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People's Republic of China

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A socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship
unfold38 words of the same name
synonymChina(People's Republic of China) generally refers to the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China (the People's Republic of China) It was founded on October 1, 1949 [1] , located in Asia To the East, Pacific West coast [2] , yes Working class Leading, to Alliance of workers and peasants based The people's democratic dictatorship the Socialist country [3] , in order to The five-starred Red Flag For the flag [4] ," The March of the Volunteers For the national anthem [5] In the middle of the national emblem is Tian 'anmen illuminated by five stars, surrounded by grains and gears [6] [166] , Common language is Mandarin and Standard Chinese character [7] , the capital city Peking [8] , is a to The Han nationality As the main body, 56 nationalities United by the common composition Multi-ethnic state .
China has a total land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, with more than 18,000 kilometers of coastline in the east and south. The total area of the sea is about 4.73 million square kilometers [2] . The sea area is distributed with more than 7,600 islands, of which Taiwan Island It is the largest with an area of 35,798 square kilometers [2] . China has borders with 14 countries and maritime borders with eight countries. The provincial administrative regions are divided into 23 provinces and 5 provinces municipality , 4 Municipality directly under the central government , 2 Special administrative region . [2]
China is one of the countries with the longest history in the world, with a splendid culture and a glorious revolutionary tradition [3] , World heritage site World leader in quantity [9] . After the founding of New China in 1949, it entered Socialist revolution During the construction period, the transition to socialism was realized in 1956, and since then socialist construction has developed zigzag in the exploration [10] . " Cultural revolution "Implemented after the end Reform and opening up , along Path of socialism with Chinese characteristics Concentrate on it Socialist modernization [3] . After a long effort, Socialism with Chinese characteristics enter New era . [11] [135]
China has the largest population in the world Developing country It ranks third in the world in terms of land area, is the world's second largest economy, and continues to be the largest contributor to world economic growth, with its economic aggregate exceeding 100 trillion yuan in 2020 12 - [13] [124] . China insists Independent and autonomous the Peace diplomacy Policy, yes Permanent member of the United Nations Security Council Also many International organization An important member of that is considered to be Potential superpower One of them. [14]
Chinese name
People's Republic of China
Foreign name
the People's Republic of China [15]
Abbreviated form
China
continent
Asia
capital
Peking
National Day
October 1st
National song
" The March of the Volunteers "
Country code
CHN
Official language
Chinese (Universal Mandarin )
Time zone
Dongxi District (Beijing Time)
Political system
The system of people's congresses
Population number
140,967 million [176] (End of 2023)
Major nationality
Han nationality 56 nationalities
Major religion
Taoism [140] , Buddhism , Islam , Catholicism , Christianity (Protestant) [142]
Land area
About 9,600,000 km² [2]
Water area ratio
2.8%
Total GDP
126058.2 trillion yuan [169] (2023)
Per capita GDP
89,358 yuan [179] (2023)
International telephone area code
+ 86 (Hong Kong: +852, Macao: +853, Taiwan: +886)
International domain name abbreviation
. China , .cn (Port: .hk , Ao: .mo , Table: .tw )
Road access
Keep to the right (keep to the left in Hong Kong and Macau)
The ruling party
Communist Party of China
National constitution
" Constitution of People's Republic of China " [131]
Water area
About 4730,000 km² [2]
leader
习近平(主席)、 李强(总理) [162-163]

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

The People's Republic of China was founded

Founding ceremony
From September 21 to September 30, 1949, The first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The plenary meeting was held in Beiping. On 29 September, the Conference adopted a provisional constitution Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The CPPCC acts as the National People's Congress [18] . On the afternoon of September 30, the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference elected the first National Committee of the CPPCC Mao Zedong. As Chairman of the Central People's Government, Zhu De. , Liu Shaoqi. , Soong Ching-ling , Li Jishen , Zhang LAN, Gao Gang. The other 56 are members of the Central People's Government. [18]
1949年10月1日,在北京天安门广场举行开国大典,毛泽东在天安门城楼上宣告 Central Government of the People's Republic of China The People's Republic of China was formally established. [18]

The establishment of socialist system

Socialist industrialization is developing vigorously
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, because China experienced a long period of turmoil and war, social contradictions were acute, the economic level was backward, the currency depreciated, and the transportation was not smooth. After the establishment of the state, a communist society was quickly established that fully imitated the Soviet model of industrialization. [19]
In the early 1950s, the government launched large-scale urban industry and commerce Socialist transformation And rural land collectivization and social reform. Since 1953, China has embarked on socialist industrialization and socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, capitalist industry and commerce (i.e. Three major transformations ) Gradually by New democracy Transition to socialism [20] . By 1956, China was basically established Socialist system , enter The primary stage of socialism . [19]

Construction and mistakes of socialism

China successfully exploded its first atomic bomb in 1964
In the course of building socialism in an all-round way, China has made tremendous achievements and laid an initial material and cultural foundation for modernization. But there have been some missteps along the way. In 1958, all fronts of the country launched a campaign Great leap Forward "The climax. In August of the same year, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee held a meeting in Beidaihe to determine the high index of industrial and agricultural production. [21-22]
In agriculture, mainly, estimates of crop yields are grossly exaggerated. High targets and grandiosity in the development of production promote the rush to transition to so-called higher forms of production relations, subjectively believing that the greater the scale of agricultural cooperatives and the greater the degree of public ownership, the more productive they will be. [23] It is characterized by" A surname "," One is even and two are in tune ". The three years of economic hardship that began in 1959 added to the woes of the national economy. [23] [137]
In the winter of 1960, the CPC Central Committee began to correct the "left" deviation in rural work and decided to implement the policy of "adjusting, consolidating, enriching and improving" the national economy Liu Shaoqi. , Zhou Enlai. , Chen Yun. , Deng Xiaoping. Under the auspices of the government, a series of correct policies and decisive measures were formulated and implemented, which is an important transformation in this historical stage [24] . The expanded Central Work Conference held in January 1962, attended by 7,000 people, initially summed up the experience and lessons of the "Great Leap Forward" and carried out criticism and self-criticism. [25]
From 1966 to 1976, there were "catastrophes" that brought serious disasters to the Party and the country. Cultural revolution ". [22] [26]

Putting things right and talking about truth

1976年毛泽东去世后, Hua Guofeng. Took over his duties and was arrested The "Gang of Four" . In 1977, the country was transformed from chaos to rule [27] The economy began to recover, and at the same time a large number of cadres who had been overthrown during the Cultural Revolution were able to work again Reform and opening up The prologue.
Deng Xiaoping. In 1977, he was reinstated as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and vice Chairman of the CPC Central Committee [28] .
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee
1978年底召开的中共 The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee It achieved a great turning point of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party since the founding of the New China, and opened a new historical period of China's reform and opening up and socialist modernization [29] . On New Year's Day 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued the" A letter to compatriots in Taiwan Declaring the policy of reunifying the motherland by peaceful means. After 1979, China embarked on a more pragmatic development path. A large number of intellectuals and scholars who were previously hit have resumed their work [30] . In 1980, Correct unjust, false and wrong cases For the greatest injustice (Liu Shaoqi) Rehabilitate; For the largest impact and the largest number of people involved" The right "Vindicated. [31]
1981 Party The Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee By" Resolutions on certain historical questions of the Party since the founding of the People's Republic ", completely negating the "Cultural Revolution". In September of that year, Ye Jianying. The statement entitled "Principles and Policies for Taiwan's Return to the Motherland and the Realization of Peaceful Reunification" was issued. One country, two systems "The great idea.

A new era of reform and opening up

In 1979, under the guidance of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, rural areas gradually began to implement the responsibility system based on household contract, that is, "divide the land and contract the production to the household, and assume responsibility for the profits and losses". On July 15, 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council decided to conduct trial operations in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen Special economic zone . [30] [32]
1984年国庆节上的邓小平
In the early stage of reform and opening up, the introduction of foreign capital was basically in the trial stage, and the main source was foreign government loans. Introduce foreign capital, provide tax exemption period, cooperate to set up factories, learn to absorb foreign enterprises capital management marketing methods. It has created a large number of job opportunities, accelerated the development of foreign trade, and improved the international competitiveness of the economy. [33]
In 1982, the rural reform began in full swing, and the contract production responsibility system was widely promoted in rural areas. Agricultural production and farmers' income increased substantially, and the food problem that had plagued China for many years was substantially solved. [34-35]
1984年10月1日,首都举行庆祝中华人民共和国成立35周年阅兵仪式和群众游行,邓小平检阅受阅部队并发表讲话 [36] . On December 19, the Chinese and British governments officially signed the" 中英联合声明 Affirming that the Chinese Government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997. [29]
On February 18, 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council approved the Minutes of the Symposium on the Yangtze River, the Pearl River Delta and the Xia-Zhangzhou-Quan Triangle in southern Fujian, and decided to open up coastal economic areas in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Xia-Zhangzhou-quan Triangle. In 1985, China's urban reform began in full swing, with a focus on the reform of state-owned enterprises. [37]

Establishment of market economy system

On January 14, 1992, the CPC Central Committee and The State Council convened the Central Ethnic Work Conference. [38]
1992年1月18日至2月21日邓小平以普通党员的身份视察武昌、深圳、珠海、广州、上海并发表重要的“ Southern tour speech The speech put forward" Three advantages "," Development is the absolute principle Such important views mark a new stage of China's reform and opening up. [38 and 39]
After 1992, the line of reform and opening up was basically determined, and China entered a stage of basically peaceful surrounding international environment, domestic social stability, and long-term rapid economic growth, the Eighth Five-Year Plan [40] The Ninth Five-Year Plan [41] The Tenth Five-Year Plan has been fully implemented and basically completed.

Towards the great revival

On July 1, 1997, the People's Republic of China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong [42] ; On 20 December 1999, China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao [43] . In 2001, China officially joined World Trade Organization . [45] 44 -
习近平和胡锦涛亲切握手
In November 2002, at the First Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Hu Jintao. He was elected General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee [46] ; [47]
On August 8, 2008, the 29th Olympic Games opened in Beijing [48] . In 2010, Shanghai World Expo Hold successfully [49] . China became the world's second largest economy in 2011. [50]
In November 2012, at the First Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China Central Committee, Xi Jinping. Elected General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee [51] . [52]
2017年10月,习近平在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告提出中国发展新的历史方位——中国特色社会主义进入新时代 [11] ; [53] . [54]
2022年10月,习近平在中国共产党二十届一中全会上当选为中共中央总书记 [149] . [155]

Natural environment

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EDITOR
See subject article: Geography of China

Regional location

Taiwan Island, the largest island in China
China is located in Asia To the East, Pacific The West Bank. Rise from the north Mohe County nearby Amur River In the middle of the river, south Nansha Islands. the Zeng Mother sand . Rise from the west Pamir Plateau To Heilongjiang in the east, Wusuli River The confluence. It has a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers and a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers. [55]
Territorial sea The Bohai Sea (Inland sea) and The Yellow Sea , The East China Sea , The South China Sea Three major border seas, the eastern and southern continental coastline 18,000 kilometers. [55]
China has a land border of 22,800 kilometers and neighbors to the east North Korea , our Northern neighbor Mongolia Neighbor to the northeast Russia Northwest neighbor Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , west and southwest with Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Nepal , Bhutan Other countries border, south with Burma , Laos , Vietnam Connected. East and southeast alike Korea , Japan , The Philippines , Brunei , Malaysia , Indonesia Facing each other across the sea. [55]

Environmental characteristics

terrain
The terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east, and is complex and diverse. The proportion of various landforms in the country's land area is: 33.3% mountain, 26% plateau, 18.8% basin, 12% plain and 9.9% hill. The terrain from west to east constitutes three steps: the west has Tibetan plateau The highest terrain, more than 4000 meters above sea level, composed of extremely high mountains and plateau, known as the "roof of the world", is the first step to Kunlun Mountains , Qilian Mountains , Hengduan Mountains Bounded by the second step; East of the Tibetan Plateau to The Greater Khingan Mountains , Taihang Mountains , Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain Between the second step, the elevation is generally 1000-2000 meters, mainly composed of mountains, plateaues and basins; The broad plains and hills of eastern China are the third step. This geomorphic pattern is Mesozoic Yanshan movement Laid.
landform
Mountains, plateaus and hills account for 69.2 percent of China's total land area, while basins and plains account for 30.8 percent. Mountains are mostly east-west and northeast-southwest trend, mainly Altai Mountain , Tianshan Mountain, Kunlun Mountains , The Karakoram Mountains , Himalayas , Yinshan Mountain , Qinling Mountains , Nanling , The Greater Khingan Mountains , Changbai Mountain , Taihang Mountains , Wuyi Mountain , Mountain ranges of Taiwan , Wushan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain Wait for the mountains. The west has the tallest in the world Tibetan plateau With an average altitude of more than 4,000 meters, known as the "roof of the world", Mount Everest is 8848.86 meters above sea level, the world's first peak. To the north and east are Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, the Loess Plateau, Sichuan basin And the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, to Kunlun Mountains - Qilian Mountains - Hengduan Mountain The boundary is the second step of China's terrain. The Greater Khingan Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Wushan-Xuefeng Mountains to the east of the line to the coastline are mostly plains and hills, is the third step. The continental shelf to the east and south of the coastline contains rich submarine resources. [141]
Mountain range
China is a mountainous country, the mountains are mostly east-west and northeast-southwest trend, the main mountains have Altai Mountains , Tianshan Mountain Range , Kunlun Mountains , The Karakoram Mountains , Tanggula Mountains , Nianqing Tanggula Mountains , Qilian Mountains , The Gangdises Mountains , Himalayas , Hengduan Mountains , Yinshan mountain range , Taihang Mountains , Qinling Mountains , The Greater Khingan Mountains , Wuyi Mountains , Changbai Mountains , Mountain ranges of Taiwan , Wushan Mountain range Let's wait. There are 19 peaks above 7,000 meters above sea level in the world, and seven of them are located in China and on the border. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the "roof of the world", is home to many tall mountains. At an average altitude of 6,000 meters, the Himalayas are the world's highest mountain range, its main peak Mount Everest At 8,848.86 meters above sea level, it is the highest mountain in the world. Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon With a length of 504.6 kilometers and a depth of 6009 meters, it is the world's first Grand Canyon. In addition, there are Mount Huangshan, Mount Taishan , Huashan Mountain , Songshan Mountain , Hengshan Mountain , Hengshan Mountain , Mount Emei Lushan Mountain Wudang Mountain , Mount Taibai , Wuyi Mountain , Yandang Mountains , Mount Qingcheng Such a famous mountain. [56]
river
There are mainly Yangtse River , The Yellow River , Heilongjiang, Pearl River, Huai River, Haihe River , Liao River , The Brahmaputra River , Tarim River , Lancang River , Nu Chiang. , The Minjiang River , Qiantang River , Hanjiang River , The Yalu River , Tumen River , Han River , Xiang River , The Ganjiang River (in Jiangxi Province) , Zhuoshui River , Nandu River , The Luanhe River (in Hebei Province) , Ruoshui River , Shule River , Ili , The Irtysh River and The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal , Ling Canal , Kailai Canal , Lixia River Wait for the canal. The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers, second only to the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America, and the third longest river in the world. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, with a length of 5,464 kilometers. [57]
lakes
There are mainly Poyang Lake , Dongting Lake Taihu Lake Chaohu Lake , Qinghai Lake , Hongze Lake , Gaoyou Lake , Nansi Lakes , Hulun Lake , Belsee , The Bosten Lake , Namco , Siling Co , The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) , Erhai Lake , Fuxian Lake , Riyuetan Lake , Honghu , West Lake , Thousand-island Lake , Weishan Lake , Changbai Mountain Tianchi , Tianshan Tianchi Let's wait. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River plain Poyang Lake It is the largest freshwater lake in China with an area of 3,583 square kilometers. Tibetan Qinghai Lake It is the largest saltwater lake in China with an area of 4,583 square kilometers. [57]
seaboard
中国大陆海岸线,北起辽宁 Yalu River Estuary South to Guangxi Beilun River It has a total length of more than 18,000 kilometers; The coastline of the island is more than 14,000 kilometers long. (as of 1997)
island
Sea area
海域毗邻中国大陆边缘及台湾岛的海洋有 The Yellow Sea , East China Sea, The South China Sea The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the four seas of the South China Sea, east and west across the longitude of 32 degrees, north and south longitudes 44 degrees latitude. In addition Bohai Strait , Taiwan Strait , Qiongzhou Strait The three major Straits. The total area of the sea is 4.73 million square kilometers (as of 1997).
climate
China's climate is complex and varied Temperate monsoon climate , subtropical monsoon climate, Tropical monsoon climate , Temperate continental climate and Plateau mountain climate And other climate types, from south to north trans-tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, mesozone , Cold temperate zone The temperature zone. [58]
Reference sources: [56]

Natural resources

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Resource situation of China
Mineral products
coal
China has a vast territory, diverse geological conditions, rich mineral resources, 171 kinds of minerals. There are 157 species with proven reserves. Among them, the proved reserves of tungsten, antimony, rare earth, molybdenum, vanadium and titanium rank first in the world. Coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury, tin, nickel, apatite, asbestos and other reserves are in the forefront of the world.
The distribution of mineral resources in China is characterized by uneven regional distribution. For example, iron is mainly distributed in Liaoning, eastern Hebei and western Sichuan, and rarely in northwest; Coal is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest, Northeast and southwest regions, of which Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other provinces are the most concentrated, while the southeast coastal provinces are very little. This uneven distribution of the situation, so that some minerals have a considerable concentration, such as tungsten ore, in 19 provinces and regions are distributed, reserves are mainly concentrated in the southeast of Hunan, southern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong, western Fujian and Guidong - Guizhong, although conducive to large-scale mining, but also to transport has brought great pressure. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of transportation in order to make the unevenly distributed resources allocate and use effectively throughout the country. [59]
ground
plowland
China's land resources have four basic characteristics: the absolute quantity is large, the per capita possession is small; The types are complex and diverse, and the proportion of cultivated land is small. The utilization situation is complicated and the regional differences of productivity are obvious. Regional distribution is uneven, and protection and development problems are prominent.
forest
forest
According to the results of the eighth national forest resources inventory, the national forest area is 208 million hectares, the forest coverage rate is 21.63%, and the forest stock is 15.137 billion cubic meters. The planted forest area is 69 million hectares, and the storage volume is 2.483 billion cubic meters, ranking first in the world.
Water resources
water
China's total water resources account for 44.2 percent of the total precipitation, with an average yield of 290,000 cubic meters of water per square kilometer. The total amount of fresh water resources is 2.8 trillion cubic meters, accounting for the sixth place in the world, and the per capita share is one quarter of the world's per capita share, ranking 88th.
zoon
Giant panda
China is one of the countries with the richest animal resources in the world. According to statistics, there are about 2070 species of terrestrial vertebrates in China, accounting for 9.8% of the world's terrestrial vertebrates. Among them, there are more than 1,170 species of birds, 400 species of mammals and 184 species of amphibians, accounting for 13.5%, 11.3% and 7.3% of the world's similar animals, respectively. In the north of the line from the Himalayas to the north of the Hengduan Mountains to the Qinling Mountains to the Funiu Mountains to the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River, the temperate and cold temperate fauna are the main, belonging to the Palearctic, and the southern part of the line is dominated by tropical animals, belonging to the East Ocean. In fact, due to the flat terrain in the eastern region and the north-south trend of the Hengduan Mountains in the west, the phenomenon of mutual infiltration and mixing of animals in the two boundaries is more obvious. [59]
plant
Silver cedar
China has a vast territory, complex terrain, diverse climate, rich vegetation species and intricate distribution. In the eastern monsoon area, there are tropical rain forest, tropical monsoon rain forest, tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the middle and South Asia, deciduous evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest in the north subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, cold temperate coniferous forest, and subalpine coniferous forest, temperate forest grassland and other vegetation types. In the northwest and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there are dry steppe, semi-desert steppe shrub, dry desert steppe shrub, plateau cold desert, alpine steppe meadow shrub and other vegetation types.
According to statistics, there are 300 families, 2980 genera and 24600 species of seed plants. Among them, 2946 angiosperms (23.6% of the total angiosperms in the world). Relatively old plants, accounting for about 62% of the world's total genera. Some plants such as metasequoia Other parts of the world have been extinct in modern times, and they are all "living fossils" that remain in China. Seed plants have cold, warm and hot three zones of plants, more species than the whole of Europe. In addition, there are a variety of cultivated plants. In terms of use, there are more than 1000 kinds of timber trees, more than 4000 kinds of medicinal plants, more than 300 kinds of fruit plants, more than 500 kinds of fiber plants, more than 300 kinds of starch plants, more than 600 kinds of oil plants, and more than 80 kinds of vegetable plants, becoming one of the countries with the richest plant resources in the world. [59]

Administrative division

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The Chinese Constitution stipulates that the administrative regions of the People's Republic of China are divided as follows: (1) The whole country is divided into province , municipality , Municipality directly under the central government ; (2) Provinces and autonomous regions shall be divided Autonomous prefecture , county , Autonomous county , The city ; (3) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into township , National township , The town of . [60]
Sum of municipalities Larger city Divided into districts, counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties and cities. [60]
Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties Ethnic autonomous areas . States may be established when necessary Special administrative region . The systems to be implemented in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law by the National People's Congress in the light of specific circumstances. [60]
By the end of 2020, China has 34 Provincial administrative region (including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government, and 2 special administrative regions), 333 Prefecture-level administrative region 2,844 County administrative region 38,741 Township level administrative district [61] [132] . Beijing is the capital of China. [60] [62]

National symbol

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EDITOR

Title of a kingdom

Meaning of title
" China ", namely, China, Huaxia The meaning of. [63]
" People "Is a political concept, as opposed to the enemy. In contemporary China, everyone supports socialism The classes, strata and social groups that are united with the motherland belong to the people, and the people mean the whole Socialist laborer Patriots who support national reunification and patriots who support socialism. [63]
" republicanism The word republic comes from the Latin respublica, meaning public affairs of the people. The republic generally contains the meaning of shared power and common governance, but in different countries and different historical periods, the scope of the power subject of the republic is different. Republic in the modern sense emphasizes the participation of all citizens in the making of laws, the formulation and implementation of policies in the country, including direct and indirect participation, such as referendums, referendums, and referendums. Representative system Let's wait. [63]
Determination process
During the War of Resistance, Mao Zedong. The meaning of the "Democratic Republic of China" to be established in the future has been elaborated on many occasions. Xinhua News Agency Wrote the 1949 New Year's message" Carry the revolution to the end "In 1949, a political consultative conference will be convened without the participation of reactionaries to complete the tasks of the people's revolution, declare the founding of the People's Republic of China, and form the central government of the Republic."
On June 16, 1949, New CPPCC (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Article 3, paragraph 5, of the Regulations on the Organization of the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference, adopted at the first plenary session of the Preparatory Committee, reads "to propose a plan for the establishment of the government of the People's Democratic Republic of China."
On June 19 of the same year, during the fourth group discussion of the new CPPCC Preparatory Meeting, a professor from Tsinghua University Zhang Xiluo Questioned the name of the People's Democratic Republic of China. He said the name was too long and suggested dropping the word "democracy". Finally, "The People's Republic of China" was adopted.
On September 27 of the same year, the first Plenary session of the CPPCC passed a resolution formally designating the country as "the People's Republic of China". And remove the abbreviation "Republic of China" after the name [64] . Since then, the document adopted by the CPPCC has completely removed the words "Republic of China". After the founding of New China, "Republic of China" was replaced by "People's Republic of China".

National emblem

The national emblem of the People's Republic of China, with Tian 'anmen illuminated by five stars in the middle, surrounded by grains and gears. [138-139]
The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China

flag

The national flag of the People's Republic of China is the symbol and symbol of the People's Republic of China. Every citizen and organization should respect and care for the national flag. [4]
Flag of the People's Republic of China

National anthem

The Constitution (Amendment) adopted by the Second session of the Tenth National People's Congress adds a paragraph to Article 136 of the Constitution, which stipulates that the national anthem of the People's Republic of China is "March of the Volunteers". [5]
Lyrics of the national anthem of the People's Republic of China

population

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EDITOR
In accordance with the Statistics Law and the Regulations on National Population Census, the People's Republic of China conducted its seventh national population census at midnight on November 1, 2020, with the main purpose of comprehensively ascertaining the size, structure and distribution of the population of the People's Republic of China. To provide accurate statistical information support for improving the population development strategy and policy system of the People's Republic of China, formulating economic and social development plans, and promoting high-quality development. [128]

Total population

The results of the seventh national census released on May 11, 2021 show that the total population of China is 1411.178 million, compared with 2010 (Sixth National Census data) Compared with 1,339.72 million, an increase of 72.06 million, an increase of 5.38%, and an average annual growth rate of 0.53% (The national population refers to the population of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government of China and active military personnel, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents and foreigners living in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central Government). This is 0.04 percentage points lower than the average annual growth rate of 0.57 percent from 2000 to 2010. [125]
By the end of 2023, China's population was 140,967 million, down 2.08 million from the end of the previous year, including 932.67 million permanent urban residents. The number of births was 9.02 million, with a birth rate of 6.39 per thousand. 11.1 million people died, with a mortality rate of 7.87 per thousand. The natural growth rate is -1.48‰. [65-66] [128] [135] [143-144] [176] [183]

National profile

China has 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, including The Mongolian nationality , The Hui nationality , The Zang nationality , Uighur nationality , The Miao nationality , The Yi nationality , The Zhuang nationality , The Bouyei nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Korean nationality , Manchu , Dong minority , The Yao nationality , The Bai nationality, living in Yunnan Province , Tujia , The Hani nationality , Kazakh nationality , The Dai nationality, living in Yunnan , The Li nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Lisu nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Va nationality , She ethnic minority group , The Gaoshan nationality, living in Yunnan Province , Lahu , The Shui nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Dongxiang nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Naxi nationality , The Jingpo nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Kirgiz , Family of soil , The Daur nationality , Mulam people , Qiang ethnic minority , The Blang nationality (living in Yunnan Province) , The Salar nationality , Maonan , Kelao , Xibe nationality , The Achang nationality, living in Yunnan Province , Pumi nationality , Tajik nationality , The Nu nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Uzbeks , Russian nationality , The Ewenki nationality , De 'ang nationality , The Baoan nationality, living in Yunnan Province , Yugu nationality , The Jing nationality , Tatar , The Drong nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Oroqen nationality , Hezhen nationality , The Monba nationality, living in Yunnan Province , The Lhoba nationality , Jino people and The Han nationality . [67]
in The big family of Chinese nations Among them, the Han population is the largest, accounting for more than 90% of the total population of the country. The other 55 ethnic groups have smaller populations and are called Minority nationality .
According to the results of the seventh national population census released on May 11, 2021, the Han population is 128631 million, accounting for 91.11%, and the population of various ethnic minorities is 125.47 million, accounting for 8.89%. Compared with 2010, the Han population increased by 4.93 percent and the population of ethnic minorities by 10.26 percent, with the proportion of ethnic minorities rising by 0.40 percentage points. [125]
Traditional costumes of all ethnic groups in China
Han clothing
Bai nationality dress
Clothing of the Bao 'an nationality
Blang nationality costume
Tibetan costume
Korean costume
The Daur nationality
Daur nationality dress [68]
Dai nationality clothing
De 'ang nationality dress
Dongxiang nationality dress
Dong nationality dress
The costumes of the Dulong nationality
Russian costume
Oroqen nationality costumes
Ewenki costumes
Alpine costumes
Hani costume
Kazakh costume
Achang nationality dress
The clothing of the Hezhen nationality
Clothing of Hui nationality
The Jino costume
Clothing of the Jing nationality
Jingpo nationality dress
Kirgiz costumes
Lahu costume
Clothing of Li nationality
Lisu costume
Costumes of the Lhoba nationality
Manchu clothing
Maonan costumes
The costumes of the Monba nationality
Mongolian costume
Mulam ethnic costumes
Naxi costume
Nu nationality costume
Miao costume
Qiang nationality clothing
Salah dress
She nationality clothing
Tajik costume
The Tatar costume
Tujia costume
Dress of the Tu nationality
Wa nationality costume
Uighur clothing
Uzbek nationality dress
Xibe nationality costume
Yao costume
Yi nationality costume
Gelao nationality dress
Yugur nationality dress
Zhuang costume
Bui costumes
Pumi costume
Aquarium costume

Gender composition

The results of the seventh national population census will be released on May 11, 2021, and the data show that the male population of the People's Republic of China is 723.34 million, accounting for 51.24%; The female population was 688.44 million, accounting for 48.76%. The sex ratio of the total population (100 females, male to female ratio) was 105.07, which was basically the same as that of 2010, but slightly decreased. The sex ratio at birth was 111.3, a decrease of 6.8 compared with 2010. The gender structure of the population of the People's Republic of China continues to improve. [127]

Age composition

The results of the seventh national population census will be released on May 11, 2021, and the data show that the population of the People's Republic of China aged 0-14 is 253.38 million, accounting for 17.95%; The population aged 15-59 was 894.38 million, accounting for 63.35%; The population aged 60 and above was 264.02 million, accounting for 18.70% (of which 19.064 million, accounting for 13.50%, were 65 and above). Compared with 2010, the proportion of people aged 0-14, 15-59 and 60 and above increased by 1.35 percentage points, decreased by 6.79 percentage points and increased by 5.44 percentage points, respectively. The proportion of children in the population of the People's Republic of China has risen, and the adjustment of the birth policy has achieved positive results. [126]

Population with education level

On May 11, 2021, the results of the seventh national census were released, and the data showed that the population with a university degree was 218.36 million. Compared with 2010, the number of university graduates per 100,000 people increased from 8,930 to 15,467, the average years of schooling for the population aged 15 and above increased from 9.08 to 9.91, and the illiteracy rate decreased from 4.08 percent to 2.67 percent. [128]

Urban and rural population

On May 11, 2021, the results of the seventh national population census were released, and the data showed that the population living in cities and towns was 901.99 million, accounting for 63.89%; 509.79 million people, or 36.11%, lived in rural areas. Compared with 2010, the urban population increased by 236.42 million, the rural population decreased by 164.36 million, and the proportion of urban population increased by 14.21 percentage points. [128]

Floating population

On May 11, 2021, the results of the seventh national population census were released, and the data showed that the population separated from households was 492.76 million, of which the population separated from households within the municipal district was 116.94 million, and the floating population was 375.82 million, among which the inter-provincial floating population was 124.84 million. Compared with 2010, the population separated from households increased by 88.52%, the population separated from households in the municipal district increased by 192.66%, and the floating population increased by 69.73%. [128]

political

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EDITOR

National constitution

The current Constitution of China was adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 4, 1982, and promulgated by the Announcement of the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 [69] . It was subsequently adopted on 12 April 1988, 29 March 1993, 15 March 1999, 14 March 2004 and 11 March 2018, respectively. Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China ". [3]

Organ of power

The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent organ is Standing Committee of the National People's Congress . The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state. [3]

Administrative organ

The State Council of the People's Republic of China, i.e Central people's government It is the executive organ of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration. The Premier assumes overall responsibility for The State Council. Ministers and directors assume overall responsibility for all ministries and commissions. [3]
State Council, People's Republic of China
The State Council of the People's Republic of China, that is, the Central People's Government, is the executive body of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration. The State Council is composed of a Premier, vice-premiers, State councillors, ministers in charge of ministries and commissions, the Governor of the People's Bank of China, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General. The Premier assumes overall responsibility for The State Council. The Premier directs the work of The State Council. Under the leadership of the Premier, the Secretary-General of The State Council is responsible for the day-to-day work of The State Council. The State Council establishes a General office headed by the Secretary-General. [145] [182]
General manager
vice-premier
State councilor
Secretary general
Ministries and commissions of the State Council
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China , Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China , National Development and Reform Commission, PRC , Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China , Ministry of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, People's Republic of China , State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China , Ministry of Public Security, People's Republic of China The People's Republic of China Ministry of State Security , Ministry of Civil Affairs, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Justice, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Finance, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, PRC , Ministry of Natural Resources, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Ecology and Environment, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China , Ministry of Water Resources, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China , Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China , Ministry of Culture and Tourism, People's Republic of China , National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China , Ministry of Veterans Affairs, People's Republic of China , Ministry of Emergency Management, PRC , People's Bank of China , Audit Office of the People's Republic of China
Ministry of Education external reservation State Language Commission Sign. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology retains it for external purposes National space administration , State atomic energy authority Sign. Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Sign. Reserved by the Department of Natural Resources State Oceanic Administration Sign. Reserved by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment National Nuclear Safety Administration Sign. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs National Rural Revitalization Administration Sign.
Special institutions directly under The State Council
Agencies directly under The State Council
The State Administration for Market Regulation retains it for external purposes State Anti-Monopoly Bureau , Certification and Accreditation Administration of the State , National Standardization Administration Sign. National Press and Publication Administration ( National Copyright Administration ) in Central Propaganda Department The Central Publicity Department shall bear the relevant responsibilities. State Administration for Religious Affairs Put up a sign in the Central United Front Work Department, and the Central United Front Work Department assumes relevant responsibilities.
Office of The State Council
Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council Put up a sign in the Central United Front Work Department, and the Central United Front Work Department assumes relevant responsibilities. Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council In the CPC Central Hong Kong and Macao Work Office The Hong Kong and Macao Work Office of the CPC Central Committee shall assume the relevant responsibilities. Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council Taiwan Work Office of the CPC Central Committee , State Internet Information Office with Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission One institution has two brands, which are included in the sequence of institutions directly under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The Information Office of The State Council put up a sign in the Central Publicity Department, and the Central Publicity Department assumes relevant responsibilities.
Public institutions directly under The State Council
National Academy of Governance with Party School of the CPC Central Committee One institution has two brands, as a public institution directly under the Party Central Committee.
State Bureau administered by ministries and commissions under The State Council
National Immigration Administration added Exit and Entry Administration, PRC Sign. National Forestry and Grassland Administration added National Park Service Sign. The State Civil Service Administration is in Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee The Organization Department of the Central Committee shall assume the relevant responsibilities. The National Archives Administration and the Central Archives, the National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets and the Office of the Central Security Commission, the National Cryptography Administration and the Office of the Central Cryptography Leading Group, one institution with two brands, are listed in the sequence of subordinate institutions of the organs directly under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. [70] [156-160]

Supervisory organ

People's Republic of China at all levels Supervisory committee Be national Supervisory organ . Supervisory commissions exercise their supervisory power independently in accordance with the law and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations or individuals. Supervisory organs shall cooperate with the judicial organs, procuratorial organs and law enforcement departments in handling cases of duty violations and duty crimes and check each other. [3]

Judicial organ

General understanding, Chinese Judicial organ Including "Public security" organs. "Public" means Public security organ "Inspection" means Procuratorial organ ( People's procuratorate ), "Law" means the judicial organ (people's court), "department" means Judicial administrative organ "Ann" means State security organ . The Public security organs perform different duties according to their functions. In China, public security organs, state security organs and judicial administrative organs are Administrative organ However, it also assumes some judicial functions, which are exclusively exercised by the people's courts and people's procuratorates Judicial authority and Procuratorial power The judiciary. [71]
The people's courts of the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state. The people's courts exercise judicial power independently in accordance with the law and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations or individuals. [3]
The People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China is the state legal supervision organ. The people's procuratorates exercise procuratorial power independently in accordance with the law and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual. [3]
In handling criminal cases, the people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall divide their responsibilities, cooperate with and check each other so as to ensure the accurate and effective implementation of the law. [3]
Judicial organs of the People's Republic of China
Supreme People's Procuratorate
Supreme People's Court

Party system

The Communist Party of China is Chinese The ruling party . The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class and at the same time the vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation Socialism with Chinese characteristics The leading core of the cause represents the development requirements of China's advanced productive forces, the direction of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. The highest ideal and ultimate goal of the Party is to be realized communism . The Communist Party of China Marxism-Leninism , 毛泽东思想 , 邓小平理论 , The important thought of Three Represents , Scientific outlook on development , Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era As your own guide to action. [72]
Multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China It is a basic political system of the People's Republic of China [73] . Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference It is an organization of the patriotic united Front of the Chinese people, an important institution for multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, an important form of promoting socialist democracy in China's political life, an important part of the national governance system, and an institutional arrangement with Chinese characteristics. [74]

Social group

Social organizations are an important part of contemporary Chinese political life. Social organizations in China are quasi-official in nature. [75]

State leader

State leader
State president
Chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee
Premier of The State Council
Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
The first session
The second term
The third session
The fourth session
-
The fifth session
The sixth
The seventh session
The eighth
ninth
The tenth
The eleventh
The twelfth session
The thirteenth
fourteenth
( Reference materials: [76-81] [150-154] )

economy

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EDITOR
Subject article: Chinese economy
China is the world's second largest economy, the world's largest industrial country and the world's largest agricultural country. [13] [17] [82] [123] [136]
According to preliminary calculations, China's GDP reached 12,6058.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year. Of this total, the added value of the primary industry was 8,975.5 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1 percent over the previous year; The added value of the secondary industry was 48,258.9 billion yuan, up by 4.7%; The value added of the tertiary industry was 68,823.8 billion yuan, up by 5.8%. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 7.1% of GDP, the value added of the secondary industry accounted for 38.3%, and the value added of the tertiary industry accounted for 54.6%. Final consumption expenditure contributed 4.3 percentage points to GDP growth, gross capital formation contributed 1.5 percentage points to GDP growth, and net exports of goods and services contributed 0.6 percentage points to GDP growth. On a quarterly basis, GDP grew by 4.5% in the first quarter, 6.3% in the second quarter, 4.9% in the third quarter and 5.2% in the fourth quarter. The per capita GDP was 89,358 yuan, an increase of 5.4 percent over the previous year. Gross national income was 125.1297 trillion yuan, an increase of 5.6% over the previous year. The total labor productivity was 161,615 yuan/person, an increase of 5.7% over the previous year. [177] [183]

culture

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EDITOR
By the end of 2023, there were 1,893 art performance groups affiliated to the national culture and tourism departments. There were 3,309 public libraries in China, with a total circulation of 126.68 million. 3,508 cultural centers. There were 202 million cable TV subscribers, of which 193 million were cable digital TV subscribers. At the end of the year, the overall population coverage of radio programs was 99.7 percent, and that of television programs was 99.8 percent. It produced 156 TV series of 4,632 episodes and 93,811 minutes of TV cartoons. It produced 792 story films and 179 scientific, educational, documentary, animation and special films. It has published 25.8 billion copies of newspapers, 1.8 billion copies of periodicals and 11.9 billion copies of books, with a per capita book ownership of 8.40 copies. By the end of the year, there were 4,154 archives in China, and 238.27 million volumes (pieces) of archives of various types had been opened. The operating income of enterprises in cultural and related industries above designated size was 12,9515 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.2% over the previous year on a comparable basis. [183]

Language and writing

  • language
Among the 55 ethnic minorities, except for the Hui and Manchu ethnic groups, the other 53 ethnic minorities use their own languages. There are 21 written peoples, with 27 languages in use. [7] [83]
  • Language family
From the perspective of language family, the languages spoken by China's 56 ethnic groups belong to the five major language families: Sino-tibetan family , Altaic family , Austronesian , Asiatic family and Indo-European .
name
content
The Sino-Tibetan language family is divided into three groups: Chinese, Tibeto-Burman, Miaoyao and Zhuang-Dong. Among the Tibeto-Burman languages are Zang, Jiaron, Menba, Cangla, Lhoba, Qiang, Pumi, Dulong, Jingpo, Yi, Lisu, Hani, Lahu, Bai, Naxi, Kino, Nu Su, Anon, Roruo, Tujia, Zaiwa, Achang, etc. The Miao-Yao languages are Miao, Bunu, Mian, She and so on. Zhuang Dong language family includes Zhuang, Buyi, Dai, Dong, Shui, Mulao, Maonan, Lajia, Li and Gelao languages.
The Altai language family is divided into three groups: Mongolian, Turkic and Manchurian Tungusic. The Mongolian language group includes Mongolian, Daur, Dongxiang, Eastern Yugu, Tu, Baoan and other languages. Uyghur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Uzbek, Tatar, Salah, Western Yugur, Tuwa and other Turkic languages belong to the Turkic group. The Manchu - Tungusic language family includes Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen and other languages.
The Austronesian language family consists of the Gaoshan languages and the Hui Hui dialect.
The South Asian language family is a Mon-Khmer language family including Wa, Deang, Brown, Kemu and other languages.
The Indo-European languages are Russian, a Slavic language, and Tajik, an Iranian language.
⑥ Other languages
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government has formulated written language programs for the Zhuang, Buyi, Yi, Miao, Hani, Lisu, Naxi, Dong, Wa and Li ethnic groups.
From the point of view of the writing system and the form of letters, the Chinese writing system of phonetic characters, syllabic characters, alphabetic writing system, ancient Indian alphabet (Sanskrit), Uighur alphabet, Arabic alphabet, square alphabet, Latin alphabet, Slavic alphabet forms, etc.
In addition, Korean language and Gin language Chinese authorities have not yet identified the origin of the virus.

literature

The literature of the People's Republic of China generally belongs to Chinese contemporary literature Category. July 1949" The first literary Congress The convening of the New Chinese literature as a starting point, into the contemporary literature stage. Contemporary Chinese literature is different from modern Chinese literature in that it is limited to socialist pluralistic literature under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. This nature makes contemporary literature with extremely complex features and features significantly different from the literature of any previous social forms and times. Chinese contemporary literature has generally experienced three historical stages: the first 17 years after the founding of New China (1949-1966), the decade of the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976) and the New Period (after 1976). Since the beginning of the 21st century, it has appeared again Chinese freelance writer , Chinese free literature Such concepts have raised contemporary Chinese literature to a new and unprecedented height, making it more ambiguous and personal, and a true era of self-regression for literature is emerging. [84]
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, dozens of literary awards were established, among which the most authoritative are MAO Dun Literature Prize , Lu Xun Literature Prize And the annual Chinese literary figure selection. The Museum of Modern Chinese Literature, built in Beijing in 2000, collects desks, chairs and writing instruments used by 18 of the most famous Chinese writers, as well as a large number of literary works, handwriting, translations, letters and other materials. [85]
On October 11, 2012, Mo Yan He won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature. This is the first time that China has won this award.

diet

Since ancient times, there has been an epigram in China that "food is the priority of the people" and "the three armies have not moved, grain and grass first", which has been independently formed after thousands of years of development Chinese food culture Chinese food culture is a time-honored regional culture with broad vision, deep level, multi-angle and high taste. It is the material and spiritual wealth created, accumulated and influenced by the Chinese people in the development of food sources, tableware development, food preparation, nutrition and health care, and diet aesthetics in the production and living practice of the surrounding countries and the world. [86]

TCM.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) originated in China and is based on the medical practice of the Han nationality in ancient China Traditional medicine Has a history of thousands of years. According to China National Committee for the Examination and Approval of scientific and technical terms Approved nouns, Traditional Chinese medicine It is "a comprehensive science that studies the law of health and disease transformation in human life activities and its prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and health care with the theory and practical experience of traditional Chinese medicine as the main body". [87]

Traditional festival

According to the "National Annual Festival and Memorial Day holiday Measures", all citizens have a holiday
Holidays and festivals
date
Number of vacation days (excluding vacation days)
New Year's Day
January 1st
1 day
Spring Festival.
The first, second and third days of the first lunar month
3 days
Clear and bright
Tomb-sweeping Day
1 day
International Workers' Day.
The first of May
1 day
Dragon Boat Festival
Dragon Boat Festival day
1 day
Mid-Autumn Festival
Mid-Autumn Day
1 day
National Day
October 1st, 2nd and 3rd
3 days
According to the National Holiday Measures for Annual Festivals and Anniversaries, some citizens have holidays and anniversaries
Holidays and festivals
date
Vacation days
Holiday date regulation
Women's Day
March 8th
Half a day
Women get half the day off
Youth Day
On May 4th
Half a day
Young people over 14 years old and under 28 years old will have half a day off on that day
Children's Day
June 1st
1 day
Children under the age of 14 have 1 day off on the same day
The anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army (Army Day)
The first of August
Half a day
Active-duty soldiers get half a day off that day
" National festival and anniversary holiday measures With regard to festivals customary to the minority nationalities, it is decided that the local people's governments in the areas where the minority nationalities live in compact communities shall, in accordance with the customs of the various nationalities, set holiday dates. [88]
Major Chinese traditional festivals are Spring Festival. , Lantern Festival. , Qingming Festival. , Dragon Boat Festival. , Mid-Autumn Festival. Let's wait. In addition, all ethnic minorities have their own traditional festivals, such as those of the Dai The Water-sprinkling Festival Mongolian Nadam Fair Of the Yi nationality The Torch Festival The Yao nationality Danu Festival The Bai nationality March Street The Zhuang nationality Singing fair , Tibetan Tibetan New Year and Fruit Festival The Miao nationality Leapfrog Festival Let's wait. [89]

Military affairs

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EDITOR
It has pushed forward the cause of China's national defense and armed forces.
China pursues a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. China places the safeguarding of national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, safeguarding national development interests and protecting the interests of the people above all else, strives to build a consolidated national defense and a strong armed forces that are compatible with national security and development interests, and in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, realize the unification of rich and strong armed forces.
The goals and tasks of China's national defense in the new era: safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests; Maintain social harmony and stability; Advancing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces; Maintain world peace and stability.
In accordance with the needs of national security and the level of economic and social development, China has implemented a "three-step" development strategy for the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and has promoted the modernization of national defense and the armed forces in a planned and step-by-step manner. This strategic concept mainly includes: promoting the informatization of national defense and the military, coordinating economic and national defense construction, deepening the reform of national defense and the military, and taking the road of leapfrog development.
The diversified use of China's armed forces in peacetime: safeguarding border, coastal and air security, maintaining social stability, participating in national construction and disaster relief, participating in UN peacekeeping operations, Aden Escort missions in the waters off Somalia, joint exercises and training between China and foreign countries and international disaster relief.
Chinese military
chairman
vice-chairman
Committee member
chairman
vice-chairman
Committee member
Minister: Dong Jun [168] [178]
Functional departments of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
The General Office of the Military Commission, the Joint Staff Department of the Military Commission, the Political Work Department of the Military Commission, the Logistics Support Department of the Military Commission, the Equipment Development Department of the Military Commission, the training Management Department of the Military Commission, the National Defense Mobilization Department of the military Commission, the Discipline Inspection Commission of the military Commission, the Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Military Commission, the Science and Technology Commission of the Military Commission, the Strategic Planning Office of the Military Commission, the Reform and Establishment Office of the Military Commission, the International Military Cooperation Office of the Military Commission, and the Audit Office of the Military Commission The General Administration of Government Organs Affairs of the Military Commission

traffic

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EDITOR
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the total length of transportation lines has increased greatly, and it has a transportation network comparable to that of developed countries. Transport lines continue to extend inland and border areas, transport networks continue to expand, and transport capacity is gradually improved.
The total amount of goods transported in 2023 will be 55.7 billion tons, an increase of 8.1% over the previous year. The turnover of cargo transport was 24,7713 trillion ton-kilometers, up by 6.3%. The port completed 17 billion tons of cargo throughput, an increase of 8.2% over the previous year, of which 5 billion tons of foreign trade cargo throughput, an increase of 9.5%. Port container throughput was 310.34 million TEUs, up 4.9%. A total of 9.3 billion passenger trips were made last year, an increase of 66.5% over the previous year. Passenger transport turnover was 2,861 billion person-kilometers, an increase of 121.4%. [91] [147] [161]

society

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EDITOR

education

Chinese education is made up of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China In charge of educational undertakings. Launched in 1986 Nine-year compulsory education . The education stage is divided into kindergarten, primary school, junior high school, senior high school and university. China has a large number of universities and the number of students ranks first in the world. Some universities offer postgraduate education and have doctoral programs. [92-93]
In 2023, there will be 1.302 million graduate students enrolled, 3.883 million graduate students enrolled, and 1.015 million graduates enrolled. Regular and vocational college students enrolled 10.422 million students, 37.75 million students, and 10.47 million graduates. Secondary vocational education enrolled 6.165 million students, 17.379 million students, and 5.371 million graduates. Regular high schools enrolled 9.678 million students, with 28.036 million students and 8.604 million graduates. The junior high school enrollment was 17.546 million, with 52.437 million students and 16.236 million graduates. Regular primary schools enrolled 18.779 million students, with 108.36 million students and 17.635 million graduates. Special education enrollment of 155,000, 912,000 students, 173,000 graduates. There were 40,930 million children receiving preschool education in kindergartens. The retention rate of nine-year compulsory education was 95.7 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior middle schools was 91.8 percent. [129] [148] [183]

media

With the development of society and the progress of economy, the Chinese central government has relaxed its control over the media year by year. Chinese media have shown vitality and pluralism to a certain extent, and at the same time discussed social issues and public policies with a certain degree of openness. [94]

Press and publication

Since the beginning of reform and opening up, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the work of press and publication, and made a series of major arrangements and decisions, so that China's press and publication industry has entered a new stage of rapid, healthy and sustainable development. China's book, newspaper, electronic publishing and printing industries have entered the forefront of the world, and China has become a veritable publishing country. [95]

Health service

Since the beginning of reform and opening up, China has made remarkable achievements in its health undertakings. A medical and health service system covering both urban and rural areas has basically taken shape, disease prevention and control capabilities have been continuously enhanced, medical security coverage has gradually expanded, the level of health science and technology has been rapidly improved, people's health has significantly improved, and major health indicators of its residents are among the highest among developing countries. [96]
By the end of 2023, China had a total of 1.071 million medical and health institutions, including 39,000 hospitals, including 12,000 public hospitals and 27,000 private hospitals. There were 1,016 million community-level medical and health institutions, including 34,000 township hospitals, 37,000 community health service centers (stations), 362,000 out-patient departments (clinics) and 583,000 village clinics; There are 12,000 professional public health institutions, including 3,426 centers for Disease Control and Prevention and 2,791 health supervision centers. There were 12.47 million health technicians, including 4.78 million medical practitioners and assistant medical practitioners, and 5.63 million registered nurses. There are 10.2 million beds in medical and health institutions, of which 8 million are in hospitals and 1.51 million are in township health centers. Last year, 9.56 billion people were treated and discharged from hospitals and 300 million were discharged. [129] [183]

Labor employment

China has implemented the strategy of giving priority to employment, adhered to the principle of promoting employment through economic development, formulated and implemented a series of macro-policies to promote employment, strengthened and improved macro-control, maintained sustained, rapid and sound economic development, and laid a solid foundation for expanding employment. Since 2008, China has created more than 11 million urban jobs on average every year, and transferred more than 8 million agricultural workers. The number of employed people in urban and rural areas increased from 755.64 million at the end of 2008 to 764.2 million at the end of 2011. [97]

Business environment

On March 5, 2024, Premier Li Qiang of The State Council introduced in the government work report that over the past year, China has deepened reform, expanded opening-up and continued to improve the business environment. We will introduce an overall work plan for building a large, unified national market, and eliminate a number of policies and regulations that impede fair competition. We introduced policies to support the development of state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, and foreign-funded enterprises, established a regular communication and exchange mechanism between government and enterprises, launched a special campaign to clear up overdue corporate accounts, and strengthened the rectification of illegal charges. We will deepen reforms in fiscal, taxation, finance, agriculture, rural areas, and ecological and environmental protection. We promoted the steady scale and optimal structure of foreign trade, and the "new three" exports of electric vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products increased by nearly 30%. We will improve policies for attracting foreign investment and expand institutional opening up. We will make solid progress in jointly building high-quality development under the Belt and Road Initiative, and increase trade and investment with other countries. [1] [184]

diplomacy

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EDITOR
China belongs to Third world country , pursue Independent and autonomous Proceeding from the long-term and fundamental interests of its own people and the people of the world, China's foreign policy of peace takes opposing hegemonism, maintaining world peace, developing friendly cooperation among countries and promoting common economic prosperity as the fundamental goals of its foreign affairs. In handling state-to-state relations, China has always advocated non-interference in each other's internal affairs The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence As a guide, and not based on the differences and similarities of social systems, ideologies and values, yes Permanent member of the United Nations Security Council And member states of many international organizations. [98]
Summary of the Date of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between China and other countries (as of January 24, 2024)
district
nation (Date of diplomatic Relations and Remarks) (Countries of the same continent are listed in alphabetical order by their translated names)
Asia
Afghanistan (1955.1.20)
United Arab Emirates (November 1, 1981)
Oman (1978.5.25)
Azerbaijan (1992.4.6)
Pakistan (1951.5.21)
Palestine (1988.11.20)
Bahrain (April 18, 1989)
North Korea (June 6, 1949)
East Timor (2002.5.20)
Philippines (1975.6.9)
Georgia (1992.6.9)
Kazakhstan (1992.1.3)
South Korea (1992.8.24)
Kyrgyzstan (1992.1.5)
Cambodia (1958.7.19)
Qatar (Sep. 1987)
Kuwait (1971.3.22)
Laos (April 25, 1961.16)
Lebanon (1971.11.9)
Maldives (1972.10.14)
Malaysia (May 31, 1974)
Mongolia (October 16, 1949)
Bangladesh (1975.10.4)
Myanmar (1950.6.8)
Nepal (1955.8.1)
Japan (1972.9.29)
Saudi Arabia (1990.7.21)
Sri Lanka (1957.2.7)
Tajikistan (1992.1.4)
Thailand (1975.7.1)
Turkey (1971.8.4)
Turkmenistan (1992.1.6)
Brunei (1991.9.30)
Armenia (1992.4.6)
Uzbekistan (1992.1.2)
Singapore (1990.10.3)
Syria (1956.8.1)
Yemen (1956.9.24)
Iraq (August 25, 1957)
Iran (1971.8.16)
Israel (1992.1.24)
India (1950.4.1)
Indonesia (April 13, 1950)
Jordan (1977.4.7)
Vietnam (1950.1.18)
Africa
Algeria (1958.12.20)
Egypt (May 30, 1956)
Ethiopia (1970.11.24)
Angola (1983.1.12)
Benin (November 12, 1964.)
Botswana (June 1976)
Burkina Faso (Established diplomatic relations on September 15, 1974, suspended diplomatic relations on April 4, 1994, resumed diplomatic relations on May 26, 2018) [99]
Burundi (1963.12.21)
Equatorial Guinea (October 15, 1970.)
Togo (1972.9.19)
Eritrea (1993.5.24)
Cape Verde (April 25, 1976)
Gambia (Established diplomatic relations on December 14, 1974, suspended diplomatic relations on July 25, 1995, resumed diplomatic relations on March 17, 2016) [100] )
Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) (1964.2.22)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961.2.20)
Djibouti (1979.1.8)
Guinea (October 4, 1957)
Guinea-bissau (1974.3.15)
Ghana (1960.7.5)
Gabon (April 20, 1974)
Zimbabwe (April 18, 1980.18)
Cameroon (March 26, 1977)
Comoros (1975.11.13)
Cote d 'Ivoire (1983.3.2)
Kenya (1963.12.14)
Lesotho (1983.4.30)
Liberia (February 17, 1977.)
Libya (1978.8.9)
Rwanda (1971.11.12)
Madagascar (November 6, 1972.)
Malawi (2007.12.28)
Mali (October 25, 1960.)
Mauritius (1972.4.15)
Mauritania (July 19, 1965)
Morocco (1958.11.1)
Mozambique (June 25, 1976)
Namibia (1990.3.22)
South Africa (1998.1.1)
South Sudan (2011.7.9)
Niger (July 20, 1974)
Nigeria (1971.2.10)
Sierra Leone (1971.7.29)
Senegal (1971.12.7)
Seychelles (June 30, 1976)
SAO Tome and Principe (Established diplomatic relations on July 12, 1975.The diplomatic relations were suspended on July 11, 1997.The diplomatic relations were restored on December 26, 2016 [101] )
Sudan (April, 1957)
Somalia (December 14, 1960.)
Tanzania (April 26, 1964.26)
Tunisia (1964.1.10)
Uganda (October 18, 1962.10)
Zambia (October 29, 1964.)
Chad (1972.11.28)
Central Africa (September 29, 1964.)
Europe
Albania (November 23, 1949)
Ireland (June 22, 1979)
Estonia (1991.9.11)
Andorra (1994.6.29)
Austria (May 28, 1971.05)
Belarus (1992.1.20)
Bulgaria (October 4, 1949)
Belgium (1971.10.25)
Iceland (1971.12.8)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995.4.3)
Poland (July, 1949)
Denmark (May 11, 1950)
Germany (1972.10.11)
Russia (1949.10.2)
France (1964.1.27)
Finland (October 28, 2019)
The Netherlands (1972.5.18)
Montenegro (June 6, 2006)
Czech Republic (June 6, 1949)
Croatia (1992.5.13)
Latvia (1991.9.12)
Lithuania (1991.9.14, He was demoted to charge d 'affaires on 21 November 2021 [133] )
Liechtenstein (1950.9.14)
Luxembourg (November 16, 1972.)
Romania (October 5, 1949)
Malta (1972.1.31)
Macedonia (1993.10.12)
Moldova (1992.1.30)
Monaco (January 16, 1995)
Norway (1954.10.5)
Portugal (1979.2.8)
Sweden (1950.5.9)
Switzerland (1950.9.14)
Serbia (1955.1.2)
Cyprus (1971.12.14)
SAN Marino (June, 1971.5.6)
Slovakia (October 6, 1949)
Slovenia (1992.5.12)
Ukraine (1992.1.4)
Spain (1973.3.9)
Greece (1972.6.5)
Hungary (October 6, 1949)
Italy (November 6, 1970.)
United Kingdom (1972.3.13)
European Union (1975.5.-)
North America
Antigua and Barbuda (1983.1.1)
Barbados (May 30, 1977.)
Bahamas (1997.5.23)
Belize (Established diplomatic relations on June 6, 1987, suspended diplomatic relations on October 23, 1989)
Dominic (2004.3.23)
Costa Rica (January 2007)
Grenada (October 1, 1985.01)
Cuba (1960.9.28)
Canada (1970.10.13)
United States (1979.1.1)
Nicaragua (Established diplomatic relations on December 7, 1985, suspended diplomatic relations on November 9, 1990.Resumed diplomatic relations on December 10, 2021.21) [134] )
Mexico (1972.2.14)
Saint Lucia (1997.9.1 Establishment of diplomatic relations, 2007.5.5 suspension of diplomatic relations)
Trinidad and Tobago (June 20, 1974)
Jamaica (1972.11.21)
Panama (2017.6.12) [102]
Dominica (2018.5.1) [103]
El Salvador (2018.8.21) [104]
Honduras (2023.03.26) [164]
South America
Argentina (1972.2.19)
Brazil (August 15, 1974)
Peru (1971.11.2)
Bolivia (1985.7.9)
Colombia (July 1980.27)
Ecuador (1980.1.2)
Guyana (1972.6.27)
Suriname (May 28, 1976)
Venezuela (June 28, 1974)
Uruguay (1988.2.3)
Chile (December 15, 1970.)
Oceania
Australia (1972.12.21)
Papua New Guinea (October 12, 1976)
Fiji (1975.11.5)
Cook Islands (July 25, 1997)
Micronesia (September 11, 1989.11)
Niue (2007.12.12)
Samoa (November 6, 1977)
Tonga (1998.11.2)
Vanuatu (1982.3.26)
New Zealand (1972.12.22)
Solomon Islands (2019.9.21) [105]
Kiribati (June 25, 1980.-November 29, 2003, restored on September 27, 2019.20 [106] )
Nauru (2002.7.21 Return Date: 2024.1.24)
Table content Source: [107] [180-181]

travel

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EDITOR
China has rich tourism resources. On December 12, 1985, the People's Republic of China acceded to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage To become a Contracting Party [37] . On 29 October 1999, China was elected World Heritage Committee Member [43] . In 1986 China began to move towards UNESCO Declare the World Heritage project. By September 2023, the number of World heritage sites in China has reached 57, including 39 cultural heritage sites, 14 natural heritage sites, and 4 natural and cultural heritage sites. [108] [175]
World Heritage sites in China
Login name
Login type
C: Cultural heritage
N: Natural heritage
NC: Double heritage
Year of entry
Extended year
location
C
The year 1987
It spans 17 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, including Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Qinghai.
C
The year 1987
The year 2004
Peking Dongcheng District , Shenyang, Liaoning
C
The year 1987
Gansu (Province) Dunhuang
C
The year 1987
Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province
C
The year 1987
NC
The year 1987
Shandong (Province) Tai 'an
NC
The year 1990
Anhui (Province) Huangshan City
Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic spot
N
The year 1992
N
The year 1992
Sichuan Songpan
N
The year 1992
Hunan (Province) Zhangjiajie
C
The year 1994
Hebei (Province) Chengde
C
The year 1994
Qufu, Shandong Province
C
The year 1994
Hubei (Province) Danjiangkou
C
The year 1994
(Potala Palace)
The year 2000 ( Jokhang Temple )
The year 2001 ( Norbulingka )
Lhasa, Tibet
Lushan Mountain National scenic spot
C
The year 1996
Jiangxi (Province) Jiujiang
Mount Emei Scenic spots, including The Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic spot
NC
The year 1996
Sichuan Lac Son , include Emeishan City
C
The year 1997
Lijiang, Yunnan
C
The year 1997
Shanxi (Province) Pingyao
C
The year 1997
The year 2000
Suzhou, Jiangsu
C
The year 1998
C
The year 1998
C
The year 1999
Chongqing Dazu
NC
The year 1999
Fujian (Province) Wuyishan City
C
The year 2000
Sichuan Dujiangyan City
Ancient villages in Southern Anhui - Xidi County , Hong Village
C
The year 2000
Anhui (Province) Yi County
C
The year 2000
Luoyang, Henan Province
C
The year 2000
Year 2003 ( Ming mausoleum , Ming Tombs )
Hubei (Province) Zhong Xiang
Hebei (Province) Zunhua
Hebei (Province) Yixian County
Nanjing, Jiangsu
Shenyang, Liaoning Province, New guest
C
The year 2001
Shanxi (Province) Datong.
N
The year 2003
C
The year 2004
Ji Lin. Chyen Hoa Liaoning Huan Ren
C
The year 2005
Macau.
N
The year 2006
Chengdu, Sichuan, Aba , Ya 'an, Garze
C
The year 2006
Anyang, Henan Province
N
The year 2007
Yunnan (Province) Stone forest , Guizhou (Province) Libo , Chongqing Wulong County
C
The year 2007
Kwangtung Kaiping
C
The year 2008
Fujian (Province) Longyan , Zhangzhou
Sanqing Mountain National scenic spot
N
The year 2008
Jiangxi (Province) Shangrao County
C
The year 2009
Shanxi (Province) Wutai
Seal" Between heaven and earth Historic buildings
C
The year 2010
Henan (Province) enseal
N
The year 2010
Fujian (Province) Taining , Hunan Sinning , Guangdong renalization , Jiangxi (Province) Guixi County , Zhejiang Jiangshan, Guizhou Chishui and Get accustomed to water
C
The year 2011
Hangzhou, Zhejiang
C
The year 2012
Inner Mongolia Zhenglan Banner
N
The year 2012
Yunnan (Province) Chengjiang River
N
The year 2013
Xinjiang Akzo , Ili , Bayingolin , Changji
Honghe Hani Terraces Cultural landscape
C
The year 2013
Yunnan (Province) Red River
C
The year 2014
Beijing City, Tianjin City, Hebei Province, Shandong Province, Henan Province, Anhui Province, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province
Silk Road : Chang 'an - The road network of Tianshan Corridor
C
The year 2014
China (Shaanxi Province, Henan Province, Gansu Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)
Kazakhstan ( Almaty , Jabpur Prefecture )
Kyrgyzstan ( Chuhe Prefecture )
C
The year 2015
Hunan, Hubei and Guizhou
C
The year 2016
Guangxi
N
The year 2016
Hubei (Province)
Gulangyu Island : Historical International Community
C
The year 2017
Fujian (Province)
N
The year 2017
Qinghai (Province)
N
The year 2018
Guizhou (Province) [170]
N
2019
Jiangsu (Province) [171]
C
2019
Zhejiang (Province) [172]
C
The year 2021
Fujian (Province) [173]
N
2023
Yunnan (Province) [174]

ART

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EDITOR

Calligraphy painting

Chinese characters evolved from pictures and symbols, and the writing and development of Chinese characters led to the emergence of calligraphy. There were great calligraphers in all dynasties of China, whose calligraphy art and style became the typical representative of the calligraphy of their dynasties. People's love of calligraphy has been passed down. [109]
Contemporary Chinese calligraphy and painting are very active. The National Art Museum of China and other art galleries have been holding individual exhibitions or group exhibitions for many years; Chinese paintings go abroad every year, to Japan, South Korea, the United States, Canada and Europe and other places exhibition. In addition to Chinese painting, oil paintings, prints, watercolour Western painting also developed in China. [109]
With the development of the art auction industry, the gallery industry is gradually in line with international practices. Art fairs held in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou each year have become another way to trade art, of which the Shanghai Art Fair is the most complete art fair in Asia. [109]
Painting on the River During Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan (partial)

Arts and crafts

Spring and Autumn Period square pot
There are many kinds of Chinese arts and crafts, and many works are called unique works. Arts and crafts can be divided into two categories: special crafts and folk crafts.
Using cutting, tying, knitting, weaving, embroidery, carving, molding, painting and other skills to produce a variety of folk crafts, with a strong local flavor and national style.

MUSICIANS

China maintains its unique system, unique thinking and unique style in the world contemporary music culture, so it is an integral part of the world music with unique contributions. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the history of Chinese music entered an unprecedented new stage and opened a new and more splendid chapter. In vocal music, instrumental music, large-scale musical genres, as well as opera, dance drama, film music and other aspects, have made great development and achievements. Chinese contemporary music has some works that can be included in the classical Treasury of world music. [110]
Pop music emerged in the 1930s and moved to Hong Kong and Taiwan in 1949. In 1977, Hong Kong and Taiwan pop music began to enter the mainland. The 21st century presents a state of fusion, penetration and mutual influence. [111]

drama

Peking Opera Farewell My Concubine
Chinese traditional drama has a unique title -- Xiqu, which, together with Greek tragicomedy and Indian Sanskrit drama, is called the three ancient dramatic cultures in the world. There are more than 300 kinds of Chinese operas, and the main means to express the plot is in the form of song and dance. Peking Opera is the most widespread and influential type of opera, originating from Kunqu Opera (Kunqu Opera). Kunqu opera Is an older dramatic art). This kind of stage art, which combines singing, reading and doing, was formed in Beijing in the early 19th century. After more than 200 years of practice, it has accumulated more than 1,000 plays of deep artistic value and formed a set of musical styles and performance programs.
On the basis of inheriting the tradition, local opera is constantly reforming and innovating. More active local operas include Shaoxing Opera, Huangmei Opera , Sichuan opera Yu Opera, Cantonese opera Let's wait. Tibetan Tibetan opera It has a strong religious color and Tibetan national characteristics, and its performance is rough and bold and unique.
Drama was introduced from abroad in the early 20th century. Since the 1920s, realistic and expressionist themes began to appear on the stage of drama. By the 1930s, Chinese drama had matured. Drama master Cao Yu's trilogy of this period - thunderstorm "," Sunrise "And" Open country With its profound connotation and sophisticated skills, it is regarded as a classic work of Chinese drama. Founded in 1952, the Beijing People's Art Theater represents the highest level of Chinese drama. teahouse "," Longxu Ditch "And other plays enjoy high reputation.

Song and dance

Chinese Classical Dance, a set of retro Chinese dance system established by the dance troupe of the Central Academy of Drama, is a Chinese style dance with unique rhythm, body language and aesthetic characteristics developed and created by taking lessons from traditional Chinese opera and adopting the training dances of world ballet.
In the 1990s, films such as "Tai Chi Impression", "Mythological China", and "Tai Chi Impression" were born. Akusui Yi people ", "Red Fan", "Voice Transmission", "Sleepless Night", tide ", "Two Bodies" and other novel works. At the same time, the Chinese dance orchestra began to enter the international market and began to internationalize, winning many international awards. In the 21st century, large-scale dance dramas began to rise, such as" Ma Le visit the horizon "," Big Dream Dunhuang "," Farewell my concubine "," Porcelain soul "," A handful of pickled dates Such a national dance drama biased towards the Chinese classical dance style, or there are" Raise the Red Lantern "Such a national characteristics of the ballet, but also" Thunder and Rain "such individual expression of modern dance drama gradually gained audience love.

Film and television

Realistic themes have become the mainstream of Chinese film development. In a new wave of filmmaking that began in the mid-1980s, South of the city "," Wild mountain "," Furong Town ", "The Founding Ceremony"," Armageddon These works have a high level of attainments in reflecting the depth and breadth of life, in realizing the diversification of subject matter, style and style, and in exploring and innovating the film language. During this period, he was known as the "fifth generation" director Zhang Yimou , Chen Kaige , Huang Jianxin The rise of such people has attracted international attention.
In the late 1990s, a group of filmmakers born in the 1960s and 1970s became the sixth generation of directors in the Chinese film industry, represented by Jia Zhangke , Wang Xiaoshuai , Zhang Yuan Et al. Their film works tend to be popular, and most of them are presented by documentary methods. director Feng Xiaogang It has become the highest-grossing commercial film in China.
The most influential international film festivals in China are the Changchun International Film Festival and the Shanghai International Film Festival. " Golden Rooster Award It is the highest award for outstanding Chinese films. In order to encourage the development of mainstream films, the state has set up a special" Hua Biao Award ", as well as "voted for by the audience" Hundred Flowers Awards ".

religion

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EDITOR
China is a multi-religious country. Chinese religious believers mainly believe in Buddhism , Taoism , Islam , Catholicism and Christianity Chinese citizens are free to choose and express their beliefs and manifest their religious identity. [16]
Respect and protection Freedom of religious belief It is a long-term basic policy of the Chinese government to deal with religious issues. Freedom of religious belief, as a citizen's right, is guaranteed by the Constitution and laws.

Science and technology

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EDITOR
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the scientific and technological level of the People's Republic of China has been greatly improved, and major scientific and technological achievements have been made in the fields of computers, aerospace, bioengineering, new energy, new materials and laser technology. [112]
It will successfully complete 66 space launches in 2023. The Tianzhou-6, Shenzhou-16 and Shenzhou-17 missions have been carried out successively, and China's space station has entered the stage of application and development. The world's first liquid oxygen-methane rocket, Suzaku II, has been successfully launched. Quantum computing prototype IX Chapter 3 was successfully built. The fully superconducting Tokamak fusion experimental device achieves steady-state high confinement mode plasma operation for 403 seconds. The world's first fourth-generation high-temperature gas-cooled reactor demonstration project for nuclear power plants was put into commercial operation. The world's first 16 MW offshore wind turbine connected to the grid. The large passenger aircraft C919 was officially put into commercial operation. The first Chinese-made large cruise ship has completed sea trials. The manned submersible Striver completes its ultimate dive. [183]

Physical education

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EDITOR
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, sports in China have developed in an all-round way. National fitness Flourish, Competitive sports A historic breakthrough has been made. There are more than 1 million sports venues of various types, and more than 650,000 social sports instructors. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, Chinese athletes won a total of 634 world championships, setting or surpassing the world record 88 times. The remarkable success of the Beijing Olympic Games and Paralympics fulfilled the century-old expectations of the Chinese people and became an unparalleled and wonderful event in the history of the Olympic Games, which greatly aroused the patriotic enthusiasm and enthusiasm of the Chinese people National pride . The Chinese delegation won 51 gold MEDALS, 21 silver MEDALS and 28 bronze MEDALS, ranking first in the gold medal tally. August 8 was designated as" National Fitness Day It became the first national sports festival in New China. [113]
2008 Beijing Olympic Games Fuwa
From 2007 to 2018, the People's Republic of China was the country with the highest number of international sports events. China is an important venue for professional snooker competitions in the world, and also hosts important international events such as the Formula 1 Chinese Grand Prix and the China Open Tennis Tournament. [114-117]
China's football league became professional in 1994, Chinese football League A Group It was once the top league of Chinese football and the predecessor of the Chinese Super League. In 2004, the Chinese Football Association officially launched the" Chinese Football Association Super League ".
By the end of 2023, China had 4.593 million sports venues, covering 4.07 billion square meters, or 2.89 square meters per capita. Throughout the year, Chinese athletes won 165 world championships in 32 sports and created 20 world records. At the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou, Chinese athletes won a total of 201 gold MEDALS and 383 MEDALS, topping the gold medal tally for the 11th consecutive time. Our disabled athletes have won 231 world championships in 45 international events. At the 4th Asian Para Games in Hangzhou, Chinese athletes won 214 gold MEDALS and a total of 521 MEDALS, ranking first in the gold medal table and the medal table for the fourth consecutive time. [183] [185]
China's major sports professional league
Sports event
First division league
Second division
Third division
remark
soccer
[118]
basketball
CBA
NBL
[119]
volleyball
[120]
Table tennis
[121]
badminton
[122]
Ice hockey