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Nansha Islands, known in ancient times as Wanli Shitang, Wanli Long Embankment, Wansheng Shitang Island, etc., are located
The South China Sea
South sea, north
Shongnam Reef
, south to
The ground is dark sand
, west to
Wan 'an Beach
, East to
Hippocampus Beach
It is the southernmost group of islands in the South China Sea, with the largest number of islands and reefs and the widest range of islands.
[1]
Administered by Nansha District, Sansha City, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.
[2]
Nansha Islands
Vietnam
It is called the Changsha Islands (
Vietnamese (Ting Vit)
: Quần Scalao o Tr ng Sa/ Changsha Islands).
Malaysia
,
Indonesia
and
The Philippines
The name Spratly Islands is used to refer to the entire group of islands (
Malay
,
Indonesian
Kepulauan Spratly;
The Tagalog language
: Kapuluang Spratly); Malaysia refers to the occupied part of the reef as the Semarong Observation Group.
Malay
Gugusan Semarang Peninjau), which the Philippines claims as the Kalayaan Islands.
The Tagalog language
Kapuluan ng Kalayaan).
[3]
Nansha Qundao is located in latitude 3°35 '~ 11°55' north, longitude 109°30 '~ 117°50' east, about 905 kilometers long from east to west, about 887 kilometers wide from north to south, the sea area of 886,000 square kilometers. Its northwest and
Vietnam
In contrast, northeast vs
The Philippines
Across the sea, south of the water
Malaysia
,
Brunei
,
Indonesia
The coast of other countries borders.
[1]
Spratly Islands
Tropical oceanic monsoon climate
It is the largest tropical fishing ground in China's Marine fishery, and the sea area contains a large number of mineral resources, especially rich in oil and gas resources
The Persian Gulf
"Said. The Nansha Islands are located in
Vietnam
CAM Ranh Bay
and
The Philippines
Subic Bay
Between two naval bases, choke
Pacific
to
The Indian Ocean
It is the key point of maritime traffic from East Asia to South Asia, the Middle East,
Africa
,
Europe
It is an important international waterway that must be passed through, an important passage for China's opening up and an important barrier for the security of southern Xinjiang. Beginning in the 1970s,
Vietnam
,
The Philippines
,
Malaysia
Other countries have sent troops to occupy some islands and reefs of the Nansha Islands, causing
South China Sea dispute
.
[4-5]
- Chinese name
- Nansha Islands
- Foreign name
- Vietnamese: Quần lada o Tr ng Sa, Malay, Indonesian: Kepulauan Spratly; Tagalog: Kapuluang Spratly
- alias
- Wanli Stone Pond
- Geographical position
- The South China Sea south
- class
- archipelago
- Administrative ownership
- China Hainan Province Sansha City
- Subordinate region
- China The South China Sea
- Sea area
- 886,000 square kilometers
- Land area
- 16.646 sq. km (January 2016)
- Main composition
- Nansha six groups of reefs , Fiery Cross Reef , Mischief Reef Etc.
- Famous scenic spot
- Fiery Cross Reef , Mischief Island
- Climatic condition
- Tropical oceanic monsoon climate
catalogue
- 1Administrative jurisdiction
- ▪Qin and Han Dynasties
- ▪Tang and Yuan Dynasties
- ▪Ming and Qing Dynasties
- ▪Republic of China period
- ▪New China period
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Location boundary
- ▪Geological structure
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- 3Reef distribution
- 4Hydrological characteristics
- ▪tide
The qin dynasty
At the end of the country war, Nanhai County lieutenant
Zhao Tuo
Taking advantage of the chaos, the annexation of three counties to build the state of South Vietnam (Guangdong),
Hainan Island
with
South China Sea islands
Belong to the
South Vietnam
Govern.
[6]
The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
During the period, the Chinese began sailing in the South China Sea and discovered a group of coral reefs and reefs and set them up
Pearl scarp
,
A surname
Nigun
[8]
.
Three Kingdoms period
,
Great earthquake
The Annals of South State Foreign Bodies and
Safe and sound
The Biography of Funan, which he wrote, contains an account of the geomorphological features of Nansha Islands.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty (917-907)
Faxian
Left about
An old name for Southeast Asia
The trip to remember.
[9]
The tang dynasty
Zhenyuan
Five years (789) since then, the South China Sea islands "Changsha" and "Shitang" have been included in China's territory
[10]
. yuan
Solstice element
In January of the 29th year (1292), the Yuan General
Shi Bi
Led a navy strength of 20,000 men, from
Quanzhou
Weigh anchor, send a thousand boats, through Xisha and Nansha Islands.
[11]
Since the
Vinh Lac
Three years (1405) to
Xuande
Eight years (1433),
Ming Dynasty Chengzu
send
The Three Treasures Eunuch
Zheng He
and
Feixin
,
Ma Huan
,
Yin Qing
,
Wang Jinghong
Yang Wei and other officials led the fleet, commanding more than 20,000 sailors and soldiers each time, taking 50 or 60 treasure ships (not counting small boats) to the Western Ocean seven times, through the South China Sea islands. Ming Xuande five years (1430) compiled"
Zheng He's nautical charts
The Xisha and Nansha Islands were plotted within the territory of the Ming Dynasty and were under the jurisdiction of Wanzhou
[12]
.
qing
Tongzhi
Six years later (1867), the British hydrometric survey ship Lefman went to Nansha to survey, and recorded that "all the islands have the footprints of Hainan fishermen, to catch sea cucumbers and shellfish for a living, quite a number of years to stay here".
Guang Xu
In 1883, the Qing government protested against Germany's illegal survey activities on various islands in the South China Sea, including the Xisha and Nansha Islands.
[13]
The Republic of China
Twenty-two years (1933), France invaded China's Nansha Islands
Taiping Island
,
Zhongye Island
Nine islands, the Chinese government lodged a protest with the French government. In August, Guangdong authorities sent two warships to the Nansha sea area to investigate, and then lodged a protest with the French government.
[14, 15]
In 1935, in the 24th year of the Republic of China, the Commission for Review of Land and Water Maps of the Chinese Government published the Map of Islands in the South China Sea, indicating in detail the specific names of islands and reefs in the South China Sea, including the Nansha Qundao.
[14]
In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), Japan occupied
South China Sea islands
. Changing the Nansha Islands as the "New South Islands", mining bird droppings and fishing aquatic products in the South China Sea Islands.
[14, 15]
Thirty-five years of the Republic of China (1946), according to
Cairo Declaration
and
Potsdam Proclamation
The Ministry of the Interior, together with the Ministry of the Navy and the Guangdong Provincial Government, appointed Xiao Ziyin and Mai Yunyu as commissioners of the Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands, respectively, to take over the Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands and set up a monument of sovereignty on the islands. On December 12, the two ships of the Chinese Navy "Taiping" and "Zhongye" landed on Taiping Island with more than 100 people and set up the "Nansha Islands Management Office" on the island.
[14]
[16]
In 1947, in the 36th year of the Republic of China, the Ministry of the Interior of China renamed a total of 159 islands, reefs and beaches in the South China Sea, including the Nansha Islands, and published them for implementation.
[14]
On January 21, 1949, the 38th year of the Republic of China,
Hainan Special Administrative Region
Established, directly under the Executive Yuan of the National Government, "including the islands southwest of the island".
[17]
-
Chinese mainland
On March 1, 1959, the Working Committee of the Southwest Zhongsha Islands,
South West Central Sand Islands Office
in
Haikou
The first Guest house of the Hainan District Party Committee of the city was announced to be established, which is a dispatched agency of Guangdong Province and entrusted with the leadership of Hainan Administrative region.
[16]
[18]
On October 22, 1981, The State Council approved the establishment of the Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands, Zhongsha Islands Office (equivalent to the county level), as a representative office of the People's Government of Guangdong Province, under the direct leadership of Hainan Administrative Region.
[16]
In April 1983, the Chinese Commission on Geographical Names authorized the publication of standard geographical names of the South China Sea Islands, including the Nansha Islands.
[14]
In February 1988, the Chinese government responded
UNESCO
In 1987, a resolution was passed calling for a decision on the Spratly Islands
Fiery Cross Reef
Establishing ocean observation stations. On April 13, the first session of the seventh National People's Congress decided to establish
Hainan Province
And authorized Hainan Province to administer the Southwest Zhongsha Islands and their waters
[18]
. On March 13, Chinese naval vessels were ordered to sail on Yongshu Reef,
Chigua Reef
And other islands and reefs for inspection. At 6:25 a.m. on the 14th, the Vietnamese Navy's armed transport ships and landing ships ran into the sea area of Chigua Reef of the Nansha Islands for provocative activities, shooting and wounding the navy's soldiers who were carrying out normal patrol and investigation tasks, and firing artillery and machine guns at the ships and personnel on the reef. The Chinese People's Navy research ship was forced to defend itself.
Naval battle of Nansha
).
[19]
On August 2, 1989, the sovereignty monuments of Yongshu, Chigua, Huayang, Nanxun, Zhubi and Dongmen Reefs of China's Nansha Islands were completed.
[16]
On 21 June 2012, The State Council of China approved the establishment of Hainan Province
Sansha City
, administer
Xisha Islands
,
Zhongsha Islands
Islands, reefs and waters of the Nansha Islands.
[20]
On April 18, 2020, The State Council recently approved the establishment of Sansha City, Hainan Province
Xisha District
,
Nansha District
. Nansha District of Sansha City has jurisdiction over the islands, reefs and their waters of Nansha Qundao.
[2]
On May 24, 2023, the official post of the Ministry of Transport: In order to ensure the safety of ship navigation and operation, the South China Sea Navigation Support Center of the Ministry of Transport set up three light buoys in the waters near Huoai Reef, Oxbow Reef and Nanxun Reef of Nansha Islands.
[56]
On April 4, 2024, Gan Yu, spokesman for the China Sea Police, said that the Philippines organized a number of vessels to illegally operate in the waters near the Liuteng Reef of China's Nansha Islands, and the Chinese Coast Guard dealt with them according to law and regulations, and the on-site operation was professional.
[57]
-
Taiwan area
In 1950, the officers and soldiers of the "Management Office" of Xisha and Nansha Islands were gradually withdrawn to the left battalion of Taiwan, and the establishment was abolished on June 1, 1950.
[21]
On July 11, 1956, Colonel Xie Zhunian of the Kuomintang Navy took the command
frigate
Tai Hong, Tai Chao and
Tank landing ship
"Zhongzhao", formed the "Weiyuan detachment" carrying "Nansha Garrison Area" more than 100 officers and soldiers once again stationed in Taiping Island. Since July 11, China's Nansha garrison troops stationed on Taiping Island.
[16]
In 1966, the Kuomintang Taiwan authorities sent ships to Nanzi Reef of Nansha Islands,
Beizi Reef
, Zhongye Island,
Namkeydo
Erect the sovereign stone tablet equally.
[16]
At the beginning of 1990, the Taiwan authorities decided to separate the Nansha Taiping Island from the "Ministry of National Defense" and officially belong to it
Kaohsiung
Municipal jurisdiction, and encourage "immigrants to guard the border."
[16]
Mischief Reef of Nansha Islands
The Nansha Islands are located
The South China Sea
South sea, north
Shongnam Reef
, south to
Zeng Mother sand
, a surname
Wan 'an Beach
, a surname
Hippocampus Beach
It is the southernmost scattered archipelago in China, with geographical coordinates of 3°35 '~ 11°55' north latitude and 109°30 '~ 117°50' east longitude; With a length of about 905 kilometers from east to west and a width of about 887 kilometers from north to south, Nansha Islands and the sea area where they are located are collectively referred to as the Nansha Islands Sea area, referred to as the Nansha Sea area. The sea area of Nansha Islands in a broad sense covers an area of about 823,000 square kilometers, and is bounded by 12°00 '00 "north latitude and China's traditional sea border, and the area of Nansha Sea area is 706800km². Its northwest and
Vietnam
Far opposite, northeast and
The Philippines
Across the sea, south of the water
Malaysia
,
Brunei
,
Indonesia
The coast of other countries borders.
[1]
[22]
The fault structure in the Nansha Islands is the disintegration of the Cathaysian continental margin during Yanshanian period.
Himalayas
It is a fault system formed in the continental margin of the East Asian continental margin faulting system of the South China Sea, which is characterized by tensile or shear faults. It includes:
[23]
1. Nansha Fault block area
:
is
Cenozoic
The microlandmass stretching out from the South China land block near Xisha and Zhongsha Islands in the northern part of the South China Sea is located in the southeast wing of the continental margin graben system of the South China Sea. It consists of four tectonic units, namely Lile fault block basin, Taiping fault uplift, Nanhua fault block basin and Yinqing fault uplift. Surrounded by large faults, it forms underwater fault terraces with a long axis of NE-SW distribution, and east-SW distribution is dominant in the north of the fault. It is divided into east-west blocks by NW-SE faults, east-west faults and south-north faults. The NW-SE faults result in a series of arc-shaped fault depressions and convex faults between north and south, forming a tectonic pattern of "south and north zonation, east and west segmentation". The tectonic movement of Nansha fault block is characterized by differential uplift and lateral stretching since the Middle Miocene.
[23]
2. Zengmu Graben Belt:
Is close to
The island of Kalimantan
and
The Natuna Islands
Developed basin, for
Neogene
Formed by strike-slip tension, it is a complex structural belt of the broad continental shelf in southwest Nansha and a small part of the slope sea area, including 8 structural units, namely, Wanan fault uplift, Nanwei Southwest Fault graben, Beikang fault uplift, Nankang fault uplift, Central fault uplift, Southwest fault graben, Tuna ridge fault uplift and East Natuna fault graben, which are confined by faults as conjunctions of structures in all directions. It forms a curved curved graben belt from northeast to east-west and then to NW-southeast. Most of the tectonic faults are NW-southeast tensional shear normal faults, which break off from the continental shelf to the continental slope, and a few reverse faults mostly occur in the southeast. The lithosphere thickness is only 45 ~ 50 kilometers, and the crust thickness is only 16 ~ 21 kilometers.
[23]
Nansha fault block area basement and
Yanshanian Stage
The basement of the Pearl River Mouth Basin in the South China continental margin is similar to that of the North Palawan Basin
Mesozoic group
the
Sedimentary rock
(such as the lower Cretaceous agglomerates, conglomerates and sandstones, the upper lignite layer of sandy shale and siltstone) and
Metamorphic rock
E.g.
gneiss
,
Quartz schist
,
Mica schist
,
phyllite
The thickness of Cenozoic sediments in the fault block basin can reach 6 ~ 7 km, which is Marine facies
Sandy shale
and
limestone
Mainly, local development has
bioherm
It indicates that Nansha fault block area is a transversely broken thin-crust land block. The basement of Zengmu graben zone is uneven, and the west is
Late Cretaceous
the
granite
and
Metamorphic rock
From the southwest to the middle and north, the old is gradually new, and experts speculate that it is the late Cretaceous series
Eocene series
The thickness of Cenozoic sediments in the Lajiang Group is up to 8 ~ 9 km, mainly composed of deltaic and sea-land interlacing sand shale, and shallow Marine carbonate deposits.
[23]
-
Geomorphic feature
Topographic map of Nansha Islands
The first step is the Sunda shelf, which belongs to the southern continental shelf of the South China Sea, with a shallow water depth of 150 meters and an area of 126,100 square kilometers
The North Kang Sand
,
The South Kang Sand
and
Zeng Mother sand
More than 20 hidden sands (reefs, beaches).
[24 to 25]
The second stage is the southern continental slope of the South China Sea, with a water depth of 1,500 to 2,500 meters and an area of 548,500 square kilometers. The main terrain is the submarine plateau, which is generally 2,000 to 2,500 meters higher than the deep-sea plain. The top surface of the plateau is the discontinuous Nansha Step, extending from the outer edge of the southwest Sunda shelf to the northeast
Reed Bank
To the north, it is about 1,000 kilometers long and 360 kilometers wide; The steps are rugged and undulating. The landform of the uplifted part is characterized by seamount, reef and sand, atolls and platform reefs above and below the water surface, islands and sandbars emerging from the surface, forming the main body of Nansha Islands. Nansha Trough, Nanhua Channel trough, Central Channel trough and Huayang Sea trough cut the Nansha steps into pieces, making the southern continental slope of the South China Sea a compound continental slope.
[24 to 25]
The third step is the central deep-sea basin, located in the middle of the South China Sea, north of the Nansha Islands, with a water depth of 4,000 meters and an area of 36,700 square kilometers. The basin is slightly diamond-shaped, with an axis stretching 1,500 kilometers from northeast to southwest, and about 820 kilometers at its widest point; Northeast end
Bashi Channel
The sill is 2600 meters deep
Philippine Basin
Separated, the southwest end generally ends in the northwest side of Fiery Cross Reef; The bottom is the deep sea plain, the water depth of 4000 ~ 4500 meters, scattered with 10 seamounts and ridges, there are biological reefs, sedimentary layer thickness of 1000 ~ 2000 meters.
[24 to 25]
-
Geomorphic type
Nansha Qundao is a coral reef landform, islands, reefs and beaches scattered all over the sea area of more than 880,000 square kilometers, the base is mainly the southern continental slope of the South China Sea and a few continental shelf uplift steps, seabed channels criss-cross, the geomorphological situation is very complex. The island consists of reefs and coral sand and shells, low-lying, mostly below 4 meters above sea level.
[24]
The coral islands and reefs of Nansha Islands can be divided into three categories from geomorphology
atoll
,
Table reef
Atoll, tower reef, reef mound, point reef and other types, mostly atolls, and mainly large atolls; The second is the platform reef, the tower reef and reef mounds are less, and the point reef is a small reef developed in the atoll lagoon. According to statistics, Nansha Islands have a total of 56 atolls (of which 7 are all below the low water level), 36 reefs, 3 shelf reefs, and 18 other types of reefs. The main part of the upper part of the reef is close to the sea surface to form reefs, dark beaches and dark sand, and only a small part of the surface to form open reefs and develop into islands and sandbanks. Most of the Nansha Islands are developed on atolls, and only a few islands such as Nanwei Island and Xiyue Island are developed on isolated reefs. From the arrangement and combination, the distance between reefs is generally 30 ~ 50 kilometers, and the reefs exist in isolation. Oval or irregular in shape; The size of the atolls varies greatly, from 1.5 square kilometers to 7,000 square kilometers (Reed Bank Atoll).
[24]
[26]
The modern deposits of Nansha Islands are coral reefs and bioclastic deposits, the seaward slopes of reefs, reef flats, lagoon slopes of atolls,
lagoon
(including lake bottom and point reef) and mouth of 5 different geomorphic units.
[24]
Most of the Nansha Islands are located in the south of 10° north latitude, and belong to the equatorial monsoon climate zone, which is Marine
Tropical rainforest climate
. in
Northeast monsoon
,
Southwest monsoon
,
Subtropical high
,
The intertropical Convergence zone
and
Tropical cyclone
Under the influence, the main climatic characteristics such as long sunshine, strong radiation, small temperature difference, high temperature and humidity all year round, small wind and fog, abundant precipitation and increasing from north to south, and obvious dry and wet seasons are formed.
[27]
-
Insolation and radiation
According to the scientific investigation data of Nansha Islands, the average daily total radiation in the waters of Nansha Islands in spring (April to May) is 1929.5 jiao/cm2, in summer (June to September) is about 1783 jiao/cm2, and in winter (December to March) is about 1502.6 jiao/cm2. Net radiation is strong in spring and weak in winter, and the average daily total net radiation is about 1472 kj/cm2 in spring, about 1289 kj/cm2 in summer, and about 824.5 kj/cm2 in winter.
[27]
-
Air temperature
The annual mean temperature and annual mean SST of Nansha Islands are both higher than 27℃, which is the highest in the South China Sea. The average annual temperature of Taiping Island is 27.5℃, and that of Nanwei Island is 27.7℃. The monthly average temperature is not less than 26℃ for 12 months, the highest temperature of 28.8℃ appeared in May, and the extreme high temperature reached 35℃. Low temperature weather appeared in January, with the extreme low temperature of 22.4℃ in Taiping Island and 21.1℃ in Nanwei Island. The average daily, monthly and annual temperature changes and the temperature difference between winter and summer were very small, and the annual temperature difference was only 2-3 ℃. Day, night and morning were basically balanced, without four seasons. The surface water temperature also remains high throughout the year, and the average monthly temperature difference between the hottest month (May) and the coldest month (January) is also very small, known as the "summer sea".
[27]
-
Atmospheric pressure
The seasonal and diurnal variations of sea surface pressure in Nansha Islands are relatively small, which is slightly lower in summer than in winter. In July of summer, the sea area of Nansha Islands is in the risk control period of the southwest season, which is obviously affected by the equatorial high pressure, and the average pressure is between 1007.0 and 1009.0 height pascals. In January winter, the sea area of Nansha Islands is in the risk control period of the Northeast season, affected by the continental cold high, the average pressure is about 1010.0 ~ 1012.0 height PASCAL.
[27]
-
The wind
The wind field in the sea area of Nansha Islands is basically in coordination with the weather system. The main wind field is the monsoon, which is generally the northeast monsoon period from November every year to April the next year. The prevailing northeast wind is relatively stable and the air flow lasts for half a year, of which the highest frequency occurs in February, with an average wind speed of 6 m/s. From May to September is the southwest monsoon period, the prevailing southwest wind; from June to September is the peak period, the frequency of southwest wind is about 51.4%, the wind is strong, the average monthly wind speed is 2.4 ~ 4.5 m/s, and the maximum wind speed can reach 10 m/s. The Southwest monsoon period is also a multi-typhoon season, and typhoons from the West Pacific often affect the north of Nansha Islands. While May and October are the alternating periods of the local monsoon, the prevailing wind direction is not obvious, and the average monthly wind speed is between 4 and 4.8 m/s. Under the influence of monsoon tides, tropical storms, tropical cyclones and other weather systems, the waters of Nansha Islands often have strong winds of more than 6.
[27]
-
precipitation
The rainfall in the sea area of Nansha Islands is mainly brought by tropical cyclones and southwest monsoon, with abundant rainfall. The annual average rainfall is about 2000 mm, increasing from north to south, and the precipitation is mostly concentrated in June to December.
[27]
-
Cloud and mist
The annual mean total cloud cover over Nansha Islands is 6.0, and the monthly mean total cloud cover varies from 5.0 to 7.0. Due to the lack of suitable sea conditions and suitable wind fields for the formation of sea fog, fog rarely occurs, and visibility is relatively good, of which the frequency of visibility >10 nautical miles accounts for more than 70%.
[27]
The surface atolls in the islands and reefs of the Nansha Islands have an area of about 3,000 square kilometers, and there are 54 islands, reefs, sandbars and low-tide elevations that are exposed all the year round, including 44 surface atolls, 8 surface platform reefs and 2 surface tower reefs. Because the surface atolls are often composed of multiple individual reefs, there are 86 geographical monocytes that are exposed all year round and at low tide, and 52 dry reefs that are exposed to the reef flat or reef at low tide.
[28]
With the submarine plateau of Nansha Islands as the base structure, more than 230 islands, shoals, reefs, dark sand and dark shoals have developed in five groups, including the North Group, Northeast Group, Middle Group, South Group and Southwest Group, among which 177 have been named by the Chinese government, showing a distribution pattern of northeast - southwest, northwest - Southeast, south - North and east - west. The South China Channel runs through the islands from 112°35 'to 116°30' east, and through latitudes 10°55 ', 9°55 'and 8°40' north to form a three-point link, separating the northern and central parts of the islands. Among the named reefs and shoals, the islands have
Taiping Island
,
Zhongye Island
,
Sewoldo
,
Namwi Island
,
Puzido
,
Namjado
,
Hongxiu Island
,
Namkeydo
,
Mayuan Island
,
Fraser Island
and
Jinghong Island
Among them, the largest island is Taiping Island with an area of 0.432 square kilometers, and the highest is Beizi Island with an altitude of 12.5 meters at the top; The sandbank has
Dunqian Sandbank
,
Ambo Bar
,
Double yellow bar
,
The green sand bar
,
North Sea Bar
and
Yang Xin Sha Chau
Wait 6 seats; There are 105 submerged reefs, 34 submerged sands, and 21 submerged beaches. Four other reefs have small sandbanks and one reef has an artificial island.
[1]
[22]
The northern islands and reefs are distributed in
South China Channel
On the north side, the geographical coordinates are 9°42 '~ 11°31' north latitude, 114°02 '~ 115°02' east longitude, and it is the largest group of islands and reefs in the five major groups of Nansha Islands, with a total of 53, including 8 islands, 5 underwater bars, 33 submerged reefs, 6 hidden sands, and 1 hidden beach. It can also be divided into northern islands and reefs headed by Beizi Island, and
Taiping Island
Led by the central islands, to
Jinghong Island
Led by the southern reef group 3.
[1]
The northeast group of Nansha Islands, is
Reed Bank
The Great Atoll is a group of islands and reefs, distributed from the north
Shongnam Reef
, south to
Half Moon Reef
, Dongqi
Hippocampus Beach
, western end
Permanent reef
The geographical coordinates are 8°48 '~ 11°55' north latitude, 115°04 '~ 117°50' east longitude; A total of 47 islands and reefs developed on the edge of Lile Atoll, Lile Bank outer atoll and Ferma Atoll, including 2 islands, 34 reefs, 5 hidden sands and 6 hidden beaches.
[1]
The reefs of the Middle Islands of Nansha Qundao are located in latitude 6°57 '~ 9°40' north and longitude 111°37 '~ 115°55' east. The spatial pattern is roughly semi-circular, with a length of about 260 nautical miles from east to west and a width of more than 140 nautical miles from north to south. There are 41 reefs and beaches, including 1 island, 26 reefs, 12 hidden sands and 2 hidden beaches. According to the semi-circular distribution, it can be classified into four groups: Nanhua Channel, East Arc, West arc and Middle trough.
[1]
The Southwest Group of Nansha Islands is a group that spreads farthest to the southwest of Nansha Islands, including
Quang Nga Tam
,
Renjuntan
,
Li Juntan
,
Western Beach
,
Wan 'an Beach
5, all are hidden beaches, distributed in the north latitude 7°28 '~ 8°08', east longitude 109°44 '~ 110°38' range. Controlled by the NE-SW fold axis and tectonic ridge, these pools are also distributed in the northeast-to-southwest direction.
[1]
|
category
|
remark
|
|---|---|
|
Surface atoll
|
Twin reef
: *
Puzido
, *
Namjado
, *
North Sea Bar
,
Gunz Reef
(Part of the reef dried out at low tide),
Nairo Reef
(partially dried out),
Yongden Sand
|
|
Zhongye Group Reef
West Group: *
Zhongye Island
Iron line West Reef (dry reef flat), iron line middle reef (dry reef flat)
|
|
|
Zhongye Group Reef
Eastern Group:
Meijiu Reef
(low tide out),
Tie Zhi reef
(partial drying at low tide)
|
|
|
Mengzi Reef
-- Long Beach
|
|
|
The Dominion Reef
: *
Namkeydo
, *
Double yellow bar
(drying out reef in the process of landforming), *
Yang Xin Sha Chau
(soon dry out of the reef), reservoir return to the reef
|
|
|
Zheng He Qunjiao
: *
Taiping Island
, *
Hongxiu Island
, *
Dunqian Sandbank
,
Panglan Reef
(low tide out),
Anda Cay
(dry off the reef),
Namxun Reef
,
Xiao Nan Xun Reef
(Low water out)
|
|
|
Nine chapters Reef
: *
Jinghong Island
, *
The green sand bar
. #
Dongmen Reef
,
Anle Reef
(dry off the reef),
Long-line reef
(There are 3 dry rocks),
Sovereign reef
(dry off the reef),
Yoke reef
(dry at low tide),
Chigua Reef
(dry off the reef),
June Reef
(with white sand dunes),
Qu Yuan Reef
(with rocks sticking out of the water to the north and west),
Zhangxi Reef
(reef exposed at low tide),
Flat ginseng reef
(low tide out),
Lobster reef
(3 reefs on the reef), Tsing East Reef (low tide)
|
|
|
Daxian Reef
(Low water out)
|
|
|
shorehead
(partial drying at low tide)
|
|
|
Wufang reef
(dry off reef)
|
|
|
Loc Sha Reef
(dry off reef)
|
|
|
Half Moon Reef
(dry out of atoll)
|
|
|
Captain's Reef
(dry out of atoll)
|
|
|
Ren 'ai Reef
(dry off reef)
|
|
|
Xianbin Reef
(dry out of atoll)
|
|
|
Barren reef
(Dry out atolls, several reefs suitable for flooding)
|
|
|
Nanhua Reef
(dry out of atoll)
|
|
|
Liumen reef
(dry out of atoll)
|
|
|
Lightstar Reef
(dry out of atoll)
|
|
|
Eternal Heat Island
|
|
|
Surface reef
|
* Xiyue Island platform
|
|
* Nanwei Island
|
|
|
* Ampo Shoal Reef flat (Gan Lai Reef)
|
|
|
Bull wheel reef
(dry reef)
|
|
|
Huayang Reef
(dry reef)
|
|
|
Nanping Reef
(dry reef)
|
|
|
Xiaohuai Reef (including southwest reef)
|
|
|
Midway reef
(dry out at low water)
|
|
|
Source of information:
[28]
23 grey sand Islands (marked with "*"), 11 perennial exposed reefs (marked with "#")
|
|
Distribution of islands and reefs in Nansha Islands
The sea water mass of Nansha Islands can be divided into three categories: Nansha equatorial shelf water, mixed water and Nansha central water. The surface water temperature is high, and the monthly average water temperature is equal to or greater than 28 ° C for 7 months every year, and the lowest water temperature is 26 ~ 26.4 ° C in January. Due to the influence of rainfall and land runoff, the salinity of surface water near Nansha Islands is the lowest among the South China Sea islands, about 32.0‰ ~ 33.5‰, lower than that in the northeast of the South China Sea, and the annual change is little.
[29]
Waters of Nansha Islands
tide
About 5° north latitude south of the irregular semi-diurnal tide, the tidal range is small, generally 0.5 ~ 1.5 meters,
Twin reef
Neap range 0.3 ~ 0.6 m, spring range 1.5 m,
Namwi Island
The tidal range is 1.6 meters. According to the scientific investigation in 1989, the maximum possible tidal range is not more than 1 meter, while the measured data is more than 2 meters, and the average tidal range is 1.4 meters. The current is affected by monsoon and shows the characteristics of monsoon current. The current on the southern shelf of the Nansha Islands generally runs from west to east. Nansha Trough is controlled by different cyclonic circulation, and the flow direction on both sides of the trough is basically opposite. The flow of water from the Barabak Strait into the waters of the Nansha Islands is involved in the formation of a northeast-southwest coastal current along the north coast of Kalimantan.
[29]
The wave in the sea area of Nansha Islands is subject to the change of monsoon wind field. The southwest wave prevails in the sea area during the southwest monsoon period from June to September. The wave type is mainly mixed wave with wind wave, and the wind wave is southwesterly, the frequency accounts for 40% ~ 50%. The surge is mainly southwesterly, and the frequency accounts for 30% ~ 40%. In summer, the effective wave height at sea is generally below 3.4 meters, the average wave height is 1.0 ~ 1.9 meters, and the average wave period is 3 ~ 7 seconds. In the event of strong winds, the effective wave height is more than 6 meters, and the frequency of large waves is 25% to 30%.
[29]
Waves spread from the northeast to the southwest in October. From November to March of the following year, the sea area of Nansha Islands was controlled by the northeast monsoon. The northeastward waves prevailed in the whole sea area with a frequency of more than 40%, the average sea wave height was 1.1 to 1.6 meters, and the average wave period was 3 to 8 seconds. The wave height is the largest in November and December, with an average of 1.8-2.0 m. The average value is 0.7-1.1 m in April. From October to February of the following year, the frequency of large waves is 40% to 70%.
[29]
The sea water of Nansha Islands in the winter half year (about November to March of the next year) is relatively transparent, and many underwater reefs and sand can be seen on board, which is the most suitable for diving fishing; During the summer half year (about April to October), the waters of the Mekong River in Vietnam and the Chao Phraya River in Thailand carry a lot of sediment and plankton into the sea, causing the sea to be cloudy and less transparent. The specific situation is: from January to March, the sea water transparency is 26 to 30 meters or greater, and the west is larger than the east; April to June is the opposite. From July to September, it is 18 to 24 meters or even smaller, and the northeast is larger than the southwest; From October to December, it is 28 to 30 meters, evenly distributed. The water color and transparency of the Zhongsha Islands and the middle waters of the South China Sea are between Xisha and Nansha, and the transparency not only varies regionally, but also has a certain seasonality.
[29]
The dense layer of phytoplankton in the southern part of the South China Sea is in the subsurface water depth of 35 ~ 75 meters, and there are 155 species of 55 genera, and the main ecological groups are also
diatom
,
dinoflagellate
Among them, 111 species and 7 varieties of diatoms in 42 genera accounted for 99.6% of the total number of phytoplankton. In the diatom group, Hornwort and rhomboidea are the dominant species. Nansha Islands sea area belongs to the category of tropical biota, diatom and dinoflagellate as the main ecological groups, there are
Brown algae
8 kinds,
Green algae
27 kinds,
corallina
12 kinds,
Red algae
There are 18 species, of which diatom is absolutely dominant, and in the diatom group, Ceratophylla,
Rhomboides
It is the dominant species.
[30]
fish
There are 31 families, 45 genera, and 48 species of vascular plants in Nansha Islands, including 20 cultivated plants, all of which are tropical components. Among the 27 genera in the wild, 22 genera belong to the pantropical distribution, accounting for 81.48%, and the rest belong to the Old World distribution, with 7 pantropical distribution species and 9 Old World tropical distribution species. There are 4 species distributed from tropical Asia to tropical Oceania, 1 species distributed from tropical Asia to tropical Africa and 3 species distributed from tropical Asia.
[33]
The reserves of phosphate rock in Nansha Islands are more than 300,000 tons.
[31]
The Sunda shelf oil and gas accumulation area in the south of the South China Sea Islands is the main oil and gas resource area in the South China Sea. The total area of the Nansha Sea oil and gas storage basin is about 350,000 square kilometers, with a total potential of 34.97 billion tons of oil and 8 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. Among the seven sedimentary basins in China's coastal areas in the south and southwest of the South China Sea, 72 oil fields and 63 gas fields have been discovered, of which four basins have proven recoverable oil reserves of about 1.006 billion tons and recoverable natural gas reserves of about 2 trillion cubic meters. The larger reservoir basins are
Zengmu basin
And Reed Bank Basin.
[34]
|
basin
|
General situation
|
|---|---|
|
Located in the southern continental shelf of the South China Sea, Nansha Islands Zengmu dark sand area. The area is 1.83 million hectares. The thickness of clastic and carbonate sediments is more than 8,000 meters, with an average sediment thickness of 4.7 kilometers. 10 oil fields, 15 gas fields and 148 traps have been discovered. Survey data in January 1983 proved to be a large oil and gas basin with an estimated oil and gas resource of 12-13 billion tons.
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Reed Bank Basin
|
Located in Nansha Islands
Reed Bank
And south of it. The area is about 2.67 million hectares, the maximum deposition thickness is 3 kilometers, the average deposition thickness is 2.6 kilometers, and the estimated oil reserves are 1.4 billion tons.
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Nanhua reef basin
|
locate
Nanhua Reef
According to the July 1983 "South China Sea Oil and Gas Basin distribution and resource forecast map" data, oil reserves of 600 million tons.
|
|
West Palawan Basin
|
locate
The island of Palawan
The northwest. According to the data of the South China Sea Oil and Gas Basin Distribution and Resource Forecast Map in July 1983, the oil storage capacity is 700 million tons.
|
|
Source of information:
[34]
|
|
The annual sunshine hours in the waters of Nansha Islands reach 2304 hours, the solar energy is large, and the annual total radiation amount is 5734 trillion joules per square meter, which is a region with high radiation amount in China. The annual average wind speed in the north is 7.1 m/s, the annual effective wind speed is 6765 hours, the effective wind energy is 3085 KWH per square meter, the effective wind energy density is 456 watts per square meter, and the effective wind energy frequency is 77%, which is a rare high wind energy area in China, and it is sustained and stable for a long time. The average annual wave height of the sea area is 1.3 meters for wind waves and 1.7 meters for surge waves. The maximum wave height is 9.8 meters for wind waves and 11 meters for surge waves, which contains huge wave energy. The vertical distribution of sea water temperature decreases with the increase of depth, and is stable all the year round. The surface water temperature is 28 ~ 30℃, the subsurface water temperature is as low as 10℃, the middle water temperature is as low as 5.7 ~ 4.4℃, the deep water is lower than 4℃, and the cool water in the depth of hundreds of meters can be used for temperature difference power generation.
[32]
The Nansha Islands region is located in the southernmost part of China, and its southern tip is only 400 kilometers from the geographical equator. It is between
Pacific
with
The Indian Ocean
Between and with
Southeast Asia
Countries are connected by sea.
Pearl River Estuary
one
Singapore
,
Singapore
one
Manila
one
Guam
one
Honolulu
one
America
and
Jakarta
one
Hong Kong
one
Taiwan
one
Korea
one
Japan
one
Vladivostok
And other international routes interweave here.
In the mid-1980s, the Department of the Navy published a list of 16 maritime chokepoints critical to America's global strategy, among which
The Strait of Malacca
,
Sunda Strait
and
The Makassar Strait
The three are located in the west, south and southeast of the Nansha Islands region, and the water channel is accessible. In 1992, National Geographic magazine of the United States said that the Nansha Islands are in a strategic military area
Asia
Access to ports in the northeast
South Asia
The State,
Oceania
and
Europe
The only way to go.
World War II
During this period, the Japanese Army used this as a submarine base to launch aggression across the South Asia. So location matters.
[32]
In the 1960s and 1970s, in addition to longline fishing operations in the northern sea area of the region, Taiwan fishermen also trawled in the southern part of the Nansha Islands area, with an annual catch of 20,000 to 40,000 tons. According to statistics, from 1985 to 1997, about 2,200 fishing boats from Guangdong, Guangxi and Qiong provinces went to the area, with a total output of 720 million yuan. There are 8 Cenozoic sedimentary basins in the area, including Zhong-Vietnam, Wanan, Zengmu, Brunbrune-Sabah, Northwest Palawan, Liyue Beach, Andu Beach, and Zheng He, covering about 260,000 square kilometers within the Chinese border, with a Tertiary thickness of 5 ~ 9 kilometers, which is the main oil and gas resource area in the South China Sea.
[32]
Subject article:
South China Sea dispute
China has indisputable sovereignty over the Nansha Islands and their adjacent waters.
[35 to 37]
The South China Sea is claimed by countries bordering China
For a long time after the war, the so-called South China Sea issue did not exist. Nor has any country in the region surrounding the South China Sea challenged China's exercise of sovereignty over the Spratly Islands and their adjacent waters. Before 1975, Vietnam explicitly recognized China's territorial sovereignty over the Nansha Islands
[46] 40 -
.
The Philippines
and
Malaysia
Before the 1970s, there were no legal documents or speeches by leaders of other countries that mentioned their territorial scope, including the Nansha Islands.
America
with
Spain
The Treaty of Paris signed in 1898 and the Treaty of Washington signed in 1900 clearly defined the territorial scope of the Philippines, but did not include the Spratly Islands
[47]
. The 1953 Philippine Constitution and the 1951 Philippine-US Military Alliance Treaty have also further confirmed this, but Malaysia only marked some islands, reefs and waters of Nansha Qundao in its published continental shelf map in December 1978.
[35]
[48]
The resolutions of many governments and international conferences have also recognized the Nansha Islands as China's territory
[49 and 50]
. Since the 1970s, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and other countries have occupied some islands and reefs of the Nansha Islands by military means, carried out large-scale resource exploitation activities in the waters near the Nansha Islands and laid claims to sovereignty. In this regard, the Chinese government has repeatedly and solemnly stated that these acts constitute a serious violation of China's territorial sovereignty and are illegal and invalid.
[35]
On May 6, 2024, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian said that if the Philippines truly wants to ease the situation in the South China Sea, it should immediately stop rushing into waters adjacent to China's Nansha Islands and Huangyan Island, stop transporting construction materials and building permanent facilities to the military vessels illegally basking on Ren 'ai Reef, stop illegal landing activities on relevant uninhabited islands and reefs, stop forming clique groups and showing off force. Stop spreading false information to mislead the international community.
[58]
The core of the dispute is the territorial sovereignty dispute over the Nansha Islands and reefs and the delimitation dispute over some waters in the South China Sea. According to the provisions of international law, the rights of states over the sea are based on the continent, that is, sea power is based on land power. The entire area of the South China Sea is 3.5 million square kilometers, of which China claims sovereignty over and jurisdiction over more than 2 million square kilometers within the nine dotted lines of the South China Sea.
[51]
The invasion and occupation of islands in the South China Sea by countries surrounding the South China Sea mainly occurred in the Nansha Islands. The following countries have made sovereignty claims over all or part of the islands and reefs of China's Nansha Islands:
Vietnam
,
The Philippines
,
Malaysia
Indonesia, Indonesia and
Brunei
. Among them, Vietnam temporarily occupied 30 islands and reefs; The Philippines temporarily occupied six; Malaysia temporarily occupied 3, patrol monitoring 4; Brunei temporarily occupied 1; Although Indonesia has not occupied the islands and reefs, it has sovereignty claims over the adjacent waters. China itself controls only eight (including Taiping Island and Zhongzhou Reef, where Taiwan troops are stationed) and patrols and monitors 21.
[52]
