The Wusuli River, Amur River A tributary of the Amur river Heilongjiang Province To the east. Tang called "Anju bone water", Jin called "Ali men River", Yuan called "Hulugu River", Ming called "Azu River", also known as "Suri River", Qing Dynasty began to call "Wusuli River". The Ussuri River used to be China's inland river, but in 1860, Tsarist Russia cut off 400,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory east of the river through the unequal Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, and the Ussuri River became the boundary river between China and Russia.

The Ussuri River has two sources, the eastern source of the Ura River originated in Russia Primorsky Krai On the western side of the Sikhot Mountains, West Source The Sonatsa River Originate from Khinka Nuur Generally, the Ura River is the positive source. When the two sources converge, they flow from south to north Hulin , Raohe River , Fuyuan Other counties (cities) to Russia Khabarovsk Pour into the Amur River. The length of the river is 890 kilometers, of which 492 kilometers from the Songacha estuary to the Heilongjiang estuary is the Sino-Russian boundary river. ^[1] The main tributaries on the left bank of China are Muleng Chaung , The Seven Hulin River , Abqin River , Torsion stream . On the Russian side of the right bank, major rivers such as the Iman River, the Bijin River, and the Hall River flow into it. ^{[12
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The normal water level of the Ussuri River is 2 to 5 meters deep. The glacial period is from mid-November to mid-April of the following year. The average freezing time is 148 days and the maximum ice thickness is 1.15 meters. The annual average runoff at the estuary is 62.35 billion cubic meters. ^[1]

The Ussuri River basin covers a total area of 187,000 square kilometers, of which 61,500 square kilometers are in Heilongjiang Province. There are more than 60 kinds of fish in the Wusuli River, rich in salmon, famous throughout the country. The Chinese side of the coast is an agricultural area on the eastern edge of the Sanjiang Plain, rich in wheat, soybeans, rice and so on. The main towns along the coast are Hutou Town and Raohe Town, and the famous Wusu town is located on the west bank of the lower reaches. ^[1]

The middle and lower reaches of the Ussuri River can accommodate ships of 300 to 1,000 tons. ^[1] From Fuyuan to Hutou, there are 11 stations such as Jiaoji Town, Haiqing, Haotong, Guofu Town, Dongan Town and Hutou. ^[11]

Chinese name: Wusuli River
alias: Azu River, Suri River, Hulugu River, Ali Men River, Anju bone water
Drainage system: A tributary of the Amur river that borders China and Russia
Geographical position: The border between China and Russia in northeast Asia
Flow area: China Heilongjiang Province Russian Coastal Territory, Khabarovsk Territory

cradle: On the western side of the Sikhot Mountains in Russia ^[1]
Main tributary: Muleng River, seven hulin River, Abqin River, Naoli River, Bijin River, Akuri River, Dao Bi River
Length of river: 890 km ^[9]
Basin area: 187000 km² ^[1]
Average discharge: 705 m³/s
estuary: Near the Chinese city of Fuyuan and the Russian city of Khabarovsk

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Name transition

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EDITOR

Ussuri River, Tang called "Anju bone water", Jin called "Ali men River", Yuan called "Hulugu River", Ming called "Azu River", also known as "Suri River", Qing Dynasty began to call "Ussuri River". Ussuri, the Manchu language, means "king of heaven" and "downstream". The Ussuri River was originally an inland river of China, but in 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty), Tsarist Russia cut off 400,000 square kilometers of territory east of China's Ussuri River, and the Ussuri River became the boundary river between China and Russia. ^[1]

Main stream profile

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Channel strike

Wusuli River

Location and water system distribution of Wusuli River

The Ussuri River is a border river between China and China, with two sources. The eastern source of the Ural River ^[1] ^[9] It originates in Russia on the western side of the Sikhot Mountains, West Source The Sonatsa River Originate from Khinka Nuur . After the two sources converge near the mouth of the Nihe River, they flow from south to northeast through Mishan, Hulin, Raohe, Fuyuan and other places, with two downstream branches, respectively near Fuyuan City in China and Khabarovsk (Boli) in Russia, from the right bank into the Heilongjiang River. To the east, the river is 890 km long ^[9] . ^[8] From the mouth of the Ussuri River to the mouth of the Songacha River to the town of Dangbi on the west bank of Xingkai Lake (that is, with the Songacha River as the positive source), the total length of 771 kilometers is the boundary river and the boundary lake. ^[9] Among them, 492 km from Songchangcha estuary to Heilongjiang Estuary is the border river between China and China, and the remaining 398 km is in China. ^[8]

Channel characteristics

Most of the Wusuli River is in low-lying, swampy wetlands, and the main channel of the river is 3,000 to 10,000 meters wide ^[8] The bending coefficient of the river is 1.3, and the gradient is 0.06~0.02‰. ^[1] ^[9]

From the source of the river to Nihekou Zi is the upper reaches, Nihekou Zi to Raohe River is the middle reaches, Raohe River from below to the estuary is the lower reaches. The characteristics of each river segment are not obvious. The whole river passes through the vast longitudinal valley between China's Wanda Mountain range and the Sikhot Mountain range, the upper terrain is slightly higher, the valley bottom is flat; In the middle and lower reaches, the terrain is low and flat, and the ground is strongly marshy. The e river flows slowly in a gentle longitudinal valley with a width of 300 kilometers. The river is curved with many sandbanks and shoals, and some wetlands are covered with ditches and oxbow lakes. The width of the Wusuli River is about 200 meters at the Songchangcha estuary, 500~600 meters from Hutou to Raohe, 500~1000 meters from Raohe to Hekou, and the river surface of the estuary can reach 1000~2000 meters ^[8] . Under normal water level, the average water depth is 2 to 5 meters. The main stream swings frequently, the beach on both sides of the river is not undulating, and the local wetland gully branch and oxbow lake develop. The soil on both sides of the Wusuli River is soft and the erosion is serious. Due to the difference of climate and terrain conditions in the basin, the development of water network on both sides of the main stream of the Wusuli River is extremely unbalanced. On the right bank, most of the flat land is narrow, the river valley is different in width, and the water network is more developed in the mountain. The left bank is low and flat, swamps are generally developed, and the surface is often in a state of excessive humidity until the Sanjiang lowland. There are huge, east-west sandbanks that drain into the Heilong River, with the main stream of the Ussuri River to the east, the Fuyuan Waterway to the west, and the Heilong River to the north. ^[1] ^[8-9]

Lessozavodsk, Russia, upper reaches of Ussuri River

Section 2, Hutou Town, Hulin City, Wusuli River

Wusuli River Hulin City Hutou Town section (Yiman River estuary)

Zhenbao Island section of Wusuli River at the junction of Hulin and Raohe

Raohe county section of Wusuli River

Wusu town section of Fuyuan County, lower reaches of Wusuli River

The Ussuri River flows into the Heilongjiang at the Fuyuan Delta (on the other side of the border from Boli, Russia)

Basin profile

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The total drainage area of the Ussuri River is 187,000 square kilometers, 61,500 square kilometers in Heilongjiang Province of China, accounting for 32.9% of the total drainage area of the Ussuri River ^[9] . Among them: mountain area accounted for 29%, slope area accounted for 21%, flat area accounted for 50%. ^[8] The Chinese side of the coast is an agricultural area on the eastern edge of the Sanjiang Plain, rich in wheat, soybeans, rice and so on. The main towns along the coast are Hutou Town and Raohe Town, and the famous Wusu town is located on the west bank of the lower reaches. ^[1]

Hydrological characteristics

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The Wusuli River is rich in water, with a total annual runoff of 62.35 billion cubic meters at the river mouth and a theoretical reserve of 247,000 kilowatts in the whole basin. Based on the data of hydrology stations on one side, the average annual runoff of Raohe Station (with a catchment area of 100,000 square kilometers) during 1916-1982 was 705 cubic meters per second, equivalent to 23.29 billion cubic meters of total runoff. Haiqing Station (water catchment area of 178,000 square kilometers, accounting for 95% of the total area) from 1935 to 1982, the average annual runoff was 1575 cubic meters per second, equivalent to 55.41 billion cubic meters of total runoff. Runoff is mainly supplied by rainfall and meltwater, in which rainfall can account for more than 65% of the total runoff. Large areas of swamps with a strong capacity to hold water are the underground water source of the river, accounting for about 15% of the supply. Spring April to May, a large number of melting snow and ice water into the river, often forming spring season, and appear the highest water level and flow of the year. According to the situation of Raohe Station in the 30 years from 1956 to 1985, 50% of the floods occurred in spring. The rainfall is concentrated from June to September, forming floods in summer and autumn, of which 33% are from August to September, 17% are from June to July and October, and spring, summer and autumn are often connected. The dry season lasts from November to March. The variation of water level in flood and dry period can be as much as 7 meters. According to the data of Haiqing Station, the average annual runoff in a wet year (1981) is 2800 cubic meters per second, and the average annual runoff in a dry year (1949) is 927 cubic meters per second, a difference of 3 times.

The flow direction of the Wusuli River is from south to north, with great regional differences. The glacial period in the lower reaches is slightly longer than that in the upper reaches, up to 5 months, and the average sealing date of the lower reaches is November 17, slightly earlier. The average freezing days were 148 days, the longest was 162 days (1957), the shortest was 104 days (1970); The average opening time of the river was April 25, the earliest was March 1 (1970), the ice flow time in the upper reaches was longer than that in the lower reaches. The maximum thickness of the ice sheet was 1.15 m (16 March 1944), and the minimum thickness of the ice sheet in the past year was 0.68 m (11 March 1945). ^[8-9]

Main tributary

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There are 169 rivers with a drainage area equal to or greater than 50 square kilometers in the Wusuli River Basin of Heilongjiang Province on the Chinese side. Among them: 50~300 square kilometers of 133; 300~1000 square kilometers of 24; 1000~5000 square kilometers of 8; 5000~10000 square kilometers of 1; More than 10,000 square kilometers of 3 (including the main stream). ^[8] On the Russian side of the right bank, major rivers such as the Iman River, the Bijin River, and the Hall River flow into it. ^{[12
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Farm section of the Sonatsa River

The Sonatsa River Located in the east of Heilongjiang Province, it is the west source of the Ussuri River. Song a cha, Manchu means "helmet". It originates from Xingkai Lake, flows from southwest to northeast through Mishan City and Hulin County, and forms the Ussuri River after joining with the Wula River in Russia. Songacha River is the boundary between China and Russia, the east bank belongs to Russia, the west bank belongs to China. With a total length of 209 kilometers and a river width of 50 meters, the basin covers a total area of 2,943 square kilometers, and the basin covers an area of 2,671 square kilometers in Heilongjiang Province. The glacial period is from mid-November to early April of each year. On the Chinese side, the coast is an agricultural reclamation area. ^[1]

The little Muleng River A tributary of the west bank of the Ussuri River. It is located in the south of Hulin County. It originates from the Bawu56 farm area, flows from west to east through Yihe Township and Zhongcheng Township of Hulin County, and flows into the Wusuli River in the east of Bawu8 Farm. It is 127 kilometers long, 27~40 meters wide, 1.2~1.7 meters deep, and covers an area of 756 square kilometers. It is a plain river. The glacial period is from mid-November to early April of each year. The basin is low-lying, with a large distribution of swampy wetlands, and was developed and reclaimed in the 1950s, with a number of large state farms. ^[1]

Tributary Muleng River Jixi urban section

Muleng Chaung The largest tributary of the left bank of the Ussuri River. It is located in the east of Heilongjiang Province. Liao and Jin called "Maolui River" and "Twilight Water", Yuan called "Moli River", Ming called "Mai LAN River", early Qing called "Mulun River" and "Muleng River", and late Qing renamed "Muleng River". Mu Ling, Manchu meaning "horse" or "horse". Muleng River basin is the ancient Bohai State horse ranch, hence the name of Muleng River. The Muleng River originates from Muleng Wo Jiling on the eastern slope of the Yaogling Mountains, flows from southwest to northeast through Muleng, Jixi, Jidong, Mishan, Hulin and other counties (cities), and flows into the Wusuli River in the south of Hutou Town in Hulin County, with a total length of 834 kilometers. Jiguan Mountain is above the upper reaches, the valley is deep and the river is narrow, the slope is steep and the flow is sharp, the meandering place is in the mountains; Jiguan Mountain to Hubei Zha is a hilly area in the middle reaches, and the valley plain is open. Hubei Zha to Hekou is the downstream, into the marsh plain area, the river curve is gentle, the water flow disorder, often oxbow lake appeared. The river is 25 to 140 meters wide and 0.8 to 2.2 meters deep. The average annual glacial period is 144 days from mid-November to early April of the following year, with an average maximum ice thickness of 0.9 meters. The main tributaries are big stone River, Liangzi River, Huangni River, Peide River and so on. The basin covers a total area of 18,427 square kilometers. The upper reaches are forest areas, and the middle and lower reaches are agricultural reclamation areas. Rich in water energy resources, the middle and lower left bank tributaries have built a large youth reservoir with a water storage capacity of more than 300 million cubic meters and a medium-sized Hada River reservoir with a water storage capacity of 88.6 million cubic meters, and a rich and dense irrigation area, which can irrigate 1 million mu of farmland. The main tributaries are Ryongzi River , Huangni River, Big stone river , Guogre River , Peder Let's wait. ^[1]

Tributary seven hulin west Dagang section

The Seven Hulin River A tributary of the left bank of the Wusuli River. It is located in Hulin County, eastern Heilongjiang Province. Hulin County is named after the river. Qing Dynasty called "thin hulin river", to the end of the Qing renamed "seven hulin River". Seven hulin, Manchu language, means "sand gull". Originated from the Wanda mountain Lao Longbei and Lao Gang Mountain, from the source from west to east across the whole of Hulin County, near the King's home into the Ussuri River. It is 262 kilometers long, the average width of the river bed is 30 meters, the water depth is 1.5 meters, and the total area of the basin is 2926 square kilometers. The glacial period is from mid-November to early April of each year. It is a marsh river with flat, low-lying and swampy terrain on both sides. The drainage capacity of rivers is low, and it is easy to form flood disasters in rainy years. ^[1]

Branch Abqin River Hulin city Dongfang village section

Abqin River A tributary of the left bank of the Wusuli River. It is located in Hulin County, eastern Heilongjiang Province. It originates from the south side of Shending Mountain in Wanda Mountain Range, flows from west to east through Abei, Xinxin and other townships, and pours into the Ussuri River. It is a swampy river with a slow gradient, and the general flood is easy to channel. The river is 145 kilometers long, 30 meters wide, 0.6~1.5 meters deep, and the total basin area is 1627 square kilometers. The glacial period is from mid-November to early April of each year. The upper reaches are forest areas, and the middle and lower reaches are agricultural reclamation areas. ^[1]

Tumi River A tributary of the west bank of the Ussuri River. It is located in the northeast of Hulin County. It originates from the east side of the Shending Mountain in the Wandashan Mountain Range, runs eastward from the source to the Dumuhe Forest Farm, turns east and then turns northeast, and pours into the Ussuri River near the Company Tun. The river is 75 kilometers long, 8~16 meters wide, 0.5~1.5 meters deep, and covers an area of 712 square kilometers. The glacial period is from mid-November to early April of each year. Upstream is a mountain stream river, mostly forest areas along the coast. The middle and lower reaches are low-lying, the river is curved, and there are large swampy wetlands distributed along the coast. ^[1]

Tributary Naoli River Raohe county section

Torsion stream The larger tributary of the left bank of the Wusuli River. It is located in the east of Heilongjiang Province. In ancient times, it was called "Norre River" and "Noro River", and later changed to the current name. Naoli, Manchu, means "wandering". It originates from the north foot of Nadan Hada Ling, flows through Baoqing, Fujin and Raohe 3 counties (cities), and infuses into the Wusuli River in the south of Dongan Town in Raohe County, with a total length of 596 kilometers. Baoqing county is above the upper hilly area, the slope is steeper, the river is curved; Baoqing County to Caizuizi is the middle plain area, the slope is very slow, the average water width of 20~70 meters, the maximum water depth of 1~4 meters; Caizuizi to Hekou is a flat depression area in the lower reaches of the river, the beach of the river becomes steeper, the average water width is 50 to 70 meters, and the maximum water depth is 4 to 5 meters. The average annual freezing time is 148 days (from mid-November to mid-April of the following year), and the average annual maximum ice thickness is 0.84 meters. The main tributaries are the Seven Star River, the outer Seven Star River, Toad Tong River and so on. The upper reaches of the Toadong River, a tributary, have the Toadong large reservoir with a total storage capacity of 127 million cubic meters. The basin covers a total area of 23,988 square kilometers. The middle and lower reaches of the main stream are the hinterland of the Sanjiang Plain, and a number of state farms are built on the north bank. Naoli River specialty red belly carp, commonly known as "red belly bag big carp", is famous for its high back, thick body, red belly and delicious taste. The main tributaries are Qiliqin River , Jewel River, The Great Solon , toadon , Seven Star River Outside seven star river and so on. ^[1]

Tributary Belahong River Raohe county section

The River Belahun Wusuli River downstream left bank tributaries. It is located in the east of Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province. Also known as the "Belaya River". Belahong River, Manchu means "the river of the great water". Originating in the west plain area of Dongshilazi Mountain in the north of Fujin City, it flows through Tongjiang, Raohe and Fuyuan three counties (cities) from the west to the northeast, and flows into the Wusuli River near Bela Hongliangzi in the east of Fuyuan County. The river is 170 kilometers long, 25~40 meters wide, 0.6~2.5 meters deep, and the drainage area is 4393 square kilometers. It is a marsh river, low-lying, swampy wetland, no obvious riverbed in the upper and middle reaches, and poor drainage capacity. The glacial period is from mid-November to early April of each year. In the 1970s, large-scale renovation was carried out, the river channel was excavated, and the basin became an agricultural reclamation area. In the early 1980s, a modern large-scale Honghe farm was established. ^[1]

The Yiman River, the source of the tributary, meets the Ussuri River in Hutou Town

The Iman River, in central Primorsky Krai, Russia. The river is 462 kilometers long, with a watershed area of 28,600 square kilometers and an average annual runoff of 10.07 billion cubic meters. The downstream Wagutong Station has a catchment area of 23,000 square kilometers. ^{[12
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Bijin River, in the north of Primorsky Krai, Russia. The river is 459 kilometers long, with a watershed area of 24,600 square kilometers and an average annual runoff of 866.4 billion cubic meters. The downstream Zvenyevaya Station has a catchment area of 21,400 square kilometers. ^{[12
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Hall River, in the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. The river is 4,114 kilometers long, the watershed area is 28,100 square kilometers, the annual average runoff is 139.3 billion cubic meters, and the downstream Hall station catchment area is 24,500 square kilometers. ^{[12
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Lake island

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EDITOR

Khinka Nuur

Khinka Nuur Located in the east of Mishan City in the southeast of Heilongjiang Province, it is the boundary lake between China and Russia. It was called Meituo Lake in Tang Dynasty and Beiqin Sea in Liao and Jin dynasties. Beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Xingkai Lake" (also known as "New Kai Lake"), which means "water mouse" in Manchu language, and was named for its abundant water mice in the lake. Xingkai Lake was originally China's internal lake, in 1860 (Qing Xianfeng decade) signed the unequal "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty", Tsarist Russia cut off 400,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River, Xingkai Lake became the Sino-Russian boundary lake, its north belongs to China, the south belongs to Russia. Xingkai Lake is a tectonic lake formed by the crustal collapse of the orogenic movement. It is slightly oval in shape, wide in the north and narrow in the south. The water source of Xingkai Lake mainly receives water from the Bai Ling River, the Xintu River, the Men River, the Lefu River and other rivers, and overflows through the Songacha River in the northeast of the lake, which is one of the birthplaces of the Ussuri River. The north-south length is about 90 kilometers, and the average width from east to west is about 50 kilometers, of which the Chinese side is about 20 kilometers from north to south and 70 kilometers from east to west. At normal water level, the lake covers an area of 4010 square kilometers, of which 1080 square kilometers are in China. The lake is 69 meters above sea level. It is deep in the south and shallow in the north, with an average depth of 6.28 meters, a maximum depth of 7.03 meters and a minimum depth of 5.08 meters. Water storage capacity 17.5 billion cubic meters. Lake low-lying flat, east, south marshland, reeds; The west is mountainous, hilly; The northwest shore is steeper. ^[2]

Small Xingkai Lake, located in the north of Xingkai Lake also known as "Dabuku Lake", all in China, and Xingkai Lake one hill apart. Xiao Xingkai Lake is a narrow strip, 36 kilometers wide from east to west, 3 to 6 kilometers long from north to south, the water depth of 1 to 2 meters, the normal high water surface area of 150 square kilometers, water storage capacity of 330 million cubic meters. The water level of XiaoXingkai Lake is high, and the lake water can enter Xingkai Lake through the spillway gate. Xingkai Lake freezes every year from mid-November to early April of the following year, with an average freezing time of 164 days, with a maximum freezing time of 186 days (1973) and a minimum freezing time of 143 days (1960), with an average ice thickness of 0.86 meters and a maximum ice thickness of 1.14 meters. Xingkai Lake and XiaoXingkai Lake have vast waters, lush water plants, and marshlands on the shore. There are plants such as reed, wolftail, and small leaf camphor, and precious waterfowl such as swans, red-crowned cranes and mandarin ducks come here to roost and breed. The lake is rich in freshwater economic fish, there are more than 40 kinds of deep-water fish. Big white fish (scientific name red mouth) as the famous product, often with the Ussuri River salmon, Suifenhe beach fish known as "border three treasures", high yield, tender meat flavor, for high-level banquet treasures, and has the medicinal value of tonifying kidney and brain, opening diuretic. In 1986, the People's Government of Heilongjiang Province approved the establishment of Xingkai Lake Nature Reserve with natural landscape and rare birds as the protection object. ^[2]

Zhenbao Island

Zhenbao Island Located on the Chinese side of the center line of the main waterway of the Ussuri River to the northeast of Hulin County, eastern Heilongjiang Province, it is composed of small and large islands, and its shape is like a ingots, so it is named. Alluvial Island. It has an area of 0.68 square kilometers. Connected to the west coast by a small bridge, the island is under Chinese administration, and Chinese residents have been engaged in production activities on the island. In March 1969, the Sino-Soviet border incident on the island became famous at home and abroad. The island naturally grows willow, elm and various vegetation plants, and built wooden promenade, Bridges, etc., beautiful scenery, Raohe County has been turned into a tourist spot.

Seven Li Qin Island It is located in the east of Wulindong Township at the southern end of Raohe County, Heilongjiang Province, on the Chinese side of the center line of the main waterway of the Ussuri River. Because it is located at the mouth of the Qiliqin River, it is named. Alluvial Island. It consists of five islands, 3,800 meters long from north to south, 1,800 meters wide from east to west, and an area of about 3.5 square kilometers. Flat terrain, growing elm, willow, mountain grape, spiraea and other plants. It has always been a place for Chinese residents to live and fish. On January 5, 1968, the Qiliqin Island incident occurred. The border authorities sent a large number of soldiers and armored vehicles to land on the island, killing and injuring many Chinese residents. The Chinese side lodged a serious protest with the Chinese side.

Xinxing Dong Island It is located on the Wusuli River, on the Chinese side of the main waterway, just east of Xinxingdong Village, Raohe County, Heilongjiang Province. Alluvial Island. It is composed of 1 island and 3 sandbanks, 5950 meters long from north to south, 1070 meters wide from east to west, an area of about 3.8 square kilometers, 150 meters from the Chinese side of the coast. The island was originally an archipelago composed of six islands, which were later silted up by floods and joined into three islands. The island grows elm, birch, tussah, willow and spiraea and other plants, nearby waters produce salmon and carp. It has always been a fishing and hunting area for residents in the area of Xinxingdong, China, and houses were built on the island in the 1920s. After the fall of the northeast, the Japanese puppet military police forbade fishermen to go to the island to produce. After the victory of the "93" War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in 1945, Chinese fishermen have been fishing and producing on the islands, which are under the management of Chinese border guards. But local authorities took advantage of China's "political turmoil" to extend the patrol line into Chinese waters on the western side of the island and drill tussah boundary stakes into the ice in winter. Since 1969, Chinese residents have repeatedly kidnapped Chinese fishermen, rammed Chinese fishing boats in the river with military boats, and robbed net gear. The island is still fishing and production for residents of Sipai and Xitong villages in Raohe County, China, and is controlled by the Chinese border guard.

Piazzi Island It is also known as "Nantong Island". It is located on the Ussuri River in the northeast of Raohe County, Heilongjiang Province, at the mouth of the fork fish, 100 meters away from the Chinese bank and 560 meters away from the Russian bank. Alluvial Island. It is composed of 8 islands, 9250 meters long from north to south, 1350 meters wide from east to west, and covers an area of about 3.5 square kilometers. The island is full of willows and the surrounding waters produce river fish. At the beginning of this century, it has been fishing and firewood for the residents of Raohe County Naoli Estuary (now Dongan Town), and has built houses. ^[6]

Governance and development

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EDITOR

Water storage project

Youth reservoir

Youth reservoir Located in Mishan County, on the Peidri River, a tributary of the left bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Muling River, 13 kilometers from the county seat of Mishan, the control basin area of 1138 square kilometers, accounting for 80% of the entire basin area of the Peidri River, with an average annual water volume of 168 million cubic meters. The total storage capacity of the reservoir is 357 million cubic meters, which is a comprehensive utilization reservoir mainly for irrigation, taking into account flood control, power generation and fish farming. The hub project consists of four parts: dam, water tunnel, spillway and power station. (1) The dam is a homogeneous earth dam, the dam is in front of the concrete surface slope protection, the dam is behind the gravel slope protection, 1750 meters long, the maximum dam height of 14.2 meters, the dam top width of 6 meters. (2) The spillway is located at the left end of the dam and is a positive weir overflow with a 2-hole curved steel gate with a maximum discharge of 885 cubic meters per second. (3) About 300 meters from the right end of the dam abutment, the water tunnel is a reinforced concrete structure buried under the dam with 2 holes and culverts, a section of 2×2 meters, a hole length of 131.7 meters, and a designed maximum discharge of 50 cubic meters/second. The Youth reservoir was started by the Department of agricultural reclamation in 1958, and the start date coincided with the Chinese Youth Day on May 4, so it was named the Youth reservoir. Construction was suspended in 1960. Construction began in June 1973 and was completed in October 1977. Except that the power station unit is not installed, all are completed according to the design requirements. The original design irrigation benefit area of Qingnian reservoir was 375,000 mu, which was changed to 225,000 mu after design review, of which 130,000 mu was paddy field. Due to the benefits of irrigation projects, 22,000 mu of paddy fields were irrigated in 1985. Flood protection protected 100,000 mu of cultivated land and 11 villages, so that Pei De, Xingkai Township and Mihu railway, highway from flood threat. The water surface of the reservoir is 40,000 mu, and a total of 465,000 kilograms of commercial fish were caught from 1979 to 1985. ^[5]

Toadong reservoir

Toadong reservoir Located in the east of Baoqing County, the upstream of Toadong River, a tributary of Naoli River, with a control basin area of 505 square kilometers and a total storage capacity of 126.8 million cubic meters, it is a comprehensive utilization reservoir for flood control and irrigation, taking into account power generation and fish farming. The dam is a clay inclined wall earth-rock mixed dam with a length of 800 meters, the maximum dam height of 13.1 meters, the dam top width of 5 meters, the water side slope 1:2.5, dry stone protection, the back water side slope 1:1.75, gravel protection. The right side of the dam is an open spillway with 8-hole wooden gates, with a maximum overflow capacity of 75 cubic meters per second. The left side of the dam is 1.7×1.7 cubic meters of square reinforced concrete water tunnel, equipped with steel gate, the maximum discharge of 21.4 cubic meters/second. The Toadong Reservoir project was investigated and designed by the Mishan Survey and Design Institute of the Railway Corps Agricultural Reclamation Bureau (renamed Mudanjiang Agricultural Reclamation Bureau in 1958) in 1957, and was constructed by the Ba52 Farm of Mudanjiang Agricultural Reclamation Bureau in November 1958. Construction was suspended in the spring of 1961. In October 1970, 852 Farm rebuilt the Toadong Reservoir. It was completed in late 1974. In 1983, when the "three checks and three determinations" were carried out, it was designated as the disease risk library. The designed irrigation benefit is 190,000 mu, including 170,000 mu dry field and 20,000 mu paddy field. In 1985, the actual irrigated dry field was 60,000 mu and paddy field was 20,000 mu. Three million fish fry were released in 1974, three million in 1978, 3.5 million in 1979, and 2.25 million self-brooding fry in 1985. 55,000 kg were caught in 1975 and 250,000 kg in 1985. ^[5]

Tuanjie Reservoir Located in the southernmost Gonghe Township of Muling County, the upper reaches of the Muling River control basin area of 445 square kilometers, is a comprehensive utilization of irrigation, taking into account flood control, power generation, fish farming and other reservoirs. The hub project includes dam, spillway, water tunnel, power station and so on. (1) The dam is a clay core wall earth-rock mixed dam with a total length of 240 meters and a maximum dam height of 35.5 meters, which is the highest earth-rock dam in the province with a crest width of 5 meters. (2) The spillway is an open riverbank, the net width of the crest is 30 meters, the energy dissipation is steep slope, and the maximum discharge capacity is 922 cubic meters/second. (3) The water tunnel is a reinforced concrete round pipe with a diameter of 3.7 meters, and the entrance is a flat steel gate with 3 holes in the upper, middle and lower parts. The maximum discharge capacity is 147 cubic meters/second. Tuanjie Reservoir was a self-initiated project of Muling County in 1969 and incorporated into the national capital construction plan in 1972. Designed by Mudanjiang Regional Water Resources Bureau, Muling County organized the entire county force construction. Originally designed by a 50-year flood and checked by a 500-year flood, it was changed to a 100-year flood design with the maximum possible flood check and a total storage capacity of 125 million cubic meters. After being included in the capital construction project, the state invested a total of 11.02 million yuan, and it was completed in October 1983. A total of 931,000 cubic meters of earth and stone and 12,000 cubic meters of concrete were completed. The designed irrigation area of the reservoir was 120,000 mu, and the compensated irrigation area reached 220,000 mu in 1982. Flood control benefits once in a hundred years, reducing flood peak by 94%; 6240 mu of water surface for fish cultivation. ^[5]

Hada River Reservoir Located in Xinhua Township in the north of Jidong County, the middle reaches of Hada River, a tributary of the left bank of the Muleng River, 25 kilometers from Jidong County. The reservoir, named after the river, controls a watershed area of 282 square kilometers, with a total storage capacity of 88.6 million cubic meters. It is a comprehensive utilization reservoir for flood control and irrigation, combined with fish farming. The hub project consists of dam, spillway and water conveyance tunnel. (1) The dam is a clay core wall inclined wall dam, a total length of 470 meters, the maximum dam height of 21 meters, the dam top width of 5 meters. The water facing slope is dry stone protection slope, the slope ratio of the bridleway above 1:2.75, the following 1:3, the bridleway width is 3.5 meters; The back water slope is gravel protection slope, the upper slope ratio is 1:1.98, the lower slope is 1:2.25, the upper lane is 10.25 meters wide, the lower lane is 6 meters wide. The drainage form behind the slope is a rockfill prism. (2) The spillway is located at the left end of the dam. It is open and the crest is 10 meters wide. The spillway is 260 meters long, the concrete pouring section is 160 meters, the overflow weir is 20 meters long, and the maximum overflow flow is 115 cubic meters/second. (3) The water tunnel is located at the right end of the dam, which is a square hole without pressure of 2×2.5 meters, with a total length of 99.5 meters, and the water intake tower is set up with three layers of gates, each hole section of 1.5×1.8 meters, and the maximum discharge rate is 10 cubic meters/second. It was built in 1943 during the occupation of Northeast China and continued after the establishment of New China. The main body of the reservoir was completed in November 1971. During the continuous drought from 1975 to 1977, Hadahe Reservoir replenished the water source in time to ensure the irrigation water of the downstream paddy fields. According to statistics from 1971 to 1985, the annual average supply of water to the Muleng River was 7.5 million cubic meters. The 7500 mu of farmland abandoned due to waterlogging in the Hada River basin has been restored after removing the threat and 3000 mu of land has been reclaimed. The water surface of the reservoir is 7,500 mu, and a total of 15.83 million fish fry have been released since 1971, and 274,000 kilograms of commercial fish have been caught by 1985. The reservoir area has a suitable forest area of 15,000 mu, and has planted a total of 4,340 mu of larch, red pine, poplar, etc., 150,000 trees. ^[5]

Stone River reservoir Located in the west of Hulin County Yanggang Township six people Ban village, Muleng River left bank tributary stone River, named stone River reservoir. The control basin covers an area of 132 square kilometers and the total reservoir capacity is 16.8 million cubic meters. It is a comprehensive utilization reservoir mainly for irrigation, combined with flood control and fish culture. Hub project: The dam is a homogeneous earth dam, 550 meters long, the maximum dam height is 13 meters, the dam top is 2.5 meters wide, the facing slope is a block of stone protection, and the drainage form behind the dam is a rockpile prism. Located at the right end of the dam, the water tunnel is a 1.4-meter-diameter reinforced concrete pressure culvert with a length of 32 meters and a maximum discharge rate of 4 cubic meters per second. The spillway is located at the left end of the dam. It is a slurry stone side trough with a crest width of 75 meters and a maximum overflow capacity of 200 cubic meters per second. The design standard is one flood in 50 years, one flood in 200 years, and later, according to the new standard, it is changed to one flood in 1,000 years. Stone River reservoir, during the fall of Northeast China, the Japanese puppet government planted rice for the Japanese "pioneer group" to solve the water problem, and was built by the puppet "Manchurian Development and Expansion Co., LTD.". Construction began in 1943 and was completed in the spring of 1945, when it was named "Stone River Reservoir". It was repaired in 1952, 1953, 1956, and 1981 to 1985. The designed irrigated area was 18,000 mu, and the irrigated paddy field was 20,000 mu in 1985, which exceeded the design benefit. The benefit area of flood control and waterlogging control is 30,000 mu. The fish water surface of the reservoir is 2000 mu, and 1.2 million fish fry have been released. ^[5]

Artesian irrigation

Fumi irrigation area Located on the left bank of the middle reaches of the Muling River, from Donghai Township of Jidong County in the west to the Dongxian trunk Canal of the Peace Irrigation District of Mishan County in the east, to the north by the Jimi Highway and to the south by the Mubei Dike, it is a long and narrow shape from southwest to northeast, 44.7 kilometers long and 7.7 kilometers wide, spanning Jidong and Mishan counties, including Donghai and Yongan Township in Jidong County. Mishan County Taiping, Heitai, Lianzhu Mountain, Shuangsheng, Mishan and other townships (towns), with a total area of 517,000 mu. In the north of the irrigation area, there are 19 natural channels flowing into the low mountains and hills, among which the larger Guomui River and Tateou Lake flow into the Muleng River through the irrigation area. In the Fumi irrigation area, Korean farmers moved in from the coastal areas in 1926 and cultivated rice with irrigation from river gullies. After 1936, the Japanese "pioneer group" began to invade the irrigation area. The Japanese puppet government, by arresting "laborers" and forcibly recruiting "hard-working service teams", built barrage DAMS on the Muling River in the middle of the irrigation area and excavated trunk canals, so that the barrage in the irrigation area reached 7, and the irrigation area increased to 15,800 mu in 1945. The irrigation project was destroyed when the Japanese surrendered. In the spring of 1949, the Mishan County People's Government organized the masses to repair the irrigation area project and continued to build the remaining trunk canal, and the county governor Hou Kai personally led the construction at the site. Hou Kai named the trunk canal after the renewal as "Fumi Trunk Canal" (meaning to make the people of Mishan rich), and the irrigation area was also called "Fumi Irrigation Area". After continuous construction and maintenance, consolidation of supporting facilities, merging of the headwork, abolishing unreasonable diversion channels, adding drainage channels, there were 3 main barrage DAMS and 7 secondary DAMS in 1985; There are 4 main water channels and 22 branch channels. 7 dry drainage channels, 11 branch channels; There are 180 buildings. In order to solve the water source problem of the main project in dry years, four irrigation and drainage pumping stations were built using water from Guoguai River and Tantou Lake, as well as blocking drainage, and 802 electromechanical water Wells were drilled since 1976. The irrigation area was designed to irrigate 100,000 mu, including 92,000 mu of paddy fields. In 1985, the effective irrigation area of the project was 75,000 mu (paddy field), and the actual irrigation area was 72,000 mu. There are 50 villages in Jidong County Yongan Township and Mishan County Taiping Township, Heitai Township, Lianzhu Mountain Township, Shuangsheng Township, Mishan Township to benefit. ^[3]

Water storage irrigation

Xinhua irrigation district Located in the middle of Jidong County, Muling River left bank tributary Hada River downstream. From the southern edge of the Hada River reservoir protection area in the north, to the railway from Linkou to Mishan in the south, and at the foot of the gangslope on both sides of the Hada River in the east and west, it is in a narrow and long shape. It is 23 kilometers long from north to south and 1.5 kilometers wide from east to west, with a total area of 24,000 mu. Xinhua Irrigation area uses Hada River reservoir water source irrigation, reservoir dam downstream 5 kilometers to the southern end of the irrigation area on the Hada River a total of 6 barrage, the main barrage is Qingshan dam, located in the former Jidong County cement factory east side, is a rockfill dam, 30 meters long, 1 meter high, 10 meters wide. The diversion canal is 1 km long, and there is a permanent sluice. The irrigation area project has 1 main water channel with a length of 8.8 kilometers and 2 branch channels with a total length of 13 kilometers; Drainage ditch 3, a total length of 0.7 kilometers; There are 26 permanent canal system buildings, including 10 Bridges, 1 culvert, 1 aqueduct, 9 drops, 1 sluice gate, 3 control gates, and 1 steep slope. Before the construction of Hada River Reservoir, in 1934, five Korean farmers pressed wicker DAMS on the left bank of Hada River at the west end of Changxing Village to divert water to grow rice. In 1938, after the Japanese "pioneer group" invaded the irrigation area, it pressed dam on the main river of East Hada River in Baohe village to plant rice 250 mu. In 1943, when the "Bapu Kang" reservoir was built, 2 kilometers of main water canals were excavated and 8 branch canals were repaired, with a total length of 20 kilometers, and 1500 mu of paddy fields were irrigated. After the victory of the "Nine · Three" Anti-Japanese War, the Korean farmers successively moved into the irrigation area, and in the spring of 1948, the wicker dam was pressed on the Hada River on the east side of the cement factory in the county. In 1959, the earth dam of Hadahe Reservoir was closed to water and irrigated 4500 mu of paddy field. In 1960, the earth dam of the reservoir was breached during the flood season, and in 1961, 3,000 mu of paddy fields were changed into dry fields. In 1963, the irrigated area was increased to 3500 mu. In 1971, when the main project of Hada River reservoir was about to be completed, the east trunk canal of the irrigation area was repaired. The construction of Xingfu Cave, Dongfeng aqueduct and Xinglong Excavation was carried out by three communes, Yongan, Donghai and Xinhua, respectively, and the construction was suspended in April 1972 after some earthworks were completed. Since then, in March 1973, 800 workers from Xinhua, Hada, Donghai, Xingnong, Jilin, Yinfeng and other communes were deployed to form professional construction teams to carry out construction. By the end of November 1975, the construction of the main water branch canal and the building were completed. The designed irrigation area is 17,500 mu. Among them, the paddy field is 15,000 mu, and the effective irrigation area is 15,000 mu. 1975~1979 irrigated paddy field 0.4~0.5 million mu. In 1980, it was 0.72 million acres. 1982 0.81 million mu. After 1983, it exceeded 10,000 mu. Fifteen thousand acres in 1984. In 1985, it reached 16,700 mu. There are 10 villages and counties of Xinhua, Hada township seed farms, Hada Gang coal mine (originally Hada Gang farm) and other benefits. ^[4]

Stone River Irrigation area Located in Yanggang Township in the west of Hulin County, both sides of the Stone River downstream of the Stone River Reservoir, from the 850 farm west flood drainage channel to the west of the Yanggang flood drainage channel, north of the Mi (mountain) tiger (forest) road, south of the Muling River Yanggang dike, the project control area of 34,300 mu. The Stone River Irrigation area was built at the same time as the Stone River reservoir during the occupation of Northeast China. At that time, the west water main canal was excavated 2.5 kilometers downstream of the reservoir, and the east water main canal was excavated 5.5 kilometers, and buildings such as Liushi barrage, reverse siphon, bridge and culvert, and drop water were built and water branch canals. In 1945, the Japanese "pioneer group" irrigated 3,000 mu of paddy field. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War of "September 3rd", the Korean farmers of Hemin and Yongxin villages and the independent regiment of the Democratic United Army used the existing projects to irrigate paddy fields. After the founding of New China, the governments of Hulin County and Yanggang District organized local farmers to repair the original irrigation projects and expand the irrigation area, which grew to 7,500 mu in 1953. In 1954, with the state investment subsidy, the Stone River irrigation Area was renovated and expanded for the first time, including 1 new dam, 1 new sluice gate, 1 reverse siphon, 1 drop and other buildings, 8 sluice gates, 2 main canals and 8 new water branch canals and 4 drainage branches. After the renovation and expansion of the irrigation area, in 1954 and 1955, some Han farmers' mutual assistance groups from Hubei, Fuguo, Liurenban, Yanggang and other villages in Yanggang District, as well as the "expeditions" of Han farmers' mutual assistance groups from Liangshuiquan Village in Taihe District and Xigang Village in Hulin District came to plant paddy fields in the irrigation area, and the irrigated area reached 12,000 mu. However, in 1956 and 1957, the natural disasters of low temperature and early frost occurred, and rice blast occurred, and the "expedition" was withdrawn, and the irrigated area dropped to 0.6 thousand mu, and then to 0.2 thousand mu in 1959. After 1962, it began to rise, but it has been hovering around 10,000 mu. From 1965 to 1966, the second refurbishment was carried out, one new sluice gate was built into each sluice gate, the east water main canal was changed by 2 kilometers, two branch aqueducts were repaired, and one main drainage canal was excavated. In 1971, one sluice gate was built in the West Main canal. From 1982 to 1985, the West trunk canal was built and the first block sluice, sluice and aqueduct were built. After the renovation, there are 2 main water canals with a total length of 13.8 kilometers and 12 branch canals with a total length of 17.7 kilometers. There are 4 main branch canals with a total length of 27.9 kilometers; There are 40 buildings, including 2 sluice gates, 2 sluice gates, 1 drop gate, 13 sluice gates, 4 aqueducts, 1 highway bridge, 17 farm road Bridges and culverts. In addition, a pumping station was repaired and 71 Wells were drilled. The design area of the irrigation area is 23,700 mu, of which the paddy field is 17,700 mu. In 1985, the effective area of the project was 17,700 mu, and the irrigated paddy field was 18,000 mu. Yanggang Township, Yongxin, Hemin, Hubei, Fuguo, six people, Ma Chang and other six villages benefit. ^[4]

Hydropower development

Tuanjie Hydropower Station Located in the Gonghe Township of Muling County, after the Tuanjie Reservoir dam on the Muling River, it is a hydropower station behind the dam. The design water head is 19.4 meters, and the single machine reference flow is 1.6 cubic meters/second. The power station consists of pressure pipeline, workshop and tail canal on one side of the reservoir drainage tunnel. Plant area of 380 square meters, installed 3 sets, 250 kW horizontal hydrogenerator, total capacity 750 kW. The Tuanjie Hydropower Station was built at the same time as the Tuanjie Reservoir. Construction began in September 1974 and was completed in December 1980. For the reservoir management office and Gonghe Township production and domestic electricity. The reservoir has sufficient water storage capacity, and it can operate and generate electricity all year round, with an average annual power generation of 2.94 million kilowatt hours, except in particularly dry years. ^[7] In 1985, 345,000 KWH of electricity was generated. ^[5]

Qingnian reservoir power station It is located at the outlet of the water tunnel of Youth Reservoir, with 3 installed machines and a capacity of 720 kW. The power station unit was installed and put into operation in May 1982, and the power supply was connected with the national grid, with an annual output of 690,000 KWH. ^[5]

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Fishing boats and warships on the Ussuri River

Fishing boats in the Ussuri River

The Ussuri River is the second largest tributary on the right bank of Heilongjiang, and is the boundary river between China and Soviet Union. Originating from the western foot of Mount Sihet in Binhai Province, the water flows to Boli into Heilongjiang, with a total length of 890 kilometers and a drainage area of 187,000 square kilometers.

The Wusuli River was called Kulugu River in ancient times, and it was called Wusuli River in Qing Dynasty. The water flows from its source to the Chinese border at Yingming Mountain and into the Songacha River, which is called the Ussuri River. The stretch from the confluence to Burley is 495 km long. The main tributaries are the Muling River and the Naoli River, which belong to the plain river. But the right bank is mountainous and the left bank is swampy. High water level and high discharge are mostly in April to September, and the water level variation is generally about 5 meters, which is a seasonal navigable river with an average annual navigable period of 208 days.

The Ussuri River, Xingkai Lake and Songacha River have a total navigable mileage of 771 kilometers. From the Xingkai Lake west bank of the town of Dangbi to the east coast of Longwang Temple 70 kilometers, is the lake channel, the lake is wide, the water depth is slow, even in the dry season water depth is more than 2 meters. From the Longwangmiao lake into the Songacha River to Yingmingshan 206 kilometers, and then downstream to Hutou 95 kilometers, with third-class navigators, the two sections of the channel curved narrow, dry water depth of 1 meter, navigable 50-100 ton ships. Hutou to Boli 400 kilometers, set the first class navigation mark, the general water depth of 1.0~1.2 meters during the dry season, can be navigable 300~1000 tons of ships.

There are three counties, Hulin, Raohe and Fuyuan, and three state-owned farms in the basin, with a population of 83,000, an area of 350,000 mu of cultivated land and 4.83 million mu of wasteland resources. It is one of the main grainproducing areas in Heilongjiang Province. The land transportation here is inconvenient, and the exchange of materials between urban and rural areas mainly relies on water. The main port stations are Hutou, Raohe, Sipai, Xitong, Dongan, Sihe and Haiqing. ^[10]

Port station

Raohe County Sipai Township fishing boat dock

Wusuli River from Fuyuan to Hutou 386 kilometers, there are 11 stations Jiaoji town, Haiqing, Haotong, Guofu Town, Dongan Town, Sipai, Raohe, Belakeng, Jiangkou, Xiaomu River, Hutou and so on. These port stations are geographically distributed in the Songjiang, Heijiang and Wusuli rivers. Since this route runs from Tongjiang to Wusuli River stations, the port stations passing the Songjiang and Heijiang rivers are also included in the Wusuli River port station. ^[11]

Fuyuan Port Station Located on the river bank of Fuyuan County, which is located at the crossroads of Heilongjiang and Ussuri Rivers, it is 264 kilometers away from Tongjiang County, the downstream of Songhua River. For a long time, the production equipment of Fuyuan Port is relatively backward, and the dock is in a natural state. In order to change the appearance of Jiejiang port, the state invested 1.98 million yuan in 1984 to build a cement steel sheet pile upright wharf and add port machinery and equipment. The existing waiting room area is 256 square meters, and the storage yard area is 1500 square meters. The terminal has four berths for passenger transport, general cargo, coal and oil. Imports of bulk goods are mainly coal and general cargo; The main export goods are grain. ^[11]

Raohe Port Pier

Raohe Port It is located on the left bank of the upper reaches of the Wusuli River, 466 kilometers away from the Tongjiang River. The port station is the water gateway to Raohe County, the largest town on the Ussuri River. The coal and groceries needed here every year are mainly imported by water transport, and the export material is mainly grain. Raohe Port Wharf was originally a 700-meter-long natural shore wall with poor equipment. In 1966, the state allocated 300,000 yuan to carry out the revetment project, and later built the trestle floating coal wharf. The existing waiting room area is 350 square meters, and the storage yard area is 600 square meters. The pier shoreline is 580 meters long. There are 7 berths in total, including 2 berths for passenger cargo, 2 berths for coal, and 1 berths each for grain, timber and oil. ^[11]

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