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Mulam people
The national language is Mulam language, which belongs to the Dong water language branch of the Zhuang Dong language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
Mulam ethnic group is mainly distributed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guizhou Province. In Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, most of them live in Dongmen, Sijiao, Gold, Longan, Tianhe, small Chang 'an and other places in Luocheng Mulam ethnic Autonomous County. A few scattered in Xincheng, Yishan, Liucheng, Du 'an, Huanjiang, Hechi, Rongshui, Rongan and other places. In Guizhou Province, they mainly live in Majiang, Kaili, Huangping, Duyun, Fuquan and other places.
In 1956, after ethnic identification, The State Council officially recognized the Mulam ethnic group. According to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
The population of Mulam ethnic group in China is 277,233.
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- Chinese name
- Mulam people
- Population number
- 277,200 [2] (Year 2021)
- distribution
- Mulam ethnic autonomous county, Luocheng, Guangxi
- species
- Mulam language, Chinese, Guiliu language
- Wenzi
- hanzi
- Traditional festival
- Yifan Festival, slope Festival, Spring Festival, etc
- Totem of faith
- A surname
catalogue
Mulam ethnic group said, have claimed to be different from him.
Most Mulam ethnic people call themselves "Ling", while a small number of Mulam ethnic people call themselves "Jin" or "local people". The Han people call them "Mulam" and the Zhuang people call them "Bujin" in Zhuang language. In historical records, it is written as "Mu man" or "wooden man".
National stamp
In the Han Dynasty, the title of "Luo" was no longer seen in historical records, but "Liao". From the Han to the Tang and Song dynasties for more than a thousand years, Liao nationality was regarded as the general name of the southwest ethnic minorities, and the activity area was very wide. Mulam ethnic group belongs to one of them. Qing Jiajing "Guangxi General annals" said: "Tianhe Liao in the east of the county, also known as Mu man." "Ancient and modern book collection" : "Tianhe County color points four townships, county east eight salty ling species, known as M." All point out the direct relationship between "Liao", "ling" and "Mulam". Mulao name, Yuan Dynasty records have clearly recorded, called "Mulao", "Mulou Miao", "Mullou" and so on. After the Ming and Qing dynasties, the names "Mu Lao", "Mu Lao" and "Mu Lao" were successively found in the annals of history.
In 1956, after ethnic identification, The State Council officially recognized the Mulam ethnic group
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The ancient ancestors of Mulao nationality, like those of other nationalities, created a splendid prehistoric culture. In 1958, a complete skull with a missing mandible, 4 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae and 5 ribs were excavated in the cave next to Tongtian Rock of Xinxing Farm in Liujiang County, belonging to the ancient hominid of the late Paleolithic Age 50,000 years ago, that is, "Liujiang Man". From the nearby cultural relics of the same period as the "Liujiang People", it can be seen that at that time, the primitive people lived in the stone caves near the mountains and rivers, collecting plants and catching animals for a living, and had entered the stage of eating cooked food by fire. Everyone worked together, distributed equally, and lived the life of a primitive commune centered on the matrilineal clan. From 1965 to 1973, archaeologists excavated 18 human skeletons, called Zhenpiyan people, in the area of 60 square meters in Dushan Zhenpiyan Rock, south of Guilin City. The burial style includes crouching burial, side bending burial, secondary burial and so on. In the cultural accumulation layer up to 2.6 meters thick, there are fire ponds, ash pits, stone axes, stone adzes, stone spears, perforated stone tools, grinding stones, pottery POTS, pottery POTS, pottery jars, bone darts, bone arrowheads, bone cones, etc., and a large number of snail shell pottery pieces and animal bones. The technology of grinding stone tools indicates that Zhenpiyan people were in the new chronology period. The cultural relics unearthed in retort Rock show that people at that time already had pottery, which was better able to cook food and was conducive to people's health and longevity. There have been livestock breeding, the unearthed pig bones have 67 individuals, from the combination of age and tooth wear, these pigs were raised and slaughtered. Primitive hoeing agriculture has appeared: stone axes and stone adzes are the tools of farming; Stone knife and clam knife are harvesting tools, and stone mill is a grain processing tool. Through the comprehensive study of many disciplines, experts believe that: Zhenpiyan people and Liujiang people have close blood relations; The ancient ancestors of the Mulam ethnic group in Guangxi are Zhenpiyan people, and the ancestors of Zhenpiyan people are Liujiang people.
In the late Warring States period, Mulam ethnic ancestors living in the west of Lingnan belonged to the Luoyue nationality of Xi 'ou. "The book of Han" said: "Manyi West West Ou, its half win, face south king." It also said: "The father and son of Luo Yue bathe with the river, and learn to drink with the nose." The Qin Dynasty was established and unified Lingnan. The ancestors of Mulam ethnic group entered the big family of the motherland together with other ethnic groups in Lingnan and were collectively called Liao. In the Han Dynasty, a large number of Han people entered the Lingnan area, bringing advanced production technology and accelerating the political and economic development of the Lingnan area. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Central Dynasty implemented the policy of halter in the minority areas of Lingnan, set up dozens of halter counties, and appointed the local minority leaders as chief officials. For these officials, the Central Dynasty adopted the policy that as long as they recognized the power of the Central Dynasty, obeyed orders, and fulfilled their obligations, they could inherit their posts from generation to generation and enjoy the relevant treatment, and they could also retain the local social system and economic structure. In this period, the Mulam ethnic ancestors Lingnan "liao" social economy has been further developed, cattle farming began to appear, rice cultivation technology has been improved. Handicraft smelting, gold panning, pottery making, copper mining and other technologies have reached a very high level, and a kind of "Liao" cloth has been produced as an exchange of agricultural and sideline products. In the Jin Dynasty, the ancestors of Mulam nationality were called "Pu Liao". In the northern and Southern Dynasties, some were also called "wooden cage bureaucrats". Song and Yuan dynasties are the periods when Mulam nationality diverge from Liao and ling to a single nationality. According to history, Song Taizu Kaibao five years (972), in Guizhou Lindong land set Luocheng County, the first part of Rongzhou, after Qingyuan. He also sent Han officials to administer and abolished the exorbitant and miscellaneous taxes of the Five Dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Emperor Renzong of Song, after the suppression of the uprising of Nong Zhigao by the Central Dynasty, the Tuji system was generally established in the vast areas of western Guangxi, but the Han official system was established in Luocheng and Tianhe where the Lingli family lived. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were many records about the activities of Mulam ethnic group. The "Mulao", "Mulou", "Mulao" and "狇 old" recorded in the history books all refer to the Mulao. In the Ming Dynasty, Mulam was called "mulao", "Mulao" and "狇 Lao". In the annals of Majang County of the Republic of China, it is stated: "The Ming Yitong Annals called the Maha Chang Lawsuit, the Yuan Gelao Zhai, and the Leping Chang lawsuit 狇 Lao Zhai."
According to historical records and legends, it can be inferred that Mulam ethnic group had lived in Luocheng area in Yuan Dynasty or early Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty inherited the system of Song and Yuan, and continued to set up Liuguan in Luocheng, Tianhe, Yishan and other Mulam ethnic populated areas. At the same time, soil patrol, town and fort were set up under the county officials, and local leaders were appointed, combining the Han officials with the soil officials. At that time, agriculture had reached a certain level and entered the feudal society, and the people paid rice taxes to the imperial court twice a year in summer and autumn. In Qing Dynasty, Mulao nationality area was divided into "Li" and "winter" under "Li". Every "winter" about a dozen households, set up "winter head", pushed by everyone, responsible for raising food collection. "Winter" was originally divided into regional units to pay for grain, because Mulam ethnic people mostly live in the same family name, a village mostly living with the same family name has blood relations, so later "winter" and "house", actually became the feudal clan system under the family name, house organization. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Communist Party set up the league general, the director, the Jia chang, etc. The Kuomintang used the original "winter head" to protect and the Jia chang to rule the Mulam ethnic people. After 1933, with the deepening of the Kuomintang forces, the Baojia system of district, township and village was established, and the township head served as the captain of the militia and the principal of the primary school, implementing the so-called "trinity" and "five households connected to the Baojia" rule. Some villager and patriarch in Mulao nationality often go up to the government and take the clan power down. The masses abide by "village covenant", "clan rules" and "family discipline", and try their best to maintain the feudal patriarchal system such as clan power and husband power.
costume
Mulam ethnic people and other fraternal ethnic groups, have repeatedly set off the struggle against the feudal rule. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), the nineteenth year (1421), the Sixth year of Zhengde (1511), the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), and the first year of Daoguang (1821), armed struggles of different sizes broke out. During the revolution of Taiping Tianguo, Mulam ethnic people organized secret meeting party and rose up in response. Xianfeng seven years (1857), in response to the Taiping army revolution and the establishment of "Dacheng country" peasant rebel Li Wenmao Department, had occupied Luocheng County, established a peasant regime, the Mulam ethnic people's active support.
After the founding of the Communist Party of China, the resistance struggle of Mulam ethnic area gradually merged into the leadership of the party. In 1930, the Seventh Red Army moved north through Luocheng, Tianhe County and other Mulam ethnic areas, Mulam ethnic people were educated and encouraged by the revolution. They enthusiastically cooked tea, cooked meals and served as guides for the Red Army. When the Red Army was besieged by the Kuomintang Han Caifeng and Qin Lian Fang in the vicinity of Fozi Ao, the Mulao people braved a hail of bullets to send ammunition for the Red Army, save the wounded and send information, and some also took up the gun and directly participated in the battle, contributing to the victory of the Red Army. When the Red Army continued to move north, more than a dozen Mulam ethnic youth joined the Red Army. The masses led the way for the army, carried loads, and covered the wounded left behind. In the War of Resistance against Japanese aggression, Mulam people not only participated in the Liubei anti-Japanese advance team organized by the Party, but also automatically organized an armed team to fight against the Japanese invaders.
After 1946, Mulam ethnic people under the leadership of the party, carried out the struggle against the Kuomintang conscription, grain collection, taxation and tax resistance, and some directly participated in the Liubei People's Liberation Corps, the third squadron of the first brigade of this guerrilla force more than 70% of the members are children of Mulam ethnic. Together with the people of all ethnic groups, they fought against the attack of the Kuomintang army, and finally in November 1949, they cooperated with the People's Liberation Army to liberate Luocheng
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According to the sixth National census in 2010, the total population of the Mulam ethnic group is 216,257
According to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
The population of Mulam ethnic group in China is 277,233.
[2]
In 1950, the Mulam ethnic area was liberated, and the struggle against banditry and hegemony was carried out.
At the beginning of 1952, land reform was carried out, and by 1956, agricultural cooperation was basically completed.
In September 1958, Mulam ethnic area realized the people's commune.
In 1984, approved by The State Council, Luocheng Mulam ethnic Autonomous County was established
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After a long period of development, agricultural production of Mulam ethnic group had reached a certain level before the establishment of New China. Farming techniques, crop types and production tools are basically the same as those of the nearby Han and Zhuang ethnic groups.
Farmers have iron plows, harrows, hoes, sickles and so on. Cattle and buffalo are the main livestock, and horses are also used. Paddy field is more, accounting for about 60% of the cultivated land. After rice is harvested, part of the land is planted with wheat, rape and vegetables. Part of winter fallow. In the mountainous area, corn was mainly planted in the past, one season a year, two sparse plants, interplanting beans, peanuts, cotton, melons and so on. Farm manure is widely used. Farmland irrigation mainly relies on blocking rivers to build DAMS and opening canals to divert mountain streams and springs. However, due to the existence of landlords and rich peasants who occupy the streams and rivers in different sections, they block rivers and divert water respectively, which limits the rational use of water sources, and the drought in the lower reaches often cannot be rescued. In some mountainous areas, even people and animals have difficulties in drinking water. Insect and animal disasters are also more serious. Crop yield per unit area, depending on regional conditions, tillage technology thickness and crop types vary, generally rice per mu yield of two to three hundred catties, corn more than one hundred catties, sweet potatoes 600 to one thousand catties. Wheat, oil and other crops due to extensive management, the yield is low.
In the past, production was carried out on a one-household basis. The division of labor between men and women is not very strict. Generally speaking, men are responsible for plowing, tilling, picking manure and threshing grain, while women are engaged in rice transplanting, pulling rice seedlings, cutting grain, farming and domestic work. Due to the few fields and abundant local specialty resources in Mulam ethnic area, the sideline production such as collecting medicinal materials, raising domestic animals and engaging in tinning, making cylinder tiles and spinning has developed to a certain level
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Most of the handicraft industry in Mulao nationality area did not break away from agricultural production.
Although the blacksmithing tools are relatively simple, they can be processed and made of various farm tools and daily necessities. The "sand pot" made by the earthen tile industry is lightweight and durable, and is the specialty of Mulam ethnic area.
The large east gate and four polders of Luocheng were formed as early as the middle of Qing Dynasty. Some Mulam ethnic people also engaged in commerce, and many farmers also engaged in small-scale peddling activities in leisure time
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Historically, in Mulam ethnic area, folk belief occupies a very important position in people's life, while Taoism and Buddhism also have a deep influence.
In the 1920s of the last century, the Mulam ethnic area was heavily engaged in construction, and many large-scale Buddhist temples were built. Only near Luocheng County, there are four major temples, such as Beben Temple, Kaiyuan Temple, Shuangfu Temple and Wanguang Temple. East of the city there are Jilong Temple, Shoufu Temple and other small temples. These temples are filled with cigarettes throughout the year, and people come to pray for blessings and eliminate disasters. They also hold a regular meeting every year, and people from nearby villages will come to participate in the sacrifice. Relatively speaking, Taoism occupies a more important position in People's Daily life. If people fall ill or encounter disasters, they should ask the master to do so, worship God, exorcise evil spirits, and pray for God to bless peace.
The folk belief of Mulao nationality is in a relatively primitive stage. The sun, moon, stars, wind, rain, thunder, electricity, mountains, water, grass, trees, birds and beasts, as well as the ancients and sages of all ages, loyal men, etc., are the objects of worship. The folk belief of Mulao nationality is mixed and disorderly, which not only absorbs the gods of Taoism and Buddhism, but also often wears the clergy, which makes many gods often have both good and evil. Such as thunder King, for the god in charge of rain, can rain for the benefit of mankind, but also can flood the world with water, destroy mankind, so people worship and fear it. King Po is sometimes a fierce god in charge of children's life and death, and sometimes it is said to be the mother of Fuxi and Nuwa, the first ancestors of Renren, and a great mother god. The White Horse is sometimes the goddess of evil and sometimes the god of good, and it is said that the Yifan Festival is to commemorate her. Mulam ethnic folk belief activities are frequent and varied. Weddings, funerals, festivals, new house beams and so on to hold sacrificial prayer ceremonies. Usually there are many faith activities, the more common are:
The three realms of worship:
Two altars were set up outside the village, one for the three Realms public altar and the other for the Lei King altar. Slaughter oxen in front of the Altar of the Three Realms, slaughter pigs in front of the altar of the King of Thunder, and perform blood sacrifices to two gods.
Connecting life bridge:
When a child is ill and feared to die, he asks the master to do so. A wooden stick is used as a bridge to write the names of the parents, the name of the child and the words of prayer. Put the stick, which symbolizes the bridge, in front of the Powang Temple and burn incense and paper to pray for the elimination of diseases and disasters.
Add flowers and bridge:
If a woman has been married for a long time and is infertile, she will ask the master to do so. Put a SLATE in the gutter, let Yuezhang and several people walk through, called "stepping on the bridge". Then set up the "flower lady" spirit on the shrine in the hall. Then nail a small bamboo bridge to the door of the supplicant, cover with a piece of red and yellow cloth, and cut into 54 flower children with red, white and silver paper, respectively, on both sides of the bridge, called "door bridge" to indicate that the lead came home.
Buried dog:
Infertility in women is thought to be caused by the heavenly dog. The baby soul is most afraid of the dog, so the future reincarnation. That's why there's a dog burial ceremony. Dig nine or seven holes near the stone bridge built for the child, light an oil lamp in the hole, kill a puppy, put the head into the first hole, and fill all the holes. It is said to fill nine Wells or seven Wells, and it is believed that this will drive away the heavenly dog, and women can become pregnant and give birth.
Soul Call:
Also known as "soul redemption". When a child is sick, it is thought that the soul is wandering around, and the mage is asked to call the soul, and there are also patients' mothers. This little basket filled with a mirror, an egg, a bag of white rice, and a kid's old clothes took to an intersection to burn incense and paper and call the kid's name. After returning home, put the clothes and white rice used to cry the soul on the bed of the sick child, bind the wrist with the color string sent by the grandmother's home, and let the child drink a bowl of "Fu water". Tim Liu Ma: Old and sick, little qi weak, is thought to be caused by the six Ma has fallen, to ask the master to "add six Ma". The master cut six paper horses, then prayed for the arrival of the six horses, and placed one paper horse on the four corners of the old man's bed, as well as six places such as head and feet. It is believed that six horses can bring vitality to the old man and restore his physical strength.
Anlong position:
Mulam ethnic group believes that village has village dragon gods, namely the so-called shanshui dragon vein, and family has family dragon gods, which dominate the fate of village and family respectively. If the whole village suffers misfortune, it is considered to have damaged the dragon vein, and the whole village should hold an dragon activity. If the family is suffering from misfortune, it is necessary to hold a peace and long event at home. The Anlong of the village is held in the whole village, and the master smokes every corner of the village with boiled tung oil in a tray. Then, pray for the dragon God to come down and sacrifice a goose and more than 30 chickens. Within three days after Anlong, people from outside the village are forbidden to enter. The family Annon is similar, only on a much smaller scale.
Taoist Ceremony:
Also known as Taoist Taoism. In case of disaster, the whole village should raise funds to celebrate. It is conducted by a master and lasts 3 to 5 days. In the open place outside the village, they set up tents and altars, offered three animals, and the master chanted sutras and danced to ask the God to come and exorcise the ghosts. Then they sent them to the gods, burning paper-cut ingots, suitcases, houses and symbolic coins as a reward.
More Food:
The old man was often ill, and it was believed that the food brought to earth by heaven had been eaten. To restore the old man to health, the master must be asked to feed the old man. Offer a rooster and 2 pounds of pork to the gods. Let the married woman bring back a tube of rice and two threads. The master covered the mouth of the rice drum with paper, tied it with thread, and placed it on the shrine. On the morning of the 4th, open the bamboo tube, pour out the rice and cook it for the patient. When relatives visit, they also bring some rice, meaning more food.
Mulam ethnic group live together, and the people of the same clan often live in the same village. It is only in some country towns and large villages that people live together with other nationalities and other surnames.
Housing is generally mud walls tile roof, three parallel bungalows, hut less. Brick buildings belonged only to landlords and rich peasants. House building forms are mostly a format, a house seven doors, the main door, the middle door, the back door and four doors. The middle wall of the hall is set with "incense fire". The door on the left side digs the ground furnace, and the ground furnace burns coal. It is a unique heating and burning living equipment for 仫, and the digs have a long history. Tian Rucheng, who lived in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, described the Mulam family's hearth in his book Yan Zan-Ji Wen. Livestock pens are usually separated from houses, so the interior is cleaner
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The staple food of Mulao nationality is rice, corn and potato. In the past, except for a few landlords and rich peasants, the majority of Mulao nationality people are two and one dry every day, and even three meals are thin gruel.
Love sour and spicy, every pickled sour buckwheat head, sour beans, sour taro, sour beans, sour garlic head as a snack.
The main types of vegetables are cabbage, water spinach, amaranth, beans, pumpkin, mustard and radish.
Meat mainly pork, chicken, duck and fish, do not eat cat, snake meat. In the past, Luo and Yao did not eat dog meat, and legend has it that Luo's ancestors were caught in a fire and had to be rescued by dogs.
Yao does not eat animal offal, and legend has it that this is related to Yao's ancestors. Yao period of the Eastern Han Dynasty to send troops, because cooked pig heart is not cooked, soldiers can not eat, that day can not send troops, since Yao surname does not eat animal viscera
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Mulam ethnic clothing, generally still deep blue. In the past, most of them were self-spinning, self-weaving, self-dyeing and self-sewing. It is recorded that in the Qing Dynasty, women also had the habit of wearing barrel skirts. Landlords and gentry wear clothes with wind collars, which ordinary peasants are not allowed to wear.
In modern times, they have been modified, and the clothes of the local Han and Zhuang people are not much different. Men wear a jacket, trousers, the old wear a shirt; They usually wear straw shoes and are barefooted.
Girls used to wear braids and knot knots after marriage, but now most have cut their hair. Accessories include silver earrings, bracelets, rings, etc
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Mulam nationality has rich and colorful literature and art. Because Mulao nationality has no writing, only language, which determines that the literature left in the history of Mulao nationality is mainly folk literature, such as myth, legend, poetry, story, drama and so on.
The mythology of Mulam nationality is rich in forms, including creation myth and hero myth. There are myths about the origin of heaven and earth, such as How the sky rose, myths about flood and human regeneration, such as the Legend of the Fuxi brothers and Sisters, and myths about the formation of national customs, such as Yifan Festival. Hero myth has "Jia", "king Mountain" and so on.
Folk songs play an important role in the life of Mulam ethnic group. In the past, almost every family had a song book, and every village had an old singer, who took it as their duty to teach young people to sing. Singing activities are mostly held during the "walking slope" and festive festivals.
Walking uphill is a kind of social activity for young men and women, and it is a way of falling in love. According to the traditional custom, young men and women can invite duet singing when they meet in the suburbs, whether they know each other or not. It is considered impolite to refuse an invitation from others. The types of songs are: "casual answer", the lyrics are improvised by the singer, there is no certain song book, with rich imagination and comparison, including love songs, labor songs, bitter songs, ritual songs, customs songs and so on.
"Gutiao" is a story-style ballad with popular historical stories, myths, legends and so on. "Bad mouth style" is a kind of ironic ballad, the content is not limited, singing along with compilation. Most of the songs are sung in Chinese, all in the form of antiphonal singing. Walking the slope to sing "casually answer" mainly, occasionally also sing "bad mouth". On festive occasions, many "ancient" songs are sung, and most of the singers are middle-aged.
In the late 20th century, new content was added to folk songs. Revolutionary songs are also popular. The most popular folk drama of Mulam ethnic group is "color tone". Color tune is a local Chinese opera popular in Guilin and Liuzhou in the north of Guangxi. About 1880, it was introduced to 仫 Luocheng and other places where people live. Mulam cottage has a lot of amateur color groups, four village Dawu village around 1940 there are two small groups, in the past Ji men built a color stone stage, still exist. During the Spring Festival every year, Mulam mountain village performance color tone climax period
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Mulam nationality has many folk games and sports activities, which greatly enrich the life of Mulam nationality.
Dancing grass dragon:
The grass dragon is made of straw and decorated with colored paper. During the Spring Festival, Mulam nationality has the custom of dancing grass dragon from door to door.
Phoenix egg protection:
It is a children's game of Mulam ethnic group. Draw a circle on the ground to represent the phoenix nest, and put three or five stones to represent the phoenix egg. A child dressed as a female phoenix in the circle left foot in a prone position to protect the egg. Three, five children dressed as heaven soldiers heaven will come to take eggs. The outcome depends on whether the game can be won within the specified time. Among them, the child who grabs the egg cannot touch the right leg of the "mother Phoenix", and is eliminated when touched. This kind of game can train children's flexibility, cultivate witty, brave character.
Fireworks:
It is a common recreational activity of Mulao nationality and Zhuang nationality. It is held every year on June 24 of the Chinese lunar calendar. The garland is shot into the sky with an earthen cannon. The participants compete for the garland that falls from the sky. The one who gets the most garland wins. Only five guns are fired at each festival, and each gun has only one wreath.
The dragon fights for pearls:
Put a certain amount of fruit in the water, the contestants dive into the water to catch the fruit, the most wins
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Mulam ethnic group has a very rich festival culture, there are many festivals in a year, almost every month has a festival, this is because Mulam ethnic group in addition to the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Spring society, Qingming, Dragon Boat Festival, autumn community, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chongyang, Zao Wang Festival and other local festivals, there are many festivals with national characteristics. In Mulam ethnic group, even if the festival shared with other nationalities, also has a unique national flavor.
Spring Festival, Mulam ethnic called "festival". On Lunar New Year's Eve in Mulam ethnic area 仫 the whole family of Mulam ethnic group sit around the stove and burn incense to worship the gods. On the first day of the first month, the housewife immediately lit a bunch of incense and torches, carried a bucket to the well, spring, and river, inserted incense first, threw a few copper coins into the water, sacrificed to the water god, and then carried water home. Commonly known as "buy new water". The whole family had been waiting by the gate, scrambling for a bowl of fresh water. People drink the new water, can be healthy and long life, cattle drink grow strong, pigs drink fat; Dye cloth with new water to shine, wash rice with new water, cook rice to be particularly fragrant; Make wine with new water, wine is not sour; The people who pick the first load of new water in the village are the most auspicious, and can bring prosperity to the family and harvest.
She Festival, also known as the meat skewer Festival, is a festival to worship the king of the society. Spring and autumn two society, spring in February, pray for the king of the society bless a year of good weather, grain harvest; Autumn is in August, to repay the king of society for the good harvest. Community festivals are held collectively by village units. Each family contributes to the purchase of incense animals. At that time, incense incense will be offered in the temple of Shewang, pigs will be killed and the pork will be divided into the corresponding number according to the number of households in the village, in order to be distributed to each household after the sacrifice. Skewers of meat are strung with bamboo, hung on bamboo poles, and placed on both sides of the temple. Place the cooked pig's head, feet, tail and entrails on the altar. At the end of the festival, everyone ate a full meal, and then each family brought home their share of communal meat, sacrificed ancestors, and celebrated the festival with the whole family. There is also a custom related to the birth of a son. The same year born male family, to raise funds to buy chicken, meat and other offerings, in the night before the community to worship the community king, to the community king report home.
Mulam people
The Dragon Boat Festival is held on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Mulao Dragon Boat Festival in addition to having the same content as the local Zhuang and Han, but also carry the paper boat to the field, please master Gong chanting tour, drive away pests. The common belief is that it can make the grass seedling grow vigorously. Silver Mulam ethnic people also want to worship the god of true Wu, this day, silver Mulam ethnic people, young and old, have to go to the temple of true Wu to participate in sacrificial activities, sacrificial chicken and duck. This sacrificial activity of the Dragon Boat Festival has a very ancient origin.
The Festival, also known as the Insect-Eating Festival, is a special festival to get rid of pests, held on the second day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar. The married girl will return to her mother's home for the holiday on this day, and on the way, she will catch pests to her mother's home to fry them. The whole village came to the field to eat the worm temple, the first held sacrificial activities, the sacrifice is to eat the worm maiden nail Niang. It is obvious that this festival folk custom is formed on the basis of people's agricultural activities to destroy pests.
The Ancestors' Day falls on the 7th to 14th day of the 7th lunar month. July 7 is the day of receiving ancestors, the ancestors will be returned, and the ancestors will be worshipped before each meal, and then the whole family will eat until the 14th.
The Slope Walking Festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. In Luocheng and other places in Guangxi, Mulam ethnic young men and women gather before and after the festival "walk on the slope". They walk on certain hillsides and sing love songs to each other to find a mate. If the two sides are interested, they will agree on the next time to walk the slope, and will also give gifts to each other, men give moon cakes and women give cloth shoes, there is the so-called "August Mid-Autumn Festival brother send cakes, September Chongyang sister send shoes" custom. At night, the village youth also do "wild respect". In Guizhou, in addition to walking on the first day of the first month, it is also necessary to walk on August 15. At that time, men wearing new clothes, head towels, women wearing bright lace tops and pleated skirts, gathered from all directions to the "venue." Men climb poles, fight birds, and fight birds (a number of birds put together, more than whose birds call better) activities. The women sang, sang and danced.
Mulam year, when the lunar calendar in October the first rabbit day. Mulam ethnic group is mainly popular in the south of Guizhou and southeast of Guizhou. Years ago, the local Mulam ethnic people had to hit glutinous rice cake and wine early to prepare for the festival. At that time, they will also eat chickens, ducks, fish, etc., and rich families will also kill pigs, and some families will kill a pig together. On the first day of the New Year, Mulam village to wash the well, fire the stove, pack the tinder, the New Year's morning to pick new water. On this day, every family sets off firecrackers, men, women and children wear new clothes, and offer sacrifices to ancestors before the whole family eats. Mulam people call Mulao year a big year, the Spring Festival is a small year. The New Year is more lively and grand than the Spring Festival. There are two theories about the origin of Mulao year: First, it is said that the ancestors of Mulao nationality admired the purity of rabbits, and used rabbits as a wedding thing. The day of marriage happened to be the first rabbit day in the lunar calendar in October, so this day became the festival of Mulao nationality. Passing the year of the wooden man has the significance of remembering ancestors, inheriting tradition, maintaining purity, and not doing things that harm heaven and rites; One is to say that the autumn harvest has passed, and the New Year in October is to celebrate the harvest and thank the ancestors for blessing. The wooden year at 仫 is a good day for the Lao people. Young men and women often get married on this day.
Yifan Festival is a very grand festival of Mulam nationality. Mulam language called "joy wish", "do rice", "worship rice", "also ancestors wish" and so on. Mainly popular in Guangxi Luocheng East gate, four and other places. It is held before and after the winter solstice of the year. Yifan Festival is a festival for Mulam ethnic people to worship God, entertain God, pray God to bless the harvest of grain and the prosperity of six animals. According to the food festival to the branches of each clan "winter" as a unit to take turns. The Yifan Festival is usually held in public ancestral halls. The temple is decorated in front of the hall, with a square table in the center and offerings on the table. The ceremony is presided over by the master Duke and has a complete set of procedures. The whole process has the cooperation of the masses, singing and dancing. The event runs from the morning before to the morning after
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Mulam nationality area in the past popular parents arranged early marriage, a few of their own through the "slope" love marriage.
After marriage, there is the custom of "staying in the husband's home". After marriage, the woman does not live in the husband's home, but returns to her parents' home, helps with production labor, serves the elders, returns to her husband's home for a few days during busy farming and festivals, and stays in her husband's home for a long time after pregnancy and childbirth.
Mulam ethnic group has long intermarried with Zhuang and Han. Marriage is complicated and expensive. Generally speaking, from engagement to marriage, it is necessary to go through the ceremony of choosing a husband, hiring a match, meeting a life, making up your mind, passing the ceremony, and marrying. The man should give the woman pork, wine and rice, silver dollars, earrings, bracelets, clothing and other gifts, which are equivalent to about 1,500 kilograms to 2,000 kilograms of rice.
Rich families had more concubines, and poor peasants often could not afford wives. In some cases, the debts incurred by the grandfather's marriage have not been paid off by the grandchildren.
The cost of the dowry given by the woman's family to the man's family was also considerable
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Mulam ethnic family old people died, to the bereavement to relatives. If the young daughter-in-law dies, it must be seen outside before the coffin can be laid to rest. Before the old dead were placed in the coffin, the filial son would go to the river to fetch water for the dead to bathe, commonly known as fetching water to buy water, that is, burning incense by the river before fetching water to express gratitude to the water God. After bathing, the dead are dressed in several layers of new clothes. Then carry the dead to the grass mat on the ground, indicating that "human death belongs to the soil." The children and grandchildren put some meat and rice in the mouth of the deceased, press it with silver, and then carry it into the coffin and put it on the back, with the head to the narrow side of the coffin and the feet to the wide side of the coffin, meaning "foot lotus". Generally, "Master Gong" is asked to break fast for the dead. Generally, one night at the ashram, or more than three nights, depending on the family's financial resources. The burial tomb should be determined by feng shui master, that is, the so-called "good city Ji Ji". The funeral should choose an "auspicious day". Mulam people more than a line of burial, if the family misfortune, will hold a second burial, pick up the remains, wash, put in the altar to be buried again.
Mulam people have been mourning for a long time. Parents died, filial son filial piety for three years. In the main room of the home, a spiritual plaque is placed, and tea is served in the morning and evening for rice to show filial piety. Three years later, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, the spirit plate was burned, which was called "filial piety". In the case of murder, a fire chaining ceremony is held. The fire is lit, the master lifts up a straw man who acts as a substitute for the deceased, and chanting the mantra walks over the fire, followed by the family. After practicing this ritual, the soul of the deceased goes through the fire and exorcizes the evil spirits, so that it can "return to the religion" and be with the ancestors in the underworld, without becoming a dead soul endangering the family, and the family can avoid the misfortune of the same kind. If the wife dies first, the husband should take a knife in his left hand and a pair of chopsticks in his right hand during the funeral, and cut off the chopsticks, indicating that the "husband-wife relationship" is cut off, and the dead soul should not be entangled in the future. These burial customs show that Mulam ethnic group has the same or similar beliefs and ideas with many other ethnic groups, which is the knot of cultural exchange among different ethnic groups
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There are many taboos in the past.
The first day of the New Year can not sweep the floor, think that sweeping will sweep the money out of the house. Also can not wash clothes, thinking that washing clothes will wash away the good fortune. Can not split wood, think that splitting wood will scare away the god of wealth.
Not on the first day of February.
No work on the first day of June. Avoid sowing fire days, and do not shave or wash your hair within three days. Stop breathing and talking for the first nine corn seeds. Going out to do business is taboo cooking and breaking dishes and so on.
After the establishment of New China, the belief and custom of Mulao nationality have changed a lot, the superstitious color gradually faded, and the healthy and beneficial components continued
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