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Russian Federation

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The Russian Federation (Russian: LSD) is composed of 85 equal federal subjects. Also known as Russia, the capital Moscow . Territorial span Eurasia It has a total area of 17,098,200 square kilometers and borders with 14 countries. The border is 60,933 kilometers long, including 38,807 kilometers of coastline and 14,509 kilometers of land. As of April 2023, the total population of Russia is about 146 million. A total of 194 ethnic groups, to Russian nationality Main. Mostly believe in Orthodox Church The official language is Russian. ^[1] ^[24]

Late 15th century to early 16th century The Grand Duchy of Moscow As the center, gradually formed a multi-ethnic feudal state. In 1547, Ivan the Fourth Ivan the Terrible changed the title of Grand Duke to tsar . In 1721, Peter I (Peter the Great) changed the name of the country to the Russian Empire. In 1861, serfdom was abolished. In February 1917, the bourgeois revolution overthrew the dictatorship. On November 7, 1917, October Revolution The outbreak, the establishment of the world's first socialist state power - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . It was established on December 30, 1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . On December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved, and the Russian Federation became a fully independent state and the sole successor state of the Soviet Union. On 12 December 1993, the first post-independence constitution of Russia was adopted by referendum, naming the country "Russian Federation". ^[1]

Russia is Economic power One, the strength of basic scientific research is relatively strong, especially in aerospace, nuclear energy, military and other cutting-edge technology research is more advanced, with rich energy and mineral resources. Russia is Permanent member of the United Nations Security Council Diplomacy has a strong influence on the world. In 2022, Russia's gross domestic product will shrink by 2.1 percent year-on-year. As of April 14, 2023, Russia's international reserves stood at $60.2 billion.

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Chinese name: Russian Federation, Russia
Foreign name: Р о с с и й с seem а second Ф е д е р а ц и second, Р о с с и second (Russian)
Russian Federation, Russia (English)
continent: Europe
capital: Moscow
Major city: St. Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kaliningrad Etc.
National Day: June 12, 1990
National song: " National anthem of Russia "
Country code: RUS
Official language: Russian
currency: Russian ruble
Time zone: UTC+2 to UTC+12
Political system: A semi-presidential republic
National leader: Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin ^[3] (President) , Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin (Prime Minister)
Population number: 146 million ^[1] (as of September 2022)

Population density: 8.8 persons/km2 (Year 2021)
Major nationality: Russian , Tatars , The Bashkirs , The Chuvash , Chechen Etc. ^[1]
Major religion: Orthodox Church
Land area: 17098200 km²
Water area ratio: 13% (including swamps)
International telephone area code: 7
International domain name abbreviation: RU
Road access: Keep to the right
Legal system: Civil law system
Famous university: Lomonosov State University, Moscow , Saint Petersburg State University Etc.
The national flower: Chamomile ^[4]
Human development index: 0.824 ^[5] (2019)
Gini coefficient: 0.415
Gross domestic product: 131 trillion rubles (Year 2021)
Gross domestic product per capita: 898,000 rubles (Year 2021)

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Subject article: History of Russia

From the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century, a multi-ethnic feudal state was gradually formed with the Grand Duchy of Moscow as the center.

In 1547, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) changed the title of Grand Duke to Tsar.

In 1721, Peter I (Peter the Great) changed the name of the country to the Russian Empire.

1861 Serfdom was abolished in the Russian Empire.

In February 1917, the bourgeois revolution overthrew the dictatorship.

November 7, 1917 (October 25, Russian calendar), October Socialist Revolution The establishment of the world's first socialist state power - the Russian Soviet Federation Socialist Republic.

On December 30, 1922, the Russian Federation, Transcaucasian Federation, Ukraine, and Belarus formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (later expanded to 15 member republics).

On June 12, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic issued the Declaration of State Sovereignty, declaring that the Russian Federation had "absolute sovereignty" over its territory.

In August 1991, the "August 19" incident occurred in the Soviet Union. On September 6 of the same year, the Council of State of the Soviet Union adopted a resolution recognizing the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. On December 8 of the same year, the leaders of the three republics of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine signed the Agreement on the Commonwealth of Independent States in Belovay, declaring the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 21 of the same year, the 11 Soviet republics except the three Baltic states and Georgia signed the Treaty of the Soviet Union. The Declaration of Alma-Ata Protocol to the Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement. On December 26 of the same year, the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union held its last session and declared that the Soviet Union ceased to exist. At this point, the Soviet Union dissolved and the Russian Federation became a fully independent country and the sole successor state of the Soviet Union.

On 12 December 1993, the first post-independence constitution of Russia was adopted by referendum, naming the country "Russian Federation".

On September 18, 2023 local time, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement on its official website announcing Russia's withdrawal from the Barents Sea Continent-arctic Circle Council. ^[29]

On December 1, 2023 local time, citing the official website of the German agency in Russia, it was reported that the German Consulate General in Novosibirsk, Russia, has ceased operations. ^[33]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Russia straddles the Eurasian continent, bordered by Norway and Finland to the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Belarus to the west, Ukraine to the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan to the south, and China, Mongolia, and North Korea to the southeast. To the east it faces Japan and the United States across the sea.

Russia covers an area of 17,098,200 square kilometers, spanning the Eurasian continent, with a length of 9,000 kilometers from east to west and a width of 4,000 kilometers from north to south, making it the largest country in the world. Russia's borders are 60,933 kilometers long, of which 38,807 kilometers of coastline, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean 12 seas; The land boundary is 14,509 km long and 36% of the territory is within the Arctic Circle.

landform

Russia with plains and plateau The dominant terrain. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, and low in the west and high in the east.

The west is almost entirely Eastern European plain To the east The Ural Mountains , West Siberian plain , Central Siberian plateau , Northern Siberian lowlands and East Siberian mountains Pacific coast mountains, etc. Stand southwest Greater Caucasus Mountains The highest peak Mount Elbrus It is 5642 meters above sea level.

36% of Russia's territory lies within the Arctic Circle, which is divided from north to south by Arctic desert, tundra, steppe, forest tundra, forest, forest steppe and semi-desert. ^[7]

Landforms of Russia

climate

Russia has a vast territory and a complex and diverse climate. It generally belongs to the continental climate of the temperate zone and the subcold zone in the northern hemisphere. According to its continental degree, it is divided into two parts by the Yenisei River, with a mild continental climate in the west and a strong continental climate in Siberia. The northwest coastal area has a maritime climate, while the far East Pacific coast has a monsoon climate. Most of Russia has long, cold winters, short, warm summers and short spring and autumn seasons. The average temperature in January is -37 ° C to ~1 ° C, the average temperature in July is 11 ° C to 27 ° C, and the relative humidity is 30% to 80%. ^[7]

hydrology

Volga

Russia has more than 3 million rivers and 2.8 million lakes. Baikal It is the largest freshwater lake in the world, and the main rivers are Volga , Ob River , Lena River , The Yenisei River , The Amur River , mostly north-south.

Russian face Atlantic , The Arctic Ocean and Pacific , near the sea clockwise In turn Caspian Sea , The Black Sea , Baltic Sea , Gulf of Finland , The Barents Sea , Kara Sea , The Laptev Sea , East Siberian Sea , The Bering Sea , The Sea of Okhotsk , Sea of Japan .

① The longest river in Europe, with a total length of 3685 kilometers (Mother River of Russia, five seas navigable: The Black Sea , Azov Sea , Caspian Sea , Baltic Sea , White Sea ) -- Volga ; The Dnieper River , The Don River , The Amur River (Heilongjiang), The Ural River Let's wait.

② of the Siberian region Ob River , The Yenisei River (the longest river in Russia) Lena River .

3. Baikal The deepest lake in the world, formed by the collapse of the Earth's crust Onega Lake . ^[7]

Natural resources

Russia is rich in natural resources such as mineral resources, forest resources, water conservancy and fisheries, with many types, large reserves and a high degree of self-sufficiency.

Forest resources

Forest cover area of 809 million hectares, accounting for 46.6% of China's total land area, ranking first in the world, and timber storage volume of 102.2 billion cubic meters.

Mineral resources

Mainly coal, iron, peat, oil, natural gas, copper, manganese, lead, zinc and so on. Non-metallic minerals are also extremely rich, asbestos, graphite, mica, magnesite, corundum, Iceland SPAR, gemstones, diamond reserves and production are large, potash reserves and Canada ranks first in the world. In recent years, Russia's proven reserves of oil, gas and mineral resources have increased every year, further consolidating its position as the world's largest resource country.

Russia has the largest reserves of mineral resources in the world
Mineral resources	Status of reserves
Natural gas	Proven reserves of 37.8 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 28% of the world's proven reserves, ranking first in the world
petroleum	Proved reserves of 25.2 billion tons, accounting for 5% of the world's proven reserves
coal	Reserves of 162.1 billion tons, ranking second in the world
Iron ore	Reserves of 65 billion tons, ranking first in the world, accounting for about 40%
aluminum	Reserves of 400 million tons, ranking second in the world
uranium	Reserves account for 14% of the world's proven reserves
gold	Reserves of 14,200 tons, ranking fourth to fifth in the world
apatite	It accounts for 65% of the world's proven reserves
nickel	Reserves of 17.4 million tons, accounting for 30% of the world's proven reserves
tin	It accounts for 30% of the world's proven reserves
copper	Reserves of 83.5 million tons
sylvite	It ranks first in the world with Canada in reserves
Source: Economic and Commercial Office of the Chinese Embassy in Russia

Administrative division

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Zoning details

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is now composed of 85 equal federal subjects, including 22 republics, 9 territories, 46 cantons, 9 territories, 9 territories, 9 territories, 9 territories, 9 territories. 2 federal municipalities ^[36] It has 1 autonomous prefecture and 4 ethnic autonomous regions. In order to maintain national unity and strengthen the President's management of localities, the subjects of the Russian Federation are divided according to the principle of geography Districts of the Russian Federation For 8 Federal districts ( Central Federal District , Northwest Federal District , Federal District of the South , Federal District of the North Caucasus , Federal District along the Volga River , Ural Federal District , Federal District of Siberia and Far Eastern Federal District ). ^[7]

List of divisions of Russia
type	name
Republics (21) ^[37]	Adige Republic	Altai Republic	Republic of Bashkortostan
	Republic of Buryatia	Republic of Dagestan	Republic of Ingushetia
	Republic of Kabarda Balkar	The Kalmykia Republic	Republic of Karachay-Circassia
	Republic of Karelia	Komi Republic	The Republic of Mariel
	The Republic of Mordova	Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	North Ossetia-Aran Republic
	Republic of Tatarstan	Tuvan Republic	The Udmurt Republic
	Khakassian Republic	Chechen Republic	The Republic of Chuvash
Regions (9)	Altai Krai	Krasnodar Territory	Krasnoyarsk Krai
	Primorsky Krai	Stavropol Krai	Khabarovsk Krai
	Perm Krai	Kamchatka Krai	Post-baikal Territory
States (46)	Amur region	Arkhangelsk Oblast	Astrakhan Oblast
	The state of Belgoro	Bryansk Oblast	Vladimir Oblast
	Volgograd Oblast	Vologda Oblast	Voronezh Oblast
	Ivanovo Oblast	Irkutsk Oblast	Kaliningrad Oblast
	Kaluga	Kirov Oblast	Kostroma Oblast
	Kurgan Prefecture	Kursk Oblast	Leningrad Oblast
	Magadan State	Moscow Oblast	Murmansk Oblast
	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	Novgorod Oblast	Novosibirsk Oblast
	Omsk Oblast	Orenburg Oblast	Orel Oblast
	Pensa State	Pskov Oblast	Rostov Oblast
	Liang Zanzhou	Samara region	Saratov Oblast
	Sakhalin	Sverdlovsk Oblast	Smolensk Oblast
	Tambov Oblast	Tver Canton	Tomsk Oblast
	Tula State	Tyumen Oblast	Ulyanovsk Oblast
	Chelyabinsk Oblast	Lipetsk Oblast	Kemerovo Oblast
	Yaroslavl Oblast ^[25]
Federal Municipalities (2)	Moscow	St. Petersburg
Autonomous region (1)	Jewish autonomous Oblast
Ethnic Autonomous Regions (4)	Nenets Autonomous Region	Autonomous Region of Khanty-Mansi	Chukotka National Autonomous Region
Ethnic Autonomous Regions (4)	Yamal Nenets Autonomous Region

Major city

Moscow

Views of Moscow

The capital Moscow is Russia's political, economic, financial, scientific, artistic, educational, commercial center, and the largest city in Europe. Located in the central part of the European part of Russia, the Moscow River, an area of about 2560 square kilometers. The resident population is approximately 12.3 million.

Views of Moscow

Moscow is Russia's largest comprehensive industrial city, Russia's financial and commercial center. The city's industrial sector is complete, heavy industry and chemical industry developed, machinery and instrument manufacturing industry accounted for more than 50% of the city's total industrial output value. The city is also Russia's largest military industrial center, aviation, aerospace, electronics industries developed. There are more than 1,000 commercial banks in the city, accounting for 50% of all Russian commercial banks. Financial assets account for 85% of the country and investment and business activities account for 90% of the country. Foreign investment and economic output rank first in Russia. The city's public transportation facilities are perfect, and it is the transportation hub of Russia.

Moscow Central Business District

Moscow is Russia's education, science and technology center and historical and cultural city. The proportion of citizens with college education or above is among the highest among major cities in the world. There are many higher education institutions and universities in the city. The Russian Academy of Sciences and its more than 90 research institutes are based in Moscow. Famous universities include Moscow University, Russian People's Friendship University and so on. The Russian State Library (formerly the Lenin Library) is one of the largest libraries in the world. The city has complete cultural and sports facilities, with more than 350 theaters, concert halls, museums and exhibition halls. The Bolshoi Theatre and its ballet are famous all over the world. ^[17]

Moscow and the Chinese capital Peking , ^[17] Heilongjiang Province Harbin The city is sister city to each other. ^[19]

St. Petersburg

Views of St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg It is the second largest city in Russia and is known as the "northern capital" of Russia. It covers an area of 1439 square kilometers, of which 606 square kilometers are urban areas. As of January 1, 2020, there were 5.398 million permanent residents in the Holy City, an increase of 0.3% from January 1, 2019. Located in northwestern Russia, on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea, the Neva River flows through the city. The city is spread over 42 islands connected by more than 400 Bridges. There are 93 canals in the city, and the water area accounts for one tenth of the city's area, known as the "Venice of the North". Due to the high latitude (59°57 'N), there is a "white night" natural landscape in summer.

St. Petersburg is second only to Moscow in the Russian economy, commerce, science and technology, culture and education, transportation center. There are more than 700 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, the main industrial sectors are electric machinery, shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing, chemical industry, machinery, textiles, food and so on. St. Petersburg's scientific and technological strength accounts for about 11% of the whole of Russia. St. Petersburg water, land, air transportation is developed, there are 568 kilometers of railway, 6 railway stations; 2 airports, open 60 air routes; 1 seaport and 1 river port; The length of the subway is 110 km. There are more than 60,000 commercial and service enterprises in the city.

Views of St. Petersburg

Construction of St. Petersburg began in 1703 during the reign of Tsar Peter I, named after Saint Peter, St. Petersburg means the city of Saint Peter. It was the capital of Tsarist and Soviet Russia from 1712 to 1918. In 1914 it was renamed Petrograd, in 1924 it was renamed Leningrad, and in 1991 it was restored to St. Petersburg. The October 1917 Socialist Revolution took place here. During the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1945, the city's soldiers and people endured hardships and fought bloody battles to break the 900 days of siege by the German fascist army, and the city was awarded the title of "Hero City" after the war.

Winter Palace

St. Petersburg is a famous cultural city in the world and has the laudatory title of "cultural capital" of Russia. There are 53 national universities, more than 40 non-national universities, more than 400 scientific research institutes, more than 200 libraries, more than 80 theaters, more than 100 troupes, 45 art galleries, 62 cinemas, 3,675 sports facilities, including 38 stadiums. The city is famous for its numerous historical and cultural sites. With more than 4,000 architectural, historical and cultural monuments in 36 projects, including the historic center and related historical monuments, as well as the palace garden buildings on the outskirts, the city of St. Petersburg as a whole is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Hermitage Museum ( Winter Palace Peter's Palace (Summer Palace), Konstantin's Palace, Yekaterina Palace, Pavlovsk Palace, Yusupov Palace, Smolny Palace, Peter and Paul Fortress, Isakia Cathedral, Russian Museum and so on are the most famous. ^[18]

St. Petersburg established sister city relations with Shanghai in 1988. ^[16]

Yekaterinburg

A view of Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg Sverdlovsk (known as Sverdlovsk from 1924 to 1991) was founded in 1723 and named after Czarina Yekaterina. It is the center of the Sverdlovsk region and an important industrial, transportation, trade, scientific, cultural and administrative center of the Urals and the Russian Federation. The city is located at the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, on the Iset River. Yekaterinburg has a unique historical and cultural heritage and is one of the oldest cities in the Russian Federation. There are nearly 800 historical, architectural, technological and artistic points of interest on this land. One of the most important parts of the Union.

Yekaterinburg City Administration Building (City Hall)

Yekaterinburg, on the Siberian road connecting Russia and Europe, was a center of metallurgical industry in the 18th century. In the first half of the 19th century, the metallurgy industry led to the rapid development of Yekaterinburg. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Yekaterinburg became the economic, financial and cultural center of the Urals, as well as an important hub for the Perm, Tumen and Chelyabinsk railways. According to the comprehensive indicators of the national economy and the field of commercial circulation, Yekaterinburg is the third largest city in Russia, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is also the fifth most populous city in Russia.

Yekaterinburg It is the largest financial credit service center in the Ural region. Its capital exchange ranks third in the country in terms of market turnover. The number of banks supporting Urals trading is more than 50. Five banks have the right to operate rare metals trading. Yekaterinburg has foreign trade with more than 100 countries and 615 foreign-funded enterprises, including the United States, Britain, Germany and Cyprus. The city is now a major commercial radiation center and information center in the Urals and the whole Russia, known as the locomotive of economic development in the Urals.

A view of Yekaterinburg

The citizens and visitors of Yekaterinburg have good rest conditions. Within the city alone, there are 23 natural attractions, including 13 parks, with a total area of 12,000 hectares. The Botanical garden of the Ural Branch of the National Academy of Sciences and the garden of the Ural National Academy of Forestry Technology are all planted with rare plants from all over the world. The Central Cultural Rest Park is the most famous park in the city. The Utusky Mountains immediately to the south of Yekaterinburg and the Weir Isetsky Lake to the south are popular places for citizens to visit. The natural and historical site "Stone Tent" located west of the ring Road is also a great place to go. In the parks and forests next to Lake Katachi, peculiar granite rocks stand, showing the Outlines of ancient castles. There are about 30 natural attractions on the outskirts of the city, the most famous of which is the "Dividing Line between Europe and Asia".

Yekaterinburg and Guangdong Province Guangzhou City Sister cities to each other. ^[16]

Kazan

Kazan scenery

Kazan The city is the capital of the Tatar Autonomous Republic of the Russian Federation and the economic, transportation and cultural center of the middle Volga region. The city, along with Moscow and St. Petersburg, is listed as one of the three A-level historical and cultural cities in Russia, and is one of the important tourist cities in Russia, with many historic sites, and is A historical and cultural city in Russia. The Kremlin, Sviyashensk Island and Paulgar are listed as World cultural Heritage. As one of the important centers of the Russian mechanical and chemical industry, the city's main industries are aviation engines, air compressors, precision machinery, machine tools, thermal instrumentation, oil refining, polyethylene, synthetic rubber, electrical machinery, daily chemical and leather manufacturing.

Kazan scenery

Kazan city is also an important Russian railway hub and a large river port, the longest river in Europe - Volga and Kazan River confluence in the east of Kazan city. Kazan is an ethnic city in Russia. Kazan is an important research and education center with 44 higher education institutions, including Kazan National University. Kazan State University has a history of more than 200 years and has trained great men such as Lenin, Tolstoy and Chernyshevsky. In addition, there are music Academy, branch of the Academy of Sciences, medical device research Institute and other institutions.

Khabarovsk (Boli)

Scenery of Khabarovsk

Khabarovsk ( Burley It is located on the east bank of the confluence of the Heilongjiang and Wusuli Rivers, across the river from Fuyuan City, Heilongjiang Province. With a population of 616,000 and an area of 383 square kilometers, it is the capital of Khabarovsk Krai. Khabarovsk is an important transportation hub and river port city in the Russian Far East, and the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the city. The city is located in the Pacific National University, Far East National Jiaotong University and other universities. It is a sister city with Harbin of Heilongjiang Province and Sanya of Hainan Province. ^[16]

Vladivostok (Vladistok)

Views of Vladivostok

Vladivostok ( Vladivostok It is the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District with a population of 605,000 and an area of 331.16 square kilometers. Located at the eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, it is Russia's window to the Asia-Pacific. The only federal university of the Russian Far Eastern Federal District (Far Eastern Federal University) and the Far Eastern Branch, one of the three branches of the Russian Academy of Sciences, are located in the city. At present, it has established sister city relations with Dalian, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Harbin in China.

Irkutsk

Views of Irkutsk

Irkutsk Located on the Angara River in eastern Siberia, 66 kilometers from Lake Baikal, with an area of 277 square kilometers and a population of 620,000, it is the capital of Irkutsk Oblast. It is the center of scientific research and education in Eastern Siberia, with Irkutsk State University, Baikal State University and other universities. Strong industrial foundation, including aircraft manufacturing, hydroelectric power generation and food production in the leading position in Russia. It is a sister city to Shenyang, Liaoning Province. ^[16]

National symbol

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EDITOR

Country name

In the 9th century, in the process of establishing the Ancient Rus state centered in Kiev, the ancient Rus tribals, the ancestors of the Russian people, were gradually formed. Eastern Slavs ) and became the name of the country thereafter.

The name "Russia" was learned by the Chinese through the Mongolians who came into contact with the Russians earlier. In Mongolian, it is rare to start with the consonant R, and the Mongolians often add the corresponding vowel O when they encounter this situation, so "Rus" in Mongolian OROS, with the first syllable O. This is China too. Yuan Dynasty The reason it is called "Orus" or "Orus" in history.

By the Ming Dynasty, the contact between China and Russia was broken, and there was no direct contact between China and Russia until the end of the Ming Dynasty, at which time the literal translation of the Chinese word was "Luo Shal". Rakshas This title still existed until the early Qing Dynasty, for example, the historical data of Sino-Russian negotiations ordered by the Kangxi Emperor was named" Pingding Luo Shal strategy ". But the ruling ethnic group of the Qing Dynasty is Manchu, subject to The Mongolian nationality The influence is deeper, so it adopts indirect transliteration from Mongolian, which is unified after Kangxi and is still used today, and the Russian Empire is referred to as Tsarist Russia, that is, Tsarist Russia.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Russia

Coat of arms of Russia For the coat of arms.

On November 30, 1993, Russia decided to adopt October Revolution before Ivan the Terrible The Times, to Two-headed Hawk For the design of the national emblem: the red shield has a gold double-headed eagle, the eagle head is Peter the Great Its three crowns, its eagle claws holding the scepter and the golden ball, symbolizing imperial power. On the chest of the eagle is a small shield, above which is a Jack And a white horse. The double-headed eagle dates back to the 15th century. The two-headed eagle was originally Roman Empire Emperor Constantine the First The emblem of... In 330 AD Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the new capital Byzantium (meaning the Second Rome), and the national emblem was changed to a double-headed eagle, which looked to the west and the other to the east, symbolizing "God bless East and West two Romans." In 1497, the double-headed eagle first appeared in Russia as a national emblem Great seal of the state Up until 1918. On November 30, 1993, the two-headed eagle, a symbol of the unity and unity of the Russian state, returned to the national emblem of Russia. Late 20th century, state Duma Legally, the two-headed eagle is the national symbol of Russia.

flag

Flag of Russia

Flag of Russia Using the traditional pan-Slavic color, the flag is composed of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, white, blue, and red from top to bottom. The white in the flag represents the cold zone of the snow all the year round, the blue represents the subcold zone, and symbolizes Russia's rich underground mineral deposits and forests, water and other natural resources, red is the symbol of the temperate zone, but also symbolizes Russia's long history and contribution to human civilization. The arrangement of three colors shows the vastness of Russia. But on the other hand, white is a symbol of truth, blue represents purity and loyalty, and red is a sign of beauty and bravery.

When Peter the Great went to Holland in 1699 to study shipbuilding, he realized that he needed to design a flag for the Russian navy. He therefore copied the Dutch three-colour flag design, but the colours were chosen (at the time Flag of the Netherlands It's orange, white and blue. Peter the Great's colors of choice were red, white, and blue, which later became Pan-Slavic. On May 7, 1883, the flag became official Flag of Russia 1917 October Revolution The latter tricolour was cancelled. On 21 August 1991, the flag was re-adopted as the national flag of the independent Russian Federation.

The national flower

The national flower of Russia is Chamomile . ^[4] ^[6]

National anthem

The national anthem of Russia is" Russia, our holy country ".

population

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EDITOR

Russia is a multi-ethnic country with 194 ethnic groups. Among them, 77.7% are ethnic Russians, and the main ethnic minorities are Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Chechens, Armenians, Avars, Moldovans, Kazakhs, Azerbaijani, Belarusians and so on.

Russia's population is mainly distributed in the central cities, About one-fifth of the national population and more than one-third of the urban population are concentrated in 15 major cities, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh and Volgograd. As of January 1, 2020, Russia has 15 cities with a population of more than 1 million, 22 cities with a population of 500,000 to 1 million, and 134 cities with a population of 100,000 to 500,000. ^[7]

As of January 1, 2023, the permanent population of Russia (counting only Russian citizens) is about 146,425 million, a decrease of about 555,000 people in the past year. According to the data of the last Russian census, as of January 1, 2022, the total population of Russia was about 146.98 million. According to the latest statistics, Russia's Central Federal District has a population of more than 40 million, of which more than 13 million live in Moscow; The Northwest Federal District has a population of more than 13.6 million, of whom nearly 5.6 million live in St. Petersburg. Russia has 16 cities with a population of more than 1 million, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and others. ^[24]

political

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EDITOR

regime

Russia is a federal state with a presidential system. The Constitution stipulates that the rights and status of the subjects of the Russian Federation (republics, regions, oblasts, municipalities, autonomous oblasts and autonomous regions) are equal, and that the status of the subjects of the Russian Federation can be changed only after mutual consultations between the subjects of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Constitution.

The President of the Russian Federation is the Head of State and the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of the people and citizens; The President decides the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; The President appoints the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and ministers of the Federal Government and presides over federal government meetings; The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and heads the National Security Council; The President has the power to dissolve Parliament, and Parliament can impeach the president only if he is accused of treason or other very serious crimes and confirmed by the Supreme Court. The presidential term is six years.

constitution

The first post-independence constitution of Russia was adopted by referendum on 12 December 1993 and entered into force on 25 December 1993. The Constitution stipulates that Russia is a republican democratic federal state under the rule of law and establishes a presidential system of state leadership. In 2020, Russia held a referendum to amend the Constitution and revise the presidential term system.

congress

The Assembly of the Russian Federation (Parliament) is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation and is a permanent body consisting of two chambers, the Federation Council (Upper House) and the State Duma (lower house). To exercise the functions of legislation and supervision, the work is mainly concentrated in three aspects: legislative activities, the implementation of supervision over state finance, and the implementation of supervision over the government.

The Federation Council currently consists of 170 deputies (deputies), one from each federal subject's representative authority and one from the executive authority. The main functions are to approve federal laws, change the borders of federal subjects, presidential orders on the state of war and the state of emergency, decide on the military presence abroad, presidential elections and impeachment, and relations between the central and local authorities.

Valentina Ivanovna Matviyenko (female), President of the Federation Council, elected on 31 August 2011. On October 12, 2021, Vyacheslav Viktorovich Volodin was re-elected Chairman of the Russian State Duma by the United Russia Party. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies (deputies) who serve five-year terms and are responsible for passing federal laws, declaring amnesties, and approving the President's appointment of the head of government.

government

Government of the Russian Federation It is the highest executive organ of state power. The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation; In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the Prime Minister determines the basic guidelines for the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation and organizes the work of the Government. ^[7]

On January 16, 2020, Putin signed a presidential decree to appoint Mikhail Mishustin (М и х а и л В л а д и м и р о kind guide и discusses some related problems М И Ш У С Т И Н) as prime minister. ^[1]

On May 10, 2024, local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree appointing Mishustin as Prime Minister of the Russian government. ^[43]

institution

The management system and functions of the Russian government: the organizational structure model implements the three-level management system of federal ministry, bureau and department. Federal ministries are divided into two categories: direct leadership of the President and government leadership, and federal bureaus and federal agencies are divided into three categories: direct leadership of the President, government leadership and federal ministries.

The functions of the Ministry of the Russian Federation are to formulate state policies in the fields under its jurisdiction, to regulate activities in the fields under its jurisdiction by law, and to supervise and coordinate the activities of the Federal offices and agencies under its jurisdiction. At the same time, the Federal Ministry also manages the activities of non-budgetary state funds. The functions of the Russian Federal Bureau are to supervise and regulate activities in the fields under its jurisdiction, and to perform specialized functions in the fields of defense, state security, state border protection, public security and the fight against social crime. The function of the Russian Federation Agency is to provide state services (such as licensing, quotas, etc.) for activities in its fields of competence. At the same time, the Federal Agency also performs state property management and law enforcement functions in addition to supervisory and regulatory functions. ^[7]

Department directly headed by the President of the Russian Federation
Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation	Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation (Federal Bureau)	Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (Federal Bureau)
Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (Federal Bureau)	Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (Federal Bureau)	State Agency for Confidential Communications of the Russian Federation (FSB)
Foreign Reconnaissance Service of the Russian Federation (FSB)	Russian Federal Security Service (Federal Bureau)	Russian Federal Narcotics Control Service (FSB)
Russian Federal Guard Service (FSB)	General Administration of Special Planning of the President of the Russian Federation (Federal Agency)
Bureau of the Presidency of the Russian Federation (Federal Agency)	Russian Federal Financial Supervision Service (FSB)	Related content Reference sources: ^[7]

A department directly under the Government of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Health of Russian Federation	Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation	Ministry of Education of Russian Federation
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation	Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation	Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation
Digital development in the Russian Federation	Ministry of Communications and Mass Media	Ministry of Agriculture of Russian Federation
Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation	Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation	Ministry of Finance of Russian Federation
Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation	Ministry of Energy of Russian Federation	Ministry of Far Eastern and Arctic Development of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Labour and Social Security of the Russian Federation	Related content Reference sources: ^[7]

Federal Service and Federal Agency under the direct leadership of the Government of the Russian Federation
Russian Federal Anti-Monopoly Service	Customs Service of the Russian Federation	Russian Federal Price Service
Russian Federal Financial Markets Agency	The Russian Federal Space Agency	State Border Equipment Agency of the Russian Federation
Russian Federal Liquor Market Administration	Russian Federation Ecological, Scientific and Nuclear Surveillance Service	Russian Federal Migration Service
Russian Federation Service for the Protection of Consumer Rights and Public Welfare Supervision	Russian Federal Defense Procurement Agency	Federal Statistical Service of Russia
Related content Reference sources: ^[7]

judiciary

The main judicial bodies of the Russian Federation are the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Supreme Court of Arbitration, and the Federal General Prosecutor's Office. The Federal Council appoints the judges of the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Supreme Court and the Federal Supreme Court of Arbitration, as well as the Federal Attorney General, on the nomination of the President.

Jurisdiction in the Russian Federation is exercised by the courts. Judges are independent, irrevocable and subject only to the Constitution and federal laws of the Russian Federation. Judges are inviolable and cannot be held criminally responsible. The court can only be funded from the federal budget.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation decides cases at the request of the President, the Federal Assembly, the Government and other supreme judicial bodies.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal, administrative and other cases.

The Supreme Court of Arbitration of Russia is the highest judicial body for settling economic disputes and arbitration of other cases heard.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic, the criminal and civil laws, the Labour law and the Law on the organization of the courts, the courts of Russia shall, within the limits of their respective jurisdictions, hear civil, criminal, administrative and other cases. ^[7]

Political party

In April 2012, the revised Law on Political Parties came into effect, relaxed the conditions for registration of political parties, and the number of political parties in Russia increased significantly. As of 2016, more than 77 political parties have been registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice. The main political parties in Russia are United Russia, the Communist Party of Russia, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia And the Just Russia party. United Russia is the largest political party in Russia.

"United Russia" party (е д и н а second р о с с и second) : on December 1, was founded in 2001, the "unified" party, "motherland" and "ru" movement merger. The party supports the principles and policies of the President. Economically, it advocates the combination of a civilized market economy and social justice. Economic reform and development must be aimed at improving people's material living standards. Politically, it advocates combining a strong state with respect for civil liberties and human rights, reforming the way the state is governed, improving the efficiency of government work, and gradually transforming the function of the state from operator to regulator. Parliamentarians hold a majority at all levels of the national legislature. There are 343 deputies in the State Duma, an absolute majority. There are 140 members of the Federal Council. Most of the chief executives of federal subjects in Russia are members of the party or its supporters, so the party is called the "political party". The chairman of the party is the former Prime Minister of the Russian government and the current Deputy Chairman of the National Security Council of Russia Medvedev .

Communist Party of the Russian Federation (К о м м н и с т и discusses some related problems е с seem а second п а р т и second Р о с с и й с seem о й Ф е д е р а ц и и) : founded in June 1990, is part of the communist party of the Soviet union at that time. After the "August 19" incident in 1991, the Russian Communist Party was banned by the authorities and its property was confiscated. In February 1993, the Party held its second congress to rebuild and resume its activities. In January 1995, the Third Congress of the Russian Communist Party adopted a new Party program, which stipulated that one of the main goals of the Russian Communist Party was the establishment of people's power and advocated social reform by peaceful means. In November 2008, the new Party program was adopted, reaffirming the political positioning of the Russian Communist Party as a tough opposition to the authorities, and clarifying 20 urgent tasks for the party at this stage, such as theoretical innovation, the rejuvenation of the cadre team and intra-party democracy. The Chairman of the Central Committee is Zyuganov He is also the leader of the parliamentary group of the State Duma of the Russian Communist Party. It has 42 members in the State Duma.

"Just Russia" party (с п р а kind guide е д л и kind guide а second р о с с и second:) : on October 28, 2006 by the "motherland" party, party and retirees party a merger of the life. Just Russia describes itself as a left-wing party with a social democratic orientation, with the main objective of building social partnerships, achieving social democracy, solidarity and, on a humanitarian basis, social justice. The chairman of the Party and the leader of the "Just Russia" State Duma parliamentary group is Mironov.

Russia's liberal Democratic Party (л и б е р а л ь н о - д е м о seem р а т и discusses some related problems е с seem а second п а р т и second р о с с и и) : in December was founded in 1989, is the former Soviet union a multiparty system formed after the first party. The party has a strong nationalist color, and mixed with extremist elements, forming a more stable electorate. It advocated centralization at home, established a unitary state, and exercised state monopoly over important sectors. Externally, it advocated the restoration of the Russian Empire in the territory of the Soviet Union, and proposed that the national border "can only be extrapolated, not shrunk"; Advocates closer ties with Eastern Europe to create a union of Slavic States; Pushing for a southbound strategy, he said Russian soldiers should "wash their boots in the Indian Ocean." After 9/11, he advocated an alliance with the West. The party is politically opportunistic, and the chairman of the party and the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia State Duma parliamentary group are Zhirinovsky He often makes sensational statements to attract public attention. Basically support the policies of the Putin regime in all areas. ^[7]

dignitaries

Putin

Current President: Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (В л а д и м и р В л а д и м и р о kind guide и discusses some related problems П У Т И Н), was born on October 7, 1952, the Soviet Leningrad (now st. Petersburg), Russian politicians, 2, 4 President of Russia , was the president of Prime Ministers of Russia , United Russia Chairman. A constitutional amendment signed on 30 December 2008 extended the presidential term from four to six years. The current President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, was elected for a fourth term on 23 March 2018 and was sworn in on 7 May for a term of office until the beginning of May 2024. Since Putin took office as president, he has revived and promoted Russia's international status after the collapse of the Soviet Union, strengthened the power of the federal government at home, cracked down on economic oligarchs, rectified market order, and strengthened the construction of the military. External efforts to improve the international environment, expand diplomatic space, oppose the eastward expansion of NATO. ^[1]

Current Prime Minister: Mikhail Mishustin (M x M y y y y y y y y y y y y), was born on March 3, 1966 in Moscow city. On May 10, 2024, local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree appointing Mishustin as Prime Minister of the Russian government. ^[42]

On May 7, 2024 local time, Vladimir Putin was officially inaugurated as the eighth President of Russia. ^[41]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

Under the influence of factors such as the gradual recovery of the global economy, the continuous advancement of vaccine research and development and vaccination, and the general rise in commodity prices, the Russian economy will recover as a whole in 2021, with a GDP of 131 trillion rubles (calculated at the average annual exchange rate of 1 US dollar =73.65 rubles, about 1.8 trillion US dollars, the same below), an increase of 4.7%.

In 2021, Russia's GDP per capita will be 898,000 rubles (about $12,000). In 2021, Russia's primary, secondary and tertiary industries accounted for 3.5%, 35.8% and 60.7% of GDP, respectively.

In 2021, the Russian Federal budget has revenues of 25.3 trillion rubles (about $343.5 billion) and expenditures of 24.8 trillion rubles (about $336.7 billion), with a budget surplus of about 0.5 trillion rubles (about $6.8 billion).

As of December 31, 2021, Russia's domestic debt amounted to 16.49 trillion rubles (about $223.9 billion), of which about 0.7 trillion rubles (about $9.9 billion) were guaranteed by the state. Russia's total external debt was $480 billion, up 2.6 percent from the previous year, including $62.1 billion in federal debt, $34.3 billion in central bank debt, $80.4 billion in bank debt and $303.2 billion in other sectors.

As of March 2022, Moody's downgraded the sovereign credit rating of the Russian Federation from Baa3 to B3. Fitch Ratings downgraded Russia's long-term foreign currency sovereign debt credit rating to B; Standard & Poor's Global Ratings Agency downgraded Russia's long-term foreign currency sovereign debt credit rating to CCC and its local currency sovereign credit rating to CCC-.

In 2021, Russia's GDP grew by 4.7% year-on-year. In 2022, Russia's gross domestic product will shrink by 2.1 percent year-on-year. As of October 27, 2023, Russia's international reserves stood at $575.5 billion.

agriculture

Russia has broad arable land, flat terrain, fertile soil and sufficient water, the land across the cold zone, subcold zone and temperate zone three climatic zones, agricultural conditions are very superior. The main food crops are wheat, barley, corn, rice, etc., and the cash crops are mainly flax, sunflower and sugar beet. The output of grain, wheat, sunflower seeds and potatoes are among the top five in the world. In the breeding industry, the output of eggs, milk and wool also ranks among the top in the world.

Main agricultural areas: (1) Eastern Siberia and southern Far East. The region is the main production area of sugar beet and flax, and the main grain cultivation is spring wheat, rye and oats. Animal husbandry is mainly based on both dairy and meat raising. (2) Southern Siberia. The region includes the Volga River Basin to the northeast, the Ural Region to the south, and Western Siberia to the south. The soil is high fertility chernozem and chestnut soil. It is one of the main commodity grain bases in Russia and one of the main livestock bases in Russia. (3) Subtropical areas along the Black Sea. It is located on the Black Sea coast of the western Transcaucasia. The humid and warm climate makes it a major producing area for subtropical crops such as tea trees, citrus (lemon, orange, sweet orange) and oil tung trees. (4) Northwest region. Most of the region is non-black soil and is an important producing area of grain, dairy cattle, flax and potatoes in Russia. (5) Western region. The soil in this area is mainly chernozem with high fertility, which is the main black soil area in Russia. The local belt is the main production base of sugar beet, grain, milk and meat livestock in Russia.

On October 15, 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation announced that the Russian grain harvest had broken a record. The latest data from the Russian Ministry of Agriculture shows that so far in 2022, Russian warehouses have collected 147.5 million tons of grain, while harvesting is still continuing. The Russian Ministry of Agriculture predicts that the total grain harvest in 2022 is expected to reach 150 million tons, and wheat will reach 100 million tons, both of which set a record. This follows Russia's record grain harvest of 135 million tons in 2017, including 86 million tons of wheat. ^[8]

industry

Oil and gas industry

The price of Urals oil is an important basis for Russia to formulate the state budget. In 2021, Russia produced 524 million tons of oil (including condensate), an increase of 2.2%. It exported 230 million tons of oil, down 3.8% year-on-year. In the same year, Russia's natural gas production was 762.3 billion cubic meters, an increase of 10%. Exports were 204.4 billion cubic meters, up 0.9% year-on-year.

Metallurgical industry

The output of the metallurgical industry accounts for about 5% of Russia's GDP and 18% of industrial output. Metallurgical products are one of Russia's main exports. From the perspective of export earnings, the metallurgical industry accounts for 10.4% of all Russian industry earnings, second only to the fuel power complex, ranking second.

National defense industry

Russia's defense industry from the design, research and development, testing to the production system is relatively complete, the department is relatively complete, is the world's rare production of sea, land, air, space weapons and equipment country. In the case of the limited pace of equipment renewal in Russia, the Russian defense industry has vigorously developed foreign cooperation and exports.

finance

By the end of the first quarter of 2022, there were 348 banks in Russia. Among them, there are 298 local banks and 50 foreign banks, with total banking assets of 103.8 trillion rubles.

Central bank

The Central Bank of Russia is officially known as the Bank of Russia and its main function is to formulate monetary policy and credit policy. The Bank of Russia is the unified regulator of the Russian financial market, overseeing the activities of credit institutions, securities and insurance markets.

Major commercial banks

Russia has a two-tier banking system. Large commercial banks are: Russian Sberbank, Foreign Trade Bank, Gas Industry Bank, Alfa Bank, Russia Industrial Communications Bank, etc.

Foreign bank

Major foreign banks in Russia include Deutsche Bank, Citibank of the United States, Societe Generale of France, Berkeley Bank of the United Kingdom, Raiffsaenbank of Austria, etc.

Chinese banks in Russia

In recent years, Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China and China Construction Bank have all opened agent accounts with Russian banks. The business of Chinese banks in Russia is broadly divided into account opening, international settlement, credit business and foreign exchange agent.

Insurance industry

As of the first quarter of 2022, there are 223 insurance companies in Russia.

In July 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree approving the establishment of a state reinsurance company. The company is wholly owned by the Central Bank of Russia. According to the decree, after January 1, 2017, the reinsurance obligations of insurance companies are transferred to national reinsurance companies, and after January 1, 2018, they are extended to apply to reinsurance agreements signed before January 1, 2017.

On August 22, 2021, a new Russian law came into force. According to the new law, insurance companies from WTO member countries can set up branches in Russia and carry out insurance business, including traffic insurance (" Ekti "), voluntary insurance and reinsurance business, but are not allowed to engage in dangerous industrial facilities insurance, strong sector property insurance and life insurance. Foreign insurance companies to open branches in Russia must meet the following requirements: (1) have a license; (2) The total value of assets is not less than US $5 billion; (3) has been certified by the Bank of Russia; (4) The deposit shall not be less than the legal minimum amount of the registered capital of the Russian insurance company (300 million rubles, about $4.17 million). If the share of foreign insurance companies in the Russian insurance market exceeds 50%, the establishment of new branches by foreign insurance companies will no longer be approved. Some provisions of the law came into effect on August 22 and will be effective from 2024. Until January 1, 2024, foreign insurance institutions will be required to submit quarterly statements to the Central Bank of Russia on special bank accounts to confirm that the amount of deposit at their branches complies with the legal requirements.

Credit card use

In recent years, the Russian credit card market has developed rapidly, with a total of 194,000 ATMs and 3.2 million POS machines in the country, 70% of banks can engage in the issuance and receipt of bank cards, and the use of bank cards is mainly concentrated in large cities and business communities. Since the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, several of the world's major credit cards, such as VISA, Eurocard/MasterCard, have been suspended in Russia. Russia's national credit card payment system was put into use in early 2016. All bank ATMs and POS machines in Russia accept MIR cards.

On August 5, 2008, China UnionPay Standard Card was officially issued in Russia. China UnionPay and Russia's National Payment Card Company (NSPK) have launched bank card cooperation in 2016, and the issued UnionPay and MIR debit cards can be used in both payment systems. In July 2017, the Agricultural Bank of Russia began issuing UnionPay - MIR double standard debit cards. In December 2018, China UnionPay and Russia's Unistream payment system jointly launched cross-border remittance services. In 2019, the international payment system mastercard launched a cross-border remittance service for mobile phone numbers in Russia. In January 2019, the Rapid payment system, jointly launched by the Central Bank of Russia and the State Payment Card System, went into commercial operation.

Securities market

The Moscow Exchange is the largest securities trading market in Russia, dealing in stocks, bonds, futures, investment certificates, derivatives and futures. In 2021, the total trading volume of the Moscow exchange exceeded 1 trillion rubles for the first time, an increase of 6.6%. Among them, the turnover of the stock market was 30 trillion rubles, the turnover of the bond market was 18.6 trillion rubles, the turnover of the derivatives market was 158 trillion rubles, the turnover of the foreign exchange market was 320 trillion rubles, the turnover of the currency market was 474 trillion rubles, and the turnover of the commodity market was 0.21 trillion rubles.

currency

The currency of Russia is the ruble. Russia's Foreign Exchange Regulation law stipulates that the ruble is a freely convertible currency. At any financial institution or exchange point in Russia, the ruble can be exchanged with the US dollar and the euro at any time. The ruble is depreciating against major world currencies.

On October 28, 2022, the exchange rate of the ruble against the US dollar was 61.425 rubles, the exchange rate of the ruble against the euro was 60.4563 rubles, and the exchange rate of the ruble against the RMB was 8.634712 rubles. ^[7]

foreign trade

Russia joined the World Trade Organization on August 22, 2012, but has not joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

According to the statistics of the Russian Customs Service, in 2019, Russia's foreign trade totaled 672 billion US dollars, down 3% year-on-year, with a surplus of 177.2 billion US dollars; Among them, the export was 424.6 billion US dollars, down 6% year-on-year; Imports reached US $247.4 billion, up 2.7 percent year-on-year.

The top 10 trading partners of Russia in 2019 are: China ($110.9 billion), Germany ($53.2 billion), Netherlands ($48.8 billion), Belarus ($33.4 billion), America ($26.2 billion), Türkiye ($26 billion), Italy ($25.2 billion), Korea ($24.4 billion), Japan ($20.3 billion), Kazakhstan ($19.6 billion). China has been Russia's largest trading partner for the tenth consecutive year.

In 2019, the structure of Russia's export commodities did not improve significantly, and the export of mineral resources products was 267.7 billion US dollars, accounting for 63.3% of Russia's exports. Other major export commodities are: metal and its products USD 37.5 billion, accounting for 8.9%; Vehicles and equipment $27.7 billion, or 6.5%; Chemical products $27 billion, accounting for 6.4%; Food and agricultural raw materials $24.8 billion, 5.9%; Wood and its products accounted for $12.8 billion, or 3%.

In 2019, mechanical and electrical products were the main imports of Russia, with an import value of 112.5 billion US dollars, accounting for 46.2% of Russia's total imports. Other major imports are: chemical products 47.8 billion US dollars, accounting for 19.6%; Food and agricultural raw materials $29.9 billion, or 12.2%; Metals and their products were 17.9 billion US dollars, accounting for 7.3%, and textiles and shoes were 15.1 billion US dollars, accounting for 6.2%; Mineral resources were 5.1 billion US dollars, accounting for 2.1%. ^[7]

Foreign investment

After the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2009, Russia's foreign investment fell into a slump. In order to attract more foreign investment, the Russian government has put forward the "modernization strategy", promoted the privatization of state-owned assets, and adopted measures such as amending relevant laws and regulations, simplifying foreign investment procedures, lowering the threshold for foreign investment, and establishing the "Russian Direct Investment Fund" to attract foreign investment. According to the World Investment Report 2020 released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), in 2019, Russia attracted foreign investment flows of $31.74 billion; By the end of 2019, Russia's stock of foreign investment was $463.86 billion.

According to the Central Bank of Russia, as of 2019, the stock of foreign capital in Russia was $585.81 billion, an increase of 17.8% year-on-year. Among them, equity investment was $436.47 billion, accounting for 74.5%, and debt instrument investment was $149.35 billion, accounting for 25.5%. ^[7]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

There are about 150 languages spoken in Russia (of which nearly 80 are standard). The national languages in the territory are divided into four major language families, namely Indo-European, Altaic, Caucasian and Uralic.

Russian, the main language, belongs to the Indo-European Slavic language family, and is the most commonly used language for ethnic communication among the peoples of the Russian Federation. Russian is the official language of Russia and serves as the language of international communication. In Russia, nearly 90% of "non-Russian" residents are proficient in Russian. ^[7]

religion

The main religions in the Russian Federation are Christianity, Islam, shamanism, Buddhism (Lamaism) and Judaism. The Russian Orthodox Church is the most popular and has the largest number of followers, about 50 million. Next came Muslims, mostly Sunnis. Orthodox theology consists mainly of Byzantine theology in Greek and Russian Orthodox theology in Russian. ^[7]

custom

Ancient Greece and Rome had the idea of good luck. Under the influence of these cultures, the Russian nation has formed the concept that the right is respected, valued and lucky, and the left is low, cheap and evil. In Russian, the word "right" also means "right, just"; And "left" means "opposite".

Orthodox weddings: The Orthodox Church prohibits marriage between people of different faiths, so those who attend church weddings must be baptised and must have a citizenship certificate and a marriage certificate from the official civil administration. According to Orthodox custom, weddings are not performed during fasting, certain religious holidays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays.

Russians like toasting at formal and informal banquets. In Russia, sending flowers is a good gift, but sending flowers to relatives, friends, teachers, etc., must be singular, and only sending flowers to people who have died is even.

In Russia, people meet taboo about personal income, age, emotion and other privacy. ^[7]

In formal occasions, when strangers are introduced to each other, adults generally use their full names, and young people only use their first names. Among middle-aged people, especially those with higher cultural levels, even if they are very close to each other, they call each other "you" to show mutual respect. The general greeting is to shake hands, long separated relatives and friends meet, often kiss hug ceremony, men generally kiss the back of the woman's hand, parents kiss the forehead of their children.

On grand occasions, Russians greet distinguished guests with "bread and salt" to express the highest respect and warmest welcome. When invited to be a guest, you should take off your clothes after entering the house, greet the hostess first, and then greet the host and others.

Russians pay more attention to engagement and wedding rings. They like to add a few small gems to the engagement ring and a large gem to the wedding ring. Russians love flowers, no matter birthdays, festivals, or regular visits, can not be separated from flowers. Give flowers, as few as one, as many as a few, but must be singular, because Russians believe that the odd number is auspicious, and the even number is unlucky. Send flowers and pay attention to: 38 women's day, send acacia flowers to his girlfriend; The flowers for the man must be large, tall stems and bright colors; Only send an even number of flowers, two or four, if someone dies. ^[16]

Funeral custom

Modern Russian funeral includes four parts: farewell to the body, sending the coffin, memorial service and burial. Most people in cities are cremated, while those in rural areas are buried. After the body is said goodbye, the coffin is decorated with wreaths or flowers. Wreath selection of pine, fir, cypress branches woven, flowers must be chrysanthemums, daffodils, the number must be an even number. Avoid fragrant flowers such as roses and lily of the valley. The wake must wear a black veil and stand on either side of the coffin. The color of the coffin is also exquisite, the coffin of the elderly is red and black edge, the coffin of the middle-aged is white and black edge, and the coffin of the child is pink and black edge. The coffin is taken directly to the site of the memorial service, or if the memorial service is held in a cemetery, the coffin is taken to the cemetery. Relatives and friends stood by the grave, and after the eulogies were read, relatives said a final farewell to the deceased and the coffin was buried. Then flowers and earth are thrown into the grave, and the whole funeral is over. ^[16]

taboo

Russians taboo 13, like 7, that 7 symbolizes happiness and success. Gifts also like to use the singular number, think even numbers are unlucky.

Russians are famous for their good drinking, the vast majority of men and some women like to drink hard alcohol, vodka is loved by most. Use your right hand when you raise your glass. The first cup of wine is often to drink dry, but generally do not persuade wine, but each as he likes.

Chew food with your mouth closed. Don't chew it out loud. Do not be a guest earlier than the appointed time, on time or a little later is better.

Don't sit on the bed when you enter the room. It's impolite.

Men to smoke to get the consent of the woman, to hand over a whole box of cigarettes, not just a cigarette, do not light three cigarettes with a match.

A mirror is a sacred object and should not be broken.

Russians don't like black cats.

Do not extend your left hand to greet acquaintances. When meeting or saying goodbye, it is best not to shake hands across the threshold.

It is unlucky to congratulate the birthday in advance, and do not congratulate the pregnant woman in advance to give birth to the baby, do not like to send things to the pregnant woman and the baby in advance.

When giving a gift to a friend, it is best not to send a knife, not to send a handkerchief, not to send an empty wallet. ^[16]

nation

The Russian Federation is a multi-ethnic country, with 194 ethnic groups, of which 77.7% of the total population is Russian, the main minorities are Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkir, Chuvash, Chechnya, Armenia, Avar, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Belarus and other ethnic groups.

Russians belong to the Slavic race, the roots of which can be traced back to ancient times. An important Slavic group, the East Slavs, was born in Ukraine along the famous Dnieper River. One of the tributaries of the Dnieper is called the Rus River, where the Russians, a tribe of East Slavs, live. The Russian people get their name from this river. ^[7]

diet

Russian diet is mainly western food, meat, milk, eggs and bread, butter, jam, pickles, potatoes, Onions, cabbage based, winter vegetables and fruit varieties are few and expensive. Chinese food is very popular, and there are Chinese restaurants in major tourist cities in Russia. Russians generally eat 3 to 4 times a day, in addition to morning, afternoon and evening meals, after lunch, there is a meal is tea or milk, eat a variety of pastries. caviar , borsch There are also traditional small pancakes, which are very national characteristics. Usually the most common on the Russian table is a variety of meat food, almost every meal will have beef, lamb, steak, sausage and so on.

Russia generally does not eat squid, jellyfish, fungus and other food; Others are not interested in shrimp and eggs, and the Tartars in the country avoid pork, donkey and mule meat. Typical Russian dishes: caviar, cabbage soup, stewed beef, braised chicken with butter, etc. ^[16]

The most popular drinks in Russia are honey, Kvass Let's wait. Russians love to drink is world famous, of which the most important alcohol is vodka . Russians have the habit of drinking tea, mainly black tea. ^[2]

celebrity

monarch
Peter the Great	Catherine the Second	Alexander I	Ivan the Third

litterateur
Pushkin	Leo Tolstoy	Dostoevsky	Gogol
Lermontov	Gorky	Anton Chekhov	Sholokhov
Turgenev	Nabokov	Chernyshevsky

Artist
Tchaikovsky	Repin	Kramskoy	Konstantin Makovsky

statesman
Lenin	Stalin	Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov
Stolypin	Khrushchev	Gorbachev	Putin

Scientist
Mendeleev	Lomonosov	Lobachevsky	Chebyshev

other
Gagarin

Festivals

Working days, public holidays and religious holidays: Russia has a five-day working week, with Saturday and Sunday as public holidays. All employees are entitled to paid leave each year, with an average of 22 days. The total number of holidays in a year is 120-130 days.

Festivals
date	Festival name
January 1st	New Year
January 7th	Christmas (Orthodox)
January 25th	Santa Dagyana Festival (University Students' Day)
February 23rd	Defender's Day (Military Day), or Men's Day
Late February - early March	Meat Festival (Winter Festival)
March 8th	International Women's Day
Late March - early April	Easter
The third Sunday in April	Science festival
The first of May	International Workers' Day
The fifth of May	Newspaper festival
On May 9th	V-Day
June 1st	International Children's Day
June 12th	Russian Day
June 26th	Youth Day in Russia
The second Sunday of July	Fisherman's Day
The second Saturday of August	Sports fan festival
The 27th of August	Film festivals in Russia
September 1st	Knowledge festival
First Sunday in October	Teachers' Day
November 4th	People's Unity Day
November 7th	Red Square Parade Festival
November 10th	Police Day
November 17th	International University Student Day
December 12th	Russian Constitution Day
December 25th	Christmas

In addition, there are Russian New Year's Day, Navy Day, construction workers' Day, "Russian Winter" carnival, Birch Festival, spring ploughing Festival, Summer Solstice festival and many other festivals. There are also "Border Defense Day" and "KGB Day" in the military and police circles. ^[7]

value

On November 9, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree protecting 17 traditional values. "Human life, dignity, human rights and freedom, patriotism, citizenship, service to the motherland and responsibility for the destiny of the nation, high moral ideals, strong family bonds, creative work, spiritual supremacy over material, humanism, compassion, justice, collectivism, mutual help and respect, remembering and passing on history, solidarity are traditional values," the decree states. ^[15]

Military affairs

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EDITOR

Russian military leadership system

The President of the Russian Federation, the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Parliament of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation are solely responsible for ensuring national security, the state of defense capabilities, the combat readiness, mobilization readiness and combat effectiveness of the armed forces and other armed forces. The President of the Russian Federation is the Head of State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, exercising overall leadership over the armed forces and other armed forces. The current Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is Vladimir Vladimir Putin. ^[27]

Russian military command system

The President of the Russian Federation and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation shall exercise operational command of the armed Forces through the Minister of Defence and the Chief of the General Staff. The Minister of Defense exercises direct authority over the Federal armed Forces through the Ministry of Defense. The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation conducts operational command of the armed forces, and the command of the various branches of the armed forces is conducted through the General Headquarters of the various branches of the armed forces. ^[27]

Power to declare war

The Russian Parliament, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, decides whether to use the Russian armed forces outside Russia. ^[27]

Armed forces

The Russian Army has four major military regions, and corresponding to this, there are four joint strategic commands. Four Joint Strategic commands: The Western Military District (formed by the merger of the Moscow and Leningrad Military districts with the Northern and Baltic fleets), the Southern Military District (formed by the merger of the North Caucasus Military District and the Black Sea Fleets), the Central Military District (formed by the merger of the Volga and Ural Military Districts with parts of the Siberian Military District), and the Eastern Military District (consisting of the Far East Military District, parts of the Siberian Military District, and the Pacific Ocean) Fleet composition). The headquarters of the new Joint Strategic Command will be located in St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg and Khabarovsk. The four Joint strategic commands exercise command power over the various services and arms under their jurisdiction and have joint command functions. ^[27]

Force of arms

The armed forces of the Russian Federation are composed of administrative organs, legions, regiments, units, military academies and logistics departments. In terms of organizational structure, it is divided into three branches of the army, Air Force and navy, and three independent branches of the strategic rocket Force, airborne force and air defense Force. Other military units not incorporated into the armed forces include the Internal Security Service, the Federal Security Service, the Federal Guard Service, and the Civil Defense Service. ^[27]

Army establishment

The army is organized into 4 military regions and has 10 group armies under its jurisdiction. The Air Force has two functional commands and four regional commands, as well as 33 air bases. The Navy is organized into four fleets (Northern Fleet, Pacific Fleet, Black Sea Fleet, Baltic Fleet) and Caspian Fleet. The strategic rocket forces were organized into three missile armies. The paratroopers are organized into four airborne divisions, one airborne assault brigade, and one airborne training center. The air and space Defense Force, under the jurisdiction of the space Command, air defense and anti-missile command. ^[27]

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

By the end of 2020, Russia's road network has a total length of 1.55 million kilometers, ranking fifth in the world. According to the Federal Highway Agency of Russia, nearly 30% of roads in Russia do not meet maintenance standards, and 70% of roads are covered with asphalt or cement.

In 2021, the number of road passengers in Russia increased by 9.9% to 8.1 billion, and the freight volume increased by 2.5% to 1.48 billion tons. Russia has nearly 3,000 kilometers of existing highways and toll roads, and about 6,300 kilometers of planned highways are under construction. The "Construction of the Europe-Western China International Transport Corridor" is a project of the Russian Federation's comprehensive plan for the modernization and expansion of major transportation infrastructure before 2024, with a total length of 729 kilometers of Moscow-Kazan expressway, which is expected to be completed in 2023.

Russian roads are mainly located in the European part, with a total of 25 roads connecting with Finland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and other European countries. In addition, only a few are connected to Asian countries such as Kazakhstan and China. In June 2022, the Heihe Port China-Russia Heihe-Blagoveshchensk cross-border Highway Bridge was put into operation.

railway

By the end of 2020, Russia's public railway network has a total operating mileage of 87,000 kilometers, ranking third in the world. In 2021, Russian railways carried 1.06 billion passengers, an increase of 11.5%, and 1.28 billion tons of freight, an increase of 3.2%.

The Moscow-St. Petersburg Sapsan high-speed railway, which opened in 2009, is Russia's first high-speed railway, operated by Siemens Velaro trains with a top speed of 250 km/h. The second high-speed railway Moscow-Kazan high-speed railway project has been suspended in 2019, and the 215-kilometer Chelyabinsk-Yekaterinburg high-speed railway has been included in the strategic transportation plan of the Russian Federation until 2030, and is expected to push forward its construction.

At present, Russia has a total of 11 international railway lines connected with Finland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, China, North Korea and other countries, including: October Railway, North Caucasus Railway, Moscow Railway, Volga River Valley Railway, Trans-Siberian Railway, Bai-Albanian railway. Russia Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan and other major cities have built subways, rail transit is more developed, the total length of 616 kilometers.

Air freight

There are 232 airports in Russia, of which 71 are international airports. Major airports include Moscow's Sheremedevo International Airport, Vnukovo 1 International Airport, Domodedovo Airport, St. Petersburg International Airport, Nizhny Novgorod Airport, Novosibirsk Airport, Yekaterinburg Airport, Khabarovsk Airport, etc. In 2021, Russia carried 110 million air passengers, an increase of 60%, and 1.5 million tons of cargo, an increase of 25.7%.

There are 46 airlines in Russia, 11 of which have an annual capacity of more than 1 million passengers. Aeroflot is the flag carrier of Russia and one of the largest airline groups in Europe. In the 2021 Global Airline rankings published by Skytrax, an independent air services survey agency in the United Kingdom, Aeroflot Group was ranked 14th among the world's airlines, up eight places from the previous ranking (2019 edition).

Russia has opened hundreds of international air routes. Among them, Russian "Air fleet" airlines 73, Aeroflot 54, Russian Intercontinental Airlines 46, Russian Siberian Airlines 22, United Airlines 6. On April 9, 2022, Russia resumed international flights with 52 friendly countries, including China, that had been canceled due to the epidemic. As of July 2022, Russia and 48 unfriendly countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and the 27 members of the European Union, have closed their airspace to each other.

Water transport

By the end of 2020, the navigable length of Russia's inland rivers was 102,000 kilometers, basically the same as the level of the previous two years. The European river transport route is the Volga River, which is also the most important river transport route connecting Russia and European countries, and Moscow has the title of "Port of the Five seas". The most important river transport route in the Far East is the Amur River (Heilongjiang), which is fully navigable. In 2021, Russia will transport 8.61 million passengers on inland waterways, up 11.5% year-on-year, and 110 million tons of cargo, up 1.2% year-on-year. Maritime passenger traffic was 4.52 million, down 2.2 percent year-on-year, and cargo volume was 2.32 million tons, down 5.9 percent year-on-year.

Russia's main seaports are located in the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Barents Sea, the White Sea, including Murmansk, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Vostochny, Novorossiysk, etc., through these ports can reach Europe, the Mediterranean region, Asia and the Americas.

Public transport

Public transport is well developed in major Russian cities. Public transport in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and other major cities is mainly by metro, tram and trolleybus to all parts of the city and tourist attractions. Moscow Metro officially opened on May 15, 1935, the entrance and exit sign is "M", a single ticket price of about 55 rubles (about 6 yuan). St. Petersburg Metro opened in 1955, there are currently five lines in operation, a single fare of about 60 rubles (about 5 yuan). Yekaterinburg all kinds of public transport ticket price is 26 rubles (about 3.2 yuan). The ticket price of all kinds of public transport in Khabarovsk is 30 rubles (about 3.4 yuan).

All major cities in Russia can book a taxi, Russian regular taxis are generally yellow, marked with a "T" in a circle, and equipped with a meter. At present, regular taxis with invoices can be booked through uber, yandex and other companies' taxi software or telephone, and there are also many private cars on the street to attract business. Moscow, Vladivostok and other cities have serious traffic jams, such as taking a taxi or driving, please allow enough time according to the traffic conditions.

The ticket price for public transport in Irkutsk is 15 rubles (about 1.5 yuan). The ticket price for public transport in Vladivostok is 23 rubles (about 2.2 yuan). ^[16]

society

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EDITOR

Science and technology

Russia leads the world in basic research, military and aerospace technology. In recent years, Russia has achieved world-level scientific research achievements in all fields of basic research. For example, the Russian Academy of Sciences has achieved world-advanced scientific research achievements in the fields of microelectronics and nanoelectronics, new electro-optical mapping technology, high-temperature superconductivity, chemistry, astrophysics, supercomputers, molecular biology, and meteorology. Major breakthroughs have been made in the field of nuclear lasers; Russian scientists have synthesized superheavy elements No. 114 and No. 166 on the periodic table in the laboratory. Among the 50 major technologies that determine national strength in the world today, Russia's strength in 12-17 of them is equivalent to that of Western developed countries, such as aerospace technology and new material technology.

education

Russia's strong educational disciplines include: mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, education, aviation, aerospace, navigation, nuclear energy utilization, military, optical precision machinery and so on. Russian education is divided into basic education and professional education. Basic education includes: pre-school education, primary basic education (grades 1 to 4 in primary school), basic basic education (grades 5 to 9 in junior high school), and complete basic education (grades 10 to 11 in senior high school). Professional education includes: secondary professional education (equivalent to higher vocational and technical colleges in China), higher professional education (undergraduate and master's degree), and post-university professional education (associate doctor, doctor).

The Russian education system consists of 140,000 state educational institutions of all levels, types and forms; In addition, there are nearly 1,500 research institutes, innovation centers, and technical workshops. There are more than 40,000 public general education institutions in Russia. Russian higher education institutions are divided into three categories: Comprehensive universities, colleges and research institutes, in 2021, Russia has a total of 710 universities (497 state universities, 213 non-state universities), about 4.044 million college students, a total of 223,000 teachers, of which, there are 35,000 doctoral degrees, there are 130,000 associate doctoral degrees.

In 2021, the average tuition fee of higher universities in Russia will be 155,000 rubles per year (about $2,152.8 per year), with the highest being 597,000 rubles per year (about $8,291.7 per year) at the Moscow Institute of International Relations.

hygiene

Russia has a high level of medical treatment, with a complete variety of hospitals, outpatient departments, various professional medical personnel and medical scientific research institutions, especially the level of complex eye surgery in the world. The construction of health institutions and the improvement of their equipment are generally funded by the State. About 4 million people are engaged in medical work in medical research departments, medical prevention institutions, outpatient clinics and health departments, with an average of 50 doctors per 10,000 residents.

Russia implements the national health care system, and the whole people enjoy its services. In 1996, the Law on Residents' compulsory medical insurance was passed. The compulsory medical insurance fund consists of three parts: (1) the compulsory medical insurance premium paid by enterprises, organizations and other insured units; (b) The funds allocated by the State budget are mainly used to cover the medical expenses of children, disabled persons, pensioners and other non-employed persons; (3) Compulsory health insurance premiums paid by citizens engaged in individual labor and private economic activities. About 95 percent of Russians have health insurance cards.

In 2021, the average life expectancy in Russia will be 70 years. The main infectious diseases are influenza and acute respiratory virus infections. In 2021, the Russian Federal budget will spend 1.5 trillion rubles ($20.83 billion) on health care.

Physical education

Russia is a traditional sports power, football, basketball, ice hockey and tennis are the most popular sports in Russia, and the domestic Russian Super League, basketball league and ice hockey League are the three most popular sports leagues. Russia's traditional Olympic strengths include gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline, fencing, shooting, synchronized swimming, weightlifting, volleyball, softball, rowing and so on. Because most of the territory of Russia is located in high latitude, it has a unique training ground and competition venues for Winter Olympic sports. She also performed well in skiing, figure skating and other events. Russia is also a chess power.

Russia hosts the world's major sporting events: 1980 Moscow Olympic Games , Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics , 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .

medium

News agency

The main Russian news agencies are Itar-Tass - TASS , Ria Novosti Interfax News Agency, Baltic News Agency, in the international media field of greater influence

Major newspapers and periodicals

There are more than 30,000 newspapers and magazines in Russia. Mainstream newspapers include Rossiya ", Komsomolskaya Pravda, Izizora, Sunday, Seven Days, The Independent and Kommersant.

Major television station

The main television stations in Russia are "Channel One" TV, Russian State Television, non-state television (PEH) and so on.

Main broadcasting station

The main broadcast media in Russia are Russian Radio, Voice of Russia Radio, Russian Satellite Radio, Ekho Moskvy Radio and Beacon Radio.

Network media

The largest search engine in Russia is yandex . ^[7]

communication

telegraphy

According to TMT Consulting, the Russian telecom market will be worth about 1.8 trillion rubles ($24.6 billion) in 2021, up 3.2 percent year on year. According to AC&M consulting, there will be 259 million mobile communication users in Russia in 2021, and the penetration rate of mobile communication will reach 178%. In the same period, the four major mobile operators in Russia are: MTS, MegaFon, VimpelCom and Tele2. The distribution of mobile communication users in Russia shows obvious regional differences. The mobile phone penetration rate is high in Moscow and St. Petersburg, while it is relatively low in other regions.

Internet

According to data from the Russian Federal Supervisory Service for Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media, in 2021, the Internet penetration rate in Russia exceeded 85%, with about 124 million Internet users. Ninety-nine million Russian Internet users use social networks, YouTube, VK, Whatsapp, Instagram, Odnoklassniki are the top five most used social networks in Russia.

electricity

As of the end of 2021, the total installed capacity of power stations in Russia is 247 million kilowatts, of which thermal power stations account for about 66% and hydropower stations account for about 20%. In 2021, Russia generated 1.13 trillion KWH of electricity, up 6% year-on-year, and consumed 1.11 trillion KWH of electricity, up 5.4% year-on-year. In the Russian Far East, the Chukotka Autonomous Region, Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai and Sakha (Yakutia) Republic have higher electricity prices, above 6 rubles/KWH; In Siberia, electricity prices are lower in Irkutsk Oblast (1.17 rubles/KWH), Khakass Republic (2.27 rubles/KWH), Krasnoyarsk Krai (2.71 rubles/KWH) and Novosibirsk Oblast (2.8 rubles/KWH).

Russia is connected to the power grids of all its neighbors. In 2021, Russia exported 22.9 billion KWH of electricity, a significant increase of 190%. Electricity export revenue was $1.33 billion, up 270% year on year. Electricity imports were 1.56 billion KWH, or about $25.4 million.

payroll

According to the latest statistics of the Russian Federal Bureau of Statistics, in 2021, Russia's average monthly nominal wage income of 57,244 rubles, of which 39,437 rubles in agriculture, 101,547 rubles in mining, 52,410 rubles in manufacturing, 130,223 rubles in finance and insurance, and 58,620 rubles in government and public administration.

As of June 1, 2022, the minimum wage in Russia will be increased by 10% from 13,890 rubles per month on January 1, 2022 to 15,279 rubles per month.

Social security

Russian compulsory pension insurance (contribution limit is 1.465 million rubles, the rate within the ceiling is 22%; If the upper limit is exceeded, the rate is 10%); Compulsory health insurance (no contribution ceiling, the rate is 5.1%), compulsory social insurance (the contribution ceiling is 966,000 rubles, the rate is 2.9% within the ceiling, the excess is not paid). Social insurance benefits foreign citizens or those who have stayed in Russia for a long time but have not acquired Russian citizenship at a rate of 1.8%.

On July 14, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law to merge the pension fund and the Social Insurance fund into a social fund. This law will integrate all existing systems in the field of social security, so that the Russian government can centrally manage and efficiently allocate social security funds. ^[10]

Labour force

Russia's population is declining, and labor is increasingly scarce. In particular, in the context of the new coronavirus epidemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the ruble exchange rate plummeted, and there was a serious loss of foreign workers. As the rouble stabilized, some Central Asian workers returned to the Russian labor market. At the same time, Russia also faces a serious structural shortage of labor: (1) the number of people employed in science and technology and related services is declining; (2) The shortage of skilled labor; (3) The aging trend of the working-age population is serious. As of May 1, 2022, there are 3.35 million labor migrants in Russia.

Time zone

Russia spans 11 time zones, with the easternmost Bering Strait island of Ratmanov, the Anadyr River, and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the 12th East region, and the westernmost Kaliningrad in the 2nd East Region. The Federation Council of Russia has passed a bill to make Moscow time three hours ahead of GMT, the Eastern Time Zone 3, from October 26, 2014. Moscow local time is 5 hours behind Beijing time. There is no daylight saving time. ^[7]

disaster

Due to global warming, the permanent freeze zone in Russia has melted, and natural disasters such as the sinking of house foundations, communication lines and natural gas pipelines, and the collapse of glaciers have frequently occurred in northern Russia. Winter drive to Baikal Olichon island tourism should pay attention to the freezing of the lake ice, to avoid danger.

Fires are a common natural disaster in Russia. Russia has a vast area, rich forest resources, hot summer and dry climate, and Russia has many fire spots and difficult to prevent and control.

In most parts of Russia, the winter is long and cold, and the minimum temperature in Siberia and parts of the Arctic Circle is below minus 50 degrees, and snowstorms often occur in Moscow, Siberia and the Far East in winter.

The mixed forest belt of the Urals region is one of the hardest hit areas for ticks, and tick bites and deaths occur every spring and summer. Since ticks mainly inhabit grasslands and woods, it is best to spray mosquito repellent on exposed skin when going out to play, and try to avoid sitting in the field for long periods of time. If you are bitten by a tick, do not use tweezers and other tools to remove it, and do not crush it with your fingers. Because the head of the tick has a barb, if it is not properly removed after drilling into the skin, it is easy to leave the head in the skin and continue to be infected. If you encounter a tick bite, it is recommended to seek medical attention as soon as possible. ^[16]

Seek Assist

Organization name	Telephone number
Medical first aid	103
Consular protection and assistance telephone of the Chinese Embassy in Russia	007-49995186 61
Phone number of Consular protection assistance of the Chinese Consulate General in St. Petersburg	The 007-812-7137 605
Consular protection and assistance telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in Khabarovsk	007-42123405 72
Chinese Consulate General in Yekaterinburg Consular protection assistance telephone	007-92215099 99
Consular Protection and assistance telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in Irkutsk	007-96473010 58
Phone number of Consular protection assistance of the Chinese Consulate General in Vladivostok	007-90207808 73
Chinese Consulate General in Kazan consular protection assistance telephone	007-91727347 89
China 24-hour emergency medical insurance assistance and complaint advice hotline for Chinese tourists	88007751869 ^[16]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

Russia's foreign strategy is embodied in multi-faceted diplomacy. ^[20] We will pursue an independent foreign policy that conforms to the fundamental interests of the Russian people and ensures global security and stability. ^[21] We do not conduct diplomacy for the purpose of opposing other countries, and we hope to develop good relations with all countries. ^[22] On February 18, 2013, Russian President Vladimir Putin approved the new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation, which sets out four priority directions for Russian diplomacy. The development of "friendly relations" with China and India is regarded as one of the "most important" directions of Russian foreign policy. The Asia-Pacific region has been called "the fastest growing geopolitical space, to which the world's economic and political center of gravity is shifting."

The absolute priority of Russia's foreign policy is the integration of the former Soviet Union. The new Concept pays special attention to the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Customs Union, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and the Russia-Belarus Union. The second priority is the European Union, Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands are known as Russia's most important European partners, and they are also Russia's most important partners in the field of natural gas. Next comes the United States. In its diplomacy with the United States, Russia will seek "legal guarantees that the anti-missile system is not aimed at the Russian nuclear deterrent" and demand that the United States "abide by the norms of international law, including the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries."

The new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation sets out three key objectives: First, to help save the world economy. "Russia will actively promote the establishment of a fair and democratic global economic, trade, monetary and financial system." Second, we oppose interference in other countries' internal affairs. To this end, Moscow will "ensure respect for human rights and freedoms," but "take into account the national, cultural and historical characteristics of each country." On the Internet, the use of new technologies for the purpose of interfering in internal affairs will be resisted. The third is to uphold the "irreplaceability" of the United Nations, that is, not to allow military intervention or other forms of intervention under the pretext of having the "responsibility to protect".

The basic judgment of the new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation on the world situation is that the world is more "unstable" and "unpredictable", and there are five main destabilizing factors: first, the global economic crisis is "a powerful catalyst for deep-seated changes in the geopolitical pattern." Second, Western interference in other countries' internal affairs. In the Arab Spring, for example, "the imposition of one's own values on others" threatens to lead to "chaos and uncontrolled international relations." Third, the weakening of the status of the United Nations. This is mainly reflected in attempts to "circumvent the UN Security Council and resolve the crisis through unilateral sanctions and military action," "willfully misconstrue UN resolutions," and "promote ideas aimed at the overthrow of legitimate regimes." Fourth, cross-border threats and challenges are growing. For the first time, "threats from the information space" are listed as one of the important threats. The fifth is "the tendency of [Western countries] to refocus on ideological issues in international relations". ^[7]

On June 9, 2023 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement that the Russian law abolishing the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe officially came into force on the same day. Russia has informed all States members of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) that it will withdraw from the treaty in 150 days, at 0:00 on November 7, 2023. ^[26]

In March 2024, Russia officially joined the WTO Fishery Subsidies Agreement. ^[39]

External relations

Relations with Western countries

After the Ukraine crisis in 2014, Western countries imposed multiple rounds of sanctions on Russia involving politics, energy, finance, military and other fields, and Russia began to implement countermeasures. Relations between Russia and the West have deteriorated. ^[7]

Relations with the United States

Compared with the confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, Russia-US relations have changed fundamentally, but the development process is not smooth. The 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia brought relations between Russia and the United States to a post-Cold War low. In April 2009, US President Barack Hussein Obama and his Russian counterpart Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev agreed to "reset" relations between the two countries, which have since been generally smooth but often rocky. After the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022, Russia-US relations gradually deteriorated, and there was no positive change in bilateral relations. ^[12]

Relations with Japan

Russia-japan relations due to the South Kuril Islands (Japan called the four northern Islands) issue has become the most important obstacle to the comprehensive development of relations. The development of relations between the two countries has been affected by the long unresolved territorial dispute between the two countries and the delay in signing the peace treaty on which the relationship is based.

Relations with Turkey

Since the Russian armed forces officially intervened in the Syrian civil war in 2015, Russia-Turkey relations have become extremely tense. Relations between the two countries hit a nadir when the Turkish military shot down a Russian Su-24 fighter-bomber on November 24, 2015, killing a Russian pilot.

After the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022, Turkey did not explicitly side with Russia, but they did side with Russia in action. At the beginning of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Turkey directly blocked The Bosphorus The move is directly to restrict the access of Western warships to the Black Sea, and is also a support for Russia. Later, when Sweden and Finland wanted to join NATO, it was Turkey that stood up and blocked their accession, although Turkey also asked Sweden to stop supporting the Kurds out of its own interests, but this move also resolved the crisis with Russia to a certain extent.

Erdogan has a good personal relationship with Putin, but this did not lead him to side with Russia in the war with Ukraine, nor did he join other NATO countries in sanctioning Russia, but actively facilitated negotiations between Russia and Ukraine. Mr Erdogan has now brokered the first talks between Russia and Ukraine, a policy on the passage of food, and an exchange of prisoners.

Relations with Ukraine

Russia-ukraine relations have significant implications for regional stability and the European strategic landscape. Ukraine and Russia have been allied for hundreds of years, especially during the Soviet era, the two peoples political, economic and cultural integration, mutual influence, forming a close relationship. On July 2, 1993, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Basic Principles of the Foreign Policy of Ukraine, stating that "in view of the historical development of Ukraine and the geopolitical and geo-economic characteristics, Ukrainian-Russian relations occupy a priority position in the bilateral relations of neighboring countries." Ukraine and Russia are 'special partners'." However, there are also long-term contradictions and conflicts between Ukraine and Russia that are difficult to eradicate, and various contradictions intensified after the political crisis in Ukraine at the end of 2013. The opposition ousted Yanukovych from power in February 2014. Russia does not recognize the new authorities in Ukraine, arguing that the rebels who came to power in an armed coup have no legitimacy. In March of the same year, Russia annexed Crimea and put pressure on Ukraine by raising gas prices and launching trade sanctions. In April of the same year, Ukrainian separatist forces established the "Donetsk People's Republic" and "Luhansk People's Republic", and immediately broke out armed conflicts, Ukraine and the West accused Russia of supporting the rebels in eastern Ukraine, and Russia has been defined as an "enemy" militarily and an "intruder" legally, and domestic anti-Russian sentiment is rising. Russia-ukraine relations have hit rock bottom. Since 2014, the two countries have launched multiple rounds of mutual sanctions against each other, political and military confrontation, and economic and cultural decoupling. ^[13] With the mediation of the international community, the two sides reached a ceasefire agreement in the Belarusian capital Minsk in September 2014 and February 2015 respectively, and since then large-scale armed conflicts have been controlled, but small-scale exchanges of fire have occurred from time to time, and relations between the two countries are still very tense. ^[14]

On October 30, 2023, the Russian Foreign Ministry officially announced that the agreement on visa-free travel between Russia and Ukraine, signed on January 16, 1997, will be terminated as of January 1, 2023. ^[31]

Relations with the Republic of Estonia

On January 23, 2023 local time, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement announcing the downgrade of diplomatic relations with the Republic of Estonia. ^[23]

Relations with Norway

On August 3, 2023 local time, Russian media reported that the Russian government included Norway in the list of countries that "take unfriendly actions against Russian diplomatic institutions." ^[28]

Relations with Finland

On October 27, 2023 local time, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia will terminate the agreement with Finland to promote cooperation in border areas on January 24, 2024. The agreement was signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Finland in Helsinki on April 13, 2012 ^[30] .

Relations with Niger

On January 16, 2024, the Russian Defense Ministry said that Russia and Niger have agreed to develop military cooperation. Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yevkurov and Fomin met with Niger's Junta-appointed Minister of State for Defense Salifu Modi on the same day. ^[34]

Relations with Belarus

On January 29, 2024, the Supreme Council of States of the Union of Russia and Belarus held a meeting in St. Petersburg, Russia, during which a new three-year decree on the integration of the Union States was signed. ^[35]

Relations with Latvia

In January 2023, the then Latvian Foreign Minister Rinkevics announced on social media that Latvia would recall its ambassador to Russia and reduce the level of diplomatic relations with Russia to the level of charge d 'affaires. ^[40]

Sino-russian relations

China and the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations on October 2, 1949. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, on December 27, 1991, China and Russia signed the minutes of the talks, which resolved the issue of succession in the relations between the two countries. China and Russia established a strategic partnership of coordination in 1996, signed the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as the Treaty) in 2001, established a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination based on equality, trust, mutual support, common prosperity and lasting friendship in 2011, and upgraded it to a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era in 2019. In 2021, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the conclusion of the Treaty, the two heads of state issued a joint statement formally announcing the extension of the Treaty.

At present, China-Russia relations are at their best in history. Frequent high-level exchanges between the two countries have formed the practice of annual visits between the heads of state. May and September 2017, June 2018, April 2019, February 2022, and October 2023 visit China or attend events in China. The two countries have established regular prime ministers' meetings, parliamentary cooperation committees and comprehensive exchanges and cooperation mechanisms at various levels, including energy, investment, culture, economy and trade, local, strategic security and law enforcement security. The two sides have deepened political mutual trust and firmly supported each other on issues concerning their core interests such as sovereignty, security and development. ^[9]

The Belt and Road Initiative has been actively aligned with the Eurasian Economic Union, and fruitful results have been achieved in practical cooperation. In 2022, the bilateral trade volume between China and Russia reached $190.272 billion, up 29.3 percent year on year. From January to September 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Russia reached 176.416 billion US dollars, up 29.5% year on year.

People-to-people and cultural exchanges between the two countries have flourished, the understanding and friendship between the two peoples have been deepened, and the concept of everlasting friendship has taken root in the hearts of the people. China and Russia held national, language and tourism years in 2006 and 2007, 2009 and 2010, 2012 and 2013 respectively, held the Youth Friendly exchange year in 2014-2015, the China-Russia media Exchange year in 2016-2017, and the China-Russia local cooperation and exchange year in 2018-2019. The China-Russia Year of scientific and technological Innovation will be held in 2020-2021, and the year of sports Exchange will be held in 2022-2023. In 2019, the number of students studying abroad between the two countries exceeded 100,000.

By October 2023, the two sides have established 157 pairs of sister cities, provinces and states, dozens of pairs of economic and trade pairs, launched the mechanism of regular meetings between local leaders of China and Russia, and established the local cooperation Council of the Middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China and the Federal District along the Volga River in Russia, and the intergovernmental cooperation committee of Northeast China, the Russian Far East and Baikal region. ^[9]

China and Russia have maintained close strategic coordination in international and regional affairs, committed themselves to practicing genuine multilateralism and promoting a more just and equitable international order. The two countries hold the same or similar positions on a series of major international and regional issues and maintain close communication and cooperation. We have jointly promoted the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, established BRICS, China-Russia-India and China-Russia-Mongolia cooperation mechanisms, and conducted effective coordination within the framework of multilateral mechanisms with the participation of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, APEC and the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA). ^[9]

On October 27, 2022, at the plenary session of the Valdai International Debate Club, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that Russia is turning its cooperation to Asian countries to a large extent. Putin also stressed that Russia regards China as a close friend and can study positive cases in China's development process and put them into practice. ^[11]

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On November 28, 2023, Sri Lanka launched a pilot project to grant visitors from seven countries, including Russia, visa-free travel for 30 days, valid until March 31, 2024. ^[32]

Local time on March 18, 2024, according to the data released by the Russian Central Election Commission, in the Russian presidential election statistics completed 85% of the vote, the current president Vladimir Putin with 87.19% of the vote significantly ahead of other candidates, has actually won the presidential election. ^[38]

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Russia is the largest country in the world, stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the North Pacific Ocean, including the inland seas of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, covering a wide range of geographical environment, with the world's largest forest reserves and lakes containing about a quarter of the world's fresh water, extremely rich natural resources, diverse landforms and landscapes. In addition, a large number of historical and cultural monuments, cultural urban landscapes and special northern scenery attract many tourists to visit Russia.

The Kremlin

Main attractions in Russia
The Kremlin	Summer Palace
Winter Palace	The Smolny Palace
The Bolshoi Petrov Theatre in Moscow	Moscow Red Square
Pushkin Square	Moscow
St. Petersburg	Sochi
Vladivostok	Baikal
The Mariinsky Theatre	Golden Horn Bay Bridge
Lenin's tomb	The cruiser Avlor
Moscow Zoo	Gumm National Department Store
National History Museum	Chersky Mountain
Kazan	Yekaterina Palace
St. Petersburg Opera House	National Museums of Russia

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The five countries with the longest coastlines: Russia has a total of 37,653 km. ( Guinness World Records ) ^[44]

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