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Ukraine ( Ukrainian : The guard guard guard guard guard, English : Ukraine), the capital Kyiv , located in Eastern Europe , The Black Sea , Azov Sea The North Shore. Northern neighbours Belarus Northeast connection Russia , Siljan Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , Namtong Romania , Moldova Adjacent. One's subordinates Temperate continental climate The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, Mineral resources Rich. With a total area of 603,700 square kilometers, it is the second largest country in Europe, and the country is divided into 24 cantons and 1 autonomous republic. Republic of Crimea ), 2 municipalities (capital Kyiv and The city of Sevastopol ). As of September 2022, the total population of Ukraine is 41.13 million (excluding Crimea region ), with more than 110 ethnic groups, Ukrainian nationality 77%, Russian nationality 17%, mainly believe Orthodox Church and Catholicism . The official language is Ukrainian , Russian Widely used. ^[5]

Paleolithic age Early traces of ancient human activity exist in the present territory of Ukraine. The word "Ukraine" was first used in the Rus Chronicles of 1187, meaning "frontier land". In 1240, Mongol Empire The expeditionary force captured Kiev. After Mongolia The Golden Horde , Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland Then he ruled Ukraine. 1654, leader of the Ukrainian Cossacks Khmelnytsky With the signing of the Pereyaslav Contract with the Russian Tsar, Ukraine and Russia officially merged. He joined in 1922 The Soviet Union (Western Ukraine joined in 1939). On July 16, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine adopted the Declaration on the Sovereignty of the State of Ukraine. On 24 August 1991, Ukraine declared its independence.

Ukraina Developing country The level of agricultural production is high, especially in industry Manufacturing industry Development is relatively backward. Ukraine is the fifth largest country in the world IT service Exporting country, too Central and Eastern Europe The largest software development programming and IT outsourcing services market. 2021, Ukraine Gross domestic product That's about $200 billion. ^[5]

Chinese name: Ukraine ^[1]
Foreign name: У seem р а ї н а ^[1] (in Ukrainian)
Ukraine (English)
continent: Europe
capital: Kyiv ^[1]
Major city: Kharkov , Vinnytsa , Odessa , Donetsk , Lviv Etc. ^[1]
National Day: August 24, 1991 ^[1]
National song: " Ukraine is still alive "
Country code: UKR
Official language: Ukrainian ^[1]
currency: The Hryvna ^[1]
Time zone: UTC+2
Political system: A semi-presidential republic
National leader: Vladimir Zelensky ^[1] (President) , Janis Shmigal ^[2] (Prime Minister)

Population number: 41.13 million ^[1] (September 2022, excluding Crimea)
Population density: 75.5 people/km2 ^[3] (2020)
Major nationality: Ukrainians , Russian
Major religion: Orthodox Church ^[1]
Land area: 603700 km²
Water area ratio: 7%
Total GDP: $200 billion (Year 2021)
Per capita GDP: $4,835.6 (Year 2021)
International telephone area code: 380
International domain name abbreviation: .ua
Road access: Drive on the right
Leading institution: Kiev State University , Kiev International Civil Aviation University Etc.
State structure: Unitary system
Central bank: National Bank of Ukraine
Important river: The Dnieper River , The Dniester River

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Subject article: History of Ukraine

In the early Paleolithic period, there are traces of ancient human activity in the present territory of Ukraine.

In the late 2000s and early 1000s BC, the Kimiri, the oldest ethnic group in Eastern Europe, began to settle in the Ukrainian steppes.

In the 7th to 5th centuries BC, from" Asia Minor The Greeks who came from the Greek Peninsula established a number of immigrant city-states along the Black Sea coast and formed slave states, and the Greeks gradually migrated and settled in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and the country of Bospor appeared on the Kerch and Taman peninsula of the Black Sea. ^[39]

Around the 5th century, between the Dnieper and Transdniester and the lower Danube southwest and between the northern Donetts, there was a group of Eastern Slavs, also known as the Andi people. The Andis had a strong military organization and fought wars against the Byzantines and Avars. The occupation of large tracts of land by noble clans and tribes, the enslavement of prisoners of war and the poor, led to the disintegration of the primitive social system of the East Slavs and the formation of a tribal alliance of the East Slavs with the character of an early state.

Around the 10th century, the East Slavic tribes formed the feudal principality of Kievan Rus with Kiev as the center.

In 1187, the word "Ukraine" was first used in the Rus Chronicles, meaning "frontier land".

During the 12th and 13th centuries, Kievan Rus' rise and fall was divided. The feudal princes were divided into several Rus duchies, of which the Duchy of Galicia and the Duchy of Warren played an important role.

In 1240, the Mongol Expeditionary Force (Batu) captured Kiev. Ukraine was later ruled by the Mongol Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Poland.

From about the 14th century onwards, the Ukrainians began to break away from the Ancient Rus and gradually formed a single people with a unique language, culture and customs.

In 1648, under the conditions of ethnic, class and religious contradictions, the Ukrainian Cossack leader Bogdan Khmelnytsky led an uprising, which was brutally suppressed by the Polish army and forced him to ask for help from the powerful Russian Principality.

In 1653, the Zemsky Sobor accepted the request. The following year, the Pellyaslav Cossacks Congress adopted the decision to unite Ukraine with Russia, which became known as the Pellyaslav Agreement. Treaty of Pereyaslavl ). The agreement placed Ukraine under the protection of Russia.

In 1654, the Ukrainian Cossack leader Khmelnytsky signed the Pereyaslav Contract with the Russian Tsar, which officially merged Ukraine and Russia. Since then, Ukraine has had its own government, but it has not played a substantial role. From 1654 to 1667, Russia and Poland fought a 13-year war.

In the 18th century, during the period of rapid development of the feudal agricultural economy in Ukraine, although the feudal serfdom was still dominant, it began to collapse, handicraft industry and bourgeois private ownership of land were developed, and commodity production and trade were thriving.

In 1861, the reform of serfdom in Russia and Ukraine made Ukraine Capitalist system Gradually establish.

In 1889, the first Marxist group in Ukraine appeared in Kiev.

In 1905-1907, during the first Revolution in Russia, political strikes were held in the major industrial centers of Ukraine. The Soviets of Workers' deputies were also established in Kiev, Nikolayev and other cities, and there was an uprising of sailors in the Black Sea Fleet. Due to Tsarist repression, the Ukrainian revolution fell to a low tide in 1906-1917.

In 1917, Soviet power was established in eastern Ukraine and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was established.

1920 Ukraine signed a treaty of union with Russia.

In December 1922, the 7th All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets called for the creation of the Soviet Union. On December 30 of the same year, Ukraine joined forces with Russia, Belarus and Russia South Caucasus Federation And other countries jointly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .

On September 1, 1939, German Fascists attacked Poland, leading to the demise of the Polish government. On 17 September the same year, the Red Army invaded and occupied Polish-administered Western Ukraine. In November of the same year, Western Ukraine joined the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

In June 1940, the Soviet government forcibly forced Romania to hand over Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to Ukraine on the grounds that the two regions were Russian and predominantly Ukrainian.

In October 1944, the Soviet Army was liberated Hitler Occupied outer Carpathian Ukraine.

On June 29, 1945, the Soviet Union signed the Trans-Carpathian Ukraine Treaty with the Czechoslovak Republic, which transferred the territory of Trans-Carpathian Ukraine to Ukraine. Thus, the historic process of unifying the entire territory of Ukraine was completed. On 16 August the same year, the Soviet Union signed a treaty with Poland on the Polish-Ukrainian border. In this way, the post-war borders of Ukraine with Poland and Czechoslovakia were redefined.

On February 19, 1954, during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, the Russian Federation was established Khrushchev The proposal is that the Soviet Union give the Crimea region, which was seized in the Russo-Turkish war, from Russia to Ukraine. The territory of Ukraine became the size it is today.

On 16 July 1990, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Declaration on the Sovereignty of the State of Ukraine.

On 24 August 1991, Ukraine declared its independence. December 5 of the same year with Russia, Belarus Signing of the agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) at Belovay Day; On December 25th of the same year, Collapse of the Soviet Union Ukraine became an independent country.

In 1996, Ukraine adopted a new constitution, which defines Ukraine as a sovereign, independent, democratic state under the rule of law and a republic. ^[5]

On July 7, 2023, the governments of New Zealand and Japan said that Ukraine had formally applied to New Zealand to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). ^[28]

Local time on February 12, 2024, the National News Agency of Ukraine Ukrainian President Volodymyk Zelensky has signed a bill extending the state of war and general mobilization for another 90 days until May 13, 2024. ^[33]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Ukraine is located in the eastern part of Europe, on the northern shore of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, bordering Russia and Belarus to the east and north, and the West Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , Namtong Romania , Moldova Adjacency is the geopolitical intersection of the EU and the CIS countries, and the geographical position is very important. Ukraine is 1,316 kilometers long from east to west and 893 kilometers long from north to south, with a total area of 603,700 square kilometers, making it the second largest country in Europe. ^[5]

Ukraine

landform

Topographic map of Ukraine

Most of Ukraine belongs to the Eastern European plain, and the highest mountain in the western Carpathian Mountains is Mount Govira, which is 2,061 meters above sea level. To the south are the Roman-Kosh mountains of Crimea. The northeast is part of the Central Russian Highlands, and the southeast is the coastal hills of the Sea of Azov and the Donetsk Mountains. ^[5]

climate

Most of Ukraine has a temperate continental climate. The average temperature in January is -7.4 ° C and in July 19.6 ° C. ^[5]

Natural resources

Mineral resources

Ukraine is rich in mineral resources, has been proved to have more than 80 kinds of rich minerals that can be mined, mainly coal, iron, manganese, nickel, titanium, uranium, mercury, graphite, refractory, stone, etc., widely distributed in the country more than 7,000 production areas, of which more than 4,000 areas have been developed. Manganese ore exceeds 2.18 billion tons, ranking first in the world; Iron ore reserves of about 27.5 billion tons; Coal, fuel ore, clay, earth wax and graphite reserves are also abundant. Oil and natural gas resources are relatively scarce, and the dependence on foreign countries is high. In 2019, natural gas exploitation was 20.7 billion cubic meters, down 1.4% year-on-year, and imports were 14.2 billion cubic meters, up 34.9% year-on-year. In 2019, 1.99 million tons of oil were extracted, up 5.7% year-on-year, and 790,000 tons were imported, up 3.1% year-on-year.

Ukraine's coal reserves are 44.734 billion tons, of which 41.49 billion tons of hard coal and 2.594 billion tons of lignite. Affected by the conflict in the Donbass region and other factors, Ukraine's coal production has declined year after year, with a total of 31.21 million tons mined in 2019, down 6.2% year-on-year.

Water resources

Ukraine has abundant water resources, with 23,000 rivers, more than 20,000 lakes, and more than 100 rivers with a flow length of more than 100 kilometers. The longest river, the Dnieper, originates in Russia and flows from north to south into the Black Sea, with a length of 981 km in Ukraine.

Animal and plant resources

Ukraine is rich in plant resources, with a forest coverage rate of 15.9%. There are about 30,000 species of lower and higher plants. The main tree species are: pine, oak, spruce, fir, linden tree, maple, silver birch and so on. Including the territorial waters of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, there are about 44,800 animal species. ^[5]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Zoning details

As of April 1, 2020, Ukraine is divided into 27 administrative divisions, including 2 municipalities, 24 administrative oblasts, and 1 autonomous Republic. There are 461 cities, 490 counties, 877 united communities, 108 municipal districts, and 29,718 residential areas. ^[5]

Subdivisions of Ukraine
Administrative division	name	The capital
Municipalities (2)	Kyiv	-
Municipalities (2)	Sevastopol (Russian occupation)	-
States (24)	Kyiv Oblast	Kyiv
	Vinnitsa Oblast	Vinnytsa
	Warren State	Lutsk
	Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	Dnieper
	Donetsk Oblast	Donetsk
	Zhytomyr Oblast	Zhitomir
	The TransCarpathian Oblast	Uzhgorod
	Zaporozha Oblast	Zaporozha
	Ivano-frankivsk Oblast	Ivano Frankovsk
	Kirovgrad Oblast	Klopevnytsky
	Luhansk Oblast	Luhansk
	Lviv Oblast	Lviv
	Nikolayev Oblast	Nikolaev
	Odessa Oblast	Odessa
	Poltava State	Poltava
	Rovno Oblast	Rivno
	Sumei Prefecture	Sumy
	Ternopil Oblast	Ternopil
	Kharkiv Oblast	Kharkov
	Kherson Oblast	Gerson
	Khmelnytsky Oblast	Khmelnytsky
	Cherkasser State	Cherkasser
	Chernivtsi Oblast	Chernovtsi
	Chernigov Oblast	Chernigov
Autonomous Republic (1)	Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Russian occupation)	Simferopol

Major city

Kiev scenery

Kyiv It is the capital of Ukraine, with a population of 2.95 million and an area of 827 square kilometers, located in the middle reaches of the Dnieper River and its largest tributary Pripyat River and the confluence of the Dnieper River, is the national political, economic, cultural and scientific center. Founded in 482 AD, Kiev was one of the political and cultural centers of the ancient Slavic peoples. At the end of the 9th century, Kievan Rus' capital was established here, and it gained the title of "mother of Rus' cities". From the end of the 10th century to the beginning of the 11th century, the city of Kiev prospered and became known as the "imperial city" on the Dnieper River. In 1654, Ukraine was united with Russia, and Kiev became a Russian border town. Napoleon once said, "To take Kiev is to seize Russia by both feet." In the Second World War, Germany assembled heavy troops to attack Kiev, Kiev's army and people fought bravely, and the battle under the city lasted 77 days, winning the title of "hero city".

Kharkiv City It is the second largest city in Ukraine, an important industrial center of the country, with a population of 1.4709 million, an area of 350 square kilometers, and was the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from January 1920 to June 1934. Odessa is an important port city in Ukraine with a population of 1,011,500 and an area of 162 square kilometers.

National symbol

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EDITOR

flag

Flag of Ukraine

Flag of Ukraine It is rectangular, composed of two parallel and equal horizontal rectangles in blue and yellow, and the ratio of length to width is 3:2. Ukraine was established in 1917 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic In 1922, it became a republic of the former Soviet Union, and since 1952, it has adopted a red flag similar to the flag of the former Soviet Union with a five-pointed star, sickle and hammer pattern, but the lower part of the flag has a wide blue edge. Independence was declared in 1991 and restored in 1992 Ukrainian People's Republic The blue and yellow flags are the national flags.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Ukraine

Coat of arms of Ukraine For the coat of arms. The golden Trident on the blue shield is the main body of the national emblem, which is Grand Duke Vladimir The symbol of the Kyiv state symbolizes the long history of the Ukrainian nation and the continuity of its development, as well as the revival of the idea of the Ukrainian state and the struggle for national independence.

National anthem

Ukraine is Still on Earth
lyric	Chinese lyrics
Щ ersatya ersatya ersatya ersatya ersatya, ersatya ersatya, ersatya ersatya, Щ Shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m, shea - m. A surname, a surname, a surname, a surname For instance, the courtyard is prohibitive and the courtyard is prohibitive and the courtyard is prohibitive and prohibitive. П р и с п yongjiang kind guide: Dasych occlusal occlusion occlusion occlusion occlusion occlusion occlusion occlusion occlusion occlusion І, then, baseline, baseline, baseline, baseline, baseline, baseline, baseline, baseline, baseline, baseline.	Ukraine is alive, her glory, her freedom, Above our fellow men, fate will smile again. Our enemies will disappear like dew in the morning, Fellow citizens, we shall rule our own free land. Chorus (sung twice) : We will give our souls and bodies to be free, My fellow citizens, we will show that we belong Cossack Nation.

Population nationality

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EDITOR

population

As of September 2022, the total population of Ukraine is 41.13 million (excluding Crimea). The salient problem of Ukraine's population is the obvious downward trend, which has decreased by about 10 million since independence. The average life expectancy of male residents is about 67 years, and that of female residents is about 77 years. The capital city of Kiev has an estimated population of 2.95 million. Among the regions of the country, the most densely populated regions are Kiev Oblast, Donetsk Oblast , Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast, Lviv Oblast , Odessa Oblast . The least populated region is the western Chernivtsi Oblast, with 900,000 people. There are about 8,000 Chinese in Ukraine, mainly concentrated in Odessa, Kiev and Kharkiv. ^[5]

nation

More than 110 ethnic groups, 77% Ukrainians, 17% Russians.

political

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EDITOR

Political situation

At the end of November 2013, the Ukrainian authorities announced the suspension of the signing of the association agreement with the European Union, which triggered large-scale protests and escalated into bloody conflicts. The opposition seized power through the "color revolution" violence, and Yanukovych was dismissed as president, resulting in the outbreak of Ukrainian crisis. On March 16, 2014, according to the results of the referendum in the Crimea region (including the city of Sevastopol), Russia accepted the region as a new federal subject. On May 11, Ukraine's eastern Donetsk and Luhansk regions held referendums and declared the establishment of "people's republics". On 25 May, in the sixth (irregular) presidential election, Poroshenko was elected president. The government's push for an "anti-terrorist operation" in the southeast has caused widespread bloodshed. Under the efforts of the international community, the two sides of the conflict reached a ceasefire agreement in Minsk in early September, but small-scale exchanges of fire still occur from time to time. On February 12, 2015, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and France held talks in Minsk and finally reached a consensus on easing the conflict in eastern Ukraine. In the Minsk Contact Group, the representatives of Russia, Ukraine, the OSCE and the leaders of the civil armed forces in eastern Ukraine signed a package of measures to implement the Minsk ceasefire agreement of September 2014, and the leaders of the four countries issued a statement supporting it. Since then, the leaders of the four countries have met several times, but no substantive progress has been made.

On April 21, 2019, the second round of voting for the new presidential election was held, and Zelensky was elected with 73.19% of the votes, and took office on May 20. On 21 July, Ukraine held its ninth (non-routine) parliamentary election. President Zelensky's Public Servants Party won 254 of the 450 seats, giving it the right to form a separate government. On 4 March 2020, Prime Minister Gunchaluk resigned, and the former Deputy Prime Minister in charge of community and territorial development, Shmegarh, became Prime Minister.

On February 21, 2022, Russia announced that it recognized the independence of the "Donetsk People's Republic" and the "Luhansk People's Republic". On February 24, Russia announced a special military operation in eastern Ukraine.

regime

The Ukrainian government is a parliamentary presidential system, the president is the supreme head of state, is directly elected for a term of 5 years, can be reelected, but not more than two terms. The Parliament of Ukraine, known as the Verkhovna Rada, is unicameral and consists of 450 members who serve five-year terms.

constitution

On June 28, 1996, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the first post-independence Constitution, which established Ukraine as a sovereign, independent, democratic state under the rule of law and a republic. The President is the supreme head of state; The Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) is the legislature; The government is an executive branch, accountable to the President. ^[5]

congress

Parliament of Ukraine Known as the Verkhovna Rada, it is the country's highest legislative body, with a unicameral system consisting of 450 members who serve five-year terms. There shall be a speaker, a first deputy speaker and a deputy Speaker. In July 2019, the 9th (non-routine) parliamentary election was held in Ukraine, and the "Servants of the People" party led by President Zelensky, the "Opposition Platform - For Life" party led by Boyko, the Fatherland Party led by former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, the "European Solidarity" party led by former President Petro Poroshenko, and the "Voice" party led by singer Vakarchuk entered the parliament. The current ruling party is the Public Servants Party, which holds 238 seats in parliament. The "Opposition Platform - For Life" party has been banned since May 14, 2022.

The parliament mainly performs legislative and supervisory functions, including approving and amending the state budget and supervising government administration. The Parliament has 28 specialized committees on agricultural policy and land, combating corruption and organized crime, construction and transportation, post and telecommunications, budget, state building and local autonomy, environmental policy and natural resource utilization, economic policy, and European integration. ^[5]

government

According to the Law on the Government of Ukraine, the Government is the highest executive body of state power and is accountable to the President. Candidates for Prime Minister of the Government are nominated by the President on the recommendation of the parliamentary majority and appointed by the Parliament. If the President does not nominate a candidate for Prime Minister to the Parliament within the statutory time limit, the Parliament will appoint the Prime Minister on the basis of the nomination of the majority.

The President is the supreme head of state, who is directly elected for a five-year term and can be re-elected for no more than two terms. Since independence, the presidents of Ukraine have been: Kravchuk (July 1991-July 1994), Kuchma (First elected in July 1994, reelected in November 1999), Yushchenko (January 2005 to February 2010), Yanukovych (January 2010 to February 2014), Poroshenko (May 2014 to May 2019), Zelensky (Assumed office on May 20, 2019).

The current government, formed in March 2020, includes a Prime Minister, a First Deputy Prime Minister, four Deputy Prime Ministers, and 16 ministers. Prime Minister Janis Shmegal. The main government officials are: First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy Yulia Sviridenko, Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmitry Kureba, Minister of Defense Rustum Umerov, Minister of Interior Igor Klimenko. ^[5] ^[29]

judiciary

The judicial system of Ukraine consists of the Constitutional Court, the courts and the Prosecutor's Office. The Constitutional Court is the highest judicial body that upholds the Constitution. The Constitutional Court's decision is final and cannot be appealed. The Ukrainian court system consists of ordinary courts and specialized courts. The highest judicial organ of the Ordinary Courts is the Supreme Court of Ukraine. The highest judicial organ of the special court is the corresponding Supreme Court. The court is the sole authority to exercise jurisdiction. The Constitution and laws of Ukraine guarantee the independence and inviolability of judges. Judges hold office for life. The Public Prosecutor's Office system consists of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine, the regional public Prosecutor's Office and the regional Public Prosecutor's Office. ^[5]

Political party

As of January 1, 2020, there are 349 political parties registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, but only about 30 are active, and 22 political parties are participating in the 9th parliamentary elections. Political parties in Ukraine often unite, divide, change their names and reorganize around parliamentary elections, and their voter bases are not fixed. The mainstream ideology is pro-European, liberal, populist ideology has risen, the main political parties are:

Political party
Political party	Introduction of political parties
The People's Servants Party	Formerly known as the "Firm Change Party", it was registered on December 2, 2017, and is a member of the current President Zelensky. The current chairman of the party is Kornienko. The party won 254 seats in the 9th parliamentary election, the first party to win a parliamentary majority since independence.
The Party of European Unity	The party, formerly known as the Poroshenko Group, originated from the Unity Party founded on February 28, 2001, Poroshenko became the leader of the party, on August 27, 2014, renamed the Poroshenko Group, and in August 2015, merged with the Blow Party. In May 2019, it changed its name to the European Unity Party.
Opposition platform - For Life Party	Founded in September 2014, it consists of six political parties (Ukrainian Development Party, Central Party, New Political Party, National Neutral Party, Kadima Party of Ukraine, Labor Party of Ukraine), uniting some former members of the Party of Regions. The current chairmen are Boiko and Rabinovitch, and the party is considered to be Pro-Russian. In the ninth Parliament, the party won 43 parliamentary seats, making it the second largest party.
All-ukrainian Fatherland Union	A coalition of political parties formed on the basis of the "Tymoshenko Union" on the eve of the 2012 parliamentary elections, chaired by Tymoshenko. In the ninth Parliament, the party won 26 parliamentary seats.
Sound party	Founded in May 2019, the party is chaired by singer Vakarchuk. In the ninth Parliament, the party won 20 parliamentary seats.
Self-help party	Founded in October 2012, it believes that Ukraine is a single national body and should learn to help and support each other. The current chairman of the party is the Mayor of Lviv, Sardovoi.
Lyashko Radical Party	Founded in August 2010 under the leadership of Lyashko, he is known for his radical nationalism and populism. ^[5]

dignitaries

Vladimir Zelensky

Current President: Vladimir Zelensky (Vladimir Zelensky, S.S.R.), born on January 25, 1978 in Kryvologh City, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine, Jewish, comedian. In 2015, Zelensky played the role of "President of Ukraine" in the TV series Servants of the People; On April 21, 2019, Zelensky was elected the sixth President of Ukraine, defeating then-President Petro Poroshenko. On May 20, 2019, Zelensky was sworn in as President of Ukraine at the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine; On 25 February 2022, Zelensky became Chairman of the Supreme High Command of Ukraine.

Current Prime Minister: Denis Shmygal (in office since March 2020). ^[5]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

At the end of 2013, the second "Square Revolution" broke out in Ukraine, and the political and economic situation was convulsed. Dragged down by the war in the East and other factors, the economy declined sharply between 2014 and 2015 (real GDP fell by 6.8% in 2014 and 9.9% in 2015). The economy recorded positive growth from 2016 to 2019. ^[5]

In 2020, due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, Ukraine's GDP fell by 4% year-on-year to $151.5 billion. In 2021, the economic situation has improved, with GDP growing by 3.2% year on year, about $200 billion, inflation rate 10%, unemployment rate 10.3%, foreign trade of $140.91 billion, of which exports of $68.09 billion, an increase of 38.4%, imports of $72.82 billion, an increase of 34%. In 2022, due to the impact of the Ukraine crisis, GDP fell 29.1%, inflation rate 26.5%, foreign trade of $80.767 billion, of which exports of $36.858 billion, down 45.8%, imports of $43.909 billion, down 39.7%. From January to September 2023, Uzbekistan's GDP grew by 5.3% year-on-year, including 2.4% year-on-year growth in the first quarter and 19.5% year-on-year growth in the second quarter, with an inflation rate of 15.3%. From January to July, its foreign trade increased by 4% to 49.8 billion US dollars, including exports of 19.4 billion US dollars and imports of 30.4 billion US dollars.

agriculture

Ukraine is rich in agricultural resources, agricultural land 41.5 million hectares, accounting for 70% of the land area. The soil is fertile, and the area of black soil is 24.8986 million hectares, accounting for 27% of the world's total black soil. Abundant water resources, convenient irrigation, suitable for agricultural production. The main crops of Ukraine include cereals, oil crops, sugar crops and potatoes. Ukraine's crop output can reach 1.5 to 2 times its domestic demand on average, and in addition to self-sufficiency, it also exports to the European Union, Asia, and North Africa. Ukraine is already the world's largest exporter of sunflower oil and sunflower meal, the third largest exporter of cereals, the third largest exporter of rapeseed and walnuts, the fourth largest exporter of barley and corn, and the sixth largest exporter of soybeans. Sugar products also have a significant share of the European market.

In 2019, Ukraine's agricultural output value was 409.3 billion hryvnia, an increase of 3.8%, and the output of grain and grain beans was 75.143 million tons, an increase of 7.3%. Ukraine's exports of cereals, edible pulses and flour in the 2018/19 marketing year broke a record by reaching 50.4 million tons, up 23% year-on-year. As of April 22, 2020, Ukraine exported 48.95 million tons of grain in the 2019-2020 marketing year, an increase of 8.25 million tons, of which 18.55 million tons of wheat, 25.2 million tons of corn, 4.55 million tons of barley, and 290,200 tons of flour were exported. ^[5]

industry

Iron and steel industry

Ukraine's steelmaking process is relatively backward and the production mode is extensive. In 2019, Ukraine produced 20.8 million tons of steel, down 1.2% year-on-year, ranking 13th in the world's steel producing countries, accounting for 1.1% of the world's total steel production. In 2019, the output value of Ukraine's mining industry was 394.85 billion hryvnia, accounting for 15.9% of its industrial output, and exports of metal rolled parts accounted for 82% of the total output.

Military industry

Ukraine's military industry is well developed and is an important base of the former Soviet Union's military industry. Ukraine's military industry accounts for 30% of the defense industry of the former Soviet Union. Many enterprises and scientific research institutions in Ukraine are related to the defense industry, mainly concentrated in the machine manufacturing, fuel and power industry and high-tech sector, mainly producing rocket equipment, aerospace equipment, military ships, aircraft and missiles and other military products.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's military enterprises accelerated the pace of military conversion to civilian: first, vigorously develop civilian products, defense industry and machine manufacturing in the military sector mostly converted its production potential to civilian products and the technical transformation of various sectors of the national economy; Second, encourage military enterprises to tap the export potential, and encourage military enterprises that have converted to civilian products to produce more products for export to earn foreign exchange; Third, encourage some military enterprises that lack technology, capital and military orders to privatize, and allow foreign companies to buy, lease or make joint ventures; The fourth is to retain and develop the military industry in a leading position in science and technology, and the state will continue to support high-tech industries such as rockets and aerospace from the capital. In 2014, Russia-Ukraine relations deteriorated, Ukraine stopped military industrial cooperation with Russia, Ukraine's military industry contracted significantly, and its export market deteriorated. ^[5]

finance

Central bank

National Bank of Ukraine It's a central bank. It's completely independent. Its main duties include: exercising the functions of central banking and bank supervision, ensuring inflation targets, stabilizing the fiscal and payment systems, issuing money, formulating monetary and credit policies, approving and granting bank business licenses, and supervising financial institutions.

Commercial bank

According to the National Bank of Ukraine, as of April 1, 2020, there are 75 banks with operating licenses in Ukraine. Sberbank of Ukraine, Export-Import Bank of Ukraine, Privat Bank and Gas Bank are state-owned banks. The Bank was nationalized at the end of 2016 from a private bank to a state bank and is the largest commercial bank in Ukraine.

Securities market

The securities and stock markets of Ukraine were formed under the Law of Ukraine on Securities and Stock Markets of 1991, with the Ukrainian Stock Market Index (UX) starting at 1455.5 points. By presidential decree of 12 June 1995, the State Securities and Stock Market Commission was established to regulate the trading of stocks, government bonds and corporate bonds. There are 10 exchanges on the Ukrainian stock market: Ukraine Stock Exchange, Eastern European Stock Exchange, Futures Exchange, Ukraine Inter-Bank Exchange, Ukraine International Stock Exchange, Kiev International Stock Exchange, PFTS Stock Exchange, DNEpr Stock Exchange, UNNEX Stock Exchange, Ukraine Stock Exchange. Among them, the "First Securities exchange System" (PFTS) is the largest securities exchange market, its transaction volume accounts for 96% of the total securities transactions in the country, and the first securities exchange index (PFTS index) is also the main indicator reflecting the situation of the national securities market. ^[5]

currency

The currency of Ukraine is the hryvnia. The Ukrainian law on Foreign exchange control stipulates that the hryvnia is a freely convertible currency. At financial institutions and exchange points, the hryvnia can be bought and sold with the US dollar and the euro at any time. Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis, the hryvnia has fallen sharply from 8.25 to the dollar. On February 7, 2014, the Central Bank of Ukraine abandoned its foreign exchange policy of pegging the US dollar and began to adopt a flexible exchange rate policy. On February 5, 2015, the Central Bank of Ukraine gave up the guiding exchange rate, opened up the exchange rate fluctuation space, took the central bank central parity as the official exchange rate of the central bank, and realized the full marketization of interest rates.

According to the official exchange rate published by the National Bank of Ukraine on May 4, 2020, the hryvnia exchange rate was 26.96:1 against the US dollar, 29.29:1 against the euro and 3.82:1 against the RMB. ^[5]

Service industry

IT industry

Ukraine is the world's fifth largest exporter of IT services and the largest market for software development programming and IT outsourcing services in Central and Eastern Europe. Since 2000, Ukraine has maintained a leading position in the global IT outsourcing services market. Unlike the sharp decline of many industries in 2014, Ukraine's IT sector has maintained a steady momentum of development. There are more than 1,000 IT companies in Ukraine, 30% of which have been in business for more than 10 years, most of which are engaged in offshore software development. In addition, there are more than 250 small companies and 88,000 freelance programmers, 80% of the business is external markets, and the industry turnover is $1.1 billion.

Electronic commerce

Ukraine's e-commerce industry started in 2004 and began to develop rapidly after the 2008 financial crisis, with online transactions growing at an average annual rate of 30% between 2016 and 2018. In 2019, the e-commerce market capacity was 97.4 billion hryvnia, and the turnover of online goods and services from January to November 2019 was 76 billion hryvnia, an increase of 17% year-on-year. The development trend of Ukraine's e-commerce is that the boundary between online and offline is gradually blurred, consumers' trust in online shopping is gradually increasing, and the demand for daily necessities and children's products is growing rapidly, including shoes, technical equipment, electronic products, daily consumer goods and cosmetics. ^[5]

foreign trade

Ukraine radiation market scope mainly includes EU countries, CIS countries, North Africa and Central Asian countries. Due to the Crimea issue, the war in the east and natural gas issues, Ukraine's relations with Russia have deteriorated, and Ukraine's exports to Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States have been declining, while exports to EU countries have gradually increased.

Ukraine's domestic resources and industrial structure determine its import and export commodity structure is relatively simple, export commodities are mainly ferrous metals and food crops, and import commodities are mainly energy products such as oil and natural gas. These structural characteristics determine that its economic development is vulnerable to the international energy and raw material market conditions and its main energy suppliers.

Service trade

In 2019, Ukraine's total trade in services amounted to $21.77 billion, of which exports amounted to $15.24 billion, up 30.9% year on year, and imports amounted to $6.53 billion, up 3.5% year on year, with a trade surplus of $8.71 billion. ^[5]

Trade between China and Ukraine

China It is the largest trading partner of Ukraine, the largest source of imports and the largest export destination. Ukraine is China's second largest country in Eurasia Russia , Kazakhstan Its third largest trading partner.

In 2020, the bilateral trade volume between China and Ukraine reached 14.66 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 23.2%, of which China's exports to Ukraine were 6.87 billion US dollars, a decrease of 7%, and imports were 7.79 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 72.8%. In 2021, China-Ukraine trade overcame the adverse impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and grew by 29.7 percent to reach US $19.3 billion, of which China's exports to Ukraine reached US $9.4 billion, up 36.8 percent year-on-year, and imports reached US $9.89 billion, up 23.7 percent year-on-year.

Affected by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the bilateral trade volume between China and Ukraine from January to April 2022 was 5.12 billion US dollars, down 9.4% year-on-year, of which China's exports to Ukraine were 1.991 billion US dollars, down 15.7% year-on-year, and imports were 3.127 billion US dollars, down 4.8% year-on-year. ^[6]

Foreign investment

According to the National Statistics Agency of Ukraine, in 2019, Ukraine absorbed $2.53 billion in foreign direct investment flows, down 11.8% from the previous year; By the end of 2019, Ukraine had absorbed $35.81 billion of foreign direct investment stock. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Commerce of China, the flow of Chinese direct investment in Ukraine in 2019 was 53.32 million US dollars. By the end of 2019, China's direct investment stock in Ukraine was 158 million US dollars. There are 54 Chinese enterprises actually operating in Ukraine, mainly in communication, electronic products, infrastructure, agriculture, processing industry, manufacturing and other fields.

The main fields attracting foreign investment in Ukraine are manufacturing, wholesale and retail, finance and insurance, real estate, information and communication, food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing. As of the end of 2019, the stock of foreign direct investment in the above fields was 8.61 billion US dollars, 5.66 billion US dollars, 4.56 billion US dollars, 4.5 billion US dollars, 2.94 billion US dollars and 2.84 billion US dollars, respectively. ^[5]

Foreign aid

The assistance received by Ukraine is mainly from IMF, EU, World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the United States, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Germany and Poland, which is mainly used to stabilize Ukraine's macroeconomic situation, promote domestic reform, supplement the state budget and foreign exchange reserves. ^[5]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

The official language of Ukraine is Ukrainian . Most residents are fluent in Russian, and English is widely spoken among young people. Since independence, the Ukrainian government has attached great importance to the promotion and popularization of the Ukrainian language, and has given the Ukrainian language an obvious dominant position in the fields of school education, media publication and government documents by means of legislation. For historical reasons, Russian is still widely spoken in Ukraine, especially in the eastern part of the country. The strengthening of the status of the Ukrainian language has been accompanied by a crackdown on the Russian language. In 2014, the Parliament passed a bill to remove the status of Russian as an official language, which caused strong opposition from the Russian-speaking population in Ukraine. Language is still a sensitive issue that can easily lead to ethnic conflicts, but the vast majority of residents are more tolerant of foreigners' use of language in communication. ^[5]

religion

In Ukraine, Orthodox Church It is the most important religion, accounting for about 85% of all believers. The Orthodox Church is further divided into two churches loyal to the Russian Orthodox Church and to the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church, with no clear doctrinal or ritual difference between the two. Orthodox believers are widely distributed throughout the country, and Catholics account for about 10% of the population, mainly in the western regions of Ukraine; Baptists make up about 5% of the population, mainly in eastern Ukraine. The Constitution of Ukraine stipulates that the State exercises freedom of religious belief and does not interfere in religious activities. As Ukraine practiced ideological pluralism, various religious sects developed freely, and at the same time, contradictions between different religious sects increased. ^[5]

custom

The 13th and Friday are taboo for most Ukrainians. Like to give flowers, but should pay special attention to the number of flowers, to the odd number is appropriate, taboo even number (only for funerals and other occasions), it is not appropriate to send fake flowers. Most residents dote on dogs. In Ukraine, meals, accommodation generally need to pay tips (about 5% to 15% of the cost). ^[5]

diet

Ukraine's eating habits are roughly the same as those of Eastern European countries, with bread, milk, potatoes, beef, pork and dairy products as the main drinks, including kvass, tea, coffee, etc., and vodka, wine and beer as the main alcohol. Ukrainians are very particular about the use of cutlery, but also pay attention to dining etiquette, avoid pointing, talking loudly and tapping the dishes with knives and forks. In addition, the general banquet requires each person to toast, the third glass of wine is dedicated to the blessing of women. ^[5]

Festivals

Major festivals in Ukraine
date	Festival name	Derive from
January 1st	New Year	Gregorian New Year
January 7th	Christmas	Orthodox holiday commemorating the birth of Jesus
January 22nd	Unification Day	Commemorating the union of East and West Ukraine
March 8th	International Women's Day	International festival
The first Sunday after March 21 when a full moon appears	Easter	An Orthodox holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his crucifixion in 33 AD.
The first of May	International Workers' Day	International festival
On May 9th	V-Day	Commemorating the victory of World War II
June 28th	Constitution Day	Commemorating the promulgation of the first post-independence constitution in 1996
The 24th of August	Independence Day	Ukraine declared its independence from the Soviet Union
October 14th	Defender's Day	A new holiday proclaimed and established by the President of Ukraine in 2015

Military affairs

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EDITOR

The Ukrainian Army was formed on August 24, 1991, inheriting a large number of troops, weapons, equipment and strategic reserves of the former Soviet Army, including a large number of nuclear weapons and modern equipment. In 1992, Ukraine declared its non-nuclear, neutral and non-aligned policy, began large-scale disarmament, and destroyed a large number of nuclear weapons with the help of Russia and the United States. In February 1994, Ukraine became the first CIS country to join NATO's "Partnership for Peace" program and formally established cooperative relations with NATO. In 2014, Ukraine gave up its non-aligned status, regarded Russia as an "aggressor", announced that it would vigorously develop its arms and start a military recruitment program. In 2017, Ukraine had a total military strength of 250,000 with 1 million reserve personnel. In 2019, the national security and defense budget of Ukraine reached 211.9 billion hryvnia, accounting for 5.38% of GDP. The national security and defense budget for 2020 amounts to 245.8 billion hryvnia, accounting for 5.4% of GDP. The budget for national security and defense in 2021 is 267.3 billion hryvnia, accounting for 5.93% of GDP. On February 24, 2022, after Russia launched a special military operation, the Ukrainian Parliament passed a bill on the annual state budget "Increase in defense spending", and on August 15, the Ukrainian Parliament again passed an additional spending bill, which currently amounts to 1.2 trillion hryvnia (about 32.55 billion U.S. dollars) for defense and security spending. Since Russia launched the special military operation, Ukraine's average monthly military expenditure has been about 130 billion hryvnia (about 4.4 billion U.S. dollars). The current Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces: Alexander Sirsky ^[31] .

On September 30, 2022, Ukraine signed an application to join NATO ^[20] ; On the same day, Zelensky signed a presidential decree announcing the cancellation of the fall draft and the postponement of demobilization of active military personnel, emphasizing that active military personnel can be withdrawn only after demobilization has begun "in accordance with established procedures. Active duty ^[21] .

On July 27, 2023, the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) of Ukraine voted to extend the state of war for 90 days until November 15, 2023 ^[32] .

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

The length of roads in Ukraine is 169,000 km, of which 21,000 km are national roads and 148,000 km are local roads. In addition, there are 23 international highways in Ukraine with a total length of 8,093.9 km. Ukraine is an important transportation hub connecting Europe and Asia, with international road connections to neighboring countries Russia, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Moldova. In 2019, the freight volume of Ukraine's roads was 190 million tons, basically the same as in 2018, and the freight turnover was 48.906 million tons kilometers, an increase of 14.9%. The passenger volume was 1.8 billion, down 5.3% year-on-year, and the passenger turnover was 33.88 billion person-kilometers, down 2% year-on-year.

Ukraine has one of the worst road safety conditions in Europe, with about 55% of the country's main roads broken, and 12% of the country's traffic accidents are directly caused by road damage. ^[5]

railway

Ukraine inherited the developed railway transport network of the former Soviet Union, and the railway density ranks first not only in the CIS countries, but also in the forefront of Europe. There are six main railway lines in China, with a total length of 21,640.4 kilometers, of which 9,878 kilometers are electrified lines, accounting for 45%. There are three international railway transport corridors (Nos. 3, 5 and 9) running through the territory of Ukraine, with a traffic corridor of 3,162 km and railway connections with neighboring countries.

In 2019, the railway freight volume was 310 million tons, down 2.9% year-on-year, and the freight turnover was 181.845 billion tons kilometers, down 2.4% year-on-year. The passenger volume was 150 million, down 2% year-on-year, and the passenger turnover was 28.414 billion passenger-kilometers, down 0.9% year-on-year. As of the end of 2019, the cities with subways in Ukraine are: Kiev, Kharkiv and Dnieper, with a total length of 110.8 km. The Kiev Metro has three lines with a total length of 67.6 km and 52 stations. ^[5]

Air freight

According to the statistics of the Civil Aviation Authority of Ukraine, Ukraine has a total of 34 civil airports, of which 22 are international airports, the largest airport is Kiev "Borispol" international airport. In 2019, the air passenger volume was 13.7 million, up 9.4% year on year, and the passenger turnover was 30.241 billion passenger-kilometers, up 16.8% year on year. The freight volume was 100,000 tons, down 6.6% year-on-year, and the freight turnover was 296 million tons kilometers, down 13% year-on-year. ^[5]

Water transport

Ukraine is south of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, more than 2,000 kilometers of coastline, a total of 18 major commercial ports. The total navigable mileage of inland rivers is 1,672 kilometers, and the main navigable rivers include Dnieper, Dniester, Danube and Jesna, and there are 12 major river ports.

In 2019, Ukraine carried 700,000 passengers by water, an increase of 1.2%, and the passenger turnover was 25.8 million kilometers, a decrease of 6.5%. The freight volume was 6.1 million tons, an increase of 9%, and the freight turnover was 3.388 billion tons kilometers, an increase of 0.7%. The major sea ports of Ukraine are important transport hubs of the Black Sea, including the southern port, the port of Odessa, the port of Nikolayev, the port of the Black Sea (Ilichovsk port), the port of Kherson, the port of Mariupol, etc. ^[5]

society

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EDITOR

education

Basic education in Ukraine is a full-time, 11-year compulsory education. The education system mainly consists of preschool education, general secondary education, vocational and technical education, and higher education (including associate doctoral education and doctoral education). In the academic year 2019/2020, there were 619 institutions of higher education in Ukraine, with 1,439,600 students, and 383,800 graduates in the previous year, of which 25,245 were master's students and 1,113 doctoral students. College tuition is about $600 to $1,400 per year, and room and board costs an average of $1,200 to $1,500 per year. Famous universities in Ukraine include the National Kiev University, the National Aeronautical University, the National Technical University (Kiev Institute of Technology), the Kyiv Conservatory, the State Kharkiv University, the State Kharkiv Normal University, the State Lviv University, the State Simferopol University, and the Odessa Conservatory of Music.

According to the Legatum Prosperity Index, a British think tank, education in Ukraine ranked 37th out of 167 countries in 2019. ^[5]

hygiene

Ukrainian medical institutions are divided into two categories: public and private, of which public hospitals account for the majority, with lower charges, and are the first choice of most residents. General wards are generally free of charge or for a small fee. Usually, hospitals will write a list of free drugs for inpatients, and other drugs are at their own expense. Private hospitals in Ukraine are growing rapidly, but they are more expensive.

In 2018, the average life expectancy of Ukrainian male residents was 67 years, and that of female residents was about 77 years. The main causes of death were respiratory diseases, followed by circulatory diseases, neoplasms, accidental injuries, poisoning and trauma. Smoking and alcohol abuse account for a greater proportion of diseases in men. ^[5]

Science and technology

Ukraine is a scientific and technological power second only to Russia in the former Soviet Union, with aerospace, shipbuilding, machinery manufacturing, research and production of new materials, welding technology and agricultural science and technology at the advanced level in the world. An-225 transport aircraft It was the largest transport aircraft in the world (250 tons). The welding technology of Barton Welding Institute of WuCAS is in a leading position in the world. ^[5]

medium

In 1992, Ukraine enacted the Law on Information Policy of Ukraine, which has since been amended and supplemented several times. The Ministry of Culture and Information Policy is responsible for the policy guidance of Ukrainian news agencies, and the National Radio and Television Commission under the Ministry is responsible for the management and coordination of the industry.

Television station

There are more than 20 TV stations in Ukraine, including National TV 1, National TV 2, International TV, Modern TV, "New Channel" TV, "1+1" TV, "ICTV" TV and Kyiv TV. Except for the national television 1, 2 by the state financial allocation, the other television stations are private shareholding.

National Television Station 1 was founded in the former Soviet Union, broadcast in Ukrainian, broadcast time of about 20 hours a day, coverage and ratings are the first, 100%, 98%. National Television 2 broadcasts about 12 hours a day, of which 4 hours are broadcast in the official Ukrainian language and 8 hours are used for rental private television stations.

International Television is the largest private television station founded by the Independent Television Group of Ukraine in 1996, with coverage and viewership of 65% and 85% respectively. It AIRS 16 hours a day.

Founded in 1997, Modern TV has eight programs, covering 24 states and all large and medium-sized cities, with an audience of nearly 30 million. The station also transmits programs via satellite to Western Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Russia. "New Channel" TV and "ICTV" TV mainly broadcast news and variety shows for about 10 hours a day.

Radio station

There are more than 40 radio stations in Ukraine, the most influential are: the National Broadcasting Company, Kiev City Radio, "Freedom" radio, "Golden Gate" radio and so on. The National Broadcasting Company was founded in 1924, a total of 4 sets of programs, broadcasting 94.5 hours a day, covering the entire territory of Ukraine.

The press

There are nearly 600 different kinds of newspapers in Ukraine, and the most influential newspapers are: "Fact", "Government Messenger", "Voice of Ukraine", "Daily", "Kyiv Guide", "Mirror" and "Kyiv Post". Founded in 1997, Factsheet is the largest newspaper in Ukraine with a daily circulation of 840,000. The Government Courier was founded in 1990 as the official newspaper of the Ukrainian government, with a daily circulation of about 105,000 copies, making it one of the three newspapers with the largest circulation. "Voice of Ukraine" is the official newspaper of the Parliament, founded in 1991, divided into Russian and Ukrainian editions, the daily circulation of nearly 120,000 copies. The Daily is a private newspaper founded in 1996 and published in Russian and Ukrainian with a daily circulation of 80,000 copies. Kyiv Herald was founded in 1992 and has a daily circulation of 120,000. The Mirror was founded in 1994 as a private weekly political commentary with a weekly circulation of about 60,000.

News agency

Ukraine has one official news agency. The National News Agency of Ukraine (Ukrinform) was founded in 1918. It publishes news daily in seven languages, including Ukrainian, Russian, English, German, Spanish, French and Chinese, and provides press releases to Ukrainian government agencies, more than 500 news organizations, social organizations, enterprises and diplomatic missions in Ukraine. Ukraine News Agency has foreign correspondents in China, Poland, Russia, Germany, the United States, Romania, the United Kingdom and other countries. Among the 23 private news agencies, the most influential are the Ukrainian News Agency, Interfax, Independent News Agency of Ukraine, etc. ^[5]

communication

Postal service

The General Post Office of Ukraine under the Ministry of Infrastructure has branches in 27 administrative regions of the country, a total of more than 12,000 postal business outlets, of which 9,000 are distributed in rural areas, a total of 73,000 employees, and annual delivery of 200 million mail, 15.4 million parcels. In 2019, the net income of the Ukrainian Post company was 8.2 billion hryvnia, an increase of 20.6% year-on-year, and the profit reached 600 million hryvnia.

telephone

In 2019, the total turnover of communications services in Ukraine was 73 billion hryvnia, of which 91% was telecommunications services revenue, 63% was mobile communications, and 18% was fixed networks. In 2019, fixed-line network revenue was 4.606 billion hryvnia, with local calls accounting for 58% and long-distance 12.9%. The main mobile network operators in Ukraine are Vodafone, Kyiv Star, Lifecell and Intertelecom. At the beginning of 2020, mobile network users in Ukraine reached 60.88 million, down 2.1% year-on-year, including 26.2 million for Kyiv Star, 19.8 million for Vodafone, 6.9 million for Lifecell and more than 1 million for intertelecom.

Internet

At the end of 2019, there were 27.46 million Internet users. The Internet penetration rate in urban areas is more than 70 percent, while in rural areas it is 58 percent. In 2019, the revenue of the Internet and data business in Ukraine was 11.688 billion Hryvnia, accounting for 17.6% of the total revenue of communication services. The country's major colleges and universities and hotels, restaurants, cafes and other major cities have gradually popularized wireless broadband access services. ^[5]

electricity

Ukraine is a large power producer, Ukraine's annual electricity generation has been maintained at more than 170 billion KWH, the past two years have declined. Electricity generation in 2019 was 153.97 billion KWH, down 3.4% year on year. Ukraine has more than self-sufficient electricity supply and exports a certain amount of electricity every year. Ukraine's power grid is interconnected with neighboring countries, and surplus electricity can be exported to neighboring countries. In 2019, Ukraine exported 6.469 billion KWH of electricity, 300 million KWH more than in 2018 and 4.9% more than in the previous year. ^[5]

Public security

Since the political turmoil in late 2013, social security in Ukraine has deteriorated, with occasional false explosions in large shopping malls and subway stations in Kiev, political murders, and small-scale bombings in Kiev and Odessa. There have been occasional cases of theft, robbery or kidnapping of Chinese citizens, and most of them have been properly handled after active negotiation by Chinese diplomatic missions.

In 2019, 418,000 crimes of all kinds were reported in Ukraine, nearly 10 percent less than the previous year. Guns are legally allowed in Ukraine, with a special permit from the Ministry of the Interior. ^[5]

payroll

Ukraine has a minimum wage. In 2019, the minimum monthly wage rate was 4,173 hryvnia, and from January 1, 2020, the minimum monthly wage rate was raised to 4,723 hryvnia. The Unified social charge is the compulsory social insurance of the state, which is 918.06 Hryvnia in 2019 and will be raised to 1,039.06 hryvnia from January 1, 2020. ^[5]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

Since its independence, Ukraine's political situation has fluctuated, and its foreign policy has also been adjusted to varying degrees. On the whole, Ukraine has always pursued a comprehensive diplomatic strategy aimed at integration into Europe, based on safeguarding its security interests and revitalizing the national economy, and based on major-country relations.

Ukraine regards the United States and the West as its diplomatic priority, promotes the accession process, condemns Russia's aggression, refuses to recognize the annexation of Crimea to Russia, and actively seeks sympathy and support from the international community. On 16 September 2014, the Parliament ratified the Association Agreement with the European Union. On 23 December, the parliament voted overwhelmingly to renounce its non-aligned status and strengthen cooperation with NATO. In January 2016, the UK-EU Free Trade Agreement was officially launched. In September 2017, the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU came into force. In September 2018, Ukraine announced the abolition of the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperative Partnership between Ukraine and Russia. In October 2018, on the occasion of the annulment of the 1686 decree by the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Ukraine declared the Metropolitan Diocese of Kiev free from the religious jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow. In November 2018, the Ukrainian and Russian navies clashed at sea in the Kerch Strait, with both sides accusing each other of violating international law and violating national sovereignty. In February 2019, the Uzbek Parliament passed a constitutional amendment to write "accession to the Treaty" into the Constitution. In June 2020, Ukraine was granted enhanced partner status by NATO. On February 24, 2022, Ukraine announced the severing of diplomatic relations with Russia. On 23 June, Ukraine was granted candidate status in the European Union.

External relations

Relations with Russia

The relationship between Ukraine and Russia has significant implications for regional stability and the European strategic landscape. Ukraine and Russia have been allied for hundreds of years, especially during the Soviet era, the two peoples political, economic and cultural integration, mutual influence, forming a close relationship. On July 2, 1993, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Basic Principles of the Foreign Policy of Ukraine, stating that "in view of the historical development of Ukraine and the geopolitical and geo-economic characteristics, Ukrainian-Russian relations occupy a priority position in the bilateral relations of neighboring countries." Ukraine and Russia are 'special partners'." However, there are also long-term contradictions and conflicts between Ukraine and Russia that are difficult to eradicate, and various contradictions intensified after the political crisis in Ukraine at the end of 2013. The opposition ousted Yanukovych from power in February 2014. Russia does not recognize the new authorities in Ukraine, arguing that the rebels who came to power in an armed coup have no legitimacy. In March of the same year, Russia annexed Crimea and put pressure on Ukraine by raising gas prices and launching trade sanctions. In April of the same year, Ukrainian separatist forces established the "Donetsk People's Republic" and "Luhansk People's Republic", and immediately broke out armed conflicts, Ukraine and the West accused Russia of supporting the rebels in eastern Ukraine, and Russia has been defined as an "enemy" militarily and an "intruder" legally, and domestic anti-Russian sentiment is rising. Russia-ukraine relations have hit rock bottom. Since 2014, the two countries have launched multiple rounds of mutual sanctions against each other, political and military confrontation, and economic and cultural decoupling. ^[5] Through the mediation of the international community, the two sides of the conflict reached a ceasefire agreement in the Belarusian capital Minsk in September 2014 and February 2015, and since then large-scale armed conflicts have been controlled, but small-scale exchanges of fire have occurred from time to time, and relations between the two countries are still very tense. ^[14]

On February 21, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree recognizing the "Donetsk People's Republic" and "Luhansk People's Republic" in eastern Ukraine. ^[14]

On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a special military operation in the Donbass region. On the same day, the Ukrainian president announced the severing of diplomatic relations with Russia. ^[4]

On May 6, 2022 local time, the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine released a news that the President of Ukraine Zelensky The law "on de-Sovietization of Ukrainian State legislation" was signed. The law aims to eliminate more than 7,000 legal provisions in Ukrainian legislation that were passed during the Soviet era but are no longer applicable. ^[23]

On June 9, 2022, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky signed an order announcing the implementation of sanctions imposed by the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council against Russian President Vladimir Putin and other Russian politicians. On the same day, Zelensky also signed a presidential decree announcing sanctions against 261 Russian university presidents and suspending exchange activities with 236 Russian universities in the fields of scientific cooperation, culture, education and sports . ^[8]

On June 19, 2022, the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine passed a number of laws, announcing the cessation of scientific and technological cooperation with Russia and withdrawing from a series of agreements within the framework of the CIS. There is also a ban on the playing of Russian music in the national media and in public places, as well as on the importation and dissemination of books and publications from Russia and Belarus into Ukraine. ^[9]

On June 27, 2022, the State Nuclear Regulatory Agency of Ukraine announced the termination of a series of cooperation agreements with Russia in the field of nuclear energy safety. These include an agreement on the exchange of information and cooperation on civil nuclear safety regulation. ^[12]

On October 30, 2023, the Russian Foreign Ministry officially announced that the agreement on visa-free travel between Russia and Ukraine, signed on January 16, 1997, will be terminated as of January 1, 2023. ^[30]

Relations with the European Union

Integration into the European Union is a priority of Ukraine's foreign policy. Overall, Uzbek-EU relations are developing smoothly. In December 2005, the European Union granted Ukraine market economy status. In 2011, Ukraine and the EU concluded four years of negotiations on the Association Agreement and the EU-Ukraine Free Trade Area Agreement, and the two sides initialed the EU association agreement in March 2012. The association agreement was supposed to be signed at the EU summit in Vilnius in November 2013, but the Ukrainian government abruptly announced the suspension of the European integration process a week before the summit, triggering massive mass protests that eventually turned into bloody clashes and a coup. The EU has been actively mediating the conflict in Ukraine and welcomed the establishment of the new Ukrainian government. On January 1, 2016, the EU-Ukraine Free Trade Area came into force. In April 2017, the European Parliament passed a law granting visa-free access for Ukrainian citizens to the EU for tourism, visits to relatives and friends, and business activities. The Act, which came into effect on June 11, 2018, provides for Ukrainian citizens to enter the EU's Schengen area visa-free every 180 days, with a stay of no more than 90 days. ^[5]

In February 2019, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted a constitutional amendment to include the "accession treaty" in the constitution. On 23 June 2022, the European Council decided to grant Ukraine candidate membership in the European Union. ^[10] Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama warned Ukraine not to have "illusions" about joining the European Union quickly. Several Western Balkan countries, including Albania, were granted EU candidate status years ago and have yet to join the bloc. ^[11]

On June 15, 2023, the European Parliament passed a resolution by 425 votes in favor, 38 against, and 42 abstentions, urging Ukraine to be invited to the NATO summit next month Join NATO. ^[27]

On February 24, 2024, Ukraine's national news agency reported that Ukrainian President Zelensky said after a three-way meeting with President von der Leyen of the European Commission and Prime Minister de Kroo of Belgium, which holds the rotating presidency of the European Union, that a political decision had been reached on the start of Ukraine's EU membership negotiations, and Ukraine could do so during Belgium's rotating presidency of the EU. ^[36]

On March 12, 2024, the European Commission presented to the European Council the draft framework for Ukraine's accession negotiations. ^[38]

Relations with the United States

In January 1992, Ukraine established diplomatic relations with the United States at ambassadorial level. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, the leaders of Ukraine and the United States have maintained regular dialogue. On November 18, 2005, the U.S. Senate lifted the Jackson-Vanik restrictive trade Act, which had been in place against Ukraine since 1974, and authorized the President of the United States to grant Ukraine unconditional permanent normal trade treatment, as appropriate. In March 2006, the Minister of Economy of Ukraine and the United States Trade Representative signed a bilateral market access agreement for goods and services under the framework of Ukraine's accession to the WTO. On November 18, the United States Senate passed a bill to support countries including Ukraine and Georgia to join NATO and provide financial assistance. Since 2013, when the Ukrainian government's suspension of European integration sparked mass protests, the United States has actively supported the opposition and protesters. After the conflict, the United States was the first to recognize the new regime and promised to support Ukraine's "sovereign democratic development path." The United States has provided the Ukrainian government with $3 billion in loan guarantees and limited military support, including training a small number of fighters. At the end of 2016, Trump was elected president of the United States, and Trump reiterated his continued support for Ukraine's reform efforts and continued sanctions against Russia until Russia returned Crimea. From May to August 2019, in a phone call with Zelensky, Trump asked him to investigate his political rivals Joe Biden and his son, triggering a domestic political storm known as "telephone gate". Trump has since ordered a temporary freeze on military aid to Ukraine. In September 2019, the US House of Representatives launched an impeachment investigation against Trump on "telephone gate", which included two counts of abuse of power and obstruction of congressional investigation. In February 2020, the US Senate voted by a majority to reject the two charges, and the incident gradually died down without any real impact on Uzbek-US relations. ^[5]

Since the end of February 2021, the number of firefights and casualties in the Donbass region has increased. Ukrainian government forces and rebels have accused each other of breaking the ceasefire. Since Biden took office, he has advocated toughness against Russia, supported Ukraine's accession to NATO, and strengthened military assistance to the Ukrainian government. ^[15]

Relations with Syria

On June 29, 2022 local time, after Syria announced the recognition of the sovereignty and independence of the "Luhansk People's Republic" and "Donetsk People's Republic", Ukrainian President Zelensky announced the suspension of diplomatic relations between the country and Syria on the evening of the same day. ^[13] On July 20 local time, the Syrian Foreign Ministry announced the severing of diplomatic relations with Ukraine. ^[17]

Relations with North Korea

On July 13, 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine announced that Ukraine was suspending diplomatic and economic ties with North Korea due to its decision to recognize the independence of the two eastern regions of Ukraine. ^[16]

Relations with Iran

Local time on September 23, 2022, due to Iran Supplying drones to the Russian military, Ukraine announced it would "downgrade" diplomatic relations with Iran. The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry revoked the credentials of the Iranian ambassador to Ukraine and reduced the number of diplomats at the Iranian embassy in Ukraine. ^[18] In September, Iran's Foreign Ministry spokesman Nasser Kanani responded on the 24th local time that Iran regretted Ukraine's decision to downgrade diplomatic relations between the two countries, and that the Ukrainian government's decision was based on unconfirmed reports, and Iran "will respond appropriately." ^[19]

With Belarus

On October 6, 2022, Ukrainian media reported that the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved a draft law to terminate the agreement with Belarus on the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of tax evasion on income and property. The document will be submitted to the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine for consideration. The tax agreement was signed in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, on December 24, 1993. ^[22]

On December 23, 2022, the representative of the Ukrainian government to the Parliament, Melnychuk, announced that the Ukrainian government approved the withdrawal of the aviation agreement with Belarus.

On January 24, 2023 local time, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko said that the Ukrainian side proposed to Belarus to sign a non-aggression pact, while at the same time carrying out war preparations, which is a potential threat to the national security of Belarus. ^[25]

With Africa

Since independence, Ukraine has not issued a clear "Africa strategy", and only three embassies have been set up in sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Nigeria and Ethiopia). On October 3, 2022, amid the intensifying conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Ukraine's Foreign Minister Kuleba officially opened his first trip to Africa since taking office. Kureba is also the first Ukrainian foreign minister to visit the African continent since the country declared independence on August 24, 1991. ^[24]

With Japan

On March 21, 2023, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida held talks with Ukrainian President Voloslava Zelensky in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, and Japan upgraded bilateral relations to a "special global partnership", and Japan provided Ukraine with $470 million in free aid. ^[26]

With Denmark

On February 23, 2024, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and Danish Prime Minister Fraserriksen signed an agreement on security cooperation between the two countries in Lviv, western Ukraine. ^[34]

With Italy

On February 24, 2024, Ukraine and Italy signed an agreement on security guarantees. ^[35]

With Holland

On March 1, 2024, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky signed a security cooperation agreement between the two countries with visiting Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte in Kharkiv, eastern Ukraine. The agreement is valid for 10 years. ^[37]

On April 3, 2024, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and visiting Finnish President Alexander Stubb signed an agreement on security cooperation between the two countries in Kiev, under which Finland will provide long-term financial and military support to Ukraine. ^[40]

China-ukraine relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations on 4 January 1992. In 2001, a comprehensive friendly cooperative relationship was established, and in 2011, they jointly announced the establishment of a strategic partnership. The friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries in various fields has been developing rapidly and the traditional friendship between the two peoples has been deepened. China respects Ukraine's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity and is one of the first countries to recognize Ukraine's independence.

In May 2017, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Trade of Uzbekistan Kubiv attended the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in China. In December 2017, Vice Premier Ma Kai went to Ukraine to chair the third meeting of the China-Ukraine Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee. In November 2018, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Trade of Uzbekistan Kubiv led a delegation to China to attend the first China International Import Expo. In January 2019, Vice President Wang Qishan met with Ukrainian President Poroshenko on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. In May 2019, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Trade of Uzbekistan Kubiv attended the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in China. In April 2020, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a phone conversation with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Kureba. In December 2020, Vice Premier Liu He and Ukrainian Deputy Prime Minister Stefanisina co-chaired the fourth meeting of the China-Ukraine Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee by video. In January 2021, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a phone conversation with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Kureba. In 2022, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had two phone conversations with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Kureba on March 1 and April 4, respectively. On September 22, 2022 and February 18, 2023, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Qureba on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly and the Munich Security Conference respectively. On March 16, 2023, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Qin Gang held a phone conversation with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Kuleba. ^[6]

In 2021, China-Uzbekistan trade overcame the adverse impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and grew by 29.7 percent to reach US $19.3 billion. China's exports to Ukraine reached US $9.4 billion, up 36.8 percent year-on-year, and imports reached US $9.89 billion, up 23.7 percent year-on-year. In 2022, the bilateral trade volume between China and Uzbekistan was 7.656 billion US dollars, down 60% year-on-year, of which China's exports to Uzbekistan were 3.3 billion US dollars, down 64.8% year-on-year, and imports were 4.35 billion US dollars, down 55.4% year-on-year. In the first nine months of 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Ukraine was 4.99 billion US dollars, down 9.2% year-on-year, of which China's exports to Ukraine were 1.89 billion US dollars, down 21.5% year-on-year, and imports were 3.1 billion US dollars, up 0.3% year-on-year.

In April 2011, then-Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang of The State Council visited Ukraine and held the first meeting of the China-Ukraine Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee with then-Ukrainian First Deputy Prime Minister Aleksandr Kliuyev, officially launching the mechanism of the committee. The committee consists of seven sub-committees and a secretariat on economy and trade, agriculture, aerospace, science and technology, culture, education and health. The second meeting of the Committee was held in Beijing in September 2013. The third meeting of the Committee was held in Kiev in December 2017. The fourth meeting of the Committee was held by video in December 2020.

The two sides have carried out smooth and fruitful cooperation in science, technology, education and culture.

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Main attraction

Kiev Independence Square

Kiev Independence Square	Hagia Sophia
Kiev Opera House	Former presidential palace
National Opera of Ukraine	Potemkin steps
Cave monastery	St. Michael's Monastery
St. Andre's Church	National History Museum
National Museum of Art	The House of Kermirami
National Aviation Museum	Primitive beech forests of the Carpathian Mountains

Cultural site

According to UNESCO's website, as of 2021, Ukraine has seven World Heritage sites, Six of them include the Main Church of Saint Sophia and the monastery of Pejorsk, the historic centre of Lviv, the arc of the Geographic exploration of Strove, the urban dwellings of Bukovina and Dalmatia, the ancient city of Taurik-Cesenis and its town of Chola, the wooden churches of the Carpathian region of Poland and Ukraine, and the ancient city of Taurik-Cesenis. 1 Natural heritage - the original beech forests of the Carpathian Mountains and other parts of Europe. ^[7]

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