The May Fourth Movement, also known as the May Fourth Movement, was a patriotic movement that took place in Beijing on May 4, 1919, with the participation of young students, the masses, citizens, businessmen and other classes, through demonstrations, petitions, strikes, violence against the government and other forms. It was a thorough patriotic movement of the Chinese people against imperialism and feudalism. ^[16]

During the First World War, the European powers had no time to look east, and Japan took the opportunity to strengthen its aggression against China, which seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Anti-japanese sentiment is growing among the Chinese people. In January 1919, Britain, the United States, France, Japan, Italy and other victors held a peace conference with Germany in Paris, and decided that Japan should inherit Germany's privileges in Shandong, China. China was one of the victorious nations that declared war on Germany, but the Beiyang warlord government was ready to accept the decision. The failure of Chinese diplomacy at this peace meeting triggered the great May Fourth Movement.

From the "right over power" celebration in November 1918 to the Paris Conference in January of the following year, in just two months, China fully interpreted the law of "since ancient times, weak countries have no diplomacy", and the so-called "right over power" is just a beautiful fairy tale. Faced with such a humiliating situation, starting from May 4, students in Beijing went on strike, organized speeches and propaganda, and then students and workers in Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Wuhan and Jinan also gave support.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, May 4 was officially designated as Youth Day by the Central People's Government Administration Council. On April 30, 2019, a conference to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the May 4th Movement was held at the Great Hall of the People. ^[1]

Chinese name: May Fourth Movement
Foreign name: May Fourth Movement
Initiation time: May 4, 1919
nature: Patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism
centre: Initially in Beijing, it was transferred to Shanghai after 5 June
causation: The Paris Peace conference was a diplomatic failure for China
Go through: Students went on strike, people went on strike

Bear fruit: It opened the door of new democracy in China
Shadow resonance: The Chinese proletariat began to appear on the political stage
fruiting: The spread of Marxism in China
Spirit of the May Fourth Movement: Patriotism, progress, democracy, science
Port number: Outside the sovereignty, but inside the traitor ^[2]
Preliminary victory: Beiyang warlord releases arrested students
Complete victory: Deposed traitors, refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles
Participating group: It started as a student movement and then became a national movement

catalogue

Historical reason

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EDITOR

New ideas and societies

New youth

Innovative ideas in the late Qing Dynasty especially in The Sino-Japanese War Later, it was widely introduced into China and influenced the younger generation, and this influence followed in the early years of the Republic of China Chen Duxiu Youth Magazine (later renamed "Youth Magazine") New youth ") and other publications The Vernacular Movement The idea of freedom and resistance to traditional authority influenced students as well as ordinary citizens. New culture movement Holding high the banner of democracy and science, it has inspired and influenced the Chinese people from the ideological and cultural fields, especially Chinese youth The enthusiasm for patriotism and national salvation fundamentally laid the ideological foundation for the emergence of the May Fourth Movement.

Associations organized in Republic of China The development of, including Young Chinese society , Industrial Society, Xinmin Society , Trendy Club, Civilian education lecture group , Work-study support group And so on, laid the organizational foundation for the May Fourth Movement in the country.

Higher education development

Beijing Higher Normal University

Sino Imperial examination system in "New Deal" in the late Qing Dynasty In, because of learning the west and Japan The school system changed and was abolished in 1905. In the early Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing Higher Normal University now Beijing Normal University ) and other colleges and universities have gained further development, especially Peking University At the headmaster CAI Yuanpei Under the leadership of the University, it introduced an open style of study and put forward the school policy of "freedom of thought, compatibility and inclusiveness". Li Dazhao , Chen Duxiu , Zhang Shizhao , Hu Shi , Gu Hongming (English Literature), Liu Shipei , Lu Xun ( Zhou Shuren , teaching the history of Chinese novels), Qian Xuantong (teaches phonology), Wu Mei (teaches opera history), Liu Banong (teaching new literature) and others were hired to teach at Peking University. At the same time, the university focuses on cultivating students' independent, open and progressive mind and spirit, which became an important driving force of the May Fourth Movement.

Emotion of national humiliation

The Xu Shichang government during the May Fourth Movement

On August 23, 1914, Japan vs Germany The war was declared, and after more than 70 days of fierce fighting, the entire German lease was captured on November 7, 1914 Jiaozhou Bay .

In January 1915, Japan proposed to China" twenty-one ", Yuan Shikai On May 9, the acceptance of most of these demands, which the Japanese had requested to keep secret, was made known to the press and the publication of the agreement provoked a stir nationalism The sentiment made Chinese intellectuals and people strongly dissatisfied with Japan and the "traitor" government, which was regarded as a national humiliation, and also caused a lot of anti-Japan activities, which further developed and played a role in the May Fourth Movement.

On August 14, 1917, the Beiyang government declared war on Germany and became a "combatant" in World War I, that is, it joined The Entente countries .

In early 1918, Japan moved towards Duan Qirui The controlled government in Beijing provided large loans and helped to form and equip one China enters the war The army, whose loans were also used Anfu Congress Massive vote-buying spending.

In September of the same year, the Beiyang government exchanged official documents with Japan on borrowing money from Japan, and, as one of the conditions for borrowing money, exchanged letters on the Shandong issue, the main contents of which were as follows:

1.
Jiaojia-jinan railway All Japanese troops along the route, except for one in Jinan, were mobilized in Qingdao.
2.
On the guard along the Jiaoji railway: the Japanese army withdrew and was replaced by the patrol police under the command of the Japanese.
3.
The railway will be jointly operated by China and Japan.

In the exchange of letters, the Beiyang government "readily agreed" to the Japanese proposal, and Zhang Zongxiang, Minister to Japan, handed it to the Japanese government personally Exchange of notes . In the First World War, China declared war on Germany and was the victor with Japan, but Germany's rights and interests in Shandong were not only not recovered, but expanded by Japan, and this exchange became Paris Peace Conference An excuse for Japan to forcibly occupy Shandong. ^[3]

Business background

Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, although China's industry and commerce have developed somewhat, the development of China's local industry and commerce is still limited in the case of the import of Western products. The occurrence of the First World War made European countries unable to go east, China's industry and commerce have achieved great development, and the population involved in industry and commerce has continued to increase. National industry In particular, light industry has been greatly developed, and the status of the urban industrial and commercial class in Chinese society has become more important, and in the May Fourth Movement, they became an important force in solidarity with patriotic students.

A power struggle between factions within the Beiyang government

June 3rd Movement

Before and after the May Fourth Movement, a certain balance was reached between the president, the cabinet, and the National Assembly of the Beiyang Government, so the political operation was smoother than before. At that time, President Seo Se-Chang and Prime Minister led the government Qian Nengxun , and" Anfu Congress Duan Qirui, the leader behind the scenes. But the government is still deeply constrained by various parties and local warlords, and its policies vary from time to time. After the May Fourth Movement, Research department "Fight the failure of government diplomacy." An phuoc system "By inciting students to hold patriotic demonstrations through the media and further causing" June 3rd Movement ", so that the student movement trend expanded, and eventually forced the relevant government leaders to step down and take responsibility." In addition, the "Wenzhi School" and the "Anfu School" also took the opportunity to attack each other in order to seek the interests of their own faction. The "May Fourth Movement" can not be understood as a spontaneous act of the masses under the patriotic consciousness; The event originated, expanded and was influenced by partisan struggles.

In 1914, the First World War broke out, and Japan declared war on Germany under the pretext of occupation Qingdao and Colloidal iron Road, In the whole line, he controlled Shandong Province and seized all kinds of rights and interests forcibly occupied by Germany in Shandong.

World War I ended in 1918 with Germany's defeat.

On January 18, 1919, the victors held a "Peace Conference" in Paris. The Beiyang Government and the Guangzhou military Government jointly formed a Chinese delegation to participate in the peace Conference as a victorious country, proposing to cancel the privileges of the Great powers in China and cancel the "Treaty" concluded between Japanese imperialism and Yuan Shikai. twenty-one Etc. Unequal treaty And demanded the return of various rights in Shandong taken from Germany by Japan during the war. Paris Peace Conference Under the manipulation of the imperialist powers, they not only refused China's demands, but also explicitly stipulated in the contract with Germany that all German privileges in Shandong should be transferred to Japan. Beiyang government To be prepared in" Peace treaty with Germany And thus provoked a strong opposition from the Chinese people. The May Fourth Movement, which finally aroused the young students, was a milestone in the historical process of the Chinese nation's pursuit of national independence, development and progress in modern times. ^[13]

Cause of event

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EDITOR

In January 1919, World War I The victorious nation is France Paris The so-called "Peace Conference" was convened by China as part of the First World War The Entente countries One, attended the meeting.

Old photos of the Paris Peace Conference

At the peace Conference, the Chinese delegates proposed the abolition of foreign spheres of influence in China, the withdrawal of foreign troops in China, and the abolition of the "War Zone". twenty-one However, the Paris Peace Conference, ignoring that China was also one of the victors, rejected the request made by the Chinese representative and decided to transfer Germany's rights and interests in Shandong, China, to Japan. After the news reached China, the students in Beijing were outraged, and students, businessmen, educators and many patriotic groups sent messages to criticize Japan's unreasonable actions and ask the Chinese government to uphold national sovereignty. In this context, the representatives of the Peace Conference submitted a statement on the Shandong issue, demanding the return of the German concession in Shandong and the sovereignty of the Jiaojia-Jinan Railway to China, as well as the abolition of the "21 Articles" and other illegal treaties. But as a result, Beiyang government Succumbing to imperialist pressure, he was prepared to sign the Peace Treaty with Germany between the Allies and the participating countries. In the end, Britain, the United States, France, Japan, Italy and other countries, despite the voice of the Chinese people, signed the "Treaty of Peace between the Allies and the participating Countries against Germany" on June 28, 1919. The Treaty of Versailles He still transferred German rights in Shandong to Japan. In the Paris Peace Conference, the diplomatic failure of the Chinese government directly triggered the strong dissatisfaction of the Chinese people, which led to the May Fourth Movement. Under such strong pressure, the Chinese representatives did not attend the signing ceremony of the Paris Peace Conference. ^[12]

Main passage

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EDITOR

Beijing student movement

Li Dazhao

On May 1, 1919, Peking University Some of the students received the news that the Paris Peace Conference had rejected China's request. On the same day, student representatives held an emergency meeting in the North West Fasting Hall and decided to hold a meeting on May 3, 1919 Peking University A temporary general assembly of all students was held in the Law Hall.

On the evening of May 3, 1919, the students of Peking University held a general meeting. Beijing Higher Normal University now Beijing Normal University ), legal and political schools, higher industrial schools and other schools were also represented. The student representative gave an impassioned speech, calling on everyone to save the country. The four solutions are:

(1) Unite all walks of life to strive;

(2) Telephoned the special envoy in Paris and insisted not to sign the contract;

(3) Electrified provinces held demonstrations to commemorate the national humiliation on May 7, 1919;

(4) On the morning of May 4, Beijing Higher Normal University with Peking University , Chinese university Representatives of 13 schools, such as the law and politics special school meeting resolution in the afternoon in front of Tiananmen Square held a rally and demonstration.

The slogan of the May Fourth Movement

On the afternoon of May 4, 1919, more than 3,000 student representatives from three colleges and universities in Beijing broke through the obstruction of the military and police and gathered in Tiananmen Square, and the Beijing High Normal School was the first to arrive in Tiananmen Square. They typed" Fight to the death, return me Qingdao ", "reclaim the rights of Shandong", "refuse to sign the Paris Peace Treaty", "repeal the twenty-one articles", "Boycott Japanese goods", "prefer jade to be broken, do not be a vassal", "fight for sovereignty outside, remove national thieves inside" and other slogans ^[2] And demanded that the chief of traffic be punished Cao Rulin , President of the Bureau of Currency Lu Zongyu Minister to Japan Zhang Zongxiang, the students marched to Cao's house, beat Zhang Zongxiang, Beijing Higher Normal University Department of Mathematics and Physics (the predecessor of Beijing Normal University) Kuang Husheng The first one rushed into the Cao House and took the lead in burning the Cao house, triggering" Set fire to the Zhao House "The event. Subsequently, the military and police came to control the situation and arrested 32 student representatives. A pair of couplets hanging in the south of the Jinshui Bridge in front of Tiananmen Square attracts attention: traitling for glory, early knowledge Cao Xizi Left a kind of stele without words; Love foreign, no time Zhang Dun The dead have a head.

Burn up Zhaojialou The student demonstrations received widespread attention, and people from all walks of life gave attention and support to protest the arrest of students, and the Beiyang warlord government issued a notice prohibiting protests, and President Xu Shichang ordered a crackdown. However, student organizations and social organizations have expressed their support.

Shanghai Student Federation

On May 7, 1919, the students of various schools in Changsha held a parade to commemorate the "May 7" national humiliation, and the parade was forcibly disbanded by the military police sent by Zhang Jingyao. ^[4]

On May 11, 1919, the Shanghai Students' Union was established.

On May 14, 1919, Tianjin Students' Union was founded. Students and workers in Guangzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Wuhan and Jinan also gave support.

1919年5月中旬，北京学生联合会派邓中夏到湖南联络，向毛泽东、何叔衡等介绍北京学生运动情况，并商讨恢复和改组湖南学生联合会问题。 ^[4]

On May 19, 1919, the students of all schools in Beijing simultaneously declared a strike of classes, and issued a strike declaration to the provincial councils, education associations, trade unions, chambers of commerce, agricultural associations, schools, and newspapers in each province. Students in Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Nanchang, Wuhan, Changsha, Xiamen, Jinan, Kaifeng, Taiyuan and other places declared a class strike to support the Beijing students' struggle after the students' strike in Beijing schools.

After the "May Fourth" occurred, as the great president who lit the fire of May Fourth Xu Shichang Also with the Director of education Fu Zengxiang They discussed in secret at the presidential Palace, and the final result of the discussion was that the student movement should not be rushed, but should adopt a softer and softer policy.

On May 28, 1919, the new Hunan Students' Union was established. ^[4]

In June 1919, due to the growing influence of the students and the propaganda of the Journal of Five Days and student organizations, the student protests were constantly suppressed.

On June 3, 1919, thousands of students poured into the streets of Beijing in a massive propaganda campaign, and more than 170 people were arrested by the military police. A large number of military police were stationed near the school and security was tight. Students from 20 schools in Changsha, Hunan Province, including the First Normal School, Xiangya Medical School and commercial special school, held a general strike. ^[4]

On June 4, 1919, more than 800 students were arrested, sparking a new round of mass protests.

Shanghai workers strike

On June 5, 1919, the Shanghai workers began Mass strike To respond to students. Shanghai Rishang cotton third, fourth, fifth cotton factory, Rihua cotton factory, Shanghai cotton factory and The Commercial Press More than twenty thousand workers went on strike.

On June 6, 7, and 9, streetcar workers, dock workers, cleaners, and ship sailors in Shanghai also went on strike, totaling about 60,000 to 70,000 people. The strike in Shanghai spread to other parts of the country. Workers at Changxin Branch of Beijing-Han Railway, Beijing-Feng Railway and Jiujiang Railway all staged strikes and demonstrations. The main force of the movement has also shifted from Beijing to Shanghai.

Chen Duxiu

On June 6, 1919, the Shanghai Federation of all walks of Life was established to oppose the opening of classes and the opening of the market, and to unite with other regions to inform Shanghai of the strike claims. Through the three strikes in Shanghai, more than 150 cities in 22 provinces across the country have responded to varying degrees.

On June 11, 1919, Chen Duxiu Wait for someone to arrive Qianmen in Beijing Distribute copies of Beijing Citizens Declaration If the Government does not accept the demands of the public, "we, students, businessmen, workers and soldiers, have no choice but to take direct action to achieve fundamental reform." Mr. Chen was arrested. Student groups and social figures across the country have taken to the phone to protest the government's atrocities. In the face of strong public pressure, Cao, Lu and Zhang were removed from office one after another Xu Shichang Offer to resign.

After June 12, 1919, workers returned to work one after another and students stopped striking classes.

On June 28, 1919, the Chinese representative did not sign the treaty.

Textual response

Nanjing Student Union Journal

June 23, 1919, by Nguyen Zhen The editor-in-chief of "Nanjing Student Federation Daily" was founded, and the distribution office is located in Mencurtain Bridge Provincial Education Branch office. Zhang Wentian , 沈泽民 ( MAO Dun He is an editorial staff member and one of the paper's main writers. The magazine timely reported the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of students in Nanjing, Jiangsu and the whole country; Focusing on the central issue of how to "improve society", he attacked Japanese imperialism and the Northern warlord government, criticized the old system, old morals, old ideas, and old habits, propagated revolutionary democratic ideas, and introduced various new trends of thought (the magazine ran for 70 consecutive issues until September 11). In the final issue of the journal's Editorial Section Report, Nguyen Zhen wrote: "... Zhen (Nguyen Zhen) in the publication of the manuscript, emphasis on ideas rather than text, especially to improve society and improve education as the initial policy of saving the country, this small meaning of this journal."

China recovers sovereignty

It was initiated by the United States from November 12, 1921 to February 6, 1922 Washington conference Be convened.

On February 4, 1922, China and Japan also signed an agreement in Washington, D.C. Sino-japanese Treaty on the settlement of the Shandong Issue " ^[5] And its accompanying covenants. The treaty provides that:

Japan returned the old German leased land to China, and China turned it into a commercial port.
Originally based in Qingdao, Jiaojia-jinan railway The Japanese forces on their spur lines should withdraw immediately;
Qingdao Customs Return to China;
The Jiao-Jinan Railway and its branch lines were returned to China.

The Annexes provided for many special rights for Japanese and foreign nationals, but through the treaty China regained sovereignty over the Shandong Peninsula and rights to the Jiaoji-Jinan Railway.

Internal contradiction

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EDITOR

Expression of contradiction

On the one hand, on the day of the May Fourth Movement, Fu Sinian Any flag bearer, commanding the entire movement, however the movement appears Set fire to the Zhao House Incident, so that Fu Sinian was dissatisfied, at this time some students and Fu Sinian's approach to dissent, temper of Fu Sinian and students quarrel, angry and withdrew from the student movement the next day. ^[15]

On the other hand, in the chaos, rumors spread, and some people suspected that Luo Jialun and Fu Snian had been bought by Duan Qirui's government, so they ridiculed Luo Jialun's cartoons and limerick poems, which had a very clear personal attack: "wearing pigs and bears, two eyes of official power and wealth, three words of deception, four virtues of justice and integrity."

Set fire to the Zhao House

In the face of the rising tide of student movements, the Beiyang government also developed measures to control, on May 25, 1919, the Beijing government ordered all schools to resume classes within three days, and to take early holidays, hold civil service higher examinations and foreign justice examinations to lure students to give up street demonstrations. According to the Peng Ming According to the "History of the May Fourth Movement", after the Beiyang government held the civil service higher examination and the Foreign Justice examination in advance, the majority of graduates took the examination, and these people accounted for one-third of the total number of students, which can be said that the Beiyang government's initiative played a certain effect. ^[14]

Student representative

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EDITOR

Peking

Fang Hao (1894-1955), Zhejiang Jinhua The man. Students of Peking University, Beijing Student Federation and later National Union of Students The first president of... After that, he engaged in education work in Anhui, Zhejiang and other places for a long time.

Luo Jialun (1896-1969), Shaoxing, Zhejiang People, the word Zhixi. Peking University student, "Beijing Academic Declaration" draftsman. Advocate the new culture movement, Writing in the vernacular Exercise. After May 4th, he studied overseas and later served as a professor National Central University President, Tsinghua University Rector (inaugurated on 18 September 1928). He died in Taipei.

Duan Xipeng (1897-1948), born in Yongxin, Jiangxi Province, Zi Shuyi. Beijing Student Federation He is the president of the Students' Union of Beijing Secondary Schools and above, and the president of the National Students' Union. He died in Shanghai.

Crown rule (1889-1965) was born in Zhengning, Gansu Province, with the character Lixuan. A student of Peking University, he was the president of the Beijing Students' Union after Duan Xipeng. After a long term in Gansu Province, and engaged in education work, had served Lanzhou University Headmaster.

Zhang Guotao (1897-1979), a native of Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province. Student of Peking University, Director of the speech Department of Beijing Student Federation. After participating in the founding of the Communist Party of China, he was a delegate to the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Later, in the Long March, another "Central Committee" was set up and wanted Mao Zedong , Zhang Wentian , Zhou Enlai Others, after the outbreak of the national War of resistance, took the opportunity to flee to Chiang Kai-shek to join the Kuomintang spy organization and engage in anti-Communist activities. He died in Canada.

Fu Sinian (1896-1950), born in Liaocheng, Shandong Province, styled Mengzhen. Peking University student, commander of the May 4th March. After the May Fourth study tour in Berlin, London and other places. After returning to China, he devoted himself to academic research and founded Institute of History and Language, Academia Sinica . And served as National Taiwan University Headmaster. He died in Taipei.

Deng Zhongxia (1894-1933), Hunan Yi Zhang The man. Peking University student, general affairs officer of Beijing Student Federation, participated in the action of burning Zhaojialou. He is one of the founders of the Communist Party of China and has long been a senior leader of the Communist Party of China. He was arrested by the Chinese Kuomintang and killed in Nanjing.

Xu Deheng He was born in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province (1890-1990). Student of Peking University. Created in The Jiusan Society , as chairman. Be appointed as NPC Standing Committee Vice Chairman. He died in Beijing.

Yi Keyi is a student at Peking University.

Luo Zhanglong He was born in Liuyang, Hunan Province (1896-1995). A prominent political activist who later became a senior leader of the Communist Party of China.

Gao Junyu (1896-1925), student of Peking University.

Rolonki (1896-1965), Fu, Jiangxi. Tsinghua University student, after China Democratic League One of the main leaders.

Wang Zaoshi (1903-1971) People from Fujiangnan Village, Jiangxi, lived in Lushui River for generations. Tsinghua University Chairman of the Student Council (the leading body of the Tsinghua Student Movement), member of the student delegation of Tsinghua University, and the first president of the Student Union of Tsinghua University. He was arrested twice (once for distributing leaflets in the Dongan market and once for petitioning the warlord government).

Chen Changtong is a student at Tsinghua University.

He Haoruo (1899-1971). Tsinghua University student. After joining the Chinese Nationalist Party, he served as Huangpu Military Academy Political instructor, founding the Joongang Daily. Died in Taiwan.

Wen Yiduo (1899-1946), Qishui, Hubei (now Xishui county I am a student of Tsinghua University. Representative of Tsinghua University, All-China Federation of Students. Later, he was a poet, a scholar, and a professor at the Southwest Associated University. After giving a speech in Kunming, he was assassinated by agents on his way home.

Qu Qiubai He was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province (1899-1935).

Zheng Zhenduo (1898-1958), Beijing Railway Management School (now Beijing Jiaotong University ) The students. Originally from Changle County, Fujian Province, born in Yongjia County, Zhejiang Province (now Wenzhou City), writer.

Tianjin

Yang Xingya, general representative of Tianjin Student Federation.

Zhang Tailei (1898-1927), an early leader of the Communist Party of China, was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. Beiyang University (now Tianjin University Student, Director of the Review Department of Tianjin Student Federation. Guangzhou uprising . He was ambushed by the enemy during the uprising in Guangzhou and died.

Yu Fangzhou (1900-1928), Zhili Ninghe native, original name LAN Zhu, also known as Fangzhou. Zhili Provincial No. 1 Middle School student, Tianjin Federation of all walks of life student representative. Later, he was one of the founders of the Tianjin Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and died in 1928.

Ma Jun (1895-1928), a native of Ningan, Jilin Province. Also known as Tian An, word "Quan, no. Huai Tai." The Hui nationality. Vice President of Tianjin Student Federation.

Sun Yuesaki (1893-1995), President of the Student Union of Beiyang University (now Tianjin University), student representative.

Zhou Enlai (1898-1976), student of Nankai University, leader of Tianjin Enlightenment Society. Premier of The State Council of the People's Republic of China .

Chen Zhidu He was born in Zhijin, Guizhou Province (1898-1975). After liberation, under the concern of Zhou Enlai, Chen Zhishu served Guizhou Provincial People's Government Deputy director of the Counsellor's Office, engaged in united front work.

Sha Zhupei (1902-1978) was born in Tianjin.

Shanghai

He Baoren (1895-1978), Fudan University Student, President of Shanghai Student Federation.

Nanjing

Zhang Wentian (1900-1976), an outstanding proletarian revolutionary, was an important leader in the history of the Communist Party of China for a long period of time, one of the main leaders with outstanding achievements in theoretical research, propaganda and cadre education, and one of the first generation leaders and pioneers of New China's diplomacy.

Nguyen Zhen (1896-1972), a native of Shangyu, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, was a famous educator and the first master's tutor of Chinese teaching material teaching method in China.

沈泽民 (1902-1930), one of the early prominent members of the Communist Party of China, writer, translator, MAO Dun The younger brother.

Wuhan (capital of Hubei Province)

Chen Tanqiu (1896-1943), born in Huanggang, Hubei Province, his original name was Cheng and his character was Yunxian.

Principal leader

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EDITOR

Chen Duxiu (1879-1942), New culture movement One of the advocates of, Communist Party of China One of the founders and early key leaders.

Li Dazhao (1889-1927), Communist Party of China One of the founders and early key leaders.

Lin Changmin (1876-1925) was a member of the National Foreign Affairs Association.

CAI Yuanpei (1868-1940), democratic revolutionary and educator, Peking University The principal at the time.

Hu Shi (1891-1962) was a famous scholar, poet, historian, litterateur and philosopher in modern China. By advocating Literary revolution He became one of the leaders of the New Culture Movement.

Related group

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EDITOR

Peking

National diplomatic association On February 16, 1919, the National Diplomatic Association, which was jointly formed by various groups from all walks of life in Beijing, was established in Beijing Xiong Xiling The establishment meeting of the House opened, elected Xiong Xiling, Wang Daxie , Liang Qichao, Lin Changmin, Fan Yuanlian , CAI Yuanpei , Wang Pamhui , Strict repair , Zhang Jian , Zhuang Yunkuan There are ten directors. On the 21st, the conference was announced via electricity Seven-point diplomatic proposal :

(1) To promote the practice of the League of Nations;

(2) To abolish spheres of influence and formulate methods for their implementation;

(3) To abrogate all treaties of unbroken equality and treaties, contracts and other international documents concluded by means of coercion and inducement or in secret;

(4) Periodically withdraw consular jurisdiction;

V. Strive for tariff freedom;

6. Cancel the balance of Boxer indemnity;

7. The concession area shall be recovered and changed into public trade.

Young Chinese society : Consists of some young people who are dissatisfied with the current situation and advocate social reform. On the basis of Giuseppe Mazzini The creation of "Young Italy" in the West. It was launched on 30 June 1918 and officially established on 1 July 1918. The initiator is Wang Guangqi , Zhou Taixuan , Li Dazhao, Chen Yusheng, Zeng Qi Lei Baojing, Zhang Mengjiu. Wang Guangqi was the main person in charge of the early stage of the society. The association has been in existence for six years, and has enrolled more than 120 people. The association is based in Beijing, has branches in Nanjing and Chengdu, and has members in many provinces in China. Abroad, the largest number of members live in France. Journal:" Young China ", "Boy's World" and "Sunday", "Sunday" Nanjing Student Union Journal ". The year 1925 May 30th Movement After the rise, the learning split, invisible dissolution, cease activity.

Old photo of Xinchao Club

Xinchao Union The New Wave (English name is Renaissance, meaning "Renaissance") is "against the old morality, advocating the new morality; "Opposing old literature, advocating new literature" was the slogan, which echoed the New Youth magazine at that time. It is a society organized by students of Peking University. The main sponsors are Fu Sinian and Luo Jialun. The society was founded on January 19, 1918, the New Wave monthly magazine was founded on New Year's Day 1919, and officially changed into the Society on August 15, 1920. It was founded with 21 members and grew to 37 by the end of 1919. Shortly after the "May Fourth", Fu Sinian and Luo Jialun went abroad to study, and the new wave Club stopped its activities.

Peking University civilian education lecture troupe : A social league organized by students of Peking University, the main initiator is Deng Zhongxia , Liao Shucang Let's wait. Founded in March 1919, it ended its activities in 1925 and had grown to 60 or 70 people.

Marxist research association : Peking University students Gao Chonghuan, Deng Zhongxia and other 19 people initiated.

The Democratic Fraternity It was initiated by nine students at Peking University in the spring of 1922. The nine were Wang Ru (later renamed Kunlun), Fu Rulin , Zhong Ruzhong (later renamed) Tien Hsin ), Chen Zhaobin (later renamed Junpu), Zou Degao (Early Ming Dynasty), Chen Mingde, Tan Kemin , Yuan Shibin, Jiangsau Let's wait.

Shanghai

National cooperative In May 1918, Chinese students protested against the" Military agreement between China and Japan on joint defense against the enemy After returning from school, he set up the Students' National Salvation Group in Shanghai. The National Society was founded in Beijing on October 20, 1918, and was first published in January 1919 The Nation magazine . The People's Society was supported by CAI Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, etc., and united many patriotic people Young intellectuals With nearly 200 members.

Tianjin

Consciousness club

Consciousness club : Founded on September 16, 1919, in order to break the organizational separation of male and female students in Tianjin. At that time, there were 21 members, about the same number of men and women. Among them were Zhou Enlai, Deng Yingchao , Guo Longzhen , Ma Jun , Liu Qingyang , Chen Zhidu Let's wait. This organization is relatively strict, the external abolition of names, the development of new members must have more than three members to introduce, by all members to discuss and decide, they use the lottery method to decide each person's code name, Zhou Enlai is "Wu Hao"; Deng Yingchao is "Yihao". In January 1920, the publication "Enlightenment" was founded, in which Zhou Enlai wrote "the Declaration of Enlightenment" and so on. Later, Zhou Enlai and Guo Longzhen were arrested for leading the student movement, and the Enlightenment Society went underground.

Hunan (Province)

Xinmin Society member group photo

New People's Society: An early organization of the Communist Party, founded on April 14, 1918, with more than 70 members by the end of 1920. initiator Mao Zedong , Cai Hesen , include Li Weihan , Xiang Jingyu , Cai Chang , Xie Juzai Let's wait. At the beginning, "to innovate academic, tempering character, improving people's customs for the purpose". In July, members living in France met in Montal to agree on the principle of "transforming China and the world", and after the formal establishment of the Communist Party of China, the Xinmin Society gradually ceased its activities.

Time list

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EDITOR

Liang Qichao

On March 6th, 1919, Liang Qichao Send a telegram Beijing government Chairman of the Presidential Committee on Foreign Affairs Wang Daxie purser Lin Changmin Report what he learned from the peace meeting Duan Qirui Borrowing from Japan and the Shandong problem.

On April 24, 1919, Liang Qichao telephoned the National Foreign Affairs Association and announced the return of electricity to Qingdao.

On April 29-30, 1919, delegates to the Paris Peace Conference attended, The Treaty of Versailles On the Shandong issue [Articles 156, 157, 158], Germany's rights and interests in Shandong were ceded to Japan.

May 1, 1919, Chinese negotiator, foreign minister Lu Zhengxiang Telegraphed the matter to the Beijing government and said that if the contract was not signed, it would be cancelled Consular jurisdiction , Cancel Boxer Indemnity Customs autonomy and compensation for damages are disadvantageous. Shanghai China Press "Beijing News" : "The government received a call from the Chinese delegation in Paris, saying that the diplomatic war against Japan regarding the return of the Jiaozhou lease has failed."

On May 2, 1919, the Beijing government sent a secret message that the Chinese representative could sign the contract. Lin Changmin, Secretary General of the Foreign Affairs Committee and director of the National Foreign Affairs Association, wrote in the Morning Post, National gazette "Shandong is dead, the country will not be, willing to join 40,000 people vowed to die."

On the afternoon of May 3, 1919, the Beijing National Diplomatic Association headed by Lin Changmin held a meeting and decided to prevent the government from signing the contract. CAI Yuanpei, director of the National Foreign Affairs Association and president of Peking University, relayed the diplomatic failure to the students. That night, Peking University students were Beihe Riverside The Law school Hall of Peking University held a student assembly and invited representatives from 13 secondary schools and above in Beijing to attend, and the assembly decided to hold a demonstration in Tiananmen Square on Sunday, the 4th.

At 10 a.m. on May 4, 1919, the students of each school held a meeting to agree on the parade route. At 1 p.m., more than 3,000 students from Beijing gathered in Tian 'anmen to hang a blood letter of "Return Qingdao" from Peking University students on the scene. The team marched to the embassy area, blocked by police, student representatives asked to meet with the ministers of the four countries, only the United States Embassy staff accepted the students' statements, the British, French and Italian embassies refused to accept. A massive student march ensued.

On May 5, 1919, all colleges and universities in Beijing went on strike. Tsinghua students announced that they would "act in concert with all universities from today". Through the mediation of the president's delegation headed by CAI Yuanpei, the arrested students were released and returned to school.

On May 7, 1919, more than 60 groups held in Shanghai National assembly .

CAI Yuanpei

On May 9, 1919, CAI Yuanpei Ran away. All schools in Shanghai are on strike.

On May 11, 1919, Shanghai Student Federation Established. Beijing colleges and universities teaching association was established.

On May 13, 1919, the presidents of universities in Beijing submitted their resignations.

On May 19, 1919, 25,000 students in Beijing once again went on strike, and later organized the "Lu Protection Volunteers" by giving speeches, boycotting Japanese goods, and issuing patriotic daily newspapers.

On June 1, 1919, the government banned the Federation.

On June 3, 1919, students in Beijing protested against the government Cao Rulin , Zhang Zongxiang, Lu Zongyu Defense, held a mass street speech, the day more than 170 students arrested.

On June 4, 1919, Beijing students took to the streets in twice the number of the day before, and more than 700 students were arrested that day.

On June 5, 1919, classes, strikes and market strikes were held in major cities across the country to support the patriotic movement of students in Beijing. The imprisoned students were released.

From June 6-8, 1919, the strike expanded.

On June 9, 1919, Nanjing Road The workers demonstrated.

On June 10, 1919, the Beijing government dismissed Cao, Zhang, and Lu from their posts.

On June 11, 1919, President Xu Shichang asked the Senate and the House of Representatives to resign, but the request was not accepted.

On June 12, 1919, traders opened the market. Qian Nengxun The entire cabinet resigns.

On June 13, 1919, Qian resigned and assumed the post Gong Xinzhan And acting Prime Minister.

On June 17, 1919, the Beijing government telephoned a special envoy to sign the peace treaty.

On June 22, 1919, The State Council sent electricity to the whole country, and President Xu Shichang withdrew his intention to resign.

On June 23, 1919, Xu Shichang met with representatives from all walks of life in Shandong and said that the government had telegraphed the plenipotentiary representatives of China Lu Zhengxiang Delay the signature.

On June 27, 1919, students from Beijing and Tianjin and students from Japan and the United States petitioned.

On June 28, 1919, the date of the original signing, the Chinese delegation was surrounded by students and issued a statement refusing to sign the treaty.

Commemorative activity

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EDITOR

Chinese mainland commemorates May 4th

Commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the May 4th Movement People's Net Southern network

China's Taiwan area to commemorate the May 4th activities

Overseas commemorations of May 4th

Los Angeles seven groups to commemorate the May Fourth Movement series of speeches

Commemorating the May 4th Event

In 2005, students from four places on both sides of the Strait gathered in Macao to commemorate the May Fourth Movement

On the morning of April 30, 2019, the conference to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the May Fourth Movement was held in the Great Hall of the People. General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Chinese President and Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xi Jinping attended the congress and delivered an important speech. ^[1]

Historical characteristics

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EDITOR

Since the May Fourth Movement took place under new social and historical conditions, it had some characteristics that the old democratic revolution represented by the Revolution of 1911 did not have. The main ones are:

First, the May Fourth Movement demonstrated the thoroughness of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.

Since modern times, the Chinese people's understanding of imperialism has gone through two stages. The first stage is the stage of superficial perceptual cognition, which is typically expressed in the general xenophobic struggle such as the Boxer Rebellion. The second stage entered the stage of rational understanding, that is, the realization of the internal and external contradictions of imperialism and the essence of the imperialist union with the Chinese comprador class and the feudal class in order to crush the masses of the Chinese people, and this realization began only around the May Fourth Movement in 1919. In this movement, the slogans were "transform the world of robbers, reject secret diplomacy, implement national self-determination" and "Start a new business and form a new government." This shows that the Chinese people's struggle against imperialism and feudalism has been raised to a new level.

New report on the "May fourth Movement"

Second, the May Fourth Movement was a real one Mass movement .

If you say, Xinhai Revolution One of the fundamental weaknesses of the May Fourth Movement is that it did not mobilize and organize the masses extensively, so the May Fourth Movement itself was a mass movement Revolutionary movement . The Chinese working class, the student masses and the emerging national bourgeoisie took part in the movement.

Third, the May Fourth Movement promoted Marxism Its spread in China and its integration with the Chinese workers' movement.

Fourth, the May Fourth Movement was caused by Student first , due to Labor expansion The resolute anti-imperialist movement is led by the proletariat The new Democratic Revolution .

Fifth, the May Fourth Movement is New democracy The beginning of the revolutionary phase.

Major influence

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EDITOR

The May 4th Movement is formally a patriotic movement of Chinese students, but from the perspective of the whole social background and social development, its impact is far more than that, in addition to affecting Chinese ideology and culture, political development direction, social and economic trends, education, and other aspects Communist Party of China The establishment and development of the Communist Party of China has played an important role, and its influence on the current Chinese society under the leadership of the Communist Party of China can not be underestimated.

The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a thorough opposition imperialism and feudalism The patriotic movement (nature) is China New democracy The beginning of; Young students played a vanguard role; China proletariat Began to enter the political arena; He spread Marxism.

The great May Fourth Spirit

The May Fourth Movement gave birth to the great May Fourth spirit with patriotism, progress, democracy and science as its main content, and its core is the spirit of patriotism. Patriotism is the core of our national spirit and the spiritual bond that keeps the Chinese nation united and striving for self-improvement. History has shown that patriotism has been in the blood of the Chinese nation since ancient times. It cannot be destroyed, broken or destroyed. It is a powerful spiritual driving force for the Chinese people and nation to safeguard national independence and dignity. The Chinese people and the Chinese nation will unleash tremendous historical power in their struggle to transform China and the world.

The main force of the May Fourth Movement was students and young people, whose patriotic spirit, the spirit of fighting for truth and justice, and the spirit of resisting violence and dark politics are worthy of learning by young people and students of any age.

Beijing Academic Declaration of the May Fourth Movement

Spirit of the May Fourth Movement

At the World Peace Conference, Japan demanded the annexation of Qingdao and the administration of all rights in Shandong, and it will succeed! Their diplomacy has triumphed, our diplomacy has failed! If the general trend of Shandong goes away, it will destroy China's territory! If China's territory is destroyed, China will die! Therefore, our academic community today lines up to the legations to ask all countries to come out and maintain justice, and hope that all sectors of industry and commerce in the country will try to find a way to the founding of the people's Congress, fight for sovereignty outside, eliminate national thieves inside, and survive China. Today, I stand with my compatriots all over the country in two creeds:

"China's land can be conquered but not destroyed!"

Chinese people can kill but not bow!

The kingdom is dead! Fellow countrymen, rise up!"

(Originally published in Weekly review May 11, 1919)

Declaration of the Tiananmen Square Congress on May 4, 1919

(This is a manifesto prepared by Luo Jialun, a student of Peking University, printed by students of Peking University, and distributed at the rally in front of the gate of Tian 'an on May 4, 1919, so it is also called the "General Assembly leaflet of the day".)

"Hail the nation! My dearest and most admirable fellow man of blood! We have been wronged and humiliated by the Japanese secret treaty, and the Shandong issue and the Qingdao return issue, which we pray for day and night, have been jointly managed by the five countries and have been reduced to a proposal for direct negotiation between China and Japan. The day was dark and colorless. As the peace talks are underway, those we hope to celebrate will say that there is justice in the world, that there is justice, that there is justice, that there is justice, that there is justice in the world, that there is justice in the world, that there is justice in the world, that there is justice in the world, that there is justice in the world, that there is justice in the world. That is justice. Contrary to justice and brave power, my land, by the five countries, relying on me in the defeated countries, such as Germany and Austria, is not justice and injustice. Now it is clear that he has turned his back on the Shandong issue and has directly negotiated with Japan. Husband Japanese tiger Wolf also, both with a piece of paper, steal my twenty-one beauty, then I negotiate with it, in short, is to break the ear, is the death of Qingdao ear. Fushan choke Yanjin northeast, south control Oning, when the Beijing-Han-Jinpu two roads rush, the key to the real north-south throat. When Shandong dies, China dies. How can my people, in this land, with these mountains and rivers, see these violent beasts that bully me, oppress me, slave me, ox and horse me, and not cry out for help all their lives? The Law says to Arusalao and to the two provinces, "Give me death or give me death." To the small land in the Adriatic, "Give me death," and to Korea's quest for independence, "give me death, give me death." When the nation survives, the land is divided, and the problem is at stake, and its people are still unable to make a great determination to be the last angry saviour, this is the cheap breed of the twentieth century. There is nothing human to say. Are there any of my countrymen who cannot bear the sufferings of slaves, oxen and horses, and who are eager to run to save? The opening of the national Assembly, open-air speeches, electricity to insist on, for today's important. When there are willing traitors, wanton adulterers, the last resort is handgun bombs. When there is a crisis, we can share it!"

Ideology and culture

Shanghai schoolgirls demonstrating during the May 4th Movement

In October 1919, the president held an autumn ceremony for Confucius, while organizing the four preservation Society, with the purpose of "Changming" and "the Study of Confucius in Duke Zhou", and in 1921 revised the Implementation Rules of the Praise Regulations to further strengthen the feudal ethics. Liang Qichao He Liang Shuming They sing the theory of Chinese cultural superiority, oppose learning Western culture, oppose Chinese revolutionaries, and resist Marxism . In the May Fourth Movement, those who opposed Chinese moral ideology and culture carried out the New Culture Movement, and put forward slogans such as "Down with Kong's shop" and "Down with the Archway of Chastity". The May Fourth Movement gave further impetus to the revolt Feudal thought The development of Chinese culture and respect for the retro trend of thought formed a tit for tat situation. The ideological origin of China's language policy mostly comes from the Westernization theory during the May Fourth Movement.

External relations

The fact that the Chinese delegates did not sign at the Paris Peace Conference did not mean that China's interests and rights and interests could be preserved; on the contrary, it stimulated the speed of Japan's annexation of China and the exclusion of other powers. As a result of Beijing's failure, warlords took advantage of Beijing's weakness and attacked each other, exacerbating China's civil unrest.

In 1921 and 1922, the Washington Conference was held, and the Chinese representative put forward the "Ten principles", and the Shandong question was partially resolved. Japan returned Qingdao to the government of the Republic of China, but the Jiaoji Railway was still controlled by Japan, and Shandong was actually still controlled by Japan, and China's rights and interests were not restored.

The post-war international situation has moved in China's favor. First of all, the great war weakened the power of imperialism, the collapse of the great Russian Romanov dynasty, the revolutionary overthrow of the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty, the oldest in Europe, and the revolution in Germany, and the victorious Allies, on their part, were so heavily indebted and busy with the aftermath that they could no longer pursue a hard policy of promotion in the Far East; Second, the war also broke the possibility of the Great powers acting in concert against China, Germany temporarily fell into decline, the Austro-Hungarian Empire no longer existed, the United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, indicating the tendency of the United States to take independent action on the world political stage, and the Beijing delegation, which had become the "government of the Great power" in Beijing, was no longer prominent. Third, China was able to join the League of Nations by signing the Contract with Austria, and then signed the Contract with Hungary and the Contract with Turkey, and the first Chinese representative to the League of Nations in the following year Vicky Koo China was elected as a non-permanent member of the League of Nations Council, and in August 1921 was elected as the president of the League of Nations Council, and China's status in the international community improved. Fourth, although Japan expanded its power in China through the War and forcibly obtained the rights and interests of Shandong through the Treaty of Versailles, breaking the "balance of power" of foreign countries in China, it was in an awkward situation because China rejected the Treaty of Versailles and had to repeatedly ask for direct negotiation with China on the Shandong issue, which was repeatedly rejected by China. Fifthly, under the influence of the October Revolution in Russia after the war and through the May Fourth Patriotic Movement, various national diplomatic organizations have sprung up, and the Chinese people's demand for the abolition of unequal treaties and the realization of national independence has never been higher.

Social economy

The boycott of Japanese goods by students and the masses stimulated the development of national industries under certain conditions, but with the end of World War I, China's social economy still could not get rid of the bad luck of Japanese bullying. America Columbia University In any case, concluded Dorothy J. Orchard, an associate professor at the business school, "China's use of the 'boycott' economic weapon is one of the most revealing chapters in modern economic history."

Educational reform

File photo of the May 4th Movement

Dewey's pragmatic educational thought and "automatism", "self-disciplined guidance" and other educational thoughts in the May Fourth movement caused great changes in the educational circle, Beijing Higher Normal School abolished the supervision and production, in the "open female prohibition" voice, in the autumn of 1919, Peking University, Nanjing higher normal university , Lingnan University In the education system, women's rights took place under the influence of the May 4th Movement transform . In October 1921, the Beijing government issued the "School System Reform Plan" (Nonwu school system), six years of primary school, four years of junior high school, two years of senior high school, and four to six years of college, based on the United States, education has been reformed.

Literature and art

The May Fourth Movement ushered in a new era of Chinese literature. After the May 4th Movement, more than 40 literary and art societies emerged in China, such as the Literature Research Society and the Creation Society, which had a profound influence on the development of Chinese literature. During this period, there appeared a large number of literary giants, such as Shen Yanbing , Zheng Zhenduo , Ye Shaojun , Guo Moruo , Yu Dafu Let's wait.

Political change

The May Fourth Movement Soviet Russia Sow the proletariat in China Violent revolution The seeds of the founding of the Communist Party of China and the reorganization of the Kuomintang were fully demonstrated at that time The Bolsheviks The revolution was then semi-feudal semi-colonial The only way out for China, however, others argued that the absolutization of violent revolution at the time was damaging rather than building for China's long-term development.

After the May Fourth Movement, workers' strikes and political struggles continued, and on May Day 1920, the Beijing Students' Federation distributed the" History of May Day "Flyer, make Marxism The theory of the Communist Party was introduced into the working class, creating a mass foundation for the birth of the Communist Party. It has written an important chapter in the history of the Communist Party of China.

Female influence

New youth

On the one hand, the new culture movement starts from criticizing the suppression of women by feudal ethics, and on the other hand, it invoks Europe and America Feminist movement It introduces and disseminates the free and independent social life of Western women. As an important position of the Enlightenment, New youth From 1916, Vol. 2, No. 6, opened a "Women's Question" column, Chen Duxiu , Hu Shi , Lu Xun , Wu Yu Others have written, attacking the "husband for wife"," Three obediences and four virtues "," Be consistent The old feudal morality resulted in the dependent status of women. Wu Yu's "Equality of Women's Rights" is advocated by European enlightenment thinkers Women's rights Taking the educational equality rights, laws, and executive power enjoyed by American women as examples, it shows the development of women's rights in Europe and the United States to the Chinese people, indicating that China should carry out a "feminist revolution". ^[6]

After the May 4th Movement, women's rights organizations launched a campaign to open up women's careers and promote women's economic independence. For example, Beijing women Chen Lihua The establishment of China Women's Commercial Savings Bank; Tianjin women founded women Huazhen Business; Zhao Youlan, a Sichuan woman, founded a women's Industrial Society in Shanghai, which specializes in making household necessities to solve women's career problems. However, most of these ventures failed. In the limited employment opportunities provided by society for women, they are faced with Same work, different pay Poor working environment, ultra-physical labor, lack of labor insurance and other unequal treatment. A case in point is the struggle for occupational equality of female employees in the Middle East Road in February 1924. "The subsidiary offices of Middle East Road have always had a large number of female staff, such as female electrical workers, female teachers in schools, female clerks, maternity workers in hospitals (nursing staff), female doctors, etc.", but "male staff not only enjoy free tickets and free medical treatment for themselves, that is, their dependents can also enjoy them; Women employees have no such rights." ^[6]

In modern China, ethnic and class contradictions were extremely acute. patriarchy The forces remain strong against a background in which women will fight through Women's rights It was integrated into the movement for national rights, and gained male support and political support at the level of national independence and national reconstruction legitimacy , to a certain extent Equality between men and women The rapid development of women's liberation movement, such as women's independence. However, this kind of initiative by male enlighteners has fully absorbed women's problems Rank , nation The road of modernization of liberation has caused the consistency of class and national interests between the two sexes and the tension and conflict in the marriage relationship and the division of family roles, etc. Women have obtained limited liberation within the power framework that does not touch the center of male power. ^[6]

May Fourth literature

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EDITOR

The spread of the rational spirit

Lu Xun

The role of the May Fourth cultural trend of thought to the people lies in enlightenment. The pioneers of new literature pay attention to literature as a tool to transform social life, "New Youth" "Random sense" is almost a criticism of life. Lu Xun It is proposed that literature should be used to reveal social suffering, so as to attract the attention of treatment and promote the transformation of national character. shout "," hesitate The problem novel is the artistic expression of rational discussion which is obvious. The works of the writers of the Creation Society also express the exploration and thinking of social life in a unique way.

Sentimental mental markers

A generation of young writers awakened by the new trend of thought often have the feeling of having no way to go after waking up, so they are depressed, hesitant and sentimental. Problem novels have sentimental feelings, local novels tell homesickness, self-narrated stories of the rest, even poetry, prose, drama can not help but be sentimental emotions.

Personalized pursuit

In the history of Chinese literature, "individual" is the most prominent period. The pursuit of creative society is "self-expression". Lu Xun's novels have a deep and angry inner sense, weed "Is a very personalized subjective feelings. In this period, the essay made the most remarkable achievements, because it was suitable for expressing the different personalities of writers.

Diversification of creative methods

Under the influence of Lu Xun's open realism, realism Gradually develop into the mainstream; However, quite a number of writers yearn for romanticism and require strong subjective emotions to be expressed in their works, which are not only reflected in the writers and works of the "novels around" of the creative society, but also in most writers and various styles. The modernist approach also shows itself, Lu Xun , Li Jinjin Different characteristics of symbolism, the subconscious revelation of the creative community; The New Moon School The exploration of poetic forms, etc. These together constitute a situation of diversification of creative methods.

evaluate

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EDITOR

The May Fourth Movement directly affected the birth and development of the Communist Party of China, which was generally defined in the history of the Communist Party of China as an "anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement", and took this movement as the watershed between the old democratic revolution and the new democratic revolution. The May Fourth Movement was a patriotic movement launched consciously. The May Fourth Movement promoted the wide spread of Marxist theory in China and prepared for the founding of the Communist Party of China ideologically and in terms of cadres. There have always been activities to commemorate the May Fourth Movement in China, and Party organizations, Communist Youth League organizations, schools and organs at all levels have attached great importance to the commemorative activities.

However, in recent years, the society has also carried out various reflections on the May Fourth Movement. For example, Mr. Nan Huaijin criticized the May 4th Movement for "causing the destruction of traditional culture". .

To sum up, the May Fourth Movement is of great historical significance.

First, the May Fourth Movement was a great mass patriotic movement. Its struggle is directed against imperialism and imperialism Beiyang Warlords The government's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal thoroughness was unprecedented. It fully mobilized the masses, uniting workers, businessmen and scholars, and partially involving the peasants, and in fact opened the prelude to the whole nation's thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle.

Second, the May Fourth Movement was a profound ideological liberation movement. It made the Chinese people more aware of the nature of imperialist aggression and the darkness of warlord rule, and at the same time further enhanced the determination and consciousness of the Chinese people to fight imperialism and feudalism. It has promoted the national people's reflection and exploration on the problem of reforming China, and also promoted the vigorous rise and development of new ideas Marxism The spread of... ^[7] .

Third, the May Fourth Movement has begun The new Democratic Revolution The beginning of the new democratic revolution in China. From then on, proletariat On the political stage, the power of the people has been widely mobilized, etc., which not only makes the May Fourth Movement itself The new Democratic Revolution Its basic connotation also directly created the class, ideological and cadre conditions for the founding of the Communist Party of China ^[8] .

"Declaration" records

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EDITOR

Related report

May 22, 1919 declare The 7th edition of "Beijing academic Circle resumes strike" reported that: ^[9] Students at and above secondary schools in Beijing have been planning to strike classes for a long time, and all schools above the special level have gone on strike since yesterday, with Tsinghua School in the western suburbs and Huiwen University, which is run by outsiders, also acting in concert. According to the survey, a total of 18 schools, a total of 36,000 students, the move is extremely rapid, so it is unexpected... ..

On June 28, 1919, the Chinese delegation refused to submit a document to the The Treaty of Versailles On July 3rd, the 7th edition of the Declaration, The Beijing News of my special envoy who did not sign the peace treaty, reported that ^[10] The European peace Treaty countries signed yesterday, but China refused to sign.

declare

A French agency in Beijing Lyon Radio cloud on the 30th, at three o 'clock in the afternoon on the 28th, the German representative will sign... Suddenly, a representative of a country refused to sign, the order of the meeting was slightly chaotic, the representatives of various countries were greatly shocked, especially the Japanese representative was surprised, it seems that the refusal to sign is a representative of our country ^[11] ...

Other title directory

Beijing academic dignitaries fading 1919.11.27 declaration 7 edition ^[9]

Recent situation of Guangdong student tide 1919.11.26 declaration 7 edition ^[9]

Institute of Civil Governance Lecture Book 1919.11.21 Declaration 10th edition ^[9]

National Federation of all walks of life news 1919.11.21 declaration 10th edition ^[9]

Shanghai Student Federation news 1919.11.17 Declaration 10th edition ^[9]

Tongqi of Law students of Beiyang University 1919.11.16 Application 10th edition ^[9]

West Ward Road Business Council Association 1919.11.15 Declaration 10th edition ^[9]

School trend 1919.11.15 declaration 7th edition ^[9]

Shanghai Student Federation news 1919.11.14 declaration 10th edition ^[9]

The Philippines sent officials to China to investigate the 10th edition of the declaration of Wood City on November 14, 1919.19 ^[9]

The Federation of Guangdong and Shanghai representatives declared the 7th edition on November 13, 1919.19 ^[9]

New investigation of Philippine 1919.11.13 Declaration version 6 ^[9]

Beijing and Tianjin academic consolation Petition representative record 1919.11.12 declaration 6th edition ^[9]

May 4th Movement situation map

Representatives of the Guangdong Academic Community and all sectors of Society declared the 7th edition on November 10, 1919.19 ^[9]

Representatives of the Guangdong Academic Community and all sectors of Society applied for the 6th edition on November 10, 1919.19 ^[9]

The National Salvation Group plans to form a boycott group 1919.11.01 declaration version 10 ^[9]

The Review Department of the Peking University Student Union was established in 1919.10.30 ^[9]

Shanghai Student Federation Letter 1919.10.18 Application 10th edition ^[9]

Letter from the Preparatory Office of the First Year Staff Association of Shanghai Student Federation 1919.10 ^[9]

Outside the Chinese Livelihood Issue (continued yesterday) 1919.10.17 declaration 10th edition ^[9]

Tianjin Student Tide and Yang Yide 1919.10.17 declaration version 6 ^[9]

World Oil Issue 1919.10.17 Declaration version 6 ^[9]

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