Central Asia is Central Asia For short, refers to Asia The central inland region, the concept was first German Alexander von Humboldt Proposed in 1843, the scope of its inclusion has a variety of definitions, narrowly limited to the "five Central Asian states". ^[1] The "Five Central Asian states" are: Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan . ^[11]

Geographically, Central Asia is located Eurasia The joint part, located Russia , China , India , Iran , Pakistan Among other major or regional powers Geographical position Is through Eurasia the Transportation hub It has always been the only place to go from east to west and south to north, in ancient times Silk Road Pass through here. After the end of the Cold War, Central Asia became an important strategy Buffer zone , which geopolitics The significance is more prominent.

in Energy resources Upper, Central Asia and Caspian Sea The region's oil reserves are generally estimated at 150-200 billion barrels, accounting for about 18-25% of the world's oil reserves, and proved natural gas reserves of 7.9 trillion cubic meters, known as the "second. The Middle East ". Kazakhstan Uranium ore Reserves ranked second in the world; Turkmenistan is known as Central Asia Kuwait "The reputation has been proved Natural gas reserves 6 trillion cubic meters, ranking fourth in the world; Uzbekistan Its gold reserves rank fourth in the world. Central Asia is also rich in grain, cotton and so on Cash crop . ^[2-3]

Central Asia was some of the earliest Ancient humans Key migration routes across Asia. ^[10]

Chinese name: Central Asia
Foreign name: Central Asia
alias: Central Asia
Population number: 74 million (Estimated 2020 population by the United Nations)
Populous country: Uzbekistan
Important lake: The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, Caspian Sea

Important city: Astana , Ashgabat , Tashkent , Bishkek , Dushanbe
River flow: Syr , Amu Darya , Ili , The Irtysh River (Only outflow river in Central Asia)
GDP dollar: 338.796 billion (2013)
Per capita GDP: $5,099 (2013)
Main belief: Islam

catalogue

Conceptual evolution

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EDITOR

Definition of Central Asia

High definition of Central Asia

Central Asia The concept was first used by German geographers Alexander von Humboldt (Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859) was proposed in 1843. Humboldt considered the geographical extent of Central Asia to be from the Caspian Sea in the west to the east Xing 'an Mountains , South from Himalayas , north to Altai Mountain . ^[4]

Former Soviet scholars believe that the term Central Asia refers exclusively to the five Central Asian states Joining republic Location ( Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan ). This is also The Soviet Union The official definition, during the Soviet period, was also widely used internationally. However in Russian culture about Central Asia There are two concepts: one is a more narrow concept, which refers to the territory that was historically ruled by Russia Asia The non-Slavic areas of the centre; The other is a wide range, meaning Central Asia regardless of whether or not these areas have been affected Russia Rule.

in Collapse of the Soviet Union Later, the leaders of the already independent Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan met Tashkent A meeting was held to declare that the Central Asian region should include Kazakhstan. Since then, the five Central Asian States have become the most commonly accepted definition of Central Asia, including the four republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and the southern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

But in accordance with UNESCO in Collapse of the Soviet Union The concept of Central Asia is much broader, as recently defined by climate and custom. It should include Mongolia, China Xizang , Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia The West, Iran north-eastern Gulistan Province , North Khorasan Province , Khorasan Province , Afghanistan, Stan, Pakistan the Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa Province and Punjab , Pakang Kashmir (Including Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir ), Indian Punjab Indian-controlled Ladakh, Indian-controlled Kashmir, south-central Russia Tegarin Distribute the area as well as from Former Soviet Union Five independent Stan states.

Another variant of the definition is based on ethnicity, i.e. the areas inhabited by Turkic, Eastern Iranian people. These areas include China Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region The region of southern Siberia inhabited by Turkic peoples, and the five independent Stan states of the former Soviet Union. In addition include Afghanistan , Pakistan North and Kashmir Valley, and China Tibet Autonomous Region Ink control Ladakh . Under this concept, the vast majority of the inhabitants of these areas are local aborigines .

There are some places that claim to be geographically central to Asia, such as Russia Tuvan Republic The capital of... Kyzyl And the capital of China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urumqi A small village 200 miles north.

An international collaborative study by scholars from four continents suggests that the Central Asian region is some of the earliest Ancient humans Key migration routes across Asia. The study suggests that the steppe, semi-arid and desert terrain of Central Asia once provided a favorable environment for hominins and their migration into Eurasia.

Location and physical geographical features
position	Located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, far from the sea (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan are adjacent to China)
river	Mostly internal rivers ( Amu Darya , Syr The outflow river is the Irtysh River
lakes	Most of the internal flow lake, the west is near the world's largest internal flow lake - Caspian Sea, the middle has Aral Sea , Balkhash Lake , Ala Vatn , Lake Issyk
landform	The terrain is high in the east and low in the west, and the terrain is mainly plain and hills
climate	Most of the temperate continental climate, cold in winter and hot in summer, rainfall is scarce, and the annual and daily temperature range is large
vegetation	Mainly grassland and desert

History of Central Asia

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EDITOR

Central Asian history has been shaped by geography and climate. Because of dry, Central Asia is not conducive to the development of planting agriculture, can only rely on water to facilitate development Irrigated agriculture ; And because it is far from the sea, it stifles the flow of trade. So, Central Asia Population distribution unbalance For thousands of years Agricultural people with nomad Both coexist control.

Central Asian characteristic architecture

The nomadic peoples of Central Asia had long been in conflict with the surrounding farming peoples. The nomadic way of life was clearly better suited to warfare, and the steppe cavalry was arguably the most powerful military unit in the world at the time, but their combat effectiveness was often curtailed by internal divisions. The Silk Road through Central Asia tended to promote the inner unity of the nomads, which periodically produced great leaders to unify all the tribes, forming a powerful and nearly unstoppable force. The Huns plundered Europe, Five wild flowers And almost conquer the whole thing Eurasia the Mongol Empire That's how it happens. ^[5]

In 750 AD, Tang Dynasty Ansey, the master of control Ganoderma lucidum Eradication Stone Kingdom The Tang extended its power in Central Asia to Afghanistan Around. The book "Theory of the Bipolar World" holds that the formation of the Xiongnu Empire from 300 BC to 745 AD Tujue, a nationality in ancient China The demise of this stage, Central Asia Social form Realized from tribalism to semi-tribalism and semi-feudalism serfdom The transformation of; From the fall of the Turkic Empire in 745 to the modern period, Central Asian society evolved from semi-tribal and semi-feudal serfdom Feudal serfdom Change. ^[6]

During the pre-Islamization period and the early Islamization period, southern Central Asia was mainly inhabited by Kao Iranian language family Of the nation. In these ancient Iran Among settled peoples, Sugd Harmony with the people Khwarizm People play an important role; The Scythians and later the Massagathians and Alans lived a semi-nomadic life. By the 5th century, the Turkic people began to move south from the steppes of northern Central Asia into the farming areas of the south, and this migration continued until the 10th century. It was founded by the Persians in the 9th century Samanid dynasty Ruling most of Central Asia, it promoted the settlement and Islamization of the Turks. Between the 10th and 13th centuries, the Turks grew in power, and almost all of Central Asia became Turkic The Karakhan Dynasty , The Ghazni Dynasty , Seljuk dynasty The territory of Central Asia began the process of Turkization. After the Mongol invasion, most of Central Asia belonged to The Chagatai Khanate .

Central Asia

Turkic nobles in the mid-14th century Temur Centered in Samarkand in Central Asia, the establishment of a powerful The Timur Empire And went on a campaign to expand, successively defeating the Golden Horde, Delhi sultanate , The Mamluks The Ottoman Empire. In the 15th century, under the rule of the Timur dynasty, Central Asian culture and art once flourished. thereafter Syr Uzbeks from the north moved south and founded Uzbekistan Bukhara Khanate It replaced the rule of the Timur dynasty.

By the late 17th century, nomad The predominance of semi-nomadic peoples in Central Asia ended, the massive development of firearms, Military technology Improvements were made by settled peoples Right to dispose of . Persia , Tsarist Russia China (Qing) and other powerful empires gradually expanded, and in the 18th century, most of Central Asia became Persian Sphere of influence After that, Tsarist Russia came from behind and passed Russo-iraq War Defeated the Persians, and by the end of the 19th century, Tsarist Russia Has conquered most of Central Asia. Mongolia became an independent state, but became part of the Soviet Union Satellite state . Afghanistan was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union and was invaded by Soviet forces in 1979.

In Soviet-controlled Central Asia Industrialization and urbanization The process, but also accompanied by the suppression of local culture, and brought Environmental problem . Hundreds of people from Central Asia Agricultural collectivization Killed in the movement, resulting in a long-term Ethnic relations Nervous. In addition, the Soviet Union's policy of ethnic resettlement moved millions of people into Siberia and Central Asia, sometimes entire peoples. According to Touraj Atabaki and Sanjyot Mehendale in their 2005 book Central Asia and the Caucasus: According to the book transnationalism and diaspora, between 1959 and 1970, two million people from various parts of the Soviet Union moved into Central Asia, of whom one million entered Kazakhstan .

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the five Central Asian states gained independence. But in the early days of independence, with former Communist Party officials still in power, none of them could be called one nation-state . But in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia Officials adopted some enlightened policies; While... Uzbekistan In Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the government still maintains the Soviet system.

Physical geography

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EDITOR

The geographical concept of "Central Asia" is not uniform among scholars. In Western we have Central Asia, Inner Asia Neya Deep), Haute Asia (Asia), etc., in Russian С р е д н second second А з и second (central Asia) and Ц е н т р а л ь н а second А з и second (central Asia ). The so-called Central Asia by Soviet scholars generally refers to Amu Darya and Syr The basin, namely Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan four countries and southern Kazakhstan, so the five Central Asian countries are often referred to as "Central Asia and Kazakhstan". The five countries of Central Asia are bounded in the east by the southern vein of the Western Tianshan Mountains, and in the south by the Cobida Mountains and the middle and upper reaches of the Amu Darya River Pench For the boundary, with Central Asia Physical geographical boundary It doesn't match. It's the last century Tsarist Russia Conquer Central Asia and encroach Western China Territorial results. Its northern side has crossed Kazakh steppe Go deep into Western Siberia South marginal The Irtysh River The river basin, too, does not coincide with the physical geographical boundaries there. Only its western boundary is a natural boundary, which is the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, with its winding coastline forming a number of peninsulas, islands and alluvial regions spit . In terms of physical geography, it is roughly divided into deserts, oases and mountains in the south and grasslands, plains and hills in the north, and its boundary is roughly in the Ili River, the northern bank of the Syr River to the Caspian Sea line.

landform

In general, it is high in southeast and low in northwest. In Tajikistan Pamir region The mountains in the western Tianshan region of Kyrgyzstan are steep, with an altitude of 4000-5000 meters, of which the Communist Peak is 7495 meters above sea level and 7134 meters above sea level Lenin Peak It is a famous mountain in the world. In the Karagye Depression near the Caspian Sea in western Kazakhstan is found a former Soviet land below Sea level The lowest point is 132 meters. In the vast area between the east and the west, deserts and oases are between 200-400 meters above sea level, hills and grasslands are between 300-500 meters above sea level, and the eastern mountains are about 1,000 meters above sea level. Central Asia stretches across Temperate zone The most spectacular mountain, more than 4,000 glaciers, a total area of 11,000 square kilometers, of which the largest Fedchenko glacier 71 kilometers long, it includes 33 tributaries, an area of 900 square kilometers, and the foot of the mountain is a boundless dry hot desert, desert Horizontal line It disappears in the smoky dust of loess. The valleys and valleys ringed by mountains and the oases scattered in the vast desert are the most vibrant places in Central Asia, nourishing the farmers of the region, while the vast northern steppes and hillsides of the grassland are inhabited by people on horseback.

Lenin Peak

Pamir in Tajikistan is the commanding heights of Central Asia. Its eastern side is dominated by denudated plateaus and ridge terrain, where mountains are found Relative altitude Not big, slowly to Absolute altitude Mountain valleys of 3500-4000 m incline. Its western flank is dominated by sharply cut alpine terrain and narrow, deep canyons. Pamir Plateau On the north edge are two parallel high mountains Aray mountains And the Waialai Mountains, sloping from west to east. Near the 5,301 m Yigla peak, Mount Alai divides into three parallel mountain ranges - the Turkestan, Zeravshan and Kisar Mountains - and continues to slope westward until it disappears into the desert near the Samarkand Oasis. The extension to the northeast from Mount Alai is lofty Tianshan Mountain The main peak of the western Tianshan Mountains is 6,995 meters above sea level on the border between China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan Khan Tengger Peak . To the west of Khantengri, there are two parallel branches of the Tianshan Mountains - Kunge Alatau - Kirghiz Mountains And Dzersk Ialatao Mountain, surrounded by Alpine lake ─ ─ Lake Issyk . At the Tianshan Pass, near the Chinese port of Turkah to Kyrgyzstan, there is another branch of Fergana Mountain extending northwest and then turning southwest Chatekar-Kuramin Mountain, circle Fergana, a famous basin in Central Asia. The Fergana Basin is 300 kilometers long from east to west and 150 kilometers wide from north to south. It is shaped like a huge oval disk that slowly slopes from west to east. There are several groups of parallel mountain ranges in the eastern edge of Kazakhstan: Altai Mountain , The Talbahatay Mountains , Alao Mountain The Beluja Peak on the border between Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation is 4506 meters above sea level. The Copet Mountains of Turkmenistan extend southeast from Pamir on the southwestern edge of Central Asia The Hindu Kush Mountains Its peak, Karagura, is only 1,977 meters. There are still a few mountains in the west of Kazakhstan, but they are insignificant compared to the high mountains in the east.

Tianshan Mountain

climate

Because it is in the hinterland of Eurasia, especially the southeastern margin of the mountain barrier The Indian Ocean , Pacific the Warm and humid air stream The climate of the region is typical of temperate desert and grassland Continental climate Its outstanding characteristics are: first, there is little rain and it is extremely dry. normal Annual precipitation Under 300 millimeters, Aral Sea The annual precipitation in the deserts nearby and in Turkmenistan is only 75-100 mm, while the annual precipitation in the mountains is 1000 mm, and even up to 2000 mm on the southwestern slopes of Mount Fergana, but there are also less rainfall in the mountains than in desert areas, such as Pamir, where the annual precipitation is only 60 mm;

Second, mid-latitude In the interior of the continent, there are many sunny days, Solar radiation Strong, high temperature, strong evaporation. Each square centimeter of ground in Central Asia can gain 10-13 million square calories per year due to solar radiation, and in Turkmenistan it reaches almost 160,000 calories. Science test, in Central Asia 40 degrees north latitude Local summer sunlight exposure is no less than tropics Area. The extremely dry air and high temperatures cause a lot of evaporation from the Amu Darya River delta Water year Evaporation capacity Up to 1798 millimeters, which is bigger than this precipitation 21 times larger;

Third, the temperature changes dramatically. Daytime in many places Maximum air temperature And Night Minimum air temperature The difference can be 20-30 ℃. A daily temperature difference of 40 ° C has been recorded in Pamir Gau. From the northernmost point of Kazakhstan to the southernmost point of Turkmenistan, it spans longitudinally 57 degrees north latitude to 35 degrees north latitude Cold temperate zone The transition from temperate to subtropical occurs in mid-summer July, except in mountainous areas Mean air temperature It is generally between 26 ° C and 32 ° C, while in mid-winter January, the average temperature transitions from -20 ° C in the north to 2 ° C in the south. ^[7]

Hydrological characteristics

On account of Topographic feature It is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, so the trend of the river is basically northwest. Small amount of water, less water energy. The flood season is in spring and summer due to the melting of icebergs and summer rainfall.

Rivers and lakes

As a physical geography Central Asia, none of its rivers has an outlet to the ocean, and the water is either diverted for irrigation, disappeared into the desert, or injected into it Inland lake .

Rivers and lakes
Rivers and lakes	introduce	picture
Syr	Syr It flows through Central Asia Longest river With a total length of 3019 km (including upstream Narun ), originated in the western Tianshan Mountains. It irrigates the oases of Fergana and Tashkent, the most important economic zones in Central Asia. The industrious peoples of Central Asia have taken full advantage of it for thousands of years Syr The waters of Fergana Oasis and its tributaries create a thriving landscape of lush orchards, Dark green Fields and channels of silver.	-
Amu Darya	Amu Darya Total length of 2394 km (including upstream Pench It is the most abundant river in Central Asia, originating in the Pamir mountains, with a large drop and rich hydropower resources, and the largest hydropower station built upstream is Nurek. Installed capacity Up to 2.7 million kilowatts.	-
Aral Sea	The Syr and Amu Darya rivers are two great rivers that eventually feed into Central Asia's largest lake Aral Sea . With an area of about 64,000 square kilometers, the Aral Sea is the fourth largest lake in the world by area, but due to the overuse of the water from the two great rivers, the water level of the Aral Sea has dropped dramatically, and pessimists think it will collapse Water depletion And quickly disappear, creating the Aral Sea Ecological crisis .	Aral Sea
The Zeravshan River	The Zeravshan River, between the Amu Darya and Syr, is an important river, rising from the Alai Mountains. "Zeravshan" means "gold-bearing." It nurtures beautiful oases in the heart of Central Asia - Samarkand and Bukhara oases, no more than the Kizilkum Desert.	-
The Karatizhan River	A river to the left of the Amu Darya, the Karazijan, rises in the highlands of Iran and Afghanistan and feeds Turkmenistan Ashgabat Oasis Hoa Marais An oasis.	-
The Murghab River	An 850-kilometer-long, Basin area 60,000 square kilometers, Average discharge About 50 cubic meters per second of river. hers Catchment area About 47,000 square kilometers, about 80 percent of which is within the Afghan-Stan border.	-
Taras and Chu Rivers	To the right of the Syr River are two rivers that originate in the Tianshan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan - the Talas River and the Taras River Chu River .	-
Lake Issyk	The Chu River irrigates the fertile soil near Bishkek, and it passes just 3 kilometers west of Lake Issyk, the most beautiful alpine lake in Central Asia. Issyk Lake is a high mountain Abyssal lake The maximum known depth is 702 meters, second only to that of all lakes in Eurasia Baikal . Issyk Lake with its huge water capacity affects the climate of the lake, although it is 1600 meters above sea level, but even in the middle of winter does not freeze, so it is also known as the "hot sea".	-
Ili	At the eastern and western ends of Kazakhstan there are two important rivers - Ili and The Ural River . The Ili River originates in China Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Deep, with a total length of 1,439 km, 802 km in the territory of Kazakhstan, injected Balkhash Lake .	Sunset over Ili River Bridge
Balkhash Lake	Lake Balkhash covers an area of 17,000-22,000 square kilometers, its unique landscape is: the western half of the fresh water, the eastern half of the salt water, between which only a very narrow channel to connect. There are at least seven larger rivers that flow into Lake Balkhash, so the area is also known as the Semiletsch (Seven Rivers) region.	Balkhash Lake
The Ural River	The Ural River originates in the southern part of the Russian Federation The Ural Mountains It is 1,084 km long in Kazakhstan and empties into the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea covers an area of 371,000 square kilometers, 28.5 meters below sea level, and is bordered by Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan Five States of the Russian Federation.	-
The Irtysh River	Beyond the physical and geographical heart of Asia, in northern Kazakhstan there is a great river, the Irtysh, which rises in the Altay Mountains of China and carries its tributaries The Ishim River , The Tobol River To the Russian Federation Ob River And eventually into the Arctic Ocean. The Irtysh River is 4,248 kilometers long and 1,400 kilometers in Kazakhstan. Its smooth course and abundant water supply are of great importance in shipping, irrigation and urban water supply Economic significance .	-

Central Asia

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Desert steppe

Desert, semi-desert And the grasslands occupy from Caspian Sea to Tianshan Mountain Huge area between mountains. Amu Darya Waskara Tezhan between The Karakum Desert (350,000) Square kilometer ) and the Amu Darya with Syr Between the Kizilkum Desert (300,000 square kilometers) is the largest desert in Central Asia, the terrain is flat, the elevation is below 300 meters, most of the Sand ridge A cracked land, with closed depressions and isolated mountains. Extremely arid, barren, and lacking in vegetation, the southeastern Kizilkum Desert is known as the "hunger steppe." in Kazakhstan The grassland covers a length of 1200 kilometers Kazak hills And 630 kilometers long The Turgay Valley It is about 300 meters above sea level. By virtue of The Arctic Ocean It's much wetter than the deserts of Central Asia. Between the northern platform and the hills and the southern desert is the Bek Pakdara grassland, whose landform is in the transition zone of grassland, semi-desert and desert. The oasis scattered in the desert has rich cultivated vegetation, and its green color is particularly pleasing to the eye against the dusty yellow background of the desert. 1954-1960 in Kazakhstan, Central Asia Lowlands along the Caspian Sea The vast land reclamation carried out there has created a large area of farmland, which is a new creation of the struggle between man and nature Geographical landscape .

Desert steppe

Mineral resources

Rich in all kinds of minerals, especially Kazakhstan varieties are relatively complete, coal Proved reserves 162.4 billion tons (1972), concentrated in Karaganda, Ekiba, Mastuz, Turgay, Zhranchik, Chu River , Ili Large coal fields. In addition, there are iron ore, Manganese ore , Copper mine , sylvite And other mineral deposits, which chromite Proven reserves of 200 million tons, second only to South Africa, Zimbabwe Ranked third in the world. Kyrgyzstan Of non-ferrous metals, Ferrous metal In particular, the reserves of rare metals mercury and antimony are considerable. Uzbekistan the Mineral resources Mainly copper, Lead zinc ore , Molybdenum ore , Tungsten ore . Central Asia is one of the richest oil and gas reserves in the world, Petroleum resources Mainly distributed in Caspian Sea East coast and lake bottom. In addition, Fergana The oil of Bukhara and Chiva There are relatively abundant reserves of natural gas. However, the richest reserves of oil and gas are in Turkmenistan And Kazakhstan. Tajikistan And Kyrgyzstan is rich in hydropower resources, especially Tajikistan's hydropower resources of 64 million kilowatts.

Population distribution

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EDITOR

Factors such as the topography, landform and economic development of this region determine the distribution and composition of its population. Population density It's small, averaging just 12 people per square kilometer. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have an average of 6.1 and 7.2 people per square kilometer, and only Uzbekistan has a dense population of 51.4 people. Second, the population distribution is extremely uneven. There are only 1-2 people per square kilometer in the mountains, and in the Karakum Desert, The Kizilkum Desert And the deserts of central Kazakhstan are almost uninhabited, while the oases and large cities are densely populated, as wealthy as they are Fergana Basin Up to 300-400 people per square kilometer. Capital of Kyrgyzstan Bishkek The Chu River Basin, which occupies only 1/12 of the territory of the Republic, concentrates 35% of the population of the Republic. Third, Birth rate and Natural growth rate High. The birth rate of Central Asian countries is generally above 30‰, and the natural growth rate is about 25‰. This situation and the world The least developed countries The situation is similar to that of its economic development inadaptation 's; Fourth, since the beginning of this century, especially in the last two or three decades, the absolute population has increased rapidly. Kyrgyzstan, for example, has seen a 5.6-fold increase in population in the last 90 years of this century, a doubling of population in the last three decades, and an absolute increase of more than 2 million people. The same is true of Uzbekistan, which had 5 million people in 1959, doubled to 10.5 million in 1979, approached 20 million in 1989, and almost doubled again; Fifth, urbanization has made great progress since the beginning of this century. Urban population It has increased from about 10% to about 40% in some parts of Kazakhstan Urbanization level Highest, as Karaganda , Jezkazgan , The state of Mangestau City dweller That's 80 to 90 percent of the population in those states. The growth of the urban population before the 1970s was mainly due to immigration from the European region, and after the 1970s mainly from within the Republic Population mobility The factors. However, in some parts of Central Asia, such as Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, due to Rural population The natural growth rate greatly exceeds Natural growth rate of urban population As well as Russians moving out, the share of the urban population has declined since 2000.

A corner of the Irtysh River

National race

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EDITOR

nation

At the beginning of the 20th century, the main ethnic groups in Central Asia were Kazakhs, Turkmen, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, and Pashtuns. Soviet With the development of socialist economic construction in Central Asia, a large number of Russian and other Slavic residents moved into Central Asia, and other ethnic groups, such as the Tatars, Germans, and Goryeos, were forcibly moved into Central Asia by the government authorities. Since the 21st century, the Central Asian republics have become Multi-ethnic state . According to the The Soviet Union According to the 1989 census, there are more than 130 ethnic groups living in Central Asia. The main ethnic composition of the five Central Asian States is: the resident peoples, that is, the republics Main nationality And the Russians.

race

Among the peoples of Central Asia, the ethnic composition is not unique, and the following are the main ethnic groups.

Major nationality
nation	race
Kazakh	for Mongoloid Siberia Sum of types Europaean Hybrid types between Indian Pamir types ( Turanrace ).
Turkmen	The Turan race.
Uzbek	The Turan race.
Kyrgyz	A Siberian type of Mongoloid with some Europa ancestry.
Tajik	European race Indian Pamir type.
The Pashtuns	European race Indian Pamir type.

Map of the world population distribution

Ethnic proportion

Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Afghanistan

(1996) (1994) (1994) (1994) (1990)

Map of ethnic distribution in Central Asia

one Kazakhstan 48.1% Uzbekistan 73% Kyrgyzstan 56.5% Tajik 65% Turkmenistan 72%

2 Russia 34.1% Russia 8% Russia 18.8% Uzbekistan 26% Russia 10%

three Ukraine 4.9% Tajik 5% Uzbek 12.9% Russian 2% Uzbek 9%

four Germany 2.4% Kazakhstan 4% Ukraine 2.1% Tatar 1.4% Kazakhstan 3%

5 Uzbekistan 2.3% Karakalpak 2% Germany 1% Kyrgyzstan 1.3% Ukraine 1% ^[8]

Main nationality

The main ethnic group is only represented in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan supermajority (more than 2/3). Kazakh nationality In Kazakhstan it accounted for 30% in 1959, 36% in 1979, and only reached 39.7% in 1989, becoming the largest ethnic group in the country, but still not reaching the country Total population A simple majority of (more than 1/2). After independence, Kazakhstan established a "self-determination Kazakh nation-state" and was concerned that Kazakhs did not constitute a majority of the country's population. Since 2001, Kazakhstan has taken a number of measures calling on Kazakhs from abroad to "return home", along with Russians, Germans and others Slavs Residents moved out, and the proportion of Kazakhs in the total population increased. But the country's economic development is not booming, it is not attractive to Kazakhs outside the country, and at the expense of non-Kazakhs, especially Russians, it may force an accelerated exodus of these people, which will not only cause Inter-ethnic relations Tension and social unrest, and will cause serious damage to the economic development of the Republic. After 2004, the country is adjusting its ethnic policies to discourage the use of technology and Management ability The Russians ran away. According to official reports, Kazakhs accounted for more than half of the country's total population at the beginning of 1996, that is, more than 8 million people. This means that in the eight years from 1989 to 1996, the Kazakh population increased by more than 1.7 million people, or more than 200,000 people per year.

Russian

Russia There are about 10 million people in the five countries of Central Asia, of which about 6 million live in Kazakhstan, especially in the cities. It has a large proportion in several northern Kazakh oblasts. In the last two or three decades, the absolute population of Russians in some countries has increased, but their share in the total population of the Republic has decreased year by year. For example, the number of Russians in Uzbekistan increased from 1.473 million in 1970 to 1.624 million in 1989, but the proportion of the population dropped from 12.5% to 8%. The number of Russians in Kyrgyzstan increased from 624,000 in 1959 to 940,000 in 1990, but the proportion of the population decreased from 30.2% to 21.5%. In the five Central Asian countries, Russians make up 20 percent of the region's total population Collapse of the Soviet Union 40% of Russians living outside the Russian Federation. Therefore, the question of the status of the Russians in the Central Asian countries is not only the most important among them National problem It is also one of the most important issues in the relations between the Russian Federation and these countries.

Languages by country

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EDITOR

Each ethnic group in Central Asia has its own language. Data from the 1989 all-Soviet census indicate that Ben National language More than 90% are native speakers, but this situation does not accurately reflect the actual state of language use. Take the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan, for example Statistical data Said 99.6% of Kazakhs believe Kazakh language The native language is spoken fluently by 62.8% of Kazakhs Second language Russian. but Presidents of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev "The language of the main ethnic group (referring to the Kazakh language) is not used in state organs and has become the language of the 'kitchen' of life." Almost 30% of Kazakhs either generally do not speak Kazakh or have a poor command of it. Grandpa can no longer talk to his little grandson in his native language." On the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union, all Central Asian countries promulgated it Language law Establish the national status of the main national language, and take Russian as the inter-ethnic language. The rule has caused unease among Russians, with statistics showing that only 0.9 percent of Kazakhstan's 6.22 million Russians are fluent in their second language. The new Constitution of Kazakhstan, adopted in 1995, does not explicitly grant Russian the status of a second national language, but stipulates that Russian and Kazakh can be officially used on an equal footing in state organizations and local institutions. In Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, the national language is better than in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, but Russian is also widely used in these countries.

Religion by country

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EDITOR

The Central Asian countries are multi-religious regions where Islam predominates. The main ethnic groups of the Central Asian countries, Kazakh, Turkman, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik and Pashtun, all believe in Islam. Also, live here The people of Karakalpak Uyghur, Donggan, Tatar are also among them Moslem Nation. These ethnic groups generally believe in Islam, and the number of believers still accounts for a considerable proportion of the population. The Islamization of Central Asia is almost a thousand years old. October Revolution Later, Soviet government In practice Freedom of religious belief At the same time, he always identified religion as the most conservative Social ideology For 70 years, anti-religious propaganda, atheism Propaganda as communism Ideological field An important task in... It is unclear how many Christians there are in Central Asia, and no official statistics have been made and no such figures have been published. some sociologist Some figures are provided, but vary widely (from 1/3 to 1/2 to 80% of Muslim residents). Because there is no scientific basis, it is difficult to say which number is more accurate. It is worth noting that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Islam Religious thought There has been a "revival" in Central Asia, which has something to do with a crisis of upheaval in faith Direct connection , but also from A surname The clearest example of the influence of the Islamic Revival movement is, Civil war in Tajikistan It has a strong religious color. Central Asian governments, despite their more liberal religious policies, have so far maintained a stance against religious interference in politics. The vast majority of Muslims in Central Asia are Sunni, with only a small minority of Hazaras being Shia. In addition, Russians in Central Asia, Slavic group There are a significant number of residents Orthodox Church Some people believe in Catholicism, Protestantism and Judaism The number of these believers is small.

National conditions

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nation	Area (10,000 square kilometers)	Population/persons (2020)	GDP ($100 million, 2018)	GDP per capita (US $, 2018)
Kazakhstan	272.49	18776707	1447.02	8480
Uzbekistan	44.74	33469203	505.00	1532
Kyrgyzstan	19.85	6524195	80.93	1281
Turkmenistan	48.81	6031200	407.61	6967
Tajikistan	14.31	9537645	75.23	827
Afghanistan	64.75	32200000	193.63	521

The exception is Kazakhstan, which is twice the size of the other four republics combined. Uzbekistan, though only one-sixth the size of Kazakhstan, has nearly 40 percent more people. Here are five Central Asian countries Physical geography , human geography and brief history are summarized below.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the five Central Asian states became independent Sovereign state . However, it still maintains close ties with Russia, and as of 2013, all four countries except Turkmenistan were in the top 10. The Commonwealth of Independent States "( CIS ).

2022年1月25日，中华人民共和国主席习近平同 Kazakhstan President of the Republic Mikhail Tokayev, Kyrgyz Republic President Zaparov, Tajikistan President of the Republic Emomali Rahmon, Presidents of Turkmenistan Berdymukhamedov, Uzbekistan President of the Republic Mirziyoyev held Video summit on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and five Central Asian countries . ^[9]

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