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Roh Tae-woo

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13th President of South Korea
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Roh Tae-woo (Korean: 노태우; 4 December 1932-26 October 2021) was a South Korean soldier and politician. Republic of Korea 6th (13th) President. Born under Japanese rule in Korea North Gyeongsang Province Dallseong (It is now South Korea Daegu Metropolitan City), Ben Guan Jiaohe Lu's (from Tang Dynasty Chinese naturalized surname), ancestral home of China Shandong Province Jinan City Changqing District . [1] The elegant title "The Hall of the Doctrine" [2] Nicknamed "Water Tai Fool". [2]
Roh attended school in his youth South Korea Army Academy After graduation in 1955, he joined the army for a long time Chun Doo-hwan The confidant activity, participated Vietnam War And Chun Doo-hwan's takeover of power 12·12 Military reform and May 17 Emergency martial law And other activities. In 1981, he retired as a general in the Army, and served as the second chief of government affairs, Minister of Sports, and Minister of the Interior, leading the organization The Asian Games with Olympic Games He was elected to the National Assembly in 1985 and served as a representative member of the Democratic Justice Party. In 1987, under the pressure of pro-democracy protests in June, he issued the June 29 Declaration, which began South Korea's national revolution democratization The Door of... He was elected President of South Korea in December of the same year, took office in February 1988, and held the 24th session in September Summer Olympics He stepped down in February 1993. In 1995, Kim Young-sam The government arrested and indicted Roh on charges of participating in a "rebellion" before he was president and taking bribes while he was president. On April 17, 1997, Supreme Court of South Korea He was sentenced to 17 years in prison and fined 262.8 billion won. He was pardoned by Kim Young-sam in December of that year. The fine was paid in September 2013 [4] . Roh died on October 26, 2021 [82-83] .
Roh Tae-woo was in a period of transformation and transition, politically implementing democratic reforms, economically formulating the West Coast development plan and developing social welfare, and culturally formulating the 10-year Cultural Development Plan. Korean Hoa North Korea Achieved prime ministerial talks and signed the agreement, joining together in 1991 The United Nations In diplomacy, the "Northern Policy" was launched People's Republic of China , The Soviet Union Etc. socialism The establishment of diplomatic relations.
Chinese name
Roh Tae-woo
Foreign name
노태우 (Korean)
Roh Tae-Woo (English)
로태우 (North Korea)
alias
The elegant name is the common name , Nicknamed Shui Tae-woo
nationality
Korea
Be educated and educated
Jiaohe County
Date of birth
December 4th, 1932 (said August 17, 1932)
Date of death
October 26, 2021
Graduate School
The Army Academy
occupation
Soldiers, politicians
Major achievement
The June 29 Declaration opened the door to democratization in Korea
With China, the Soviet Union and so on Socialist country Establish diplomatic relations
Place of Birth
Japanese rule of Korea North Gyeongsang Province Dallseong (It is now South Korea Daegu Metropolitan City )
Have faith in
Buddhism [2]
Representative works
The Great Age of the Common Man , Memoirs of Roh Tae-woo
Ancestral land
Shandong, China Changqing County
Political party
Democratic Justice Party → Democratic Liberal Party

catalogue

  1. 1biography
  2. ▪Early experience
  3. ▪Ups and downs in the army
  4. ▪Enter politics
  5. ▪Make a declaration
  6. ▪Assume the presidency
  7. ▪Trial liquidation
  8. ▪Later life
  1. 2Administrative measures
  2. ▪political
  3. ▪economy
  4. ▪society
  5. ▪culture
  6. ▪Military affairs
  7. ▪diplomacy
  8. ▪Inter-korean relations
  1. 3Anecdotal allusion
  2. ▪Origin of name
  3. ▪Character nickname
  4. ▪Love literature and art
  5. ▪Tennis master
  6. ▪Safeguard the Olympic Games
  7. ▪Storm of false claims
  8. ▪Search for Chinese roots
  1. 4Historical evaluation
  2. 5Interpersonal relationship
  3. 6Major work
  4. 7Character dispute
  5. 8Film and television image

biography

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EDITOR

Early experience

December 4th, 1932 [2] When it comes to the 16th of July in the lunar calendar, it is August 17 [5] Roh was born in Korea under Japanese colonial rule North Gyeongsang Province Dallseong (It is now South Korea Daegu Metropolitan City Eight of the foothills of a farmer's family, father Lu Bingshou as the township (Gongshan) secretary, the family food and clothing. Roh was 7 years old when Roh Byeong-soo died in a car accident, and Roh was raised by his mother, Kim Tae-hyang. [6] Roh Tae-woo's mother told him, "Don't let people say you are a boy without a father," so Roh Tae-woo dealt with things prudently and knew the "art of doing things under others" by lowering his posture and being modest. Influenced by this family environment, Lu Taiyu has been talking less since childhood, and everyone says he is stable and mature. [6]
Roh Tae-woo (1951)
In 1939, Roh entered Gongsan Elementary School. After graduating in 1945, Roh wanted to become a professional Pilot So he applied for the aviation major of Daegu Industrial School. Before long, Surrender of Japan , Korean peninsula After the liberation, the aviation major, which served the Japanese invasion, was also changed into an electrical major. Roh also wanted to become a doctor, so he transferred to Gyeongbuk Middle School in his third year (1948) with the intention of going to college and studying medicine. [7]
On June 25, 1950, Korean War Roh Tae-woo volunteered to join the Student volunteers, but did not directly fight. He graduated from high school in March 1951 and entered the Daegu Military Police School. [5] [8] In the three months of study, Lu Taiyu excellent performance, the school vice president and provost appreciation, in September after the completion of the school as a second class sergeant teaching assistant. In the same year, under the persuasion of the provost, he applied for the Korean Army non-commissioned Officer School and became a soldier of the 11th class. [7]
During the Army Academy, Roh met the same internal affairs class Chun Doo-hwan . Chun Douhuan straight enthusiasm, dare to dare, Lu Taiyu mild calm, willing to play the second, the two characters complement each other, too close. Roh and Chun went to the same school (Daegu Industrial School), but Roh did not know each other since he changed schools in his first year of high school. [7] Roh Tae-woo not only met Chun Doo-hwan in the Army, but also met Jin Budong They formed a small group called "Five Star Club", Chun Doo-hwan called "Yong Star", Roh Tae-woo called "Guan Star", Kim Bu-dong called "Li Star", Choi Songtaek called "Comet", and Baiun-taek called "Male Star", which later developed into "Sun Star". Undivided mind ". [9]

Ups and downs in the army

Roh Tae-woo (right) and Chun Doo-hwan during the Roh Dynasty
In September 1955, Roh graduated from the Army with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1956, he was assigned to the 5th Infantry Division on the Central Front. The commander of the 5th Division at that time was the future president of South Korea Park Chung-hee However, Roh had no special relationship with Park Chung-hee at that time. Two years later, Roh was reassigned Gwangju He was promoted to lieutenant after serving as the head of the education division at the Army Infantry School, and then joined the language course at the Strategic Intelligence School in Daegu for a year English And successfully passed the English test for selecting students to study in the United States. During this period, Roh Tae-woo and friends Jin Budong Sister, Kyungpook National University Jin Yushu, a female student at a normal college, fell in love and got married on May 31, 1959. Roh Tae-woo arrived three days later America Receiving military training, along with his old friend Chun Doo-hwan. [7]
Roh Tae-woo is in America North Carolina Fort Bragg military base for six months Psychological warfare In early 1960, he returned to China and became an English translator in the military Intelligence Corps. In 1961, he became an ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Team) instructor at Seoul National University together with Chun Doo-hwan. It was launched the same year by Park Chung-hee May 16 military coup d 'etat At the time of the seizure of power, he and Chun Doo-hwan mobilized the army cadets to participate in demonstrations in support of the military coup. After the incident, Lu Taiyu transferred to the anti-spy force intelligence colonel. During his tenure, he succeeded Chun Doo-hwan as president of the North Star Association (the alumni association after the 11th grade of the Lu Shi), and together with Chun Doo-hwan launched the secret organization" Undivided mind ". [7] In the summer of 1963, he secretly worked with Sohn Young-gil, Park Chung-hee's personal aide and an old classmate Central Intelligence Department Minister Kim Jae-chun proposes a coup to purge the corrupt (against Kim Jong Pil One faction), was rejected by Kim Jae-chun. When Park Chung-hee learned of the incident, he ordered the Army chief of staff Min 耭 Sik and the head of the spy Defense Department Zheng Shenghe Urgent investigation, and then summoned Kim, ordered the arrest of Roh Tae-woo and others, Kim opposed, and expressed the intention to resign, so Park Chung-hee agreed to let Roh Tae-woo and other horses, and approved Kim Jae-chun resignation. [10] In 1966, he was promoted to director of the anti-espionage Division of the Anti-Espionage Department. [2]
In 1967, Roh Tae-woo was promoted to the Middle commander (Lieutenant colonel) and became the commander of the Jae-koo Battalion (1st Regiment 3rd Battalion) of the Tiger Division (Capital Mechanized Infantry Division), cooperating with the U.S. Army Vietnam War . He returned to China in 1968 and was awarded the Ulchi Military Merit Medal. Enter in the same year Korea Army University After graduation, he became the commander of the Capital Guard Division. In 1970, he was promoted to Senior Colonel and appointed Chief Adjutant to the Army Chief of Staff Seo Jong-chul on Chun Doo-hwan's recommendation. He was appointed captain of the Infantry Union in 1971. In 1974, he was promoted to Brigadier General and commander of the Air Defeat Special Warfare Brigade. In 1976, he was appointed assistant to the President's National Security Office. On the recommendation of Chun Doo-hwan in January 1978, he became the assistant chief of the presidential Security Office and was promoted to Major General. In January 1979, he was transferred to Hakuba. 9th Infantry Division, Republic of Korea ) Division commander. [11]

Enter politics

When President Park Chung-hee was assassinated on Oct. 26, 1979, Chun Doo-hwan, then commander of the security Forces of South Korea, took advantage of the investigation Park Chung-hee's assassination The opportunity, the rapid expansion of power, the initiation of "under the" ambition. On December 7, he removed Roh from office 38th parallel The last recall, put forward a plan to start a mutiny. President Roh agreed and suggested setting up a temporary headquarters in the 30th Security Corps, which is responsible for protecting the perimeter of Cheong Wa Dae. On December 12, the whole fight was in full swing Double twelfth coup During the coup, Roh Tae-woo moved a wing of the Hakuba Force (the 29th Regiment) into Seoul to support Chun Doo-hwan, while he sat in the temporary headquarters of the 30th Guard Regiment with the commander Zhang Shidong Wait for the "One heart Club" to observe the movement, ready to stand by. After the coup succeeded, Roh became the commander of the capital Security Force. [12]
On May 17, 1980, it was reactivated May 17 Emergency martial law Roh Tae-woo mobilized 600 soldiers and four armored vehicles to surround the Central Hall and force the president Choi Gyu-ha And the Prime Minister Shin Hyun 碻 Officials agreed to expand martial law, paving the way for Mr. Chun's ascension to the presidency. [13] On May 31, Chun Doo-hwan established the "National Security Emergency Committee" (hereinafter referred to as the National Security Committee) as its chairman, and Roh Tae-woo was one of the 25 members. On 22 August, Chun Doo-hwan retired, and Roh Tae-woo took over as commander of the Security Forces and was promoted to lieutenant General. After Chun Doo-hwan was elected as the 11th and 12th president and inaugurated the Fifth Republic, Roh was promoted to a general in the Army on July 11, 1981, and retired on July 15. [14]
From July 1981 to March 1982, Roh served as the second minister for political affairs, responsible for foreign affairs and security affairs, and visited many countries. In March 1982, the Chun Doo-hwan administration established a sports ministry, with Roh Tae-woo as its first minister. A month later he was appointed Minister of the Interior. He served as chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Seoul Olympic Games from 1983 to 1986, and as president of the Korean Sports Federation from 1984 to 1985 and again in 1984 Olympic Committee of the Republic of Korea He also served as Chairman of the Seoul Asian Games Organization from 1984 to 1986. In February 1985, he was elected to the 12th National Assembly as a member of the ruling Democratic Justice Party. He was a member of the Democratic Justice Party from 1985 to 1987, ranking second only to Chairman Chun Doo-hwan. [15]

Make a declaration

Since 1985, when the pro-democratization Saenhan Democratic Party emerged as the largest opposition party in the National Assembly, the opposition democratic forces and the Chun Doo-hwan administration have been engaged in heated conflicts over constitutional amendment. The Chun Doo-hwan administration claimed A responsible cabinet system While the ruling Democratic Justice Party (DJUSTICE) can remain in power, the opposition democratic forces are calling for a direct presidential election and universal suffrage. In January 1987, Seoul National University The death of Park Jong-chul, a student tortured by police, led to growing public sentiment against the Chun Doo-hwan regime. Chun Doo-hwan announced on April 13 that he would maintain the current constitution (the April 13 Constitutional amendment measure) during his term of office, which caused another stir. With the political situation unstable, Chun Doo-hwan began to consider succession. There have been rumors within the Minjoo Party about the prime minister Noh Shin-yong Chun Doo-hwan successor, some people say the minister of security Zhang Shidong Chun Doo-hwan is the successor, but in fact, Chun Doo-hwan did not consider the issue of succession. With the onset of the 1987 political crisis, Chun Doo-hwan began to consider succession. Roh Tae-woo continued to defer to him, and after much persuasion from a group of men (known as Roh Tae-woo's Division) led by Roh's confidant Park Cheol-eon (also Roh's inner cousin), Chun Doo-hwan finally named Roh Tae-woo as his successor on June 2, 1987. At that time, Roh said, I was so scared that I couldn t handle it. Sir, please lead to the end!" [16-17]
On June 10, the Democratic Justice Party Jamsil Sports Complex A symbolic convention was held to elect Roh Tae-woo as the next presidential candidate, and Roh said that he would revise the constitution after completing two major national events (the presidential election and the Olympics). On the same day, a mass protest for the direct election of the president broke out in Seoul, and people shouted "abolish the constitutional protection" and "Down with the dictatorship", kicking off the "June Democracy Protest". The venue for a banquet to celebrate Roh Tae-woo's nomination as the next presidential candidate Hilton Hotel The smell of tear gas fired by the police spread to the banquet hall, which was one of the fiercest places in the demonstration. Roh, including all the participants, smelled it, and Roh was so distressed that he could not sleep that night. [18] Since then, the protests have intensified and spread across Korea, and Chun Doo-hwan has been unable to do anything about it. On the evening of June 17, Chun Doo-hwan said at a banquet to congratulate Roh Tae-woo on becoming the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party that he would prepare a plan to deal with the situation, centering on Roh Tae-woo. On the morning of June 19, Chun Doo-hwan summoned military officials to Cheong Wa Dae and made the decision to deploy troops and implement emergency measures. At 2 p.m., key party officials including Roh Tae-woo, Lee Chun-gu, Ahn Moo-hyuk, and Park Cheol-eun held a party-government meeting and decided that it was not appropriate to dispatch troops and that a political solution should be preferred. Chun then postponed the decision to deploy troops at 4 p.m. On June 22, Roh proposed to Chun Doo-hwan a plan for a dialogue between the ruling and opposition parties to rectify the situation. Chun Doo-hwan accepted the proposal, and on June 24, he met with the chairman of the United Democratic Party Kim Young-sam Lee Min-woo, chairman of the New Korea Democratic Party, and Chairman of the Korean People's Party Lee Man-sub Dialogue. The dialogue with Kim broke up, but Lee Man-sub to Chun Doo-hwan to accept the direct presidential election system, retreat to advance, so that the opposition can infighting, so as to reap the benefits, Chun Doo-hwan to follow Lee Man-sub's advice. That night, Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo agreed to accept the direct presidential election system and agreed to accept the direct presidential election system. Kim Dae-jung The right to pardon and restore "two policies. 19-20] [
President Roh Tae-woo reads June 29 Declaration
On June 25, Roh invited Park to draft a declaration on democratization, including a constitutional amendment to direct elections. On June 26, a "National Peace March" took place in 33 cities across South Korea, involving more than 1.3 million people. Under pressure, Chun summoned his secretaries Lee Jong-ryul and Kim Sung-ik at 9:20 a.m. on June 27 and asked them to prepare a statement that he would publish to accept Roh's declaration. Meanwhile, Roh and Park revised the declaration for five hours from 5:15 p.m. on the same day and discussed various details. On the evening of June 28, Roh Tae-woo finalized the declaration with Park at his home. [20] At 9 a.m. on June 29, Roh Tae-woo read out the "Special Declaration to clean up the situation" at the meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the People's Liberation Army, that is, the "June 29 Declaration", which has eight points, respectively:
  1. 1.
    Through consultation between the ruling and opposition parties, amend the Constitution at an early date, implement the direct election of the president, and hold the presidential election in accordance with the new Constitution, so as to realize the peaceful transition of the general election;
  2. 2.
    Amend the presidential election law to guarantee free participation in elections and fair competition;
  3. 3.
    To eliminate discord and confrontation, and seek grand reconciliation and unity of the people, the first thing is to pardon Kim Dae-jung;
  4. 4.
    To enhance respect for human dignity and to maximize the fundamental human rights of every citizen;
  5. 5.
    In order to realize freedom of speech, the relevant system and the behavior of officials should be fundamentally improved;
  6. 6.
    To ensure the maximum autonomy and self-regulation of all sectors of society;
  7. 7.
    To foster a political climate of dialogue and compromise as early as possible in the process of ensuring the healthy functioning of political parties;
  8. 8.
    In order to build a bright and beautiful society, we should boldly take social purification measures. [21]
After the speech, President Roh visited the Tongjaksan National Cemetery to pay his respects, and then drove to the Hyun-chung Temple in Asan to pay his respects Yi Sun-shin . On July 1, Chun Doo-hwan made a special statement, saying that he fully accepted the June 29 Declaration. For a moment, South Korea is full of festive atmosphere. President Roh Tae-woo's June 29 declaration was of epoch-making historical significance, ending the military dictatorship and opening the door to a democratic transition in South Korea. [22]

Assume the presidency

On July 10, 1987, Chun Doo-hwan resigned as the chairman of the Democratic Justice Party, and Roh Tae-woo succeeded him. He ran against the opposition for the 13th presidential election in a general election based on the new Constitution and the presidential election law, which were revised to the constitution by direct election. The main candidates for the nomination are the chairman of the United Democratic Party Kim Young-sam President of the New Democratic Republican Party Kim Jong Pil . He later advised the United Democratic Party Kim Dae-jung He also announced his candidacy and set up another Peace and Democratic Party, thus forming a pattern of "one Lu and three gold." Since the opposition forces split into three, the situation is very favorable to Roh Tae-woo, and on November 29, North Korean agents staged an attack Korean Air flight bombing Roh Tae-woo took the opportunity to shout out the slogan "great ordinary people, believe me", and pulled the votes of many conservative voters. The Chun Doo-hwan administration also tried to protect Roh from losing the election, and even considered ways to tamper with the vote. [23] In a relatively fair, open, and impartial presidential election held on December 16, Roh received 8,282,738 votes, narrowly winning 36.64% of the votes to become South Korea's first truly democratically elected president. Combined, Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung will surpass Roh Tae-woo by 4.16 million votes. So people joked that it was "hardware" (Kim Young-sam, Kim Dae-jung, Kim Jong-pil and the two North Korean agents responsible for the crash) that sent Roh to the Blue House Kim Hyun-hee And Kim Seung-il). [24]
On February 25, 1988, Roh Tae-woo was sworn in as President of the Republic of Korea
On February 25, 1988, Roh Tae-woo was sworn in as President of the Republic of Korea and delivered his inaugural speech entitled "The Great Era of the Common Man", announcing the policy policy of "national self-esteem, democracy and harmony, balanced development, unification and prosperity" Sixth Republic . [25] In February 1988, Roh Tae-woo announced the formation of a new cabinet, including seven senior officials of the Fifth Republic, to the dismay of the Korean people, and some journalists satirized Roh Tae-woo's Sixth Republic as a "5.5 Republic". [26] Some dubbed him "Chun Doo-hwan in a wig." [27] In the 13th general election held in April of the same year, the ruling Democratic Justice Party remained the largest party in the National Assembly by winning 125 out of 299 seats, but failed to win a majority of the seats. Kim Dae-jung's Peace Democratic Party won 70 seats, leading the opposition, and the United Democratic Party won 59 seats. They formed a joint negotiating group with the New Democratic and Republican Party, which won 35 seats. In this way, the three opposition parties jointly controlled the National Assembly. [28] Against this backdrop, the three opposition parties jointly put pressure on President Roh Tae-woo and the Minjung Party to launch a "five-party liquidation," and President Roh was forced to agree, but said that he would not take political revenge against Chun Doo-hwan himself. On the other hand, Chun Doo-hwan was persuaded to issue an apology on November 23, 1988, and Chun Doo-hwan immediately went into hiding Seoraksan Baektamsa Thus, he almost turned against Lu Taiyu, became incompatible, and regretted letting Lu Taiyu as successor. [8] [29]
When Mr. Roh ran for president, he promised to hold an "interim evaluation" after his first year in office, allowing a referendum to decide whether he could continue as president. In March 1989, Roh announced that he would postpone the referendum. The referendum was officially cancelled in June on the grounds that such a referendum would cause chaos in the constitutional order and waste of national power, as well as intensify regional conflicts and labor protests. This move won the support of Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong-pil. The two Kim believe that if Roh survives the test of the referendum, his status will be greatly improved and the opposition party will be affected. If it does not pass, because the time is too short, the new election will not be conducive to the two gold themselves. [26] Later, Roh considered a possible alliance between the Democratic Justice Party and the opposition party in order to resolve the "ruling small opposition big" situation, while Peace Democratic Party chairman Kim Dae-jung refused, saying that it would reverse democracy, while United Democratic Party chairman Kim Young-sam and New Democratic Republican Party Chairman Kim Jong-pil agreed to merge with the Democratic Justice Party. On January 22, 1990, the three parties decided to merge into the Democratic and Liberal Party, and Roh Tae-woo became the chairman of the party in May. The ruling party gained control of the National Assembly. With the expansion of the government's space for activities, the government's ability to govern was improved to a certain extent, which enabled Roh Tae-woo to cope with various crises calmly and complete his term relatively smoothly. On the other hand, factions of the three conservative parties opposed to the merger formed the Democratic Party, which merged with Kim Dae-jung's Equality Democratic Party to form the "Democratic Party" in 1991, thus forming a two-party system in South Korea. [28]
On 24 March 1992, the 14th National Assembly general election was held, and the ruling party won 149 seats, less than half of which were held by the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party Jung Ju-yung Such as the chaebol composition of the Kuomintang divided. As part of the democratization process, Roh decided to give up the privilege of appointing a successor, which he had enjoyed in the past, to face the candidates in the party from a neutral position, and to democratically elect a presidential candidate solely from the representatives of party members. At the May 19, 1992 convention of the Democratic Liberal Party, Kim Young-sam defeated the military and political circles Lee Jong Chan Be elected as the next presidential candidate. On August 25, Roh gave up the chairmanship of the DLP to Kim Young-sam, and on September 18, he announced his resignation from the DLP to form a neutral government to manage the presidential election. In December, Kim Young-sam was elected the 14th President of the Republic of Korea, defeating Kim Dae-Jung and Chung Ju-Young. On February 25, 1993, Roh stepped down as president and became a member of the Senior Advisory Council of the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Korea. [28]

Trial liquidation

After Kim Young-sam took office, he considered the former regime a "military regime," but he did not intend to condemn it. On October 29, 1994, the prosecution concluded that the December 12 indictment was a military rebellion according to the military criminal law, and that Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo were guilty of rebellion, but decided to suspend the prosecution for fear of causing national chaos. On July 19, the prosecution made a decision that the defendants related to the 5.18 incident had "no right to prosecute". "A successful military coup cannot be punished." [30]
After Roh left office, he dispersed 170 billion won (about 220 million dollars) out of 500 billion won in political donations he received from business people in a bank account under a false name. In August 1993, the Kim Young-sam government introduced a real-name financial system, making accounts under fake names illegal. In August 1995, the Kim Young-sam administration decided to implement a tax system on financial income from next year, imposing tax on all bank account owners with more than 40 million won in interest. One of them was found to deposit Roh's slush fund Shinhan Bank Ha Jong-wook, the owner of a Seosomun branch bank account in Seoul, who did not know that the deposit belonged to Roh Tae-woo, complained to his high school classmate Park Gye-dong, a lawmaker from the Democratic Party, about the trouble he was having with the new financial regulations. And not long ago, South Korean society has Roh Tae-woo huge secret fund rumors, prosecutors have filed an investigation, but no evidence. Piaoqidong heard the complaints of river Zhongxu, contact Lu Taiyu secret fund rumors, judge that this is Lu Taiyu secret fund pseudonym account, then find River Zhongxu for deposit certificate information. At a regular session of the National Assembly on October 19, 1995, Park suddenly presented some evidence that former President Roh Tae-woo had kept 10 billion won in secret funds at Shinhan Bank under a pseudonym. Park further said that the 10 billion won is only a small part of the political funds controlled by Roh Tae-yu, and he estimated that the total amount of political funds controlled by Roh Tae-yu could be 400 billion to 500 billion won. [32] 31 -
Roh Tae-woo and Chun Doo-hwan stand trial
Park Qidong's exposure shook the South Korean government and opposition circles, causing an uproar. Under the double pressure of the opposition and the people, on October 22, the Prime Minister of South Korea Li Hongjiu During the parliamentary inquiry, it was announced that the government would appoint the Central Investigation Department under the National Prosecutor's Office to investigate the matter. Preliminary findings suggest that Mr. Roh did receive and conceal huge amounts of political funds during his tenure, and dispersed the funds into several banks under false names. As soon as the results were announced, public opinion was in uproar. Mr. Roh was forced to make a tearful "apology speech" to the nation from his home on Oct. 27, admitting that he had received large amounts of political donations during his term of office, which he said had been used mainly for his own political activities, including support for party operations. He expressed his willingness to accept full responsibility for this issue and to accept any trial by the State. [31]
As the investigation continues, the Supreme Public Prosecutor s Office has concluded that Roh Tae-woo s 500 billion won slush fund, which does not include political funds, is considered bribery, and that he will be prosecuted on charges of bribery under the Aggravated Punishment Act for specific crimes. On the evening of November 16, the South Korean Supreme Prosecutors Office arrested Roh Tae-woo on charges of violating the Aggravated Punishment Law for specific crimes and taking bribes, and sent him to a detention center outside Seoul. With the arrest of Roh Tae-woo, the voice of calling for the investigation of the Double 12th coup and the Gwangju incident has risen again. On November 24, Kim Young-sam ordered the enactment of a special law on the reinvestigation of the incident. Chun Doo-hwan was also arrested in December. The two former presidents were sent to court together to face the "great trial of the century" that "corrects history." 30 - [31]
After numerous fierce battles in front of and behind the scenes, on August 5, 1996, the Seoul District Court made preliminary sentencing of Jeon and Roh in the 27th round of show trial, and convicted Chun Doo-hwan of launching a military rebellion and conspiring to instil civil unrest. Meanwhile, Chun Doo-hwan took 225.9 billion won in bribes during his term of office, was sentenced to death and fined 222.3 billion won. Roh was sentenced to life in prison and ordered to pay 283.8 billion won in fines on charges of active participation in military rebellion and civil rebellion, attempted murder of his superiors, and bribery. On 26 August, Chun Doo-hwan was sentenced to death and Roh was sentenced to 22 years and 6 months in prison. Jeon and Roh appealed, and on December 16, the Seoul District Court made a second judgment, sentencing Jeon Doo-hwan to life in prison and Roh Tae-woo to 17 years in prison, and reducing the fine to 220.5 billion won and 262.896 billion won, respectively. On April 17, 1997, the Supreme Court issued a final judgment on the cases of Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo, and upheld the second judgment. [31] [33]

Later life

On December 20, 1997, then-President Kim Young-sam and President-elect Kim Dae-jung agreed to pardon Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo on the grounds of national reconciliation and unity and the elimination of the aftermath of the regional divide between Jeolla and Gyeongsang. [34] On December 22, Chun Doo-hwan and Roh were released from prison. After his release from prison, Roh Tae-woo lived in Yeonhee-dong, Seoul, and kept a low profile. Unlike Chun Doo-hwan, Roh paid the fine regularly until September 2013. [4] [30]
Roh is in poor health. Conducted in 2002 Prostate cancer Surgery. Almost every day since Acupuncture and moxibustion In April 2011, acupuncture needles were found in the lungs and were removed by surgery at Seoul National University Hospital. [35 and 36] In August and September of the same year, in February 2012, and in December 2015, he was hospitalized for asthma, cough, high fever and other symptoms. [37] On April 9, 2014, Chun went to Roh's home to visit Roh in bed and asked him if he still knew him, but Roh only winked. [38]
August 23, 2019, son of Roh Tae-woo Noh Jae-heon On behalf of his seriously ill father Gwangju May 18 martyrs mausoleum This is the first time that the new military leader and his immediate family have visited the mausoleum. In October, Roh Tae-woo was hospitalized again due to illness, and his death was spread on the Korean Internet, but he was discharged in a wheelchair on the 21st. [37]
On August 19, 2020, the Chinese Ambassador to South Korea Xing Haiming He visited Roh Tae-woo in Yeonhui-dong and appreciated his contribution to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea. Lu Taiyu because of his age, coupled with illness in bed, not convenient activities, but at the invitation of Xing Haiming agreed to the meeting. [39]
Roh Tae-woo on October 26, 2021 Seoul National University Died in the hospital intensive care unit [87] He was 88 years old [82-83] . On the same day, Roh s family released his last words to the public. In his last words, President Roh asked the people to forgive him for his shortcomings and mistakes. In his last words, Roh said, "I feel honored and grateful to have served the great nation and people, and I will humbly accept my fate and hope that the dream of reunification of the two Koreas, which has eluded me in my lifetime, will be realized in the hands of the next generation." [84]
On October 30, 2021, Roh's funeral ceremony was held at the Olympic Park Peace Square in Songpa-gu, Seoul. South Korean Prime Minister Kim Bu-kyeom delivered a eulogy at the scene, saying that we should reflect on history and move toward reconciliation. After the ceremony, Roh's body will be cremated at Seoul's Samu Park and buried at Geomdan Temple in Paju, Gyeonggi Province. [88]
On November 29, 2021, Yonhap News Agency reported that Roh's ashes will be buried at Tonghwa Worship Park in the Unification Park area of Paju, Gyeonggi Province, which is close to the inter-Korean border. [89]
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Roh Tae-woo Chinese calligraphy

Administrative measures

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political

  • Reform etiquette
Roh Tae-woo regarded himself as an "ordinary person". After he came to power, he reformed the presidential etiquette in the authoritarian era and made a clear break with the authoritarian era. The main measures were as follows:
  • Instead of using the honorable title of "Your excellency" (각하/kakha), President Roh uses the self-deprecating "I" (저/cho). He rarely uses the self-deprecating "I" (본인/bonin) or the non-deprecating "I" (나/na), which former presidents often used.
  • Abolishing the rule that visitors to the presidential office must wear ID tags;
  • Remove the red tape that requires ministers to bow deeply when accepting a letter of appointment from the president;
  • The president delivers with both hands, rather than one hand as previous presidents did;
  • When attending cabinet meetings, the president sits at the oval table with his ministers, without trying to highlight the president's dignity.
  • The Blue House, which had always been off-limits, was opened to the public;
  • Lift traffic restrictions when the president travels.
All these measures are aimed at portraying the president as an "ordinary man" and fulfilling Roh's campaign promise to "create a nation of ordinary people." This series of ritual reforms has had a great impact on Korean society, which has a deep Confucian tradition. [40]
  • Quintuple liquidation
During the presidential election in late 1987, Roh promised to "liquidate authoritarianism." At the first meeting of the new cabinet, the first bill passed was to pardon 1,300 political prisoners. The Roh Tae-woo administration set up a special investigation department to investigate some 300,000 cases of irregularities.
After the general election in April 1988, there was a pattern of "small opposition". The presidents of the three opposition parties (Kim Young-sam, Kim Dae-jung, and Kim Jong-pil) were all victims of Chun Doo-hwan's authoritarian rule, and strongly demanded that Chun and his aides be brought to justice. They are pushing for the formation of an investigative committee in the National Assembly, holding hearings and calling for the subpoenas of Chun Doo-hwan and his associates, many of whom were in the Roh Tae-woo administration. This put Roh in a very awkward position. After a long debate, in December 1989, Roh Tae-woo and the three opposition party leaders reached a consensus on the "Five-party liquidation" issue and issued an "11-point statement," the gist of which was to agree to summon Chun Doo-hwan Choi Gyu-ha Attended the National Assembly hearings on the Gwangju incident and the scandal of the Five Communist Party government and forced Chun Doo-hwan's close associates Jung Ho-yong Resign from all public office, etc. In the meantime, the Roh Tae-woo administration and opposition parties have been engaged in a war of words over the Gwangju incident and Chun Doo-hwan s personal response. In the case of the Gwangju massacre, the Roh Tae-woo administration accepted the recommendation of the Committee for the Promotion of Democracy and Harmony, and recognized the struggle of the Gwangju people as an integral part of the democratization movement. At the same time, for the bereaved families and the injured, the Treasury will pay a "life stability fund". As for Chun Doo-hwan himself, Roh Tae-woo advocated that Chun Doo-hwan be "removed from his hometown". Joseon dynasty The former government officials were ousted from the imperial court and returned to their home villages for retirement), handed over their assets (13.9 billion won), apologized, and promised to accelerate the implementation of democratic politics as a "reconciliation" plan to settle the matter, in place of justice Chun.
During the reign of Roh Tae-woo, the "Five Communist Party liquidation" was incomplete, especially the failure to bring Chun Doo-hwan to justice, which made the opposition party angry. At that time, it was believed that there were only three sacred domains to be liquidated - the "holy domain" president, the "forbidden domain" intelligence agency, and the "secret domain" military headquarters. Only in this way can authoritarianism be eliminated and democracy for ordinary people be realized. [40]
  • Democratic reform
In order to promote the democratization process, the Roh Tae-woo administration enacted 234 pieces of "democratic legislation" and amended or abandoned some 850 presidential decrees. At the same time, a series of measures have been taken, mainly reflected in:
  • Tolerate political opposition. After the 1987 presidential election, the opposition camp was divided. Roh Tae-woo did not take the opportunity to annihilate, but kept his commitment to tolerate the political opposition in the June 29 Declaration and not suppress the opposition as long as it operated according to the established rules of the political game.
  • guarantee Freedom of press . The Roh Tae-woo government adopted legal measures to ensure the independence and self-development of the mass media. The press has developed rapidly. According to statistics, from June 29, 1987 to April 30, 1989, 1,492 newspapers and magazines have been registered nationwide. In addition, Roh also ordered the abolition of the "press Policy Bureau", no longer set strict rules on the content of media reports, to ensure that the media have sufficient space for speech; Abolish the press card system and allow the media to hire staff freely. Roh Tae-woo's press liberalization policy has gradually transformed South Korean news media from "tame government spokespersons" to "powerful entities".
  • Restore local elections. The Roh Tae-woo government held two local elections, and the Democratic Justice Party won both elections.
  • Restore the autonomy of various social groups. Educational autonomy, campus autonomy, and freedom to travel abroad were realized. Members of the university council were elected instead of appointed by the government. Government control over the university was greatly reduced.
  • Judicial reform. (b) Restore the independent functioning of the judiciary, amend the Criminal Code and abolish the "crime of defamation of the State"; (b) Repeal the Basic Law on the Press and replace it with the Law on the Registration of Periodicals and Broadcasting Undertakings, under which the Ministry of Culture and Information is in charge of the registration of press undertakings and permits the establishment of various media by the private sector as long as the prescribed technical standards are met;
  • The gradual restoration of workers' rights through the operation of the judicial sector, on the one hand, and the strengthening of control over workers in important sectors such as the government sector and the defence industry, on the other hand, in order to ease the strained Labour relations;
  • The army was reorganized. After June 1988, Roh Tae-woo made several successive changes in the top echelon of the military, and those generals who were hardline and resistant to the democratization process were either asked to retire or to rearrange their positions, such as in early 1989 Roh Tae-woo replaced 48 generals in succession. At the same time, in order to quell regional conflicts, President Roh intentionally promoted many new officers from the Jeolla and Chungcheong ethnic groups, not from the "TK" (Daegu - Gyeongsang region). [40]

economy

  • Financial reform
During the Roh Tae-woo government, with the advent of the information age, international finance was liberalized at a very high speed. South Korea's financial sector has to be reformed to adapt to the trend of international economic development. The main measures of financial reform are:
  • In the financial market management, the focus of the reform is to ensure that the direct intervention of the government is reduced from the system, and more economic means are adopted to carry out macro-control;
  • Carry out Financial liberalization . On December 5, 1988, the Roh Tae-woo government announced a complete separation of interest rate control between banks and non-bank financial institutions. The following year, however, economic conditions deteriorated, forcing the government to intervene again. On August 11, 1991, the government announced a plan to liberalize interest rates in stages with minimal side effects. At the same time, as one of the financial liberalization measures, it also strengthened the competition mechanism of the financial industry and relaxed the restrictions on the establishment of banks and their branches and branches. As a result, the number of domestic branches of various commercial banks and local banks increased from 961 and 457 in 1987 to 1,931 and 746 in 1991 respectively.
  • Develop the internationalization of finance. Based on the growth of South Korea's economic strength, the trend of opening up its banking industry to the outside world has gradually strengthened. Foreign banks will be allowed to enter Korea while reducing the role of foreign banks as a window for Korea to raise foreign funds and strengthening domestic banks' overseas development. By the end of 1991, there were 70 branches and 24 offices of foreign banks in 18 countries. The entry of foreign banks into Korea brought advanced financial technology and management methods, which played a positive role in the balanced development of the domestic financial market, the introduction of self-regulation principles, competition mechanisms, and the development of fringe financial businesses. [41]
  • West coast development program
In the past three decades, although the Korean economy has achieved rapid development, the development between urban and rural areas and between regions is very uneven, so Roh Tae-woo took "balanced development" as one of the four national goals when he took office. The Roh Tae-woo administration took "economic democratization" as a policy direction, and one of its priorities was to address the underprivileged and the unfairly treated areas. The most important measure was to develop the West Coast. In 1987, the West coast region of South Korea had a population of 8.93 million, accounting for 21% of the country's population, and was the most economically backward region in South Korea. Immediately after Roh took office, he established the West Coast Development Promotion Committee headed by Prime Minister Roh Tae-woo and made the development of the West coast an important policy issue during his term of office. The West Coast development plan calls for the comprehensive development level to reach the national average by 2001, making it a bridgehead for the Western Pacific era in the 21st century. Its specific objectives are:
  • New and expanded infrastructure. Put along the west coast Incheon to Mokpo And along the southwest coast to Mokpo Gwangyang The two highways are connected to build a total length of 505 km expressway; Expansion of Incheon, mountains , Mokpo, Lishui (a county in Shandong Province) Guangyang and other ports, built equivalent to Port of Busan Scale, designed scale in the annual capacity of 40 million tons Asan Harbor; Expand Gwangju International Airport and Mokpo Airport , new Cheongju International Airport ;
  • To build a large industrial belt along the coast from Incheon to Busan. The zone aims to develop high-tech industries such as microelectronics and bioengineering, including 10 integrated industrial zones in Asan, Gunshan, and Henan (Gwangju), Qunshan (mountain) and Guangyang cross-regional industrial bases, Jeonju - Riery - Gwangju Industrial Zone and Gwangju Science and Technology City. In February 1990, the Roh Tae-woo administration decided to impose a new law on Incheon, Gyeonggi Province, field A total of 126 projects (selected in October 1989) will be invested in the West Coast area of three municipalities, South Chungcheong Province, North Jeolla Province, Gwangju and South Jeolla Province, and four provinces.
The development of the west coast will not only make the industrial layout of South Korea more reasonable in terms of spatial structure, but also promote the further optimization of industrial structure. However, the development of the West coast was slow under President Roh Tae-woo. So until the early 1990s, the southwest of South Korea's infrastructure was still insufficient, and the economic development was seriously lagging behind. [40]

society

By the mid-1980s, South Korea's welfare system was backward. The Roh Tae-woo government began to attach importance to the establishment of the social welfare system and greatly increased the budget investment of the welfare department. Its main measures are:
  • Since 1988, Medical insurance system The scope of implementation has been extended to rural areas. (b) In 1989, a national health insurance system was established, including urban self-employed persons, with the Government covering 50 per cent of the costs of the health insurance system;
  • Since 1988, the pension system, which had been limited to civil servants and soldiers, has been gradually expanded to cover the whole country and a national pension system has been established.
  • Since 1988, it has been implemented Minimum wage system ;
  • Since 1988, investment in housing construction has been expanded in order to solve the problem of houselessness. Between 1988 and 1991, 2 million houses were built, and the housing penetration rate increased from 69.2 percent in 1987 to 84 percent in 1994.
However, Korea's social welfare system is still in its infancy and is far from that of developed countries in the West. [42]

culture

  • Development culture
Roh Tae-woo made the cover of Time magazine
In January 1990, the Roh Tae-woo administration divided the Ministry of Culture and Education into the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Education, and the government recognized the particularity and importance of the ministry of culture. In June of the same year, the Ministry of Culture formulated the 10-year Plan for Cultural Development, which aims to establish four major foundations for national cultural development in 10 years, namely, the so-called cultural foundation for well-being, the cultural foundation for reconciliation to ease social conflicts, the cultural foundation for opening up to meet the needs of development in the post-industrial era, and the cultural foundation for unification to prepare for the era of North-South cooperation. According to the plan, the Roh Tae-woo government and the Ministry of Culture did a great deal of work to enhance cultural creativity, give full play to the function of cultural media, expand the opportunities for people to enjoy culture, and promote international cultural exchanges, which brought about the overall prosperity of traditional culture, popular culture, and creative culture, and the trend of integrating Korean culture with the world culture was increasingly strengthened.
Under the guidance of the 10-year Plan for Cultural Development, the Roh Tae-woo government enacted the Law on the Revitalization of Museums and Art Galleries and the Law on the Revitalization of Libraries in 1991. Since then, it has been possible for individuals, schools and companies to open small-scale art galleries and museums in Korea. This led to a boom in the library industry in the 1990s. During this period, the number of public libraries in Korea quickly increased from 176 to 267. The government also provided 200 million won in financial support to 80 cultural centers and village libraries nationwide to help them build small libraries. [43]
  • Reform education
On May 30, 1988, the Roh Tae-woo government established the Central Education Review Council. As a deliberative advisory body for the Minister of Education, the council has six sub-committees consisting of 60 members and seven researchers. It has proposed and reviewed measures related to education policies, including measures to ban private tutoring, measures to normalize high school education, and measures to reform the college entrance examination system. In February 1989, the Roh Tae-woo administration decided to expand the number of members of the Education Policy Advisory Council from 15 to 20, and to directly advise the president on education policies and receive education advice from the president. The promotion of the "Education Policy Advisory Council" has increased the transparency of the education policy making process.
According to the recommendations of the Education Policy Advisory Council and the Central Education Council, the Roh Tae-woo government issued the College Entrance Examination System Reform Plan in April 1991, which stipulated that universities should select students based on three parts: high school academic records, college scholastic ability test (CSAT) scores, and college entrance exam scores, of which high school academic records are required. The results of the other two parts are the basis for re-evaluating students. It was not until 1994, during the Kim Young-sam administration, that this plan was implemented and achieved certain results. [44]

Military affairs

  • 8. 18 Military Reform Plan
In the 1970s and 1980s, the South Korean military proposed 70 to 80 reform plans, but only the August 18 plan under the Roh Tae-woo administration was implemented. After Roh Tae-woo took office, he put forward the intention of national defense reform with the main content of establishing the command structure of the army, navy and air force simultaneously. To this end, the Korean Army formed an "August 18 Research Committee" on May 16, 1988, and began to study specific reform plans. August 20, 1990. His reform plan was officially approved by Roh Tae-woo. The program mainly refers to Israel Synthetic military system and Germany In the Joint military system, it was decided to establish the Joint Staff Headquarters, which will command and control the actual operations of the ROK army, in the ROK Army as the command organ of the joint military system. On October 1, 1990, the amendment Act to the Constitution of the Armed Forces came into effect, which stipulated that the army, navy and air force would be replaced by a joint system. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Republic of Korea It was upgraded from the original advisory body of the Ministry of National Defense to the supreme combat command body of the army, navy and air force, and has jurisdiction over the main combat forces of the army, navy and air force, and this system has been maintained to this day. [45]
  • Take back operational control of South Korean forces
Korean War Since then, the operational control of the South Korean Army has been in the hands of the United States. Roh Tae-woo first put forward the goal of recovering the operational control of the Korean army, which is of landmark significance in the history of the Korean army. [46] During his tenure, he replaced the deputy commander of the Combined Air Force Command with a South Korean officer, appointed a South Korean officer as the commander of the Combined Ground Forces Command, disbanded the Korea-U.S. Combined Field Forces Command, took back non-wartime operational control from 1993 to 1995, and appointed a South Korean officer as the chief representative of the United Nations Force under the Military Armistice Commission. However, the issue of wartime operational control has been unresolved for a long time. [47]

diplomacy

  • Against the United States
Roh Tae-woo was in office Upheaval in Eastern Europe , Collapse of the Soviet Union , Cold war But the "threat" from North Korea is still there, so the US-South Korea alliance remains and continues to strengthen. Roh Tae-woo and the United States Ronald Reagan , George W. Bush The government held seven summits. On February 1, 1991, South Korea and the United States amended the" Status of Forces Agreement "Part of the annex, United States Forces Korea It will return the unnecessary facilities and land it occupied, improve the working conditions of Korean workers stationed in the U.S. military, and expand the scope of sovereignty of the Korean government to exercise jurisdiction over the criminal prosecution of U.S. forces in Korea and customs inspection. In return, the South Korean government agreed to gradually increase its share of defense costs for the U.S. forces stationed in South Korea.
Regarding the Korea-U.S. trade frictions since the Chun Doo-hwan era, the Roh Tae-woo administration continued negotiations and reforms to save South Korea from the U.S. designation Super 301 In terms of intellectual property issues, it has changed from a "key observation" target country to a "general observation" target country. [47]
  • Against Japan
During the Roh Tae-woo administration, Korea-Japan relations were further deepened. During Roh Tae-woo's visit to Japan in 1990, the new emperor Akihito He told him: "I cannot help but feel sorry for the suffering of your people during the period of my country's misfortune." The public opinion is that this conversation is more Showa Emperor The apology for Chun Doo-hwan has moved forward. [48] But others saw a lack of sincerity in later South Korean presidents Lee Myung-bak He called on the emperor to apologize again for his ambiguous wording. [49]
The Roh Tae-woo government has changed from the military government Comfort woman The Japanese Prime Minister visited Korea in 1992 and took a proactive approach to the issue in line with public opinion Miyazawa Kiichi In 1993, he officially apologized to President Roh Tae-woo for the comfort women issue and jointly launched an investigation into the comfort women issue with the Roh Tae-woo government Kono Conversation The foreshadowing of the oven. [50]
  • The "Northern Policy" established diplomatic relations with China and South Korea
When Roh Tae-woo took office, he announced that he would open up a new relationship with People's Republic of China and The Soviet Union The diplomacy of other socialist countries is called the "Northern policy". The "Northern Policy" was supported by the United States. With the hosting of the 24th Summer Olympic Games as an opportunity, Korea has been in frequent contact with socialist countries. The first socialist country to establish diplomatic relations with South Korea was Hungarian People's Republic He established consular relations in October 1988 and ambassadorial relations on February 1, 1989. For the next two years, Poland Other Eastern European countries have established diplomatic ties with Korea. In November 1989, the two countries decided to establish consular relations, and in June 1990, Roh Tae-woo and the President of the Soviet Union agreed to establish consular relations Gorbachev stateside San Francisco They agreed to normalize relations between the two countries and officially established ambassadorial relations on September 30, followed by Roh Tae-woo's state visit to the Soviet Union in December and Gorbachev's visit to Korea in April of the following year Jeju Island . [51] At the same time, South Korea and Mongolian People's Republic (26 March 1990), Vietnam (December 22, 1992) and other Asian socialist countries also established diplomatic relations. [53] 52 -
An important achievement of the "Northern Policy" is the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea. Roh Tae-woo's resolute attitude towards the establishment of diplomatic relations with China is partly related to his "West Coast development plan", hoping to build an economic circle with China in the Yellow Sea. While strengthening economic and trade ties with China, Mr. Roh has taken a cool approach to events in Beijing. In the spring of 1991, China and South Korea set up commercial representative offices in each other. In November of the same year, the Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen Attend in South Korea Asia-pacific Economic Cooperation At the third Ministerial meeting, Roh Tae-woo met separately with Qian Qichen and formally raised the issue of establishing diplomatic ties, hoping to realize the normalization of China-ROK relations during his term of office. In May 1992, the negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the ROK officially started, and Qian Qichen and ROK Foreign Minister Lee Sang-ok held three rounds of secret negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations, which ended at the end of June. In Qian Qichen go Pyongyang After briefing the North Korean side, the foreign ministers of China and South Korea met in Beijing on August 24, 1992 Diaoyutai State Guesthouse The communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the ROK was officially signed. The move comes two days after Taiwan severed diplomatic ties with South Korea. From September 27 to 30, President Roh Tae-woo paid a state visit to China and signed four agreements, including the China-ROK Trade Agreement, the China-ROK Investment Guarantee Agreement, the China-ROK Joint Committee on Economy, Trade and Technology Agreement and the China-ROK Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement. [56] 54 -
During the Roh Tae-woo administration, Korea established diplomatic relations with 45 countries and has a population of 1.7 billion. In this atmosphere of reconciliation, on September 18, 1991, both North and South Korea joined The United Nations . [57]

Inter-korean relations

In his inaugural address, Mr. Roh reiterated the principle that the Korean Peninsula issue would be resolved "peacefully through democratic means" between the two Koreas and called for "a spring of reconciliation on the armistice line through dialogue and coexistence, coexistence and cooperation, in line with a new era of national pride." [25] On July 7, 1988, Roh Tae-woo issued a Special Declaration for National Pride, Unity and Prosperity after consultations between the ruling and opposition parties. This is the South Korean government's first soft policy toward North Korea to resolve ethnic issues. It officially declared that North Korea was no longer an enemy, but a partner in peaceful reunification. The declaration put forward the four unified principles of "autonomy, peace, democracy and welfare" and six specific policies. In September 1989, Roh Tae-woo further proposed a "plan for the common reunification of the Korean nation." The plan pointed out that the unification of the North and the South should go through the stage of north-south union to establish a single country, rather than a federal system, and the unified country should practice a liberal democratic system. The central content of the plan is to leverage South Korea's economic strength and international status and gradually exert influence on North Korea through the implementation of the "Northern policy" to promote changes in North Korea's domestic and foreign policies, and to achieve reunification of the Korean Peninsula by peaceful means when conditions are ripe. Although the unification plans of Kim Il Sung and Roh Tae-woo both emphasized the principle of independent and peaceful reunification, the difference between the two plans was that North Korea advocated the preservation of the establishment of separate regimes in the two Koreas Democratic Federal Republic of Korea . Roh advocated peaceful reunification with the South through economic competition. The unification plan of the two sides, which is in opposite directions, is naturally not accepted by the other side. On the other hand, after 1990, due to a series of shocks such as the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and the Soviet Union, the upheaval in Eastern Europe, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, North Korea lost the nuclear umbrella of the Soviet Union and decided to develop nuclear weapons on its own. The two Koreas initially tried to resolve these issues through dialogue. [58]
In the early 1990s, the two Koreas held two high-level talks. First, the North-South National Assembly talks. Preparatory contacts for the inter-Korean parliamentary talks began in August 1988 and were held 10 times by January 1990. The 11th round of preparatory contacts was scheduled for February 1990, but the North announced that it would suspend the 11th round of preparatory contacts due to South Korea-U.S. military exercises. Thus, the inter-Korean National Assembly talks were aborted. The other is the North-South prime ministers' meeting. The inter-Korean Prime ministerial talks were held eight times from September 1990 to September 1992. Prime Minister of North Korea Yanhemmer And the Prime Minister of South Korea Kang Young-hoon He attended the inter-Korean Prime Ministers' talks in Seoul and Pyongyang.
The North-South prime ministers' meeting achieved great results. First, in December 1991, the two prime ministers signed the Agreement on the Realization of North-South Reconciliation, Non-aggression and Cooperation and Exchange (a total of 4 chapters and 25 articles, commonly referred to as the "North-South Basic Agreement"). Second, since the United States announced the withdrawal of all nuclear weapons in South Korea, the DPRK accepted the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, and the two prime ministers signed the Joint Declaration on the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula in January 1992. The signing of these two important documents is of great significance to the maintenance of peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and has become an epoch-making event to open the peaceful reunification of the Korean Peninsula.
After the signing of the two documents, the Roh Tae-woo administration announced the suspension of the annual military exercises between South Korea and the United States (the "spirit of cooperation"), and North Korea accepted it four times International Atomic Energy Agency Check. But North Korea has refused IAEA inspections Yongbyon Tensions between the two Koreas escalated over two military facilities near the nuclear power plant. In October 1992, South Korea announced the resumption of joint military exercises with the United States in 1993, and North Korea announced the suspension of the ninth round of inter-Korean Prime ministers' talks scheduled for December 21, 1992, in Seoul, South Korea. Since then, the inter-Korean high-level talks have all ended, and inter-Korean relations have once again become tense. [58-59]

Anecdotal allusion

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EDITOR

Origin of name

Roh had his son eight years after his parents married. According to legend, Lu Taiyu's mother was pregnant with this hard-won child, had a fetal dream, dreaming of a huge boa constrictor, quite some knowledge of Sinology Lu Taiyu grandfather Lu Yongzhu that the python is actually a green dragon, so he named his grandson "Tai long", which "Tai" word is Lu family generation, "dragon" refers to Lu mother's fetal dream of the python. However, Roh Tae-yu's grandfather also felt that the name "Tai Long" was always a little too much publicity, so he renamed it "Tai Yu" according to the meaning of "great wisdom if a fool". [7]

Character nickname

When Roh was in elementary school, he was always smiling, which is why he was nicknamed "스마일/smile." [11] After he entered politics, he was criticized as weak and indecisive, and was called a "water-tae-fool" (물태우). However, after Roh became president, he said he was satisfied with the nicknames "Water President" and "Water Tae-woo." He quotes Socrates It is said that although water is tolerant, but also mean and terrible, not as gentle as mother, so people like water are the most ideal candidates as leaders. At the same time, he dismissed the perception that he was weak, asking: "No matter what the outside looks like, does the president not have a strong will in his heart?" [60]

Love literature and art

Influenced by his father, Roh grew up loving music. When he was young, he often played the short flute and violin left by his father, sang songs quite beautifully, and learned to compose music. Later, he became the division commander of the White Horse Army, and also personally composed the song "The Soul of the White Horse" as the division song, so that the officers and soldiers under him could learn to sing. Whenever he missed his father, Roh would play a short flute to express his missing feelings. He is also good at whistling, and it is said that the sound of whistling is very similar to that of the flute, even to the point of being false. [7] [61] After the successful holding of the Olympic Games, when a meeting to celebrate, suddenly the venue sounded a whistle, everyone could not help but be surprised, but a look at the original is Lu Taiyu whistling, and blowing very well, everyone was happy to clap. [62]
In addition, Roh also likes to recite poetry, especially the world-famous German writer Herman. Hesse often spoke of his work, Demian ". [62]

Tennis master

Roh Tae-woo tennis He played very well, and repeatedly advised people around him to play tennis and strengthen physical exercise. President of the United States in 1992 George W. Bush During his visit to Korea, he played tennis with Roh Tae-woo. [62]

Safeguard the Olympic Games

In 1981, when Seoul won the bid, Roh was in charge of organizing the 24th Summer Olympic Games. However, in 1984, due to the political chaos and various scandals in South Korea caused by Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorship, there were strong international calls to move the 1988 Olympics from Seoul to a neutral country or postpone the games for eight years. Roh flew to the airport as soon as he heard about it Switzerland Lausanne, and speech to study more than 70 years ago Li Jun Martyr, make or break. President of the International Olympic Committee Samaranch Allowing him to make a speech, Roh said:
"For the sake of understanding between the East and the West, for the sake of easing tensions, for the sake of world peace, and to prove that the Olympic Games are not the monopoly of developed countries, the whole world supports South Korea in hosting the Olympic Games in Seoul, and the Korean people are also happy about this and are making all-out preparations to ensure the success of the games." Work on the Olympic venues, athletes' village and other facilities is 50 percent complete. We are building a lot of huge projects and investing a lot of money in them. If the venue is changed, who will pay for the huge loss? If you insist on changing the venue, the 40 million people of the Republic of Korea will not tolerate it. We will always remember who destroyed our economy and our ideals. You may have seen the beautiful main sports venue of the Seoul Olympics. "If we change the venue, we will turn the main stadium into a huge historical cemetery, and erect Samaranch's grave in the middle of the turf, erect a tombstone, and beside it erect granite tombstones with the names of the members of the Executive Committee, so that our children and grandchildren will always remember the humiliation of today!" [63]
There was complete silence during Roh's speech. Samaranch later said that he will not hurt the feelings of the South Korean people and will urge the South Korean government to stabilize the situation as soon as possible to ensure the smooth hosting of the Olympic Games. Thanks to Roh's efforts, the 1988 Summer Olympics were held in Seoul as scheduled. [63]

Storm of false claims

In October 1995, after leaving office, Roh Tae-woo made a statement, Comparing Cultural revolution Speaking of which, Gwangju incident "Nothing" speech, caused an uproar, and was referred to as "nonsense" by South Korean public opinion. In the face of the public anger of the Korean people, Roh Tae-woo was forced to say, I do not remember saying such a thing at the beginning, but after listening to the tape, I was surprised that I could say such a thing. Under pressure from various circles, Roh Tae-woo officially apologized to the families of the victims of the Gwangju incident on October 13, 1995. [64-65 ]

Search for Chinese roots

Roh Tae-woo was born in the Roh family. Roh Tae-yu knows the family tree since he was a child. Roh is derived from the Jiang family name, which is a branch of the Jiang family name Jiang Taigong The descendants of... The original ancestor of the Lu family was the 11th grandson of Jiang Taigong, who settled in Shandong Lu County The city is the family. More than a thousand years later, the Roh family moved to Korea, which is across the sea from China South Jeolla Province Gwangju The original Lu Shu, had Goryeo Dynasty Period custodian guard general. Roh Tae-woo's history made him have a special feeling for China for a long time. Before the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, he had visited the west coast of South Korea more than once to look across the sea to China, hoping for the improvement of relations between the two countries.
Roh Tae-woo and his wife Kim Ok-sook went to China to find their roots
Roh's greatest wish was to establish diplomatic relations with China and visit China, which was finally realized from September 27 to 30, 1992, when he arrived in Beijing with his wife and daughter. As the visit schedule is very tight, it is impossible to arrange for him to go to Shandong to search for roots. He said that after leaving office, he has more time and will come to China again. In 1995, Mr. Roh planned to visit China, but was unable to do so because of his imprisonment.
In June 2000, Roh Tae-woo finally visited China again. He first came to Beijing to meet friends and see China's development. More importantly, he went to Shandong to find his roots and realize his long-cherished wish. After visiting Beijing, Chongqing, Guilin and Xi 'an, Roh came to Shandong Province with his wife and daughter Changqing County Luzhuang Village (Jinan), the first place where the ancestors of the Lu family settled.
Lu Taiyu visited the tomb of King Lu (the tomb of the king of the state of Lu) in Luzhuang village, planted a commemorative tree, and visited the Jiangtaigong Temple on his way to Qingdao mitsuka And in Changqing founded the founding Conference of the World Lu Clan. In 2013, Roh Tae-woo's son, Roh Jae-heon, also came to China to seek his roots. [66-67]

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR
  • 2002, South Korea Chosun Ilbo The Evaluation Committee for past Korean Presidents was organized and 500 experts from various regions and fields (320 valid respondents) were assigned to eight presidents and one acting president. Xu Zheng ) and Prime ministers under the Cabinet system of the Second Republic ( Zhang Mian Score on 10 dimensions. In the final overall ranking, Roh scored 44.36 points, ranking sixth (the top five were Park Chung-hee, Kim Dae-jung, Kim Young-sam, Rhee Syngman Chun Doo-hwan). He ranked third in social, welfare, and cultural performance (52.06 points), the highest. Foreign affairs, security and unification (58.50 points) and economy (52.88 points) ranked fourth, while personnel management (47.00 points) and education and science and technology (50.81 points) ranked fifth. Crisis management (46.19 points), democracy (50.63 points), and political and administrative performance (49.56 points) ranked sixth, blueprint (43.75 points) ranked seventh, and ethics (35.38 points) ranked second from the bottom (ninth). Experts say Roh developed procedural democracy by introducing direct presidential elections, guaranteeing freedom of speech and assembly, and the right to work, and resuming parliamentary audits. However, the revelation of slush funds after his retirement has affected his moral integrity and other areas of evaluation. [68-69]
  • In 2011, 13 Korean scholars, including Seoul National University professor Kang Won-taek, published a collection of essays titled "Reunderstanding the Roh Tae-woo Era: Korean Society in the Transition Period," in which they reassessed Roh's political achievements and leadership. These scholars believe that it is unfair that Roh is not popular in the polls and even gets the lowest ratings in some aspects. This is due to his involvement in the slush fund scandal as a former member of the new military, as well as the stereotypical impression left by the stigmatized nickname "Su Tae-woo." In fact, it was during the Roh Tae-woo era that democracy became a way of life for South Koreans. It was difficult for future generations to balance diplomacy by maintaining friendly relations with the United States and Japan while pursuing the "North Korea policy" and joining the United Nations with North Korea. Roh Tae-woo laid the foundation for the internal and external order of today's Korea, and his political achievements and leadership should be highly valued. [27]
  • Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Emeritus Professor Lee Chung-hee and others argue that Roh is a bridge between authoritarianism and democracy. Because of Roh Tae-woo, South Korea was able to achieve a change of government without a bloody revolution; Compared with the intensely personal leaders of Park Chung-hee and Kim Dae-jung, Mr. Roh has little personality. "South Koreans are against dictatorships, but they like strongmen," he said. [87]
  • In 2015, just before the 70th anniversary of Korea s independence, Gallup conducted a telephone survey of 5,737 people, 1,000 of whom completed the survey. The subjects of the investigation are Rhee Syng-man, Park Chung-hee, Chun Doo-hwan, Roh Tae-woo, Kim Young-sam, Kim Dae-jung, Roh Moo-hyun , Lee Myung-bak Eight presidents. Among the presidents who have led our country best, Roh Tae-woo ranks last by 0.1%. Roh Tae-woo is one of the four presidents who have done more good than good (Park Chung-hee, Roh Moo-hyun, and Kim Dae-jung have done more good than bad, and Rhee Syng-man has done more good than bad). Forty-five percent of the respondents said Roh has done more, while nine percent said he has done more. The respondents said Roh s accomplishments were due to direct election/democratization (28 percent) and impeccable (18 percent). They cited personal corruption/slush fund (22 percent), lack of results/ability (19 percent), lack of faith/weakness/indecision (15 percent), lack of leadership and motivation (5 percent), coup/military regime (5 percent), and succession to the Chun Doo-hwan administration (5 percent). [70]
  • " Joongang Ilbo Roh Tae-woo failed to keep his promise of a public evaluation during his term, which he made during the presidential election. He also earned the nickname of "Su Tae-woo" for his indecisive style of handling affairs. [8]
  • " Hankyoreh Daily ": Demolished in 1989 Berlin Wall The North s diplomacy promoted by the late President Roh Tae-woo, and because North Korean nuclear crisis President Kim Dae-jung's tumultuous second half of the 1990s Sunshine policy . Both of them opened the geopolitical window by maximizing diplomatic power. Believing that he did not know much about diplomacy, President Roh left the matter in the hands of his aides. This is also the character of a leader. During this period, South Korea established diplomatic relations with China and the Soviet Union, and reached a historic inter-Korean agreement. [71]
  • Kim Jong Il Chun Doo-hwan only took over the presidency, while Roh Tae-woo and Kim Young-sam ruined the country. [72]
  • Qian Qichen Roh Tae-woo is a former soldier, but he is moderate and firm on the issue of establishing diplomatic relations with China. [54]
  • Kim Young-sam Roh Tae-woo is a really bad man. We'll see what he does to Chun Doo-hwan. It was Chun Doo-hwan who turned Roh into president. At a meeting between the leaders of the ruling and opposition parties held at Cheong Wa Dae right after Roh Tae-woo took office, I strongly urged Chun to be sent to Baekdam Temple. I spoke so strongly that it was difficult for the other opposition parties to disagree. At that time, DJ (Kim Dae-jung) said that enough was enough, but JP (Kim Jong-pil) silently acquiesced. No matter how bad Roh Tae-woo is, isn't Chun Doo-hwan also his benefactor? Then he should firmly oppose (Chun Doo-hwan) going to Baekdam Temple. At a meeting between the three party leaders and Roh Tae-woo at Cheong Wa Dae, when I strongly urged Chun to go to Baekdam Temple, I expected Roh to oppose to the end, saying, I will not be president anymore. I thought Roh had that kind of drive. However, Chun Doo-hwan was eventually sent to Baekdam Temple. This is Roh's human nature. So now Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo are completely enemies. The two have so far absolutely not seen each other. [73]
  • Reuters "He is a decorated military veteran who played a key but controversial role in [South Korea's] transition to democratic elections," the report said. " New York Times Roh led South Korea's "difficult transition" to democracy. Yonhap Roh was widely praised for his efforts to establish relations with socialist countries during his tenure as president. [85]
  • Chinese People's Liberation Army Military Orchestra Former head, famous conductor Yu Hai As one of the designers and witnesses of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, then South Korean President Roh Tae-woo made great contributions. President Roh Tae-woo is handsome, tall, upright, smiling and polite, he has the dignity of a general and the elegance of a politician. [86]

Interpersonal relationship

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  • Father: Lu Bingshou (1901-1939) [74]
  • Mother: Kim Tae-hyang [74] (1907-1999)
  • Wife: Kim Ok-sook (1935 - friend of Roh Tae-woo Jin Budong Sister) [75]
  • Daughter: Noh So-young 1961 - Graduated from the United States College of William and Mary With the UK London School of Economics She married in 1988 SK Group Guild leader Choi Tae-won The two had three children together, and on December 6, 2022, she divorced Choi Tae-won and is now the director of the Butterfly Art Center. [39] [75] [90]
  • Son: Noh Jae-heon (1965 - Graduated from the United States Stanford University He is currently the Director of the East Asian Cultural Center) [39] [75]

Major work

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  • "The Great Era of Ordinary People" (written in 1987 for the election campaign to clarify his policy philosophy, Taiwan has a Chinese translation of "The Great Era of Ordinary people") [76]
  • Memoirs of Roh Tae-woo (2011, two volumes) [77]

Character dispute

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EDITOR
The most important achievement of Roh Tae-woo's life was the June 29 Declaration, which opened the door to democratization in Korea by accepting the public's demand for a direct presidential election. However, Chun Doo-hwan published his Oral Testimony in 1992, claiming that he had asked Roh Tae-woo to accept the direct election system as early as June 14, and that the June 29 Declaration was issued at his behest. In other words, Chun Doo-hwan is the real protagonist of the June 29 Declaration. [78] So Mrs. Chun Doo-hwan Lee Sun-ja Roh said that the June 29 Declaration, which is considered to be Roh s political masterpiece, was actually the product of her husband s directing, and that Roh was only an actor who performed on stage under his direction. [79]
Mr. Roh did not immediately respond. In 2007, Roh Tae-woo published his Oral Memoirs. He recalled that Chun Doo-hwan rejected the direct election system until June 20 or 22, saying that he was the main character of the June 29 Declaration. The Memoirs of Roh Tae-woo in 2011 not only repeated his previous views, but further stated that he had told his close aide Park Cheol-eon on June 17 that he would only accept direct elections. [78]
Some scholars believe that Roh s statement is closer to the truth than Chun s statement. But Mr Roh's claim that he accepted direct elections on June 17th is implausible. [78]

Film and television image

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EDITOR
name
age
Actor or actress
Fourth Republic
1995
Kin-based
Korean Gate
Kim Sung-won
Samjin Period
1998
Lin Caimao
Fifth Republic
2005
Seo In-seok
Secret history of Korean politics
2013
Kim Deok-hyun
Seoul Spring
2023
Park Hae-joon (Roh Tae-gun in the film) [91]
Some of the above references [80-81]
Hit the road
Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneselfnew
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