Manhattan District, with the famous Metropolitan Museum of Art It covers an area of 7 hectares. The museum is a synthesis of Roman and Renaissance The style of the majestic mansion, built in 1869, has been more than 100 years of history. Inside the exhibition content is extremely rich, including astronomy, minerals, humans, paleontology and modern life 5 aspects, there are a large number of fossils, dinosaurs, birds, Indian and Eskimo replica models. A collection of gems, mollusks and Marine organism Specimens are particularly valuable.

The collection has more than 36 million items, with 42 galleries, including dinosaur skeletons measuring 12 meters long and 5 meters high, a 94-foot blue whale model, and 563 carats Sapphire " Star of India The world's largest meteorite weighing 31 tons. Outside of it, in nature IMAX View nature-related films and materials in the giant screen cinema and astronomy museum. The museum includes dinosaur fossils and exhibits a variety of animal, geographical, human, biological and, above all, the Earth Biological evolution The exhibits of the process are indistinguishable from the actual creatures. Barosaurus, formed from real fossils, in 1925 Southern United States Shore hunting weighs 150 tons Blue whale The model, and 19.5 meters long Indian naval combat use canoe Is a must-see exhibit in this museum.

paleontology

catalogue

Fossil profile

name

evolution

origin

appear

form

Fossil definition

type

1. Solid fossils

2. Cast fossils

3. Relic fossils

4. Chemical fossils

5. Special fossil types

Paleontology museum

Chinese ancient animal Museum

Zigong Dinosaur Museum

Chengdu University of Technology Museum

Lufeng Dinosaur Museum

Geological Museum of China

National Museum of Natural History

Tianjin Museum of Natural History

Shanghai Museum of Natural History

Dalian Museum of Natural History

Sengenburg Natural Museum, Germany

American Museum of Natural History