WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia

Baidu home page

assist

Home page

encyclopaedia

Feature encyclopedia

Knowledge topic

Join the encyclopedia

Encyclopedia team

Authoritative cooperation

Individual center

Canada

broadcast discuss Upload video

North American countries

unfoldSeven entries with the same name

Collect

Check out my collection

0 Useful +1

Canada ( English / French : Canada), the capital Ottawa , located in North America North. East approach Atlantic Face the west Pacific Northwest neighbor America Alaska , South to America Home, north The Arctic Ocean . The climate is mostly Subfrigid coniferous forest climate and Humid continental climate The northern polar region is Polar long cold climate . The country is high in the west and low in the east, rich in mineral resources, and the reserves of metallic and non-metallic minerals are among the top in the world . The total area is 9980,000 square kilometers, of which the coastline is about 240,000 kilometers, and the country is divided into 10 provinces and 3 regions. As of June 2023, Canada's total population is 40 million people It is mainly of European descent such as English and French, and English and French are both official languages.

Canada originally Indian with The Inuit Place of residence. It became a French colony in the early 17th century and was later ceded to Britain . On July 1, 1867, the United Kingdom merged the provinces of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into a federation, becoming the first British dominion. Since then, other provinces have joined the Federation. In 1926, the United Kingdom recognized Canada's "equal status" and Canada gained diplomatic independence. In 1931, it became The British Commonwealth The parliaments of the member States also gained equal legislative powers with the British Parliament, but still had no power to amend the Constitution. In 1982, the British Queen signed the Constitution of Canada Act, which gave the Parliament of Canada full powers to make and amend the Constitution. ^[1]

Canada is one of the most developed economies in the world and is one of the seven largest industrial countries in the West. Manufacturing, high-tech and service industries are well developed, while resource industries, primary manufacturing and agriculture are the main pillars of the national economy. Dependent on foreign trade, the economy is deeply affected by the United States. Canada is The United Nations , The International Monetary Fund , World Bank , World Trade Organization , Group of seven (G7), Group of 20 and Apec (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Member states. In 2022, Canada's gross domestic product will be $2.17 trillion. ^[7]

Chinese name: Canada
Foreign name: Canada
continent: North America
capital: Ottawa
Major city: Toronto , Montreal , Vancouver , Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City Etc.
National Day: July 1st
National song: " Ouch! Canada "
Country code: CAN
Official language: English , French
currency: Canadian dollar
Time zone: UTC-3.5 to UTC-8
Political system: A parliamentary constitutional monarchy
National leader: Mary Simon (Governor) , Justin Trudeau ^[1] (Prime Minister)

Population number: 40 million ^[1] (June 2023)
Population density: 3.95 persons/km2 ^[5] (January 2023)
Major nationality: An Anglo-Canadian , French Canadian , Indian , The Inuit ^[1]
Major religion: Catholicism (45%) , Protestantism (36%)
Land area: 9980000 km²
Land area: 9090000 km² ^[1]
Water area ratio: 8.92% (2019)
International telephone area code: 1
International domain name abbreviation: .ca
Road access: Keep to the right
National bird: Garrulus griseus
The national flower: Sugar maple flowers (Red maple leaf)
Gross domestic product: $2,170 billion ^[1] (2022)
Gross domestic product per capita: $54,000 ^[1] (2022)

catalogue

Historical evolution

broadcast

EDITOR

Scenery of Canada

Canada used to be Indian with The Inuit The place of residence.

In the 16th century, Frenchman They dreamed of discovering and ruling more territories, expanding their trade, and bringing the world to their faith.

In 1535, when King of France Francois the First The navigator Jacques Kartier was ordered to explore the "New World" in order to find a route to India. Cartier's first expedition has arrived Gulf of St. Lawrence . He didn't know what he was going to find here, but he hoped it was a branch of the ocean and the only way on his journey to the Far East. So he went up the St. Lawrence River. Instead of reaching Asia, he ended up in Quebec, which the native Indians called "Stadakona." two Indian The youth told Jacques Cartier the route to "kanata," which they then referred to as Canada, a name that would remain in use until the early 17th century.

Gulf of St. Lawrence location

The word Canada comes from the Indian word for "Canada." Canada ", meaning "community" or "village". Cartier, in his report to the French king, used the word "Canada" for the first time, referring to Quebec, where he had arrived. By 1616, although the whole area had been named New France (la Nouvelle-France), but Canada's great river and Gulf of St. Lawrence (French: Golfe du Saint-Laulent; The land along the Gulf of St. Lawlence is still called Canada.

From the 16th century, Canada became a French and British colony.

In 1583, the English Humphrey Gilbert Sir Humphrey Gilbert established a settlement at St. John's in present-day Newfoundland and claimed it as the first British colony in North America. ^[2]

1611. English explorer and navigator Henry Hudson Henry Hudson sailed to what is now Hudson Bay in Ontario and claimed it for Britain. ^[4]

By 1620, fishermen from the West County region of England controlled most of the eastern coast of Newfoundland. ^[3]

Between 1756 and 1763, the British and French broke out in Canada. Seven years' War France was defeated. In 1763, Treaty of Paris Making Canada an official British colony.

The term "Canada" was first used officially in 1791, when Quebec was divided into the colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. In 1841, Upper and Lower Canada was unified again as the Province of Canada.

In 1867, the British Province of Canada, New Brunswick And the province of Novascotia merged into one federation, becoming the earliest in Britain dominion . Since then, other provinces have joined the Federation.

In 1926, the United Kingdom recognized Canada's "equal status" and Canada gained diplomatic independence.

Constitution Act of Canada, signed by the Queen in the lower right corner

In 1931, Canada became The British Commonwealth The parliaments of the member States also gained equal legislative powers with the British Parliament, but still had no power to amend the constitution. ^[1]

In 1967, Parti Quebecois The issue of calling for Quebec's independence was raised, and the party won the 1976 provincial election.

In 1980, Quebec A referendum on independence was held and the result was overwhelmingly against, but the issue was not finally settled.

In 1982, Queen of England Signed the Constitution of Canada Act, the Parliament of Canada obtained constitutionalism , Constitutional amendment The full power. In the second half of the 20th century, several French-speaking Quebec provinces petitioned for independence, but two referendums (1980 and 1995) narrowly defeated the independence side with 40% and 49.4% of the vote. Later, the Canadian law was amended to provide for Quebec to enter into a secession negotiation process with the Canadian government if the question presented in the Quebec referendum was clear enough and a clear majority supported it.

In March 1982, the House of Lords and House of Commons passed the Constitution of Canada Act, and in April of the same year, the Act was ratified by the Queen, giving Canada full powers to legislate and amend the Constitution.

On April 17, 1982, the Parliament of Canada adopted a new constitution, and the British Parliament approved the repeal of the old constitution, and Canada changed the name of Dominion Day on July 1 to Canada Day, and Canada became effectively independent from the United Kingdom. When confederation was formed, the new country was named Canada.

Geographical environment

broadcast

EDITOR

Regional location

Canada is located in the northern half of North America, about 41° to 83° north latitude and 52° to 141° West longitude. The Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Alaska to the northwest, the United States to the south, the Arctic Ocean to the north up to the Arctic Circle. Canada has a land area of 9.985 million square kilometers, the overall area is second only to Russia, ranking second in the world, of which the land area is 9.994 million square kilometers, and the freshwater area is 891,000 square kilometers. In the east-west direction, Canada starts from Cape Spear in Newfoundland in the east to the border of Alaska and Canada in the west, a straight-line distance of about 5,360 kilometers. From north to south, the southernmost point of land is Middleisland on Lake Erie, and the northernmost point is Cape Columbia on Ellesmere Island, a straight-line distance of 4,640 km.

Canada

landform

Map of Canada

Eastern Canada is low The Labrador Highlands The southeast is Great Lakes Hit the mark Lake Superior , Huron , Erie and Lake Ontario , and American Lake Michigan Join together to form St. Lawrence River , sandwiched between the St. Lawrence Mountains and The Appalachian Mountains Between the formation of river valleys, flat terrain, many basins. The west is The Cordillera Mountains the Rocky Mountains Many of the peaks are more than 4,000 meters above sea level. The highest mountain Logan Peak Located in the west Rocky Mountains It is 5951 meters above sea level. Arctic archipelago The region, many series of hills and low mountains, affected by the polar climate covered with snow and ice. In the middle is the Great Plains and Laurentian Low Plateau It covers about half of the country.

climate

Northern Canada is located at high latitudes and has long, cold winters, while most of the south has four distinct seasons. Spring is the rainy season in most parts of southern Canada, with average daytime temperatures rising daily, but still cooler at night. Summer usually begins in July, the southern part of Canada in the summer climate is warm, daytime temperatures are usually more than 20 ° C, sometimes even reach 30 ° C, from the end of September to October, into autumn, the temperature is changeable. In winter, most of the area is covered with snow and ice, and the temperature is usually below 0 ° C, with some northern areas reaching as low as -60 ° C.

Natural resources

Forest tree resources

Distribution of forest resources in Canada

Canada is rich in forest resources, with a forest area of 347 million hectares, ranking third in the world, after Russia and Brazil, accounting for 9% of the world's forest cover. About 240 million hectares are usable timber forests, of which 68% are coniferous (softwood), 15.5% are mixed and 10.5% are broad-leaved. Ninety-four percent of the country's forests are publicly owned and the remaining six percent are privately owned. The total stock of timber is about 44.65 billion cubic meters.

Water resources

890,000 square kilometres of Canada's territory is covered by fresh water, and 7% of the world's sustainable freshwater resources are available. ^[1]

The major rivers of Canada are: St. Lawrence River , The Magen River , Yukon , Columbia River , Nelson River and Ottawa River Among them, the Magensome River is the first longest river in Canada, with a total length of 4,241 kilometers, second only to Mississippi River For the Arctic Ocean water system. The St. Lawrence River is a shipping channel between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, with a total length of 1,287 kilometers, and is the largest river in Canada after the Mississippi River.

Mineral resources

Canada is the third largest mining country in the world, producing more than 60 metallic and non-metallic minerals. Canada is rich in mineral resources, and its reserves of metallic and non-metallic minerals are among the top in the world. From the perspective of metal ore reserves, the recoverable potassium ore reserves are 4.2 billion tons and 1 billion tons of potassium oxide equivalent, ranking first in the world, accounting for 27.8% of the world's potassium oxide equivalent. Uranium reserves of 490,000 tons, ranking third in the world, accounting for 8% of the world's reserves; Platinum group metal reserves of 310 tons, ranking fifth in the world, accounting for 0.4% of the world reserves; Gold reserves 1,900 tons, ranking ninth in the world, accounting for 3.8% of the world's reserves. Iron ore reserves of 6 billion tons, ranking sixth in the world, accounting for 3.6% of the world's reserves; Zinc reserves of 2.2 million tons, ranking 11th in the world, accounting for 1% of the world reserves; Nickel reserves of 2.6 million tons, ranking ninth in the world, accounting for 2.9% of the world's reserves.

Oil and gas resources

Canada has 167.7 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, the third largest in the world after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia, 97 percent of which are in the form of oil sands, almost all of which are located in Alberta. The Athabasca Oil Sands are the world's largest concentration of oil sands, with about 8 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves. In 2019, its crude oil production reached 4.7 million barrels per day, ranking fourth in the world. Exports were 3.8 million barrels per day, the third highest in the world, of which 98% (3.7 million barrels per day) went to the United States. Canada's proven natural gas reserves are about 2.1 trillion cubic meters, ranking 17th in the world. In 2019, Canada's natural gas production was 500 million cubic meters per day, ranking fourth in the world. Exports of about 200 million cubic meters/day, ranking sixth in the world, all exports to the United States.

Administrative division

broadcast

EDITOR

Zoning details

Subdivisions of Canada

Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories. The 10 provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan. The three territories are the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut. ^[7]

Subdivisions of Canada
Province/region	Area (sq. km)	The capital	Add time
Alberta	661848	Edmonton	1905
British Columbia	944735	Victoria	The year 1871
Manitoba	647797	Winnipeg	The year 1870
New Brunswick	72908	Fredericton	The year 1867
Newfoundland and Labrador	405212	St. John's	The year 1949
Nova Scotia	55283	Halifax	The year 1867
Ontario	1076395	Toronto	The year 1867
Prince Edward Island	5660	Charlotteton	The year 1873
Quebec	1542056	Quebec City	The year 1867
The Province of Saskatchewan	651036	Regina	1905
Northwest China	1346106	Yellow sword	The year 1870
Yukon Territory	482443	White horse	1898
Nunavut	2093190	Iquette	It was split from the Northwest Territories in 1999

Major city

Ottawa

Views of Ottawa

Ottawa The capital of Canada, the political center of the country, It is located in southeast Canada on the lower Ottawa River, a tributary of the St. Lawrence River . The National Capital Region (which includes Ottawa, Ontario, Gatineau, Quebec, and surrounding towns) has a population of 1,324 million and an area of 4,715 square kilometers. The average annual maximum temperature is 15-26 ° C (July), and the minimum temperature is -16-6 ° C (January). Ottawa is in the West 5 time zone, 13 hours later than Beijing time, from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November every year for daylight saving time, the clock is set 1 hour ahead, and the time difference with China is 12 hours. ^[7]

Views of Ottawa

"Ottawa" comes from the Indian word (ADAWA), meaning "trade", which was originally an aboriginal region whose people were known to be good at trading. In the first half of the 19th century, Ottawa developed from a timber distribution center to a timber capital, and was founded in 1855. It was made the capital in 1867 when the Dominion of Canada was established. Due to its origins as a timber town and later as the seat of the Federal Parliament, Ottawa is known as the "City of Saws and fuses".

Toronto

Toronto view

Toronto It's the capital of Ontario. According to the 2016 survey, there were approximately 5.93 million residents in the Toronto CensusMetropolitan Area and a population of 2.73 million in the City of Toronto. The city of Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometers, is Canada's largest city and economic center, located in the core of Canada, close to the industrial development of the eastern United States. The automobile industry, electronics industry, finance industry and tourism play an important role in Toronto's economy. Its high-tech products account for 60% of the country. Famous Canadian banks such as Royal Bank, Imperial Bank, Bank of Montreal, and the Toronto Stock Exchange, the third largest stock exchange in North America, are located in the city, and 90% of the branches of foreign banks in Canada are located in Toronto. The famous nearby Niagara Falls attracts about 30 million tourists a year.

Toronto has a large immigrant population, with 48% of its residents being immigrants from all over the world. Toronto is also famous for its Chinese population, with about 700,000 Chinese in the Greater Toronto Area. In recent years, the influx of new immigrants has brought in large amounts of money, reinforcing Toronto's position as Canada's economic, business, financial and cultural center.

Toronto is an important center of culture, education and scientific research. The University of Toronto was founded in 1827, is the largest university in Canada, the Ontario Science Centre, the National News agency, the National Broadcasting Company, the National Ballet, the National Opera and other important natural science, social science research institutions are located in the city. ^[7]

Montreal

Views of Montreal

Montreal Located in eastern Canada, it is a major port on the St. Lawrence River waterway, which connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. With a 2016 population of about 4.1 million, the Montreal Census metropolitan Area is the second largest city in Canada. 60% of the residents are of French descent, and the city architecture maintains the style of Paris a hundred years ago, which is the largest French-speaking city in the world except Paris, so it is called "Paris of North America".

Montreal has a developed economy and is home to the headquarters of institutions such as railway companies, insurance companies and the International Civil Aviation Organization. Montreal is also one of Canada's financial centers, with five of the country's eight largest banks having their headquarters here. The city is a shipping and industrial center with a variety of new manufacturing and oil processing industries, as well as traditional industries such as soap, wine, wood and leather products. Montreal is also known as a multicultural capital and arts center, having hosted the World Expo in 1967 and the Summer Olympics in 1976.

Higher education in Montreal is well developed, with McGill University (founded in 1821), George Williams University (1929) and the University of Montreal (1876). ^[7]

Vancouver

Vancouver scenery

Vancouver It is the political, economic and cultural center of British Columbia, Canada, the hub of air and rail transportation in Canada, the largest port city in western Canada, and an important gateway to the East from North America. The city of Vancouver is located on the Pacific coast of the southwestern province of British Columbia, Canada, between Burrard Bay and the Fraser River delta, across the Strait of Georgia and Vancouver Island, 40 kilometers south of the Canadian border with the United States. Vancouver is surrounded by mountains on three sides, one side by the sea, affected by the Pacific monsoon and warm current in the south, and the Rocky Mountains across the North American continent as a barrier in the northeast. The climate is mild, humid and pleasant all year round. It is a famous tourist attraction in Canada. With a population of 2.46 million in 2016, the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area is Canada's third largest city and the largest business, financial, technological and cultural center in western Canada. ^[7]

Vancouver scenery

Vancouver industry occupies an important position in Canada, the main processing industries are fish processing, food processing, wood processing and deep processing of ancillary products. The mountain forests around Vancouver provide a steady supply of raw materials for the city's wood processing and paper industry, as well as metal processing, shipbuilding, automobiles, and petroleum smelting. As the largest port city on Canada's west coast, Vancouver is a major cargo hub connecting North America and Asia. Vancouver has the largest port and the second largest airport in Canada, and is well developed by rail. With more than 50 international shipping routes, the Port of Vancouver is one of the busiest ports in the world.

National symbol

broadcast

EDITOR

flag

Flag of Canada

Flag of Canada It is a rectangle, the ratio of length to width is 2:1. The flag is composed of red and white from left to right, with red on both sides Atlantic and Pacific The white square symbolizes Canada's vast territory. In the center is a red maple leaf with 11 horns, representing Canada's seven provinces and four self-governing states. maple It's Canadian. National tree It is also a symbol of the Canadian nation.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Canada

Coat of arms of Canada For the coat of arms. Formulated in 1921, the middle of the pattern is a shield shape, and the lower part of the shield is a three-leaf maple leaf; The upper four sets of motifs are: three golden lions, an upright red lion, a harp and three lilies, respectively, symbolizing Canada's history and history England , Scotland , Ireland and France The connection between. The coat of arms has a lion holding a red maple leaf, which is both a symbol of the Canadian nation and a symbol of right World War I During the mourning of the Canadian victims. On top of the lion is a golden crown, symbolizing the Queen as the head of state of Canada. The lion on the left of the shield holds the flag of the United Kingdom, and the unicorn on the right holds an original French lily. The bottom sash reads in Latin "From sea to sea", indicating Canada's geographical location - the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Pacific Ocean on the east Atlantic .

National anthem

National anthem of Canada

" Ouch! Canada "(French, English: Oh Canada) and" God Save The Queen ". "O Canada," with music by Kalixa Lavallee and lyrics by Adolph-Basile Louthier, was first performed in 1880. The lyrics of the national anthem were originally only in French.

In 1908, Robert Stanley Vale wrote the English lyrics. On July 1, 1980, the Government of Canada declared: Ouch! Canada As official National anthem And held a ceremony in Ottawa to name the national anthem. Therefore, Canada's national anthem has both English and French lyrics. God Save the Queen is the national anthem of the United Kingdom and the royal anthem of the Commonwealth.

National treasure

beaver

beaver The beaver (also known as the beaver) is the largest medium-sized amphibian in the order of rodents. There are beavers in the world American beaver (Castor Canadensis Kuhl), Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus) and Name the subspecies C. F. Fulber Linnaeus and the Mongolian subspecies C. F. Bululai Serebrennikov.

The national flower

The sugar maple flower, also known as the red maple leaf, is the national flower of Canada. Canada is known as the "Maple leaf country" title, Canadians have deep feelings for the maple leaf, in addition to the national flag painted in the center of the large red maple leaf, maple leaf patterns can be seen everywhere in daily life.

population

broadcast

EDITOR

As of January 2023, the total population of Canada is 39.5 million people. Mainly British, French and other European descent, indigenous people account for about 3%, the rest are Asian, Latin American, African descent and so on. English and French are both official languages. The population is 45% Catholic and 36% Christian. ^[1]

The population distribution of Canada is very uneven, because of geography and climate, 80% of the population lives in a strip of land 160 km wide near the northern border of the United States. There are six provinces with a population of more than one million: Ontario (14.7552 million); Quebec: 8,575,900; British Columbia, 5.1530 million; 4,436,300 in Alberta; Manitoba (1,380,900); Saskatchewan has a population of 1,178,800.

According to the most recent national census of Canada in 2016, the Canadian Chinese population was 1,769,200, accounting for 5.1 per cent of the country's total population, ranking seventh among all ethnic groups. The top six are Canadian, British, Scottish, French, Irish and German. Toronto is the city with the largest Chinese population in Canada, with about 700,000 Chinese in the Greater Toronto Area. Vancouver is home to the second largest Chinese population, with nearly 500,000 Chinese living in the Vancouver area. In addition, Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa and Winnipeg are also major cities with Chinese communities.

On April 27, 2022, Statistics Canada announced the 2021 working-age Census that more than one in five working-age Canadians are nearing retirement, a record proportion that will have major ripple effects on Canada's economy, Labour market and health care system. According to the census, 21.8 per cent of Canada's working-age population - those aged 15 to 64 - are 55 to 64 years old and close to retirement. The total number of Canadians aged 65 and older is about 7 million, or 19 per cent of the population, up from 16.9 per cent at the 2016 census. Based on population projections, it could triple by 2046. People in this age group typically have higher health care needs and can have an overwhelming impact on Canada's already overburdened health system. ^[6]

On June 22, 2022, according to official data released by Canada, as of the end of the first quarter of 2022, the total population of Canada is estimated to be 38,654,738 people ^[11] .

According to Canada's "Sing Tao Daily" comprehensive report, Statistics Canada released the 2021 census report on October 26, 2022, which showed that immigrants accounted for nearly a quarter of Canada's population, the highest proportion of immigrants since the establishment of the Canadian federation, more than 8.3 million people had entered Canada as immigrants, or applied for permanent residents. According to Statistics Canada, immigration is the main driver of population growth due to Canada's aging population and low fertility rate, accounting for four-fifths of the growth in the Labour force from 2016 to 2021. In the past, most immigrants to Canada came from Europe, but now most immigrants come from Asia and the Middle East, with India accounting for the highest proportion, with one in five immigrants to Canada coming from India. ^[12]

On June 16, 2023, Statistics Canada's "Population Clock" real-time model data shows that Canada's total population crossed the 40 million mark on June 16. ^[14]

political

broadcast

EDITOR

regime

Canada has a federal parliamentary system, the head of state is the King, and the Governor General is in charge of the executive power of the state on behalf of the King. The Federal Parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, is the highest power and legislative body of the country. Bills passed by the House and Senate become law after being signed by the Governor. The government of Canada is an executive body formed by the party with the majority of seats in the House of Representatives, and its leader is the Prime Minister and heads the cabinet.

Since the establishment of Confederation in 1867, the Liberal and Conservative parties (formerly the Progressive Conservatives) have alternated in power. In 1993, the Liberals won the federal election and Jean Chretien became Prime Minister. In the 1997 and 2000 general elections, the Liberal Party won consecutive elections, and the Croatian government remained in power. In December 2003, Chretien announced his retirement and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Paul Martin. In 2004, Canada held a general election, the Liberal Party won again, and Martin was re-elected as Prime minister. In 2006, the Conservatives defeated the Liberals in a general election, and the party's leader, Stephen Harper, became prime minister. In October 2008 and May 2011, the Conservative Party won two general elections, and Stephen Harper was re-elected Prime minister. In 2015, the Liberals won the general election by a wide margin, and their leader, Justin Trudeau, became prime minister. In October 2019, Trudeau led the Liberal Party to win the 43rd General election and was re-elected Prime minister. In September 2021, Canada held the 44th federal election early, and the Liberal Party won the election again, and Trudeau began his third term as prime minister.

constitution

Canada has a three-way political system. There is no complete constitution, and it is mainly composed of constitutional acts passed in various historical periods, including the British North America Act passed by the British Parliament in 1867. The relevant Act stipulates that Canada implements a federal parliamentary system, the King is the head of state, the Governor is the King's representative in Canada, and English and French are the official languages. The Constitution aims at peace, order and good governance. ^[1]

congress

It consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and bills passed by both chambers become law after being signed by the Governor. The Governor has the power to convene and dissolve Parliament.

The Senate has 105 seats, which are allocated according to the proportion of the population of each province and historical practice. Senators are nominated by the Prime Minister, appointed by the Governor-General, and retire at 75. The current President of the Senate is Raymonde Gagne, who took office in May 2023.

The House of Representatives has 338 seats and is directly elected to four-year terms by federal constituencies proportioned to the population of each province. The current Speaker of the House is Liberal Greg Fergus, who took office in October 2023. ^[1]

government

Government of Canada The cabinet system. The leader of the party with the majority of seats in the House of Representatives becomes the Prime Minister and forms a government. The current Liberal Government was sworn in on October 26, 2021, with a total of 39 cabinet members, mainly: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland, Foreign Minister Melanie Joly, Defence Minister Bill Blair, and Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry Francois-Ph ilippe Champagne, and Mary F.Y. Ng, Minister of International Trade, Export Promotion, Small Business and Economic Development. ^[1]

judiciary

Canada There are three levels of courts: federal, provincial and local (generally municipal). The Federal courts generally accept financial, maritime and related economic cases. The Supreme Court, consisting of one justice and eight associate judges, adjudicates major political, legal, constitutional issues on federal and provincial appeals as well as major civil and criminal cases. The decision of the Supreme Court is final. Supreme Court judges are nominated by the Prime Minister, appointed by the Governor General, and retire at the age of 75. Chief Justice Richard Wagner took his seat in December 2017. Justice Minister and Attorney General Arif Virani took office in July 2023. Each province has a provincial High Court and a provincial court, which mainly hear criminal cases and other important cases related to the province, but some provincial courts also hear civil cases. Local courts generally hear civil cases. ^[1]

Political party

(1) Liberal Party: The governing party. Founded in 1873. Represent the interests of industrial monopoly capital groups and take into account the interests of small and medium enterprises. The leader is Justin Trudeau, the eldest son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who was elected in April 2013.

(2) Conservative Party: Official opposition, right-wing party. Formed in December 2003 by a merger of the Alliance and Progressive Conservatives, it represents the interests of the banking and insurance industry, rail transport, energy industry monopoly capital and large farmers. Its leader, Pierre Poilievre, was elected in September 2022.

(3) New Democratic Party (NDP) : Opposition party. It was formed in 1961 by the merger of the Civilian Co-operative League and the Canadian Labour Congress. It is a social Democratic Party, representing the interests of the middle and lower working class and advocating that the government provide more public goods to make up for market defects. The leader is Jagmeet Singh, who was elected in October 2017.

(4) Bloc Quebecois: an opposition party. Established in 1991. Representing the interests of Quebecers. Its leader, Yves-Francois Blanchet, was elected in January 2019.

Other parties include the Green Party. ^[1]

dignitaries

Mary Simon : The Governor. Female, born August 1947 in Quebec, Canada. He worked as an announcer for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in the 1970s. He was Canada's first ambassador for Polar Affairs from 1994 to 2003. He served as Canada's Ambassador to Denmark from 1999 to 2001. In 2016, he was appointed Special Representative for Arctic Issues of the Canadian Government's Minister of Aboriginal and Northern Affairs. In July 2021, he took office as the 30th Governor-General of Canada, becoming the first Aboriginal Governor-General in Canada's history.

Justin Trudeau

Justin Trudeau : The Prime Minister. He was born in Ottawa, Canada, in December 1971. He received a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Environmental Geology from McGill University and a Bachelor of Education from the University of British Columbia. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Representatives in 2008 and was re-elected in 2011. He was elected leader of the Canadian Liberal Party in April 2013. In October 2015, the Liberal Party won the general election and was inaugurated as Canada's 23rd Prime Minister in November 2015. In October 2019 and September 2021, the Liberal Party won two general elections and was re-elected as Prime minister. ^[1]

economy

broadcast

EDITOR

summarize

Canada is one of the seven western industrial countries. Manufacturing, high-tech and service industries are well developed, while resource industries, primary manufacturing and agriculture are the main pillars of the national economy. With trade to establish the country, the dependence on foreign trade is greater, the economy is deeply affected by the United States. The main economic indicators are as follows:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) : $2.17 trillion (2022)

GDP per capita: $54,000 (2022)

GDP growth rate: 3.4% (2022)

Unemployment rate: 5.0% (March 2023)

(Source: CSA website) ^[1]

As of July 2021, the international rating agency Moody's has rated Canada's sovereign credit at Aaa/Aaa with a stable outlook. As of June 2020, the international rating agency Fitch rated Canada's sovereign credit rating AA+ with a stable outlook. ^[7]

agriculture

The total output value of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in 2021 is $39.83 billion, accounting for about 2% of the GDP. Mainly planted wheat, barley, flax, oats, rapeseed, corn, feed grass and other crops. Arable land accounts for about 16% of China's total land area, of which 68 million hectares have been cultivated, accounting for 7.4% of China's total land area. Canada's fishery industry is developed, 75% of fishery products for export, is one of the world's largest exporters of fishery products.

Canada is the world's fifth largest agricultural exporter, exporting about $56 billion in agriculture and agri-food annually. Canada exports about 50% of its cattle and beef, 70% of its soybeans, 70% of its pork, 75% of its wheat, 90% of its canola and 95% of its legumes.

forestry

Natural scenery of Canada

Canada's forest area is about 350 million hectares, with a per capita forest area of 9.74, ranking first in the world. Forest and green coverage is about 40%, accounting for 9% of the world's forest cover. Canada has 49% of the world's forests certified for sustainable management. 68% of Canada's forests are coniferous (softwood) forests, 16% are mixed forests, 11% are broad-leaved forests, and 6% are temporary unplanted forests. Canada's forests are divided by ownership: provincial territories account for 89.5%, federal 1.6%, private 6.2%, and First Nations 2%. Canada is the world's leading exporter of softwood, newsprint and wood pulp. In 2020, forestry contributed $3.56 billion to Canada's GDP. ^[7]

Fishery industry

Canada borders the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, with the Five Great Lakes and a coastline of 244,000 kilometers, accounting for 25% of the world's coastline. Freshwater area of 750,000 square kilometers, accounting for 20% of the world's fresh water reserves. The Atlantic fishery accounts for about 76% of the total fishery, including lobster, crab, shrimp and scallops. The Pacific fishery accounts for 20%, producing salmon, clams, bottom fishes, fish and herring roe. Freshwater fisheries accounted for 4%, products are barracuda, yellow bass, salmon, white spot pike, lake trout and so on. 85% of Canada's fish products are exported, and fisheries contributed $1.1 billion to Canada's GDP in 2020.

industry

In 2021, the total output value of the Canadian manufacturing industry is 186.9 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for about 9% of the GDP, employing about 1.735 million people, accounting for about 9.1% of the national employment population. The total output value of the construction industry is 148.8 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for about 7.5% of the GDP, employing about 1.43 million people, accounting for about 7.6% of the national employment population. ^[1]

Energy industry

Canada has 167.7 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, ranking third in the world, of which about 98% are from the oil sands, almost all of which are located in Alberta. In 2019, Canada produced 4.7 million barrels per day of crude oil, ranking fourth in the world. Canada's proven reserves of natural gas are about 2.1 trillion cubic meters, ranking 17th in the world. In 2019, total natural gas production was 172.8 billion cubic meters, ranking fourth in the world. Canada's energy export market and part of its pipeline network are highly dependent on the United States. Since 2020, disputes between Canada and the United States over Keystone and Enbridge's Line 5 and other pipelines have escalated, causing serious concerns in Canada. In 2020, Canada's oil and gas industry contributed $104.4 billion to GDP, or 5.2 per cent of GDP.

Biotechnology industry

Canada's biotechnology industry is one of the country's premier high-tech industries. The industry ecosystem includes large multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, early - and mid-stage biotechnology companies, research institutions, universities, and support networks including contract research and manufacturing organizations.

The main foreign investment companies are: Abbott, Amgen, Bayer shares, Astellas Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and others; Local companies in Canada are: Angicochem, Apotex, Bioniche, Cangene and so on.

According to Government of Canada statistics, 38% of Canada's biotechnology industry employment is distributed in Ontario, 35% in Quebec, 15% in BC, and the remaining 12% in the prairie provinces and the Atlantic Region, which have become world-class biotechnology hubs.

Automobile manufacturing industry

Canada's automotive manufacturing industry covers 1,000 companies, directly creating nearly 130,000 jobs, mainly producing light vehicles, including cars, vans, pickup trucks, heavy vehicles including trucks, buses, school Canada 24 vehicles, military vehicles and various types of vehicle parts and electronic systems.

Major Canadian auto manufacturers include FiatChrysler, Ford and General Motors in the United States and Honda and Toyota in Japan, with assembly plants mainly located in Ontario.

In 2020, the Canadian automotive industry produced more than 1.03 million light commercial vehicles, more than 320,000 passenger cars and about 14,000 heavy trucks. Automotive manufacturing contributed C $12.2 billion to GDP, or 0.6 per cent of GDP.

Chemical manufacturing industry

The Canadian chemical industry (including plastics) exports more than 60% of its products, providing about 87,000 direct jobs and roughly 525,000 related jobs. Domestic enterprises mainly include: ERCOWorldwide, Methanex, NOVA Chemicals, Raymor Industries, etc. Foreign enterprises mainly include: Air Liquide, Amcor, BASF, Cabot and others. Processing companies are concentrated in Ontario, accounting for about 43 per cent of the industry, followed by British Columbia at 30 per cent, Quebec at 17 per cent and other provinces at 10 per cent.

In 2020, the Canadian chemical manufacturing industry will contribute $20.3 billion to GDP, or 1.0% of GDP.

Aerospace industry

Canada's aviation industry is developed, is the world's third largest aircraft manufacturing country, industry associated enterprises more than 700. Canadian aerospace industry companies are concentrated in the Montreal Air Industry Park, which is home to more than half of the industry's employment. Others are located in the Toronto area, Winnipeg, Vancouver and East Coast cities. In addition to civil aircraft, Canada's space industry has advantages in earth observation, space robotics, space technology and exploration, and satellite communications.

In 2020, Canada's aviation manufacturing industry will contribute $7.2 billion to GDP, or 0.36% of GDP.

finance

Canada employs nearly 750,000 people in the financial sector. Business areas include banking, trusts, life, health, property and casualty insurance, credit cooperation, securities trading, financial leasing, pension fund management, mutual fund management, independent insurance agents and brokers. In 2020, the finance and insurance sector will contribute $143.4 billion to GDP, or 7.2% of GDP. During the 2008-2009 financial crisis, not a single major Canadian bank failed. Moody's ranks Canada's banking sector first in the world in terms of service strength and safety. The Canadian banking system is ranked fifth in the world by the World Bank in terms of investor protection. ^[7]

After Trudeau became Prime minister in November 2015, he proposed to increase government spending and stimulate economic growth through deficit finance. In April 2021, the Canadian House of Representatives voted to pass the 2021 Federal Budget, which introduced a three-year economic stimulus package totaling $101.4 billion. In March 2023, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Freeland presented the 2023/2024 budget to the Federal Parliament.

As of January 2023, Canada's foreign exchange reserves stood at $81 billion. The Canadian government stopped stockpiling gold in March 2016. As of December 2022, the total debt of the Canadian Federation is about $1,473 billion.

Central bank

The Bank of Canada is the central bank of Canada and the only bank in Canada that issues banknotes.

Major commercial banks

Royal Bank of Canada (Royal Bank of Canada) : Founded in 1864, the largest private bank. As of the end of October 2022, total assets of approximately $1,917.2 billion.

(2) Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce: formed in 1961 by the merger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce (established in 1867) and the Canadian Imperial Bank (established in 1875). As of the end of October 2022, the total assets of about 943.5 billion US dollars.

(3) Bank of Montreal: Founded in 1817. Total assets at the end of October 2022 were approximately $1,139.1 billion.

(4) Scotia Bank. It is one of the leading financial institutions in North America. At the end of January 2020, the bank had 100,000 employees in 55 countries, more than 25 million customers and total assets of $1.2 trillion.

(5) The Toronto-Dominion Bank. Together with its subsidiaries, TD Bank Financial Group is collectively known as TD Bank Financial Group. The Group operates in major financial centres around the world. In January 2020, the bank had 85,000 employees, more than 26 million customers and total assets of about $1.5 trillion.

(6) The National Bank of Canada was founded in 1859. It is currently one of the major charter-chartered banks in Canada and the leading bank in Quebec. At the end of 2019, the bank had 25,000 employees and total assets of about $281 billion. ^[7]

Chinese bank

Chinese banks in Canada include Bank of China (Canada), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Canada), China Construction Bank Toronto Branch, etc.

Bank of China (Canada), incorporated in Toronto on May 18, 1993 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bank of China, holds a SCHEDULE II banking license in Canada. Since the establishment of the first branch in Chinatown in Toronto's Central district in 1994, the company has set up offices in Vancouver, Markham, North York, Richmond, Calgary, Mississauga, and Montreal, and has established eight external business offices.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Canada), in 2010, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China officially became the controlling shareholder through the acquisition of 70% of the shares of Canada's Bank of East Asia, and the bank was officially renamed Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Canada). Icbc (Canada) holds a full-featured banking license in Canada and currently has eight branches, five of which are located in the Greater Toronto Area, two in Vancouver and one in Calgary, and has set up high-end customer service centers in British Columbia to provide various retail banking and corporate banking services to customers.

China Construction Bank Toronto Branch officially obtained the opening license granted by the Regulatory Authority of Financial Institutions of Canada (OSFI) on October 29, 2014, and holds a full-featured bank license in Canada to provide customers with a wide range of financial services such as deposits, loans, trade finance, international settlement, and financial market business. ^[7]

Securities market

Founded in 1852, the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America, and the ninth largest in the world. It is owned and managed by the Toronto Stock Exchange Group (TMX Group) and has a wide variety of listed companies, mainly from Canada and the United States. The exchange is headquartered in Toronto and has offices in other major Canadian cities such as Vancouver, Montreal, Winnipeg and Calgary. The TSX is the main board market and the Toronto Venture Exchange (TSXV), which is owned by TMX Group, is the GEM market. Companies listed on the TSX come from all sectors of the world, including mining, oil and gas, forest products and resources companies such as mining, industrial, biotechnology, transportation, communications, raw materials and financial services companies. Listing on the TSX provides companies with a range of benefits, such as easy access to capital, liquidity, transparency and access to comprehensive research and analysis.

In June 2021, the market capitalization of the Toronto Stock Exchange reached $3 trillion. Of the more than 2,200 listed companies on the TSX, the top 100 companies account for about 70% of the market capitalization. ^[7]

Insurance market

Financial insurance services in Canada are rich and very safe. Large insurance companies are as follows:

(1) Manulife Financial Corporation, headquartered in Toronto and founded in 1887, provides various financial products and services, including individual life insurance, group life and medical insurance, group pension plans, reinsurance services and investment management services. In 1996, Manulife Life, a subsidiary of Manulife Financial, and Sinochem Group Finance Co., Ltd. jointly established Zhonghong Life Insurance Co., LTD., the first Sino-foreign joint venture life insurance company in China. According to the 2018 annual report, Manulife Operating Management (AUM and AUA) had $1.084 trillion in assets, achieved core earnings of $5.6 billion, and distributed net income to shareholders of $4.8 billion.

Power Financial Corporation is a Canadian multinational diversified management and holding company founded in 1984. According to the 2018 annual report, Bauer Financial operates (AUM) $847 billion in assets, manages (AUA) $1.6 trillion in assets, and has net income of $2.2 billion.

(3) Sun Life Financial Inc., founded in 1865 and headquartered in Toronto, provides a wide range of savings, retirement, pension, life and health insurance products and services to individual and corporate customers around the world, with major operations in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Asia Pacific region. It has offices in more than 20 important markets around the world. According to the 2018 annual report, Sun Life Financial Operations (AUM) has assets of C $951.1 billion and reported net income of C $2.5 billion. ^[7]

currency

The currency of Canada is the Canadian Dollar (symbol C$). The Canadian dollar is a freely convertible currency. At any financial institution and exchange point in Canada, the Canadian dollar can be exchanged with major international currencies such as the US dollar and the euro at any time. The Central Bank of Canada has the sole authority to issue banknotes, while the federal government has the sole authority to issue coins. The government issues coins through the Royal Canadian Mint. The Canadian currency currently in circulation is the following: nickels, dimes, twenty-five cents, one and two dollars; Notes: five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred dollars. On March 31, 2021, the Bank of Canada's average exchange rate for the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar and the euro was: 1 U.S. dollar =1.2 Canadian dollars and 1 euro =1.47 Canadian dollars. ^[7]

tourism

A survey of food service companies across the country by the Canadian Restaurant Association shows many are considering shutting down permanently in the wake of the pandemic. According to the World Travel Council's (WTTC) annual Economic Impact Report released in June 2021, the Canadian tourism industry came close to collapsing in 2020 due to restrictions on international travel, costing the economy $59.2 billion and causing 373,000 employees in the industry to lose their jobs. Tourism is worth about $17.5 billion in the first three quarters of 2020. ^[1]

Canada is an overseas destination for Chinese tourists. China is Canada's fourth largest source of tourists. According to Canadian statistics, about 571,000 Chinese citizens visited Canada in 2019. According to Chinese statistics, about 776,300 Canadian citizens visited China in 2019. ^[8]

foreign trade

The Canadian economy is heavily dependent on foreign trade, with a trade surplus of $39.5 billion and a trade volume of $1,518.9 billion in 2022. It mainly exports automobiles and spare parts, other industrial products, forest products, metals, energy products, etc. Mainly imported machinery and equipment, automobiles and spare parts, industrial materials, food and so on. The main trading partners are the United States, China, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Japan, and EU countries.

At the end of 2020, Canada's stock of outward direct investment stood at $1,469.3 billion. The Government of Canada's total foreign assistance for the fiscal year 2019/2020 is about $5.747 billion. By the end of 2020, the stock of foreign direct investment in Canada was $1,0466.3 billion. ^[1]

In 2020, the United States, China, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Italy, France, and Vietnam are Canada's top 10 trading partners, as shown in Table 3-1. Canada is highly dependent on the US market, with bilateral trade accounting for 60.8% of Canada's total foreign trade, down 2.2 percentage points from 2019. The main export commodities are crude oil, gold, passenger motor vehicles and parts, wood and wood pulp, natural gas, rapeseed, medical supplies, potash fertilizer, refined oil, iron ore, etc. The main imported commodities are passenger motor vehicles, gold, crude oil, pickup trucks, medical supplies, light oil, data processing equipment, telephones, motor vehicle parts, digital communication equipment, etc. ^[7]

Foreign aid

As one of the most developed economies in the world, Canada is an important country in providing foreign aid. The government's total foreign aid for the 2020/2021 fiscal year is $843 billion. ^[7]

Outward investment

At the end of 2021, Canada's stock of outward direct investment stood at $1,555.6 billion.

Foreign capital

By the end of 2021, the stock of foreign direct investment in Canada was $1,082.5 billion.

culture

broadcast

EDITOR

religion

According to the latest statistics from Statistics Canada in 2011, 43.6% of Canadians believe in Roman Catholicism, 29.2% Protestant Christianity, 1.6% Orthodox Christianity, 2.6% other Christianity, 0.1% Judaism, 1.9% Islam, 1.4% other religions, and 16.5% non-religious people.

custom

Canada is a country of immigrants, and the government encourages the coexistence and development of diverse cultures. Different ethnic groups have preserved their own cultural traditions, while respecting the customs and traditions of other ethnic groups, and ethnic inclusiveness is a major feature of Canadian life. In Canada, there are different dresses for different occasions. In formal occasions, such as churches, formal dinners, business negotiations, men wear dark suits and ties, and women wear solemn dresses. At weddings, men wear either suits or casual clothes. To a friend's home or attend a banquet, men should wear a dark suit, women should wear a solemn dress, wear light makeup.

Canadians generally shake hands when they meet guests on social occasions. Kisses and hugs are reserved for acquaintances, relatives and lovers. The diet of Canadians is similar to that of the British and Americans in that they prefer baked food due to the cold climate.

Canada has a habit of tipping, generally 10 to 15 percent of the amount of money paid in restaurants.

Engaged in business activities in Canada, the first meeting can talk about some of the Canadian climate, customs, tourist attractions and other relaxed topics. Don't ask about the other person's age, income, or personal life. It is best to give gifts in business activities that are more exquisite and have national characteristics of arts and crafts. Gifts are usually wrapped in gift paper, with a card written on the name of the other person and the giver.

Canadians have a strong sense of time, it is not appropriate to arrive early or late for activities, if you can not keep an appointment on time, you should inform the other party in time.

The most popular sports and outdoor activities in Canada are ice hockey, skiing, skating, fishing, boating, camping and so on.

Festivals

Major national holidays in Canada include:

National holidays in Canada
Festivals	date
New Year's Day	January 1st
Irish Day (Saint Patrick's Day)	On March 17th
Easter Sunday	The first Sunday after the full moon after the vernal equinox
Victoria Day	The 24th of May
National Day (Canada Day)	July 1st
Labor Day	First Monday in September
Thanksgiving Day	Second Monday in October
Remembrance Day	November 11th
Christmas Day	December 25th
Boxing Day	December 26th

Canada has a five-day work week, with Saturday and Sunday as public holidays.

Language

Canada is a bilingual country, with English and French as the official languages, but many Canadians speak Italian, Chinese, German, Portuguese, Polish, Ukrainian, Dutch and Greek as their mother tongues. In July 1969, the Government of Canada promulgated the Official Languages Act, which stipulates that English and French are the official languages, federal government documents must be issued in both languages, and government departments must provide services to citizens in both languages. By the end of 2017, the top 10 languages in Canada were English, French, Chinese, Punjabi, Filipino, Spanish, Arabic, Italian, German and Urdu. In about 10 years, the number of native Chinese speakers increased by 23.8% to 1.253 million, making Chinese the third most spoken language in Canada.

celebrity

Sports circles	Eugenie Bouchard	Sydney Crosby	Chen Weiqun	Jenny Lochte
The fashion world	Ryan Taylor	Rachel Roberts	lisa ray	Nina Dobrev

Military affairs

broadcast

EDITOR

The Governor-General is the formal Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of Canada, the Prime Minister is the de facto commander in chief, and the Minister of National Defence, assisted by the Chief of Defence Staff, is responsible for the Armed Forces and leads the national forces. Canada to North Atlantic Treaty Organization Collective defense, bilateral strategy with the United States and defense cooperation are the two pillars of its defense policy. It actively participates in UN peacekeeping operations and international observation and supervision activities, and advocates arms control, disarmament negotiations and the destruction of chemical and biological weapons. While maintaining military cooperation with the United States and Western European countries, military exchanges with the Asia-Pacific region have been strengthened. ^[1]

China and Canada military exchanges

The two countries exchanged military attaches in 1973. In June 2013, Canadian Defense Minister Mackay visited China. In August, State Councilor and Minister of National Defense Chang Wanquan visited Canada. In August 2014, the frigate Regina of the Canadian Royal Navy visited Shanghai. In June 2016, General Zhao Keshi, member of the Central Military Commission and Minister of Logistics, visited Canada. In December, a Chinese naval taskforce consisting of missile frigates Yancheng, Daqing and Taihu visited Canada's Victoria Port. In May 2017, the Canadian Navy frigate Ottawa visited Shanghai. The defense ministries of the two countries established a working meeting mechanism in August 2013 and have held four meetings so far. ^[8]

traffic

broadcast

EDITOR

Transportation is developed, water, land and air transportation are very convenient, and the per capita traffic line ranks first in the world. The total value of the transportation industry in 2022 is $84.3 billion, accounting for about 3.9% of GDP.

highroad

According to Transport Canada, Canada has about 1,130,000 kilometers of paved roads, 40% of which are paved and 60% of which are unpaved. Four provinces - Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan and Alberta - account for 75% of the country's total road mileage. Canada's 38,000 km of highways form the Canadian NationalHighway System, which is closely connected to the U.S. highway network through fast border crossings.

railway

According to the Railway Association of Canada, Canada has the world's fifth largest rail network, operating nearly 43,000 kilometres of track, 3,800 locomotives, employing 47,000 people in North America and moving C $320 billion worth of goods by rail each year. Canada's rail network is connected to major U.S. rail hubs.

In 2019, Canadian rail transported more than 332 million tonnes of cargo, transporting more than $205 billion worth of exports to North American and global markets. There are three major railway companies in Canada: National Railway (CN), Pacific Railway (CP), and VIA Rail (passenger). In addition, there are several local railway companies. Big cities such as Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal have subways and city trains.

Air freight

CANADA is the third largest aviation market in the world, with 18 million square kilometres of airspace managed by NAV CANADA. NAV CANADA is a private, not-for-profit corporation that owns and operates Canada's civil aviation navigation system. It operates air traffic control towers at 40 airports and flight service stations at 55 airports. In 2019, there were 1,994 certified and registered airfields, including 341 hydroglider and ski airfields, 417 heliports, and 1,248 ground airfields for fixed-wing aircraft. Toronto Pearson International Airport, Vancouver International Airport, Calgary International Airport and Montreal Trudeau Airport are the four largest airports. In 2019, there were 36,887 registered aircraft of all types in Canada with 48,397 registered pilots.

There are direct flights between Canada and major cities around the world. Air Canada is Canada's largest airline, with a fleet of 188 aircraft as of 2019, including 146 aircraft operated by Air Canada Express and 64 aircraft operated by Rouge Air.

Water transport

According to Transport Canada, there are 555 ports in Canada as of 2019. Transport Canada's mandate covers two categories of ports: 17 ports independently managed by the Canada Port Authorities and 40 ports owned and operated by Transport Canada. The waterway connects the three oceans (Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic), the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.

In 2019, Canada's commercial registered fleet (1,000 gross tonnage and above) had 203 vessels with a gross tonnage of 2.3 million tonnes.

In 2020, the port managed by the Canadian Ports Authority handled more than 340 million tonnes of cargo. The main ports are the ports of Vancouver, Montreal and Halifax.

In 2019, the Port of Vancouver handled 144 million tons of cargo, and cruise passengers increased by 20.4%. The Port of Montreal handled 35.43 million tons of cargo, and the number of cruise passengers in Quebec decreased by 12.2%; The Port of Halifax in Nova Scotia handled 4.46 million tonnes, with cruise passengers up 2.2 per cent.

In 2020, the federal government banned cruise ships from calling at Canadian ports due to the coronavirus pandemic.

society

broadcast

EDITOR

education

Education in Canada is the responsibility of the provincial education departments, and the federal government is only responsible for the management and funding of some special schools. Canada implements 12 years of compulsory education, primary and secondary schools are generally 12 years, the implementation of the six-three-three system. Since Canada uses two official languages, English and French, primary and secondary schools are also taught in English and French, and French-speaking schools are mainly distributed in Quebec. Canadian primary and secondary schools are divided into public and private two types, public schools mainly recruit local students, private schools are usually sponsored by the church, the government gives subsidies, some have dormitories, recruit overseas students.

Most universities in Canada use the credit system. The academic year of full-time institutions of higher learning is divided into two semesters, September to December for the fall semester and January to April for the spring semester. In addition to universities, there are more than 250 community colleges in Canada. Famous institutions of higher learning include Queen's University, McGill University, University of Toronto, University of British Columbia, Laval University and University of Alberta.

hygiene

In Canada, all eligible people can enjoy the Canadian public health care system through the public reimbursement plan. Under the Canada Health Act, the system lays down five principles of health care: universal access; Extensive services; Public administration; Convenient medical treatment; No area restrictions.

According to the above principles, universal health care is funded by the federal government, which is also responsible for monitoring its implementation, and uniform standards across the country; The provincial governments shall be responsible for the specific handling; Visitors from one province to another province, if they are not settled, can still enjoy health insurance for up to three months according to their original registration status, and if they are settled for more than three months, they should register for health insurance separately.

Medicare is part of Canada's social security system. Every province in the country has a public administration responsible for paying the costs of health insurance for its residents. The funding comes mainly from government taxes. Non-profit hospitals that provide medical services at no cost to patients; A private doctor who provides medical services, for a fee. Only a doctor with prior authorization can decide whether a patient needs to go to a hospital. Most doctors in Canada have access to one or more hospitals.

Canada's universal health insurance covers not only health care for healthy people, but also health care and social services for people with physical disabilities, which can constitute a basic condition for long-term health care treatment.

Science and technology

Canada attaches great importance to scientific research and application, and has world-leading scientific and technological achievements in many fields. Governments at all levels have also continuously increased investment in science and technology, creating Canada's first-class higher education system and the world's fifth highest scientific research level, and has produced 27 Nobel Prize winners. There are a large number of outstanding Research institutes in federal government departments such as the National Research Council, the Department of Natural Resources, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health, and the Department of Environment and Climate Change. Its scientific research strength in the fields of life science, satellite communication, remote sensing satellite, space robot, micro-electronic information communication, agricultural biotechnology, environmental protection and clean technology, forestry and energy is at the world's advanced level.

China and Canada began scientific and technological cooperation in 1972. Since the signing of the Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation between the Governments of China and Canada in 2007, the two sides have established the Government Science and Technology Cooperation Fund and the Joint Committee mechanism for science and technology cooperation. Up to now, the two sides have held six joint committees on science and technology cooperation, with the sixth meeting held in Ottawa in February 2016. During Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's visit to China in 2016, the two sides agreed to establish a China-Canada joint working group on clean technology. The first meeting of the China-Canada Clean Technology Joint Working Group was held in Ottawa in May 2017. In October 2018, the first China-Canada Innovation Dialogue was held in Beijing. ^[8]

electricity

Canada ranks sixth in the world in electricity generation, with 641.1 billion KWH. Hydroelectric power generation ranks second in the world.

In 2018, Canada's hydropower generation accounted for 60% of the total power generation, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels accounted for 18% of the power generation, nuclear power accounted for 15% (Canada has 19 nuclear reactors, including 18 in Ontario and 1 in New Brunswick), other renewable energy accounted for 7% of the total power generation, mainly wind power generation. Canada's electricity supply can meet the needs of industrial and agricultural production, and exports to the United States market, exports in 2019 60.4 billion KWH. ^[7]

communication

The five largest telecom operators in Canada are Rogers, Bell, Telus, Quebecor and Shaw, which together account for 85% of the telecom market. According to the Canadian Radio-Television and Communications Commission (CRTC) "2020 Communications Monitoring Report", the Canadian communications industry has annual revenue of $78.1 billion, 92% of households have Internet access, mobile data coverage reaches 99%, 82% of Canadians have a mobile data plan, and more than 34 million Internet users. Canadians spend an average of 34.18 Canadian dollars a month on landline phones, 48.82 Canadian dollars on mobile data plans, 69.1 Canadian dollars on Internet and 24.79 Canadian dollars on TV subscriptions.

The state-owned Canada Post Agency provides a nationwide postal service, along with delivery operators such as UPS, Fedex and DHL. ^[7]

medium

The main mainstream media in Canada are "One" (Canadian Press), "two" (The Globe and Mail, the National Post), and "three" (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Television, Canadian Television, and Global Television). There are also major regional newspapers such as the Toronto Star, The Journal de Montreal, the Ottawa Citizen and the Quebec News.

The Canadian Press was founded in 1917 and is Canada's largest news agency. It is headquartered in Toronto and has bureaus in 13 cities and Washington, USA. The Associated Press and Reuters are its main sources of international news.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Canada's only state-owned media company, was founded in 1936, initially producing only radio programs, and began producing television programs in 1952. The company has two television networks in English and French and four broadcasts in English, French, indigenous languages and international services, covering most of the country's areas and population.

Post News Network was founded in 2010 and became Canada's largest paid-for newspaper group when it acquired the newspaper business of bankrupt CBC Global Communications. At present, it owns 10 well-known newspapers including the National Post and the Ottawa Citizen. ^[1]

Public security

Canada is a relatively safe society with a low crime rate. In a survey of 188 cities around the world conducted by Corporate Resources Group, four Canadian cities were ranked among the top 10 most livable cities in the world. According to the latest Statistics Canada data, the Canadian Crime Severity Index was 79.5 per cent in 2019, an increase of 5.1 per cent over the previous year. More than 2.2 million criminal offences (excluding traffic offences) were reported by the police in 2019, an increase of nearly 164,748 over 2018. In 2019, the police-reported crime rate was 5,874 crimes per 100,000 population, a year-on-year increase of 6.5 percent. ^[7]

Physical education

The 2026 FIFA World Cup It will be co-hosted by the United States, Mexico and Canada, among which The two host cities in Canada are Vancouver and Toronto. ^[10]

People's livelihood

People's livelihood
payroll	At the end of 2020, the average hourly wage in Canada was $29.51. Among them, the manufacturing industry is $28.69, the forestry, fishing, mining, oil and gas industry is $40.61, the construction industry is $31.15, the financial industry is $34.40, the education industry is $35.87, and the health and social services industry is $29.17.
Social security	Canada's Social Security taxes mainly include pension (CPP) and unemployment benefits (EI). Employee and employer pension (CPP) contributions for 2020 will be 5.25 per cent of salary and 10.5 per cent for self-employed workers, with the maximum income required to contribute increased to $58,700 and the basic deductible remaining unchanged at $3,500. The Federal Unemployment Benefit (EI) contribution rate for 2020 is 1.58%, with a maximum contribution base of $54,200. ^[7]
Labour force	According to Statistics Canada, as of the end of March 2021, the total number of employed Canadians was 18.834 million, and the unemployment rate was 7.5 per cent. By industry, the service sector accounted for the majority of employment, with 14.878 million people working in service-related industries. Provincially, the highest unemployment rate was in Newfoundland and Labrador at 12.4 per cent, while the lowest was in Quebec at 6.4 per cent. The Canadian workforce is highly trained, adaptable and of high quality. Canada is one of the four countries in the world that spends the highest percentage of GDP on public education, and about two-thirds of Canadians aged 20 to 24 have tertiary education. The high quality of the workforce and healthy industrial relations make Canada one of the best labor-management relations in the seven Western countries. Second, the employee share of wages is rising.
House price	According to the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA), home prices in Canada averaged $696,000 in April 2021, up 41.9 per cent from a year earlier. The specific price increase of each city is as follows (all are regional benchmark prices (benckmark price)). In Greater Vancouver, prices were $1.153 million, up 12 per cent from a year earlier. In the Greater Toronto Area, prices were $1.025 million, up 17.8 per cent from a year earlier. In the Greater Montreal area, prices were $487,700, up 26.5 per cent from a year earlier. Ottawa prices were $637,700, up 32.9 per cent from a year ago. Calgary prices were $446,600, up 9.0 per cent from a year ago. In Regina, prices were $261,800, up 8.5 per cent from a year earlier. - Saskatoon prices were $321,000, up 10.6 per cent from a year ago. ^[7]

diplomacy

broadcast

EDITOR

External relations

Relations with the United States

The US is Canada's neighbor and most important ally, and the two countries have maintained close relations in the political, economic, trade and military fields. Successive Canadian governments have regarded relations with the United States as a cornerstone of their foreign policy.

In March 2016, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the United States. President Obama met with and hosted a state dinner for him. The two sides pledged to strengthen cooperation in climate change, counter-terrorism, economy and trade. In April, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the Nuclear Security Summit in the United States. In June, US President Barack Obama officially visited Canada and attended the North American Leaders' Summit in Ottawa. In February 2017, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the United States, and President Trump met and hosted a luncheon for him. The two sides reaffirmed their traditional alliance and strengthened cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, energy, environmental protection and defense. In October, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, and met with President Trump. In June 2018, US President Donald Trump attended the G7 Summit in Quebec, Canada. In June 2019, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau paid an official visit to the United States. In November 2020, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau spoke with US President Joe Biden over the phone to congratulate him on his election. In January 2021, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau spoke on the phone with US President Joe Biden. In February, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and US President Joe Biden held a bilateral meeting via video. In August, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau had a phone conversation with US President Joe Biden. In September, after Prime Minister Trudeau was re-elected, President Biden and Vice President Harris congratulated him by phone respectively. In November, Prime Minister Trudeau went to Washington to attend the North American Leaders' Summit. In January 2023, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met with U.S. President Joe Biden on the sidelines of the North American Leaders Summit in Mexico. In March 2023, President Biden made his first official visit to Canada after taking office.

The US is Canada's largest source of investment, and the two countries are each other's important trading partners. In 2021, Canada-US trade in goods totaled $774.344 billion, of which exports to the US accounted for 75.6% of Canada's total exports and imports from the US accounted for 48.6% of Canada's total imports. In August 2017, Canada, the United States and Mexico launched the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In September 2018, Canada, the United States, and Mexico announced the successful renegotiation of NAFTA, and the new agreement was renamed the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). In November, US President Donald Trump, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto officially signed the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Argentina. The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement entered into force on July 1, 2020. ^[1]

Relations with major Asian countries

Canada believes that Asia will become the world economic center in the future and attaches great importance to developing economic and strategic relations with Asia. Canada is a member of APEC, ASEAN Regional Forum and ASEAN interlocutor. The Asia-Pacific region has become an important trading partner of Canada, as well as an important source of capital, technology and immigrants.

Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore are Canada's traditional trading partners, and China, India and ASEAN are also emerging markets with increased attention. The government of Canada has developed the Asia-Pacific Gateway Plan, which focuses on infrastructure development and aims to establish British Columbia as a shipping hub connecting North America and Asia.

In May 2016, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Japan and attended the G7 Summit. In June 2017, Myanmar State Counsellor Aung SAN Suu Kyi visited Canada. In October, Governor Payet went to Bangkok to attend the funeral ceremony of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. In November, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Vietnam to attend the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Da Nang and the 31st ASEAN Summit in Manila, Philippines. In February 2018, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited India. In November, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Singapore and attended the 33rd ASEAN Summit. In April 2019, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe paid an official visit to Canada. In June, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the 14th G20 Summit in Japan. In November 2022, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the ASEAN Summit in Cambodia, the 17th G20 Summit in Indonesia and the 29th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Thailand. ^[1]

According to a statement released by Global Affairs Canada on its website on May 24 local time, Canada and Saudi Arabia will appoint and exchange new ambassadors. This shows that, The two countries agreed to restore full diplomatic relations after a five-year break. The statement said that based on the talks between the two leaders on the sidelines of the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand on November 18, 2022, "the two sides hope to restore diplomatic relations between the two countries on the basis of mutual respect and mutual benefit; The Canadian side has decided to restore the level of diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia to the previous level " The statement also said Canada has appointed a new ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In 2018, Saudi Arabia accused Canada of interfering in its internal affairs and expelled the Canadian ambassador. ^[13]

Relations with CIS and Eastern European countries

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada quickly recognized the CIS countries and actively developed bilateral relations with them. Canada provides assistance to both CIS and Eastern European countries. Assistance to the CIS countries is mainly used to promote structural reforms and democratic processes to help them successfully complete the transition to a market economy. Assistance to Eastern European countries is mainly concentrated in the areas of political and judicial reform, as well as technical and managerial assistance. After the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis, Canada firmly supported the Ukrainian opposition to come to power, recalled its ambassador to Russia, and introduced several rounds of sanctions against Russia.

In July 2016, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Ukraine and attended the NATO summit in Poland. Canadian Minister of International Trade Freeland visited Ukraine, and the two sides signed the "Ga-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement". In September 2017, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko visited Canada. In October, Prime Minister Groysman of Ukraine visited Canada. In December, Canadian Foreign Minister Freeland visited Ukraine. In January 2018, Governor Payet visited Ukraine and Latvia. In October, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Armenia and attended the 17th Summit of the Organization of La Francophonie. In July 2019, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky visited Canada. In November, Governor Payet visited Lithuania and Estonia.

Since February 2022, Canada has introduced several rounds of sanctions against Russia. In March, Ukrainian President Zelenskiy delivered a speech to the Canadian Federal Parliament by video. In May, Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau visited Ukraine with Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Freeland and Foreign Minister Joly. In April 2023, Ukrainian Prime Minister Shmegar visited Canada. In June 2023, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Ukraine.

Relations with Western European countries

Canada is a member of NATO, the Commonwealth, the G7 and the Francophonie Summit, and attaches great importance to developing relations with Western European countries, believing that Canada's own prosperity and security are closely related to Western European countries. Canada has traditionally maintained close relations with Western European countries in the political, economic, military and cultural fields, and often coordinates positions with Western European countries on major international issues.

In September 2016, Prince William and his wife visited Canada. In October, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the Canada-EU Summit in Brussels, during which Trudeau, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker and European Council President Donald Tusk jointly signed the "Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement". In February 2017, Governor General Johnston paid a state visit to Sweden. In May, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the NATO Leaders' Summit in Brussels, visited Italy and attended the G7 Summit. In July, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Dublin, the capital of Ireland, and Edinburgh, where he met with Queen Elizabeth II and attended the G20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany. In September, British Prime Minister Theresa May visited Canada. In April 2018, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited France and attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in London. In May, Portuguese Prime Minister Costa visited Canada. In September, Spanish Prime Minister Alexis Sanchez visited Canada. In October, Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte visited Canada. In May 2019, Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau visited France. In June, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau went to the United Kingdom and France to attend the 75th anniversary of the D-Day landings. In July, President of the European Council Donald Tusk and President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker visited Canada and attended the 17th Canada-EU Summit. In August, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the G7 Summit in France. In December, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the NATO Summit in London, UK. In October 2020, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau held a video meeting with European Council President Charles Michel and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. In November, Canada and the United Kingdom reached a continuing trade agreement to ensure stability in their trade relationship after the end of the Brexit transition period, and the two countries also agreed to start negotiations on a new trade agreement from 2021. In October 2022, Governor Simon visited Iceland. In April 2023, German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier visited Canada. In July 2023, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attended the NATO summit in Lithuania. ^[1]

On January 25, 2024, a spokesperson for Canada's trade minister said that at the initiative of the British government, Canada and the United Kingdom have suspended negotiations on a free trade agreement. ^[15]

Relations with Latin American countries

Latin American countries are important trading partners and investment destinations of Canada. As a member of the Organization of American States, Canada has established the Canada-Latin America Forum with Latin American countries, established an irregular summit meeting system with Caribbean countries, signed free trade agreements with Chile, Costa Rica and other countries, and is a member of the North American Free Trade Area with Mexico. We are paying close attention to the situation in Haiti, where we have a peacekeeping force. Canada pursues a policy of engagement with Cuba, and many Canadian companies are engaged in mining and other businesses in Cuba.

In June 2016, Mexican President Enrique Pena officially visited Canada and attended the North American Leaders Summit in Ottawa. In November, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Cuba, Argentina and attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Peru. In June, Canadian International Trade Secretary Chrystia Freeland went to Mexico to meet with foreign ministers of Pacific Alliance countries. In October, Foreign Minister Dion visited Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. In June 2017, Freeland attended the 47th General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS) in Cancun, Mexico. In October, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau paid his first official visit to Mexico. In October, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos visited Canada. In April 2018, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau went to Peru to attend the Summit of the Americas. In December, Governor Payet went to Mexico to attend the inauguration ceremony of new Mexican President Jose Manuel Obrador. In August 2019, Canadian Foreign Minister Freeland visited Cuba. In February 2021, Canadian Foreign Minister Garneau attended the first Canada-CARICOM Foreign Ministers' Meeting. In June 2022, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau went to the United States to attend the Summit of the Americas.

Relations with African countries

In recent years, Canada has attached greater importance to the development of relations with African countries, and paid attention to and participated in the mediation and mediation of conflicts and civil wars in Africa led by the United Nations and African regional organizations. In September 2016, Justin Bieber, Minister of International Development and Francophonie Affairs, visited Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso. In November, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Liberia and attended the 16th Summit of the Organization of La Francophonie in Madagascar. Canadian Foreign Minister Dion visited Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia and the headquarters of the African Union. In March 2017, Canadian Minister of International Development and Francophonie Affairs Justin Bieber announced that the Canadian government would provide approximately $120 million in emergency humanitarian aid to help Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Yemen and other countries cope with the food crisis. In December, the Canadian Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, Hussen, announced that the Canadian government would provide $10.4 million and $15 million in humanitarian aid to Somalia and Kenya, respectively. In September 2018, Namibian President Geingob visited Canada. In October, Governor Payet visited Burkina Faso, Cote d 'Ivoire and Nigeria. In April 2019, Governor Payet visited Rwanda. In January 2020, Canada's International Development Minister Gould visited the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and announced $56 million in humanitarian aid for the prevention and control of the Ebola epidemic. In October, International Development Minister Gould announced that the Canadian government would provide $15.2 million in humanitarian aid to Burkina Faso. ^[1]

Relations with the State of Denmark

On June 14, 2022, Canada and Denmark reached an agreement on the ownership of an Arctic island with an area of about 1.2 square kilometers, and the two countries agreed to establish a land border on the island to resolve the sovereignty dispute between the two countries. ^[9]

China-canada relations

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Canada on October 13, 1970, the relations between the two countries have made great progress. In October 1973, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau visited China, the first visit by a Canadian prime minister after the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries. Since then, high-level exchanges between the two countries have continued to increase. Chinese President, Premier, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference visited Canada successively. The Governor General, the Prime Minister and the Speakers of the Senate and the House of Representatives of Canada have also visited China many times.

The two sides issued a joint press Release and signed a number of government agreements and commercial contracts. In August 2019, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Canadian Foreign Minister Freeland on the sidelines of the 9th East Asia Summit Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand. In November, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Canadian Foreign Minister Bernard Champfield on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Nagoya, Japan. In February and August 2020, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Canadian Foreign Minister Bernard Champfield in Munich, Germany, and Rome, Italy respectively. In January and April 2020, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had two phone conversations with Canadian Foreign Minister Bernard Champfield at request. In April 2022, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi held a phone conversation with Canadian Foreign Minister Joliy at request. In July, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Canadian Foreign Minister Joli on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Bali. In March 2023, Foreign Minister Qin Gang met with Canadian Foreign Minister Joli on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in New Delhi.

In 2003 and 2005, China and Canada signed the Joint Statement between the Governments of China and Canada on Strengthening Cultural Cooperation and the Agreement between the Governments of China and Canada on Culture. During Prime Minister Stephen Harper's visit to China in February 2012, the two sides announced that they would hold a series of cultural activities in 2013 and 2014. The two sides successfully held the 2015-2016 China-Canada Year of Cultural Exchange. In February 2018, the first meeting of the China-Canada Joint Committee on Culture was held in Ottawa. Every year, relevant Chinese and Canadian agencies hold colorful "Happy Chinese New Year" activities in Ottawa, Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal and other cities during the Spring Festival.

China has provided government scholarships to Canada since 1959. By the end of 2020, there are more than 1,200 Canadian students studying in China, and about 167,000 Chinese students studying in Canada. At present, China has signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Mutual Recognition of Higher and post-secondary Education with 10 Canadian provinces, and 11 Confucius Institutes and 38 Confucius classrooms have been established in Canada. The two sides established the China-Canada High-level Consultation Mechanism on Education Cooperation in September 2010, and held the third meeting in Canada in February 2014. Isabelle Crook Friendship Medal of the People's Republic of China . ^[8]

According to Chinese statistics, China-Canada trade in goods reached 96.1 billion U.S. dollars in 2022, up 17.3% year on year. Among them, China exported $53.7 billion and imported $42.4 billion. China is Canada's second largest trading partner, source of imports and export market.

In 1998 and 1999, China and Canada signed the Framework Statement on Environmental Cooperation for the 21st Century and the Action Plan on Environmental Cooperation, and established the Joint Committee mechanism on Environmental cooperation. In June 2015, the ninth meeting of the China-Canada Joint Committee on Environmental Cooperation was held in Hangzhou. During Prime Minister Trudeau's visit to China in 2017, the two sides announced the establishment of a China-Canada Environment ministerial dialogue mechanism. In December 2017, the first China-Canada Environment Ministerial Dialogue was held in Beijing. In November 2018, the second Canada-China Ministerial Dialogue on Environment and the first Canada-China Ministerial Dialogue on Climate Change were held in Beijing. In May 2022, China, Canada and the European Union will hold the sixth Ministerial Conference on Climate Action in an offline and online format. In December 2022, China and Canada will co-host the second phase of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) in Montreal.

travel

broadcast

EDITOR

Main attraction

Jasper National Park

Toronto (Toronto)	Vancouver (Vancouver)
Jasper National Park (Jasper National Park)	Banff National Park (Banff National Park)
National parks of Canada (Canada National Park)	Kootenay National Park (Kutney National Park)
Youhe National Park (Youhe National Park)	Grouse Mountain (Grouse Mountain)
Peto Lake (Lake Peto)	Toronto Zoo (Toronto Zoo)
Patricia and Pyramid Lake (Patricia And Pyramid Lake)	Lake Minniwonka (Lake Minnewanka)
Fieldtown (Field town)	Double Jack Lake (Double Jack Lake)
Lake Louise ski Resort (Lake Louise Ski Area)	Blue Mountain ski Resort in Canada (Blue Mountain Ski Resort)
University of British Columbia Campus (University of British Columbia)	Mount Signal (Signar mountain)
Halifax Castle (Halifax Citadel)	Toronto TV Tower (CN Tower)
Fundy National Park (Fendi National Park)	The Way of Cabot (Cabot Trail)
Bethune's house (Bethune Memorial House)	Niagara Falls (Niagara Falls)
Vancouver Aquarium (Vancouver Aquarium)	Old Montreal (old montreal)
Canadian Museum of Civilization (Canadian Civilization Museum)	Canadian Museum of Nature (Canadian Museum of nature)

World heritage site

Serial number	name	type
1	La Anse Ochs Meadows National Historic Site (L 'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site)	World Cultural Heritage (1978) July 2017 Revised boundaries
2	The bison Stream area (Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump)	World Cultural Heritage (1981)
3	Anthony Island (Antony Island)	World Cultural Heritage (1981)
4	Old town of Quebec (Quebec ancient city)	World Cultural Heritage (1985)
5	Old town Lunenburg (Lunenburg old city)	World Cultural Heritage (1995)
6	Lido Canal (Lido canal)	World Cultural Heritage (2007)
7	Red Bay Basque whaling Station (Red Bay Basque whaling station)	World Cultural Heritage (2013)
8	Nahanni National Park (Nahanni National Park)	World Natural Heritage (1978)
9	Dinosaur Park, Alberta (Alberta Dinosaur Park)	World Natural Heritage (1979)
7	Cluane and Wrangle-San Elias Park (Cluen and Langer - St Elias Parks)	World Natural Heritage (1979) Scope expansion: 1992, 1994
8	Wood Buffalo National Park (Woodbuffalo National Park)	World Natural Heritage (1983)
9	Canadian Rockies National Park Group (Canadian Rockies National Parks)	World Natural Heritage (1984)
10	Gros Morne National Park (Grosmona National Park)	World Natural Heritage (1987)
11	Waterton Glacier International Peace Park (Walton Glacier International Peace Park)	World Natural Heritage (1995)
12	Meguassa Park (Miguaza Park)	World Natural Heritage (1999)
13	Jorkins fossil cliff (Johns fossil cliff)	World Natural Heritage (2008)
14	Cape Miststacken (Mistaken Point)	World Natural Heritage (2016)
15	Landscape of Grand Prairie, Canada (Landscape of Granbury, Canada)	World Cultural and Natural Heritage (2012)
16	Pima Shiwan Archie (Pimaxiwan Archie)	World Cultural and Natural Heritage (2018)
17	Ayesnapi stone carving (Aisnaipi stone carving)	World Cultural and Natural Heritage (2019)

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001