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Hungary (
Hungarian
Magyarorszag, a landlocked country in Central Europe. Eastern neighbours
Romania
,
Ukraine
, South to
Slovenia
,
Croatia
,
Serbia
, lean to the west
Austria
, North Company
Slovakia
The total length of the border is 2,246 km. It has an area of 93,023 square kilometers. Belong to
Continental climate
It is cool and humid, with an average annual temperature of 10 ° C, an average summer temperature of 21.7 ° C, an average winter temperature of -1.2 ° C, and an average annual precipitation of about 630 mm. The country is divided into the capital and 19 prefectures, with 24 prefecture-level cities, 274 cities and 2,854 townships. Its capital is Budapest.
In January 2023, Hungary had a population of 9.6 million
. The main ethnic group is the Hungarian (Magyar) ethnic group, accounting for about 90%.
[1]
In 896 AD, the Magyars moved from
The Ural Mountains
Nishiyuwa
Volga
Bay area migration
Danube
The basin.
[1]
In the year 1000 AD,
Ishtevan the First
Set up
Kingdom of Hungary
. The year 1526
Ottoman Empire
Invasion. Kingdom disintegrated. In 1541 Hungary was divided into three parts: the Ottoman Empire and Austria
The House of Habsburg
And Erdai
Grand duchy
Rule.
[1]
From 1699 onwards
The Austrian Habsburg Dynasty
Rule.
Hungarian Revolution of 1848
be
Austria
Crackdown. In 1867,
Austrian Empire
To prevent Hungary from reorganizing itself again
Austro-hungarian Empire
.
[1]
World War I
After the restoration of independence, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was established in March 1919
[1]
. In 1920 by
Horty Miklos
Serve as
Kingdom of Hungary
Act as regent.
[1]
It was proclaimed in August 1949
Hungarian People's Republic
. It broke out in October 1956
October events in Hungary
. On 23 October 1989, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Hungary. Joined in 1999
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
He joined in 2004
European Union
[1]
. In January 2012, the Republic of Hungary adopted a new constitution and changed its name to Hungary.
[1]
Hungary is a moderately developed country,
OECD
(OECD) member countries. The year 2021
Gross domestic product
154.1 billion euros,
Gross domestic product per capita
13,700 euros.
Is Hungary descended from the Huns?
2021-09-01 14:17
In China, there is an ancient assertion that the Hungarians are descendants of the Huns. Zhang Taiyan's "Examination of the Xiongnu's Beginning to move to Europe" and Liang Qichao's "Chinese Historical Research Law" are both mentioned. Today, many historical researchers and enthusiasts have not completely abandoned this view, and are still exhausting their efforts to find evidence that Hungarians are descendants of Huns.
... details
The content comes from
- Chinese name
- Hungary [1]
- Foreign name
- Magyarország [1]
- continent
- Europe
- capital
- Budapest [1]
- National Day
- August 20, 1949
- National song
- " The Hungarians "
- Country code
- HUN
- Official language
- Hungarian [1]
- currency
- Hungarian forint [1]
- Time zone
- UTC+1
- Political system
- Parliamentary republic
- National leader
- Shuyuk Daumash (President) , Viktor Orban (Prime Minister)
- Population number
- 9.6 million (January 2023)
- Population density
- 106.7 persons per square kilometer [6] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Hungarians [1]
- Major religion
- Catholicism [1] , Protestantism
- Land area
- 93023 km² [1]
- Water area ratio
- 0.74%
- Total GDP
- 180 billion euros [1] (Year 2021)
- Per capita GDP
- €17,600 [1] (Year 2021)
- International telephone area code
- 36
- International domain name abbreviation
- .hu
- Road access
- Drive on the right
- Largest city
- Budapest
- The national flower
- geranium
- Central bank
- National Bank of Hungary
- climate
- Temperate continental climate
- Date of establishment
- December 25th, 1000
- Largest lake
- Lake Balaton
- Longest river
- Tissa (600km)
- Geographical highest point
- Kaikesh Peak (1014 m)
- note
- "Remaining ㄩㄥ, a raging teapot ㄌ, yes
- Largest district
- Bachi-kiskhon Oblast
- Leading institution
- University of Szeged , Eotvos Rowland University Etc.
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- ▪Early stage
- ▪Medieval period
- ▪Kingdom period
- ▪Republic period
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- ▪Hydrological distribution
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪capital
- ▪Major city
- 5National symbol
- ▪Country name
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- ▪National anthem
- ▪The national flower
- 6population
- 7political
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- 8economy
- ▪summarize
- ▪Farming and animal husbandry
- ▪industry
- ▪Service industry
- ▪tourism
Subject article:
History of Hungary
There were ancient human activities in Hungary as early as 350,000 years ago.
Map of Hungary
After the fall of the Roman Empire, various ethnic groups migrated here. First came the
Huns
, in
Attila
Under their leadership, they built a powerful
Hungarian Empire
. The name Hungary may have come from this, but many scholars believe it came from the Turkic Onogul people.
After the dissolution of the Hungarian Empire
Germanic
The tribe ruled this place for almost 100 years, and one after another
Avars
Under their nearly 200 years of rule,
Slavic peoples
It starts to seep in.
The Moravians
,
Bougars
,
Polish
and
Croat
All tried to overthrow the Avars, but it wasn't until
Charlemagne
To successfully defeat it. After Charlemagne died,
East Frankish Kingdom
A gradual decline. The situation is right
Slavs
The rise of the Great Moravian leader, Svartopuruk, was an ambitious attempt to establish a Moravian kingdom, but
The Magyars
His arrival put an end to the strife in the area.
[2]
Hungary
In 1000 AD, Grand Duke of Hungary
Ishtevan the First
Introduced in Hungary
Catholicism
He was crowned the first king of Hungary by the Catholic Pope. The Magyar state is traditionally considered to be composed of
The Grand Duke of Alpad
He led the Magyars to it at the end of the 9th century
The plains of Pannonia
.
Kingdom of Hungary
It was founded by King Ishtevan I in 1000 AD. The early history of Hungary is similar to that of Poland and Poland
Bohemia
Closely related, but also influenced by the Pope and
Holy Roman Empire
Emperor influence.
From 1458 to 1490, Juneotti Magash (
Magash the First
) ruled Hungary. He further strengthened the power of Hungary and the authority of the government, and established a standing army
Hungarian Black Army
. Under his rule, Hungary (especially the northern part, part of Slovakia) became
Renaissance
An art and cultural center in Europe during the period.
In 1526, the Turkish invasion disintegrated the feudal state and divided it into three parts. Hungarian culture has also influenced neighboring countries, for example
Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
. Poland, Bohemia and Hungary were once formed
The Visegrad Group
(1991 Poland, Hungary,
Czech Republic
and
Slovakia
The alliance of the four countries also bears this name).
[2]
In April 1849, the Hungarian Parliament passed a declaration of independence, establishing the Republic of Hungary, but it was soon crushed by Austrian and Russian forces.
Heroes' Square
In 1920, the defeated Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon with the Allies, losing 72% of its territory and 64% of its population.
Hungary joined the German-Italian-Japanese Axis in 1941 and was occupied by German forces in 1944.
Subject article:
Hungarian People's Republic
On 1 February 1946, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Hungary was established.
On 20 August 1949, the Hungarian People's Republic was proclaimed.
In 1989, the Hungarian political situation changed dramatically. In February of that year,
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party
(Social Labor Party) announced that it was giving up
The ruling party
Status, practice
Multi-party system
. Since then, the contradictions within the Social Labor Party have continued to open up. In October, the Social Labor Party changed its name to the Socialist Party, proposing to establish a "Socialist Party" in Hungary.
Democratic socialism
". On October 23, the Hungarian Parliament passed a constitutional amendment to change the "Hungarian People's Republic" to "the Republic of Hungary" and decided to abolish the Presidium of the Republic as a collective head of state
Presidential system
; Establishing a rule of law state with a multi-party system and parliamentary democracy; Cancel
Marxism-Leninism
Provisions on the leading role of political parties in state institutions. It is governed by a coalition of the Socialist Party and the Liberal Democratic Party.
At the end of 1999, the Crown Law was passed and a Crown Commission headed by the President was established.
In 2012, a new constitution changed the country's name from "Republic of Hungary" to "Hungary".
[2]
Hungary was elected on 28 October 2016
United Nations Human Rights Council
Member, serving from 2017 to 2019.
[3]
April 2023 local time
On the 13th, the Hungarian Ministry of Economic Development said that the Hungarian government has decided to withdraw its representative from the International Investment bank and withdraw from the bank.
[20]
Map of Hungary
Kaikesh Peak
Hungary is located in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere
Temperate continental climate
,
Temperate maritime climate
and
Mediterranean climate
The intersection point, which receives
Continental climate
The impact is larger, is continental
Temperate deciduous broadleaf forest climate
. The climate in Hungary varies greatly, and the temperature difference between different regions of the country is also large, with an average annual temperature of 10.8 ° C. July and August are the hottest months, and although the average summer temperature is between 21.7 ° C, the temperature in these two months can sometimes exceed 30 ° C and reach a maximum of 34.5 ° C. Winters are also not very cold, with the coldest months in January and February, with an average temperature of -1.2 ° C. The sunshine time is 2038 hours a year, with more sunshine in the south. The average annual wind speed is 2.2 m/s, and the average annual precipitation is about 630 mm.
[2]
[4]
Lake Balaton
The mountains are densely forested, there
oak
,
beech
,
basswood
Etc.; The plain has large grasslands and rich black soil.
[2]
Natural resources are scarce. The main mineral resources are bauxite, the reserves rank third in Europe, in addition to a small amount of lignite, oil, natural gas, uranium, iron, manganese and so on. The forest cover rate is 20.4%.
Subdivisions of Hungary
Budapest
(Budapest). Budapest is the country's main political, commercial, transportation center and largest city. It is also a famous ancient city in Europe, located in the north of the border
Danube
The middle bank, originally two cities on opposite sides of the river, was expanded over the centuries and was formed in 1873 by the merger of Buda and Gubuda on the right bank of the Danube and Pest on the left bank. In the past, it was commonly known as Pest-Buda.
[2]
Population 1.706 million (2022). The average temperature in 2015 is 11℃, the highest temperature is 37℃, and the lowest temperature is -9 ℃.
Other major cities are Debrecen,
Szeged
(Szeged),
Miskolc
(Miskolc),
Page
(Pecs), Gyor, etc. Debrecen has twice been the temporary capital of the country and is one of the fastest growing cities.
[2]
Named after an ethnic group. Generally considered the main ethnic group in Hungary
The Magyars
The Hungarians. "Hungary" means "Ten tribes." A new constitution was adopted in 2012, changing the name of the country to "Hungary".
Flag of Hungary
Coat of arms of Hungary
God bless Hungary, the good things and the good people, always help in times of trouble, and do not abandon. The people have been through hell, the disaster is so deep who can compare, all the SINS of the past and future have been redeemed in the end.
geranium
Geranium flower balls large, colorful, colorful leaves, which upright geranium, is the best in potted flowers.
9.678 million (January 2023). The main ethnic group is the Hungarian (Magyar) ethnic group, accounting for about 90%. Ethnic minorities include Slovaks, Romanians, Croats, Serbs, Slovenes and Germans. The official language is Hungarian. The population is predominantly Catholic (66.2%) and Christian (17.9%).
[1]
In April 2018, Hungary held parliamentary elections, and the ruling Fidesz coalition and the Christian Democratic People's Party (CDU) won the election coalition, and won more than 2/3 of the seats; Jobbik, the Socialist Party, the Dialogue Party, the Democratic Union and the Green Party entered parliament. The new parliament was inaugurated on May 8. On 18 May, the government was formed and sworn in. Fidesz leader Viktor Orban was re-elected prime minister.
Hungary is multi-party
Parliamentary democracy
. The President is elected by Parliament every five years for a largely ceremonial position (head of state), but also has the right to appoint a Prime minister. The Prime minister, who is the leader of the largest party in parliament, appoints cabinet ministers and has the power to dismiss them. Ministerial candidates must be heard by one or more parliamentary committees and formally appointed by the president.
On October 18, 1989, the National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment, which made major changes to the Constitution, confirming that Hungary will practice a multi-party parliamentary democracy, establish an independent, democratic and legal state, and implement the principle of separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In 2011, Fidesz pushed through parliament amendments to the Constitution, which came into force on 1 January 2012.
The National Assembly is the legislature and the highest authority of the state, with a unicameral system. According to the new Electoral Law, since 2014, the number of seats in the Hungarian Parliament has been reduced to 199, and universal suffrage is held every four years. The current parliament in May 2022 consists of Fidesz (116 seats), the CDU (19 seats), the Democratic Union (15 seats), the Momentum Movement (10 seats), the Socialist Party (10 seats), the Ubik-Conservatives (8 seats), Our Motherland (6 seats), the Dialog-Greens (6 seats) and the Greens (5 seats). There are 3 independent members of Parliament and 1 member of the Hungarian Germanic (ethnic) minority. The National Assembly has 16 standing committees. Congress is divided into spring and fall sessions each year. National Assembly President KOVER Laszlo (Fidesz), re-elected in May 2022.
Parliament building
Courts and procuratorates are the judicial organs of the State. The court is divided into four levels: the Supreme Court, the district court, the state court and the local court. The procuratorate is divided into three levels: the Supreme Procuratorate, the district Procuratorate and the state procuratorate. Current Supreme Court President Walgow Andrash (Dr. VARGAAndras will take office in January 2021 for a nine-year term. Polter Peter, President of the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, was elected in December 2010 and reelected in December 2019 for a nine-year term. The Constitutional Court has been in existence since January 1990, and its current president, Shuyuk Daumasch, took office in November 2016 for a nine-year term.
There are more than 200 registered political parties, most of which were founded in the late 1980s. Currently, there are nine political parties in parliament.
|
Political party
|
nature
|
introduce
|
|---|---|---|
|
FIDESZ-MagyarPolgariSzovetseg (Union of Hungarian Citizens)
|
The ruling party
|
Founded on March 30, 1988, the main members are young intellectuals. Chairman Viktor Orban.
|
|
Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP)
|
The ruling party
|
It was founded on September 30, 1989, and consists mainly of Christian believers who support the right wing. Chairman SEMJENZsolt.
|
|
Democratic Union (DemokratikusKoalicio)
|
The opposition party
|
It was formed on 22 November 2011 by breakaway members of the Socialist Party. The main members are intellectuals. Chairman GYURCSANYFerenc.
|
|
MomentumMozgalom
|
The opposition party
|
Established in the spring of 2015, the main members are young people. The Chairman is Gelencher Ferenc.
|
|
Hungarian Socialist Party (MagyarSzocialistaPart)
|
The opposition party
|
Founded on October 7, 1989, the group consists mainly of intellectuals, employees and entrepreneurs. Co-chairs: Kunhalmi Agagnes and Komyat Imre.
|
|
Jobbik- Conservative Party (for a Better Hungary, Jobbik- Konzervativok)
|
The opposition party
|
Founded on October 24, 2003, the main members are young people. Chairman, GYONGYOSIMarton.
|
|
Our Fatherland Party (MiHazankMozgalom)
|
The opposition party
|
It was formed on 20 August 2018 and consists of breakaway members of the Jobbik Party. Chairman TOROCZKAILaszlo.
|
|
Dialogue - Green Party (AParbeszed - AZoldekPartja)
|
The opposition party
|
It was formed on 17 February 2013 by a breakaway faction from the Green Party and is composed mainly of young intellectuals. Co-chairs SZABORebeka and TORDAIBence.
|
|
Green Party (LehetmasaPolitika)
|
The opposition party
|
It was founded on February 26, 2009, and its main members are young intellectuals. The co-chairs are Schumuk Elisabeth (female) and Uja Peter (UNGARPeter).
|
|
The main opposition parties are: the Two-tailed Dog Party (Ketfarkukutyapart), the Hungarian Workers' Party (MagyarMunkaspart) and so on.
|
||
Shuyuk Daumash: The President. On March 5, 2024, Hungary's newly elected President Shuyuk Daumas officially took office for a five-year term.
[11]
[22-23]
[27]
Shuyuk Daumash delivers his inaugural address during the inauguration ceremony on March 10, 2024
Viktor Orban: Prime Minister. Born on 31 May 1963 in the White city of Seqesh. Graduated from Roland University Law School. He joined Fidesz in 1988 as one of the founders of Fidesz and has been its chairman since 1993. He was a member of Parliament from 1990 and Prime Minister from 1998 to 2002. He became Prime Minister again in May 2010. He was re-elected Prime Minister in June 2014, May 2018, and May 2022.
Gerville Laszlo: President of Congress. He was born on 29 December 1959 in the Canton of Vesprem. He graduated in law from Roland University in 1986. One of the founders of Fidesz. He was elected to Parliament in 1990, Minister without portfolio in charge of intelligence in 1998, and Chairman of Fidesz in 2000-2001. In 2002, he served as Chairman of the National Security Committee of the National Assembly and vice Chairman of the Fidesz parliamentary group. He was elected President of the National Assembly in July 2010. He was re-elected as President of the National Assembly in June 2014, May 2018, and May 2022.
It is a moderately developed country and a member of the OECD. The economic goal is to establish a market economy based on private ownership. The economic transition has been smooth, privatization has been basically completed, and the market economy system has been established. Currently, the private sector accounts for about 86 per cent of GDP. Key economic data for 2022 are as follows:
|
Gross domestic product
|
66.6 trillion forints (about 180 billion euros).
|
|
Gross domestic product per capita
|
17,600 euros.
|
|
GDP growth rate
|
4.6%.
|
|
Currency name
|
Forint (Forint).
|
|
Exchange rate
|
1 euro ≈378 forints; $1 ≈345 forint (December 2023).
|
|
Inflation rate
|
7.9% (November 2023).
|
|
Unemployment rate
|
4.2% (November 2023)
|
|
Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office
|
|
Good agricultural foundation. Mainly growing wheat, corn, sugar beet, potatoes, grapes and so on. The agricultural land area is 5.081 million hectares. Average wheat yield per hectare in 2022 is 4,400 kg and maize 3,420 kg. By 2022, 200,000 people will be employed in agriculture, husbandry, forestry and fishery, accounting for 4.3% of the total employed population in China. The output of main agricultural and livestock products in recent years is as follows (unit: 10,000 tons) :
|
A given year
|
2019
|
2020
|
2021
|
2022
|
|
Wheat
|
537.8
|
512.1
|
529.0
|
-
|
|
Corn
|
823.0
|
841.4
|
646.2
|
-
|
|
beet
|
82.3
|
78.0
|
67.8
|
-
|
|
Potatoes
|
34.4
|
27.0
|
24.0
|
-
|
|
fruit
|
73.3
|
59.8
|
67.5
|
-
|
|
Grapes
|
46.3
|
44.6
|
44.6
|
-
|
|
vegetable
|
149.3
|
142.4
|
139.8
|
-
|
|
beefs
|
90.9
|
93.3
|
90.2
|
88.5
|
|
Pork pig
|
260
|
285.0
|
272.6
|
255.8
|
|
Mutton sheep
|
110
|
94.4
|
88.7
|
87.2
|
|
Birds
|
3972.9
|
3920.8
|
3994.4
|
-
|
|
Milk (100 million litres)
|
19.67
|
20.19
|
None
|
-
|
|
Eggs (billion)
|
25.8
|
25.4
|
25.4
|
-
|
|
Reference materials:
|
||||
Industrial development is fast. The main industrial sectors are: automobile manufacturing, electronic and optical products, food and tobacco production, rubber and plastic manufacturing, electrical equipment, chemical products, wood processing and pharmaceutical production. In 2022, the GDP of industrial production increased by 5.8% year-on-year, with a total output value of 57.7 trillion forints. In 2022, 1.465 million people will be employed in industry, accounting for 31.2% of the total employed population in China.
The output of main industrial products in recent years is as follows:
|
A given year
|
2019
|
2020
|
2021
|
2022
|
|
Coal (tons)
|
777.9
|
729.3
|
604.0
|
-
|
|
Natural gas (billion cubic meters)
|
18.1
|
18.0
|
15.9
|
-
|
|
Raw steel (tons)
|
176.9
|
151.3
|
110.0
|
-
|
|
Electricity (100 million KWH)
|
341.5
|
349.0
|
361.0
|
354
|
|
Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office
|
||||
It is developing rapidly. Privatization of various small shops, eateries, inns and other service outlets has been completed. In 2022, there will be 128,340 retail stores in the country, with a total retail value of 1,7085.9 billion forints. In 2022, 3.03 million people will be employed in the service sector, accounting for about 64.5% of the country's total employment.
Relatively developed. In 2022, foreign tourists visited Hungary 46.343 million times, earning 230.298 billion forints. The number of people employed in the tourism industry in 2022 is 182,000, accounting for about 3.9% of the national employment. Main attractions: Budapest, Lake Balaton, Danube Bay, Matrau Mountain.
Hungary has a highly qualified workforce of about 4.1 million people who are highly educated and have specific skills and expertise. The proportion of educated Hungarians exceeds 90% of the total population, and about two thirds of the workforce has completed one specialty or multiple forms of technical training and vocational education.
Hungary's unemployment rate was 5.4% in 2001, well below the EU average. The employment situation varies widely by region, with the northwest experiencing a shortage of skilled workers, especially in finance and marketing, while the Danube east has a higher unemployment rate than the national average.
Wages in Hungary are much lower than in Western Europe and are not much different from the average in Central and Eastern Europe. Labor costs in eastern Hungary are lower than in the west, but the skill level of workers is comparable.
Exports and imports in 2022 totaled 293 billion euros. The value of foreign trade imports was 150.8 billion euros, up 28% year-on-year; Exports of 142.2 billion euros, up 19% year-on-year; Trade deficit of 8.6 billion euros. Hungary's import and export trade with EU countries account for 68.7% and 76.7% of Hungary's total import and export, respectively. The import and export situation in recent years is as follows (unit: 100 million euros) :
|
2019
|
2020
|
2021
|
2022
|
|
|
Total trade
|
2138.55
|
2043.53
|
2368.34
|
2929.7
|
|
Value of exports
|
1047.61
|
993.67
|
1176.06
|
1507.81
|
|
Amount of imports
|
1090.94
|
1049.86
|
1192.28
|
1421.89
|
|
balance
|
43.33
|
56.19
|
16.22
|
85.92
|
|
Reference materials:
|
||||
In 2022, machinery and equipment accounted for 41.2% of the main imported products, processed products accounted for 36.0%, fuel and electricity accounted for 15.1%, food, tobacco and alcohol accounted for 5.2%, and raw materials accounted for 2.5%. Among the main export products, machinery and equipment accounted for 55.1%, processed products accounted for 30.6%, fuel and electric energy accounted for 4.3%, food, tobacco and alcohol accounted for 7.2%, and raw materials accounted for 2.8%.
The main trading countries and foreign trade in 2021 are as follows (in hundreds of millions of euros) :
|
nation
|
entrance
|
exit
|
|
Germany
|
279.1
|
317.7
|
|
Austria
|
71.9
|
54.2
|
|
Italy
|
52.1
|
69.7
|
|
France
|
37.0
|
49.9
|
|
Russia
|
36.0
|
17.4
|
|
China
|
82.8
|
20.8
|
|
Japan
|
14.0
|
7.0
|
|
Britain
|
11.3
|
37.2
|
|
America
|
24.8
|
35.0
|
Reference materials:
[5]
We will actively encourage the absorption of foreign investment. Mainly concentrated in the processing industry, automobile manufacturing, trade, transportation and communication, finance, real estate and other industries. European countries are the main sources of foreign investment. Among them, Germany is the largest source of foreign investment in Hungary, followed by Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria and France. The main Asian investors in Hungary are China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and India.
Total foreign investment will reach 5.9 billion euros in 2021.
The main religion of the inhabitants of Hungary
Catholicism
(66.2%) and
Protestantism
(17.9 percent).
After marriage, women wrap their hair in floral cloth, which is the biggest difference with unmarried girls. Marriage requires three stages of proposal, engagement and marriage, and the engagement ceremony is essential. Both parties are accompanied by a female relative to register with the priest.
Hungarian national holidays include: 1 January, New Year's Day; 15 March, the anniversary of the 1848 Freedom struggle; The first Sunday after the equinox full moon, Easter; May 1, Labor Day; August 20, National Day; October 23, National Festival; November 1st, Halloween; December 25th, Christmas Day.
[16]
The Hungarians belonged to the Finno-Ugric ethnic group, and their nomadic tribes migrated west from the southern Russian steppes to the middle reaches of the Danube in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. At the beginning of the 11th century, the tribes unified and established a state. The development of Hungarian folk music culture is deeply influenced by other folk music cultures. Due to the introduction of Christianity and the influence of church chants, the early Hungarian music culture gradually lost its original Oriental tradition and was Europeanized. In the 16th century, with the Turkish invasion, Hungarian music was influenced by Eastern music. After Hungary fell under the rule of Austria in the 17th century, German-Austrian music was introduced into Hungary, which had an important influence on the development of Hungarian music.
Folk music
Most of the early Hungarian folk songs were narrative songs in subject matter. They are mostly pentatonic, rhythmically free, structurally irregular, and have less to do with Western European music than with Eastern music such as Turkey. Under the influence of Western European music, the Hungarian folk songs had a remarkable change in the 17th and 18th centuries. The old pentatonic scale was replaced by the Dorian mode, the Myxoladian mode, and the modern major mode. Rhythm also changed from free form to regular, and syncopated rhythm, which is closely related to Hungarian language, appeared. The structure of the song is also more regular and symmetrical, but it is still monophonic. With the development of cities, urban folk music has also developed. In the late 18th century, the Verbensch dance music, which accompanied the dance of recruits, appeared. This kind of dance music, usually performed by gypsies, is influenced by the traditional techniques of Western European music, but also contains the elements of gypsy music; In terms of form and structure, it contains two parts, adagio and allegro, which form a contrast in character. In the early 19th century, Chardash dance music was formed on the basis of Verbensch dance music. This dance maintains the basic structural features of the Velbensch dance, but the allegro section is greatly developed. The first part of the Chardash, called the Rashu, is slow and has a melancholy tone; The second part, called Frith, is fast and passionate. The scale commonly used in this dance music is called the "Gypsy scale", and is characterized by the 4th and 7th steps of the minor mode being raised, forming two increments between the 3rd and 4th and the 6th and 7th steps.
Professional music
The development of Hungarian professional music in the Middle Ages, although hindered by the Turkish invasion, still developed, for example, in the first half of the 16th century, the earliest collection of secular music in Hungarian was published; There were also composers and Luteers who were influential in Europe, such as B. Buckfalk (1507 ~ 1576). At the end of the 17th century, Hungary was annexed by Austria, and since then, the Habsburg Dynasty tried to promote the cultural Germanization, the development of Hungarian folk music was destroyed, and the music industry was mostly in the hands of Germans and other foreigners. In the 18th century, there were often orchestras and choirs of considerable quality in the residences of the upper nobility. J. Haydn, for example, worked for a long time in the band of Prince P.A. Estelhadzi of Hungary.
Life theme
At the same time, Hungarian urban musical life developed and the earliest Hungarian musical comedies appeared. In the middle of the 19th century, the Hungarian national movement arose, and under its promotion, the national music culture had an important development. The two most important representatives were F. Liszt and F. Elkell. Although Liszt has been active in France, Germany and other countries for a long time, he has always maintained a connection with the Hungarian musical tradition. He not only founded the Budapest Conservatory of Music and performed at home, but also made extensive use of the themes of Hungarian people's life and materials of Hungarian folk music in his instrumental music creation. His 20 songs
Hungarian Rhapsody
"Became an important document of Hungarian folk music. Elkell is the real founder of Hungarian national opera. His creation, performance and educational activities had an important impact on the Hungarian musical life in the second half of the 19th century. His masterpieces Honjaudi Laszlo and Governor Bunker became classics of Hungarian national opera.
Hungarian weddings usually have two forms, one is in the church by the priest, and the other is held in the family. Hungarians have many civil festivals, such as Christmas on December 25-26 each year. Hungarians use different colored coffins according to the age of the deceased.
Hungarians do not want 13 and Friday, especially when holding a banquet, can not set 13 seats. They think bad luck will happen if you break glass and mirrors. Whether you stay in a restaurant or have a meal, do not break glassware, otherwise, it will be considered a harbinger of reverse luck and will become an unwelcome person.
In February 1990, the Hungarian People's Army was renamed the Hungarian Defence Forces. In March 1999, Hungary officially joined NATO. The Constitution makes the president commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Ministry of National Defense is the highest military authority. Compulsory military service was abolished in December 2004. President Novak is the commander of the Defense Forces, and General Ruszin-Szendi Romulusz is the Chief of the General Staff.
At present, a railway and road network has been formed with the capital as the center, leading to the whole country and neighboring countries.
The total length is 32,600 kilometers, including 1,324 kilometers of expressways. In 2022, the number of motor vehicles in China will be 4.981 million. Highway freight volume was 36.55 billion tonne-kilometers, accounting for 61.71% of the total freight volume, and passenger volume was 9 billion person-kilometers.
Hungarian highway names begin with "M" followed by an Arabic numeral. As of 2020, there are 28 major highways. Among them, the M0 is the Budapest Ring Road, and the M1 to M7 roads all start in Budapest in a clockwise radial arrangement, and all are connected to the European road network. Among them, the M1 road goes to Austria, the M2 road goes to Slovakia, the M3 road goes to Ukraine, the M4 road goes to Romania, the M5 road goes to Serbia, the M6 road goes to Croatia and the M7 road goes to Slovenia and Croatia.
Hungary has a motorway ticket system, where motorists buy motorway tickets before they hit the road, and those caught evading them will be fined heavily.
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It has a total length of 7,889 km, of which 3,221 km are electrified railways. There were 8,806 trucks and 2,121 buses. In 2021, the freight volume will be 10.90 billion ton-kilometers, accounting for 20% of the total freight volume, and the passenger volume will be 5.43 billion person-kilometers. Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is the national railway hub of Hungary and can be reached by train to the main cities of Hungary and many surrounding countries.
The Hungarian National Railway Company (MAV) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the Hungarian national railway network, while its subsidiary, MAV-START, is responsible for passenger transport.
[16]
In 2022, the total number of flights was 57,886, the cargo throughput was 133.816 million tons, and the passenger throughput was 12.205 million. 2 international airports: Budapest Liszt Ferantz Airport and Debrecen Airport.
On July 7, 2022, scheduled passenger flights between Hungary and China resumed.
[19]
Danube
The main river ports are Budapest, Donau New Town, Gyur-Gonyu, Baoyao and Mohachi. Located on the island of Chepel, south of Budapest, the port of Chepel is Hungary's largest import and export port, connected to the overseas via the Danube River, reaching Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, and the important Black Sea port of Constanza, the Danube River plays a pivotal role in Hungary's waterway transportation. Hungary has no seaports, but the Black Sea ports can be reached directly via the Danube River.
[16]
In 2021, the pipeline will have a total length of 8,125 kilometers and a total transport capacity of 5.07 billion tons kilometers.
Attention has been paid to raising and improving people's living standards, and pensions, family allowances, and child-bearing and child-rearing subsidies have been continuously increased. In addition, preferential subsidies are provided in the areas of health care, education, culture, sports and tourism. The per capita monthly income in 2022 is 500,000 forints. By December 2022, there were 1.99 million retirees in China, accounting for 20.6 percent of the country's total population, and related expenses accounted for 8 percent of GDP. By 2022, the country will have 44,727 doctors, 66,655 hospital beds and 3,133 pharmacies.
The quality of the Hungarian people is high, about one-third of the working population has higher education. 12 years of compulsory education, free kindergarten for children, free primary education. Length of schooling: 8 years in primary school, 4 years in secondary school (including vocational high school), 4-6 years in university, 7 years in medical university. In addition to public schools, there are missionary schools, private schools and foundation schools. In September 1986, a new education law was implemented, which expanded the operational and economic autonomy of all types of schools and promoted the democratization of school life. The first Higher Education Law was passed in 1993.
[16]
The education budget expenditure in 2021 is 1.932 billion forints, about 3.5% of the total budget.
The number of schools, students and teachers in 2022/2023 is as follows:
|
school
|
Students (10,000)
|
Teachers (10,000)
|
|
|
kindergarten
|
4599
|
32.3
|
3.1
|
|
Primary school
|
3573
|
71.5
|
7.4
|
|
Middle school
|
1614
|
36.1
|
3.6
|
|
Institutions of higher learning
|
63
|
20.7
|
2.6
|
|
Reference materials:
|
|||
The Hungarian government's science and technology innovation department is the National Research and Innovation Agency under the Prime Minister's Office, which is responsible for formulating national science and technology innovation strategies and policies, and coordinating bilateral and multilateral science and technology cooperation with the European Union, neighboring countries and international organizations. The Hungarian Academy, universities and enterprises are the main scientific research forces in Hungarian society and undertake various scientific and technological research and development projects. Hungary's research and development strengths include mathematics, brain science, information technology, engineering technology, environmental technology, agricultural science, etc.
Hungary's investment in science and technology research and development continues to grow significantly, and since 2019, the government has expanded its investment in science and technology research and development by 32 billion forints per year, with the total investment accounting for 1.8% of GDP. From the perspective of research and development funding sources, government investment has gradually decreased in the past decade, while the proportion of enterprises and foreign investment funds has gradually increased. From the field of R&D investment, 48.3% of enterprise R&D expenses are invested in manufacturing, of which pharmaceutical products and transportation are the main industries.
[16]
Hungary has passed a law requiring citizens to participate in health insurance. According to the World Health Organization, the average life expectancy in Hungary in 2020 is 72.2 years for men and 78.7 years for women. 19.5% of the Hungarian population is over the age of 65. In order to reverse the aging of the population, Hungary has introduced multiple policies to encourage fertility, and implemented the "Family Expansion Policy" in 2019, including a huge "mother loan" and subsidies for having more children. In 2020, the Hungarian government will spend 6.2% of GDP on family support measures, three times the OECD average.
[16]
The main national newspapers with large circulation are: The Hungarian Nation, founded in 1938, with a circulation of 17,000 in 2022; Hungarian News, founded in 1968, circulation of 9,000 in 2022; The Voice of the People, founded in 1873, with a circulation of 25,000 in 2022; The World Business Herald, founded in 1969.
News Agency: Hungarian News Agency, state-run, founded in 1880.
Magazines: The main magazines are "World Economic Weekly", "Budapest Times".
The main radio stations: Radio Kossut, Radio Pedofi and Radio Bartok are all state radio stations. There are also Radio Juventus and Radio Donau, both commercial stations.
Main television stations: Hungarian Television (MTV), founded in 1957; Donau Television, founded in 1992. Private television stations include RTLKlub, founded in 1997; TV2, founded in 1997.
Hungarian football legend - Puskas
1. Passport: Valid passport (validity must be more than 3 months after obtaining the visa);
2. Photos: 1 color photo (within 6 months);
3. Application Form: One complete and signed visa application form;
4. Health insurance: (including medical accident insurance, medical transportation insurance and health insurance outside the Schengen member States, the amount of insurance shall not be less than 30,000 euros);
5. If the applicant is a non-citizen, proof of legal residence in the country;
6. Supporting documents: When submitting the visa application, in addition to the above documents, the applicant shall also provide the asset proof of the travel expense bearer and the travel purpose proof documents.
7. Documents required for asset proof: original employer income certificate; Or a bank deposit certificate for the last 3 months; Or proof of pension; Or private enterprise or self-employed business license; Or valid ticket, ticket reservation and prepayment certificate, hotel order; Or a statement from a legal authority bearing all expenses; Or an official invitation letter issued and sealed by the Hungarian Migration Office.
From March 14 to November 30, 2024, Hungarian ordinary passport holders can enter China visa-free for business, tourism, visiting relatives and friends and transit for no more than 15 days.
[24]
Active participation in EU and NATO affairs. He joined NATO in March 1999 and the European Union in May 2004. It joined the Schengen Agreement in December 2007. He held the rotating presidency of the European Union in the first half of 2011. It will hold the rotating presidency of the European Union in the second half of 2024.
The main diplomatic goals and tasks are to ensure national security, serve domestic economic development and improve people's livelihood. Effectively responding to the challenges of globalization; Strengthen China-Eu regional cooperation and take an active part in the construction of European integration; Strengthen the unity of the Huns. We attach importance to developing relations with European countries, especially neighboring countries, maintain frequent exchanges with Western Balkan countries, and support countries in this region in joining the EU. We attach great importance to developing relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region and strengthening exchanges with other developing countries, put forward the strategy of "opening up to the East", and strive to become a trade bridge between Asia and Europe.
Relations with China
On October 4, 1949, Hungary announced its recognition of the People's Republic of China, and on October 6, the two countries established diplomatic relations. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, friendly relations between the two countries have developed in an all-round way, leaders have exchanged visits and other forms of exchanges, cooperation in various fields has been strengthened, friendship between the two peoples has been further deepened, and the two sides have supported and cooperated closely with each other in international affairs. Hungary actively supports China's position on issues such as resisting the US and aiding the DPRK and restoring its lawful seat in the UN.
2017年5月13日，习近平主席会见
Viktor Orban
Prime minister. The two sides believe that further deepening China-Hungary relations is in the interests of both countries and agreed to establish such relations
Comprehensive strategic partnership
[9]
. In October 2019, the leaders and foreign ministers of China and Hungary exchanged congratulatory messages on the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries
[7]
. In May 2024, the leaders of China and Hungary jointly announced the elevation of China-Hungary relations to an all-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era
[28]
.
China is Hungary's largest trading partner outside Europe, and Hungary is one of China's most important trading partners in Central and Eastern Europe. Two-way trade in 2022 totaled 15.52 billion U.S. dollars, down 1.2% year-on-year. Among them, China's exports amounted to US $10.47 billion, up 3.3% year-on-year, while imports amounted to US $5.05 billion, down 9.4% year-on-year. From January to November 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Hungary was 13.308 billion US dollars, down 6.7% year-on-year. Among them, China's exports were 8.971 billion US dollars, down 7.0% year-on-year, and imports were 4.337 billion US dollars, down 6.0% year-on-year. Bilateral trade between China and Hungary is dominated by electromechanical and high-tech products with high added value, among which the four major fields of motors, electrical equipment and spare parts, boilers, mechanical appliances and spare parts, vehicles and spare parts, optics, photography, medical equipment and spare parts account for more than 80% of bilateral trade.
China and Hungary established the mechanism of the Joint Economic Committee in 1984 and have held 19 regular meetings so far. The most recent meeting was held in Budapest in March 2016, and was co-chaired by Zhong Shan, International Trade Negotiator (Minister-level) and Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Commerce, and Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Economic Affairs, Sjardo.
By the end of 2022, China's direct investment stock in Hungary was $426 million, covering trade, chemicals, finance, communications equipment, new energy, logistics and other industries. Yantai Wanhua Group acquired the Hungarian Baosd chemical company project. Huawei has set up a European supply center and a European logistics center in Hungary, and established a logistics network covering Europe, CIS, Central Asia, North Africa and other regions. China General Technology Group China Technology Company invested in the construction of 100MW photovoltaic power station project in the city of Hungarkopolszburg, which is one of the largest photovoltaic power stations in Central and Eastern Europe. Automotive companies such as Shenzhen BYD, Sichuan Bohong Group and Shanghai Yanfeng Auto Interior have invested and set up factories in Hungary. China has two state-level overseas economic and trade cooperation zones in Hungary: the China-Hungary Baosd Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone and the China-Europe Trade and Logistics Cooperation Zone. By the end of 2022, Hungary had invested a total of 403 million US dollars in China, covering sewage treatment, waterfowl breeding and production of environmentally friendly building materials. In November 2021, the Ministry of Commerce signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Promoting Investment Cooperation in the Field of Green Development and the Memorandum of Understanding on Strengthening Investment Cooperation in the field of Digital Economy with the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary.
From March 14, 2024, China will implement a trial visa-free policy for ordinary Hungarian passport holders.
[26]
Relations with European countries
On 1 May 2004, Hungary became a member of the European Union. Hungary has 22 seats in the European Parliament. On 21 December 2007, Hungary officially joined the Schengen Area. Hungary held the rotating presidency of the European Union from 1 January to 30 June 2011. In recent years, there have been frequent visits between the leaders of Hungary and other EU member states. In 2021, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban will visit the UK, Slovenia, Serbia, the Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland and other countries. Foreign Minister Alciardo visited Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, Poland, Finland and other countries. French President Emmanuel Macron, Polish President Andrzej Duda, Czech Prime Minister Babis, Albanian Prime Minister Rama Rama, Slovenian Prime Minister Hagel, Serbian Parliament Speaker Ivica Dacic, Swedish Foreign Minister Lindh, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, Croatian Foreign Minister Stefan Rudman, Swiss Foreign Minister Kassis, Cypriot Foreign Minister Kristolides, Italian Foreign Minister Di Maio, Latvian Foreign Minister Levy Cz, Serbian Minister of European Integration Joksimovic, Romanian Minister of Economy, Commerce and Tourism Nit and other officials visited Hungary. In 2022, Hungarian President Novak will visit Poland, Slovenia, the Vatican, Romania, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Ukraine. Hungarian Prime Minister Orban visited Britain, Germany, Spain, Russia, Austria, Slovenia, Turkey, the Vatican and Serbia. Foreign Minister Cijardo visited the United Kingdom, Serbia, Croatia, Malta and Greece; President Djukanovic of Montenegro, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia Gerik Rudman, Foreign Minister Popescu of Moldova, Foreign Minister Korchok of Slovakia, Prime Minister Garibasvili of Georgia and other officials visited Hungary.
Relations with other countries
Stamps commemorating the 15th Anniversary of Hungary's Liberation (China)
On December 1, 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia said in a statement that the country's Foreign Minister Mirzoyan and Hungary's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Economy Szyjardo agreed to restore full diplomatic relations between the two countries.
[17]
On February 28, 2023, Egypt and Hungary signed a joint declaration on the strategic partnership between the two countries.
[18]
On December 18, 2023 local time, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan paid a visit to Hungary to attend the meeting of the Hungarian-Turkey High Level Strategic Cooperation Committee. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban and Erdogan signed a treaty in Budapest on Hungary and Turkey
Document of its priority strategic cooperation.
[21]
Relations with international and regional organizations
In 2021, Hungarian President Adair attended the Three Seas Initiative Summit in Bulgaria. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban attended the video Summit of leaders of China and Central and Eastern European Countries and the V4+ Slovenia Summit. Hungarian Foreign Minister Szyjardo attended the collective meeting between V4 Foreign Ministers and US Secretary of State Blinken, V4+ Egypt Foreign Ministers' Meeting, the five Central European Foreign Ministers' Meeting, the Summit of the Cooperation Committee of Turkic-Speaking Countries, and the UN General Assembly. Hungary is a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO for the period 2019-2023. In 2022, Hungarian President Novak attended the 77th session of the UN General Assembly and the Paris Peace Forum. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban attended the Visegrad Group Heads of Government meeting. Hungarian Foreign Minister Alvaro Sjardo attended the UN Security Council High-level public debate on "Children and Armed Conflict" and the "Open Balkans" Initiative Summit.
On the evening of February 26, 2022 local time, Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Economy Siarto said through social media that all the personnel of the Hungarian Embassy in Ukraine, a total of 35 people, have been evacuated, and the relevant personnel have been evacuated to the Hungarian Consulate General in Uzhhorod, Ukraine
[10]
.
Buda Palace
It was built by the "Arubardo Dynasty" on the right bank of the Danube River in the 13th century and fell into disrepair during the Turkish occupation of Buda. In the 18th century, it was partially rebuilt, and in the mid-19th century, it was restored and expanded to become a neo-Baroque building. It was later destroyed during World War II, after which a Special Rehabilitation Commission was set up to rebuild the palace.
Fisherman's Fort
A neo-Roman style castle built on an old fortress in the early 20th century. The name comes from the 19th century, citizens to protect the city, and the Danube area where the royal city is guarded by fishermen, so the name of the fisherman's castle. The cloister offers a beautiful view. Part of the castle is used as a restaurant.
Hungarian State Opera House
In Pest city on the east bank of the Danube River, the Opera House is a typical representative of many modern "monuments" that were destroyed during the war and restored after the war. When this magnificent building was completed in 1833, the hall was illuminated in splendor by 2600 candles reflected by 160 mirrors.
The Szechenyi Bath in Budapest
Eger
Eger is a heroic old city in northern Hungary, located 130 km northeast of Budapest on the Eger River. The pre-baroque architecture gives the city a laid-back Mediterranean feel. Home to the famous "bull's blood" wine, it is flanked by some of the most beautiful areas of the northern highlands of Hungary. In the 11th century Istvan I, the first king of Hungary, established a bishopric here.
|
name
|
type
|
location
|
|
|
1
|
Tokaui wine Region
|
Cultural heritage
|
|
|
2
|
Traditional village of Hollock
|
Cultural heritage
|
|
|
3
|
Cultural heritage
|
The state of Jer-Moson-Chopron
|
|
|
4
|
Millennial Benedictine Monastery
|
Cultural heritage
|
|
|
5
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
6
|
Natural heritage
|
||
|
7
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
8
|
Natural heritage
|
Borsaud-obauwui-zemplen Oblast
[8]
|
On 14 November 2017, at the Headquarters of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in Paris,
Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
At the Conference of the Parties, Hungary was elected
World Heritage Committee
Member.
[4]
The two most important representatives of 20th century Hungarian modern musicians with international reputation are B. Bartok and Z. Koday. They not only made an outstanding contribution to the discovery of the treasure of Hungarian folk music, made an outstanding contribution to the theory and practice of musical ethnology, but also raised the Hungarian professional music creation to a new level in creation. Especially Bartok, his works in the fields of symphonic music, piano music, chamber music, opera, dance music, etc., occupy an important position in the modern music of the 20th century, and have an important impact on the development of modern western music in the 20th century. Some of the most influential Hungarian composers after World War II were F. Szabo, L. Weiner, and B. Weiner. Tordos et al.
On April 3, 2022, according to the preliminary vote count results released by the Hungarian National Election Office, Hungary's ruling coalition (Fidesz and CDU) won the parliamentary election held on the same day.
[12]
On the evening of April 9, 2022 local time, after completing the counting of all votes, the Hungarian National Election Office announced the final vote tally of the 2022 parliamentary election. The coalition of Fidesz and the CDU garnered more than 3 million votes, winning 54.1 percent of the vote and 135 seats in the 199-seat parliament, more than a two-thirds supermajority. The Hungarian Unity Coalition of six opposition parties won 34.46% of the vote, translating to 57 seats in parliament; The far-right Our Fatherland movement won six seats with 5.88% of the vote; The National Autonomous Council for German Minorities won one seat.
[13]
=
On May 24, local time, Hungarian Prime Minister Orban announced in a video released on social media that in view of the continued spread of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Hungary will enter a state of wartime emergency from midnight on the 25th. In addition, Orban said that the first set of response measures will be announced on the 25th.
[14]
On July 13, 2022, Guyash Gergai, Minister of the Hungarian Prime Minister's Office, said that the Hungarian government declared a state of energy emergency in the country in order to deal with the energy crisis caused by the Russia-Ukraine conflict and EU sanctions against Russia.
[15]
On March 10, 2024, in front of Sandor Palace, the presidential palace in Budapest, Hungary, Hungary was elected president
Shuyuk Daumash
Delivering the inaugural address at the inauguration ceremony.
[25]
