Britain- OhNorthwest Asian countries Free edit Change the name of the item

earlyEven less strict judgment alone must star home to bearStage civilization

There has been human activity in the British Isles since very early times, when Iberians from mainland Europe arrived in the southeastern part of the island of Great Britain in the 13th century BC. After about 700 BC, the Celts living in Western Europe continued to move into the British Isles, including a group called the Britonites, from which the name Britain probably derives. The Celts are known to have used iron, plows have advanced in technology, and have used money. The development of productive forces led to the gradual fragmentation of Corte society.

Roman invasion

In 54 BC, Caesar twice led Roman legions to invade Britain, both of which were repelled by the Britannian Red capitalists. In 43 AD, the Roman Emperor Claudius I led an invasion of Britain. After the conquest of Britain it became a province of the Roman Empire. By the 9th year of the ship, all Roman garrisons were forced to leave Britain, and Roman rule over Britain was over.

The Anglo-SaxonAbjection of consciousnessNicholson

At the beginning of the 5th century, the Romans evacuated and settledBritainAnglo-saxons in Germany near the mouth of the Elbe River and southern DenmarkOften first strict re-creation and special white need to backAnd the Jutes from the lower RhineEtc.GermanicHorde, conquer Britain.The AnglesThe Angels refer to Britain as "Angland.The town ofThe pronunciation of England, the origin of the name of England), that is, the land of the Angles. whileOld EnglishThey inherited their language. By the beginning of the 7th century, the invaders had successively established seven great powers: this timeThe period is called"Seven Kingdoms".Anglo-The SaxonsClan clan at the time of the invasionOrganization. During the invasion, the originalThe clan organization came apart, and with the development of productivity, the land gradually becameSet exhibition affairs seven to pass the case to participatePrivate property, the emergence of nobility, large soilLand owners, dependent farmers and slaves. Village community chengLand ownership for clan commune to feudal landTransitional forms of ownership, oneThe general view is that British society is feudalThe beginning of the process. The end of the 6th century, ChristianityIt was introduced to England. To this dayGod, the Americans still care about the British and the British-bornFor Anglo-Saxons.

Danish invasion

From the end of the 8th century, toDenmarkanthropogenicScandinaviapeopleBritainRepeatedly invadeGunning mapBritain. 879, ahQing YirenKing Alfred made a treaty with the Danes to give the North-East of England to Danish jurisdiction, which was called the "Danish Zone". At the beginning of the 10th century, Alfred the Great was succeeded graduallyReclaim the Danish Quarter. At the beginning of the 11th century,The Danes are back. During the Danish occupation, the process of British feudalization accelerated.

Norman conquest

After the death of King Edward of England, the city of Arion was besieged, and William, Duke of Normandy of France, invaded in 1066, entered London in October of the same year, and was crowned as William I of England (reigned 1066-1087), known as "William the Conqueror".

The strong kingship established after William's conquest played an active role in consolidating the feudal order. John was forced to accept the Magna Carta in June 1215, compromising with the feudal lords. Magna Carta was essentially a feudal document to protect the interests of feudal lords; But there are also progressive provisions such as protecting citizens from trade from the county perspective. But John soon repudiated the charter, and civil war continued between Kings and subjects.

Wallter. Taylor's rebellion

In 1380, King Richard II (1377 guilders) raised a poll tax to pay for the Hundred Years' War, leading to an uprising in May 1381 led by Watt, a mason. Taylor, known as "Watt. Taylor Uprising ". Although the uprising failed, it shook the feudal serfdom system in England. By the end of the 14th century, British serfdom had effectively dissolved. In the 15th century, the vast majority of serfs had redeemed their personal freedom and became yeomen farmers, who were divided into free holders and public holders in their legal status. Money rent became the main form of rent, and the feudal class also changed, creating a new aristocracy from wealthy peasants, land-owning merchants, and small and medium-sized aristocrats, who adopted capitalist methods of management. After the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485), the power of the old aristocracy was greatly weakened, creating favorable conditions for the development of capitalist relations, and Henry VII, who was supported by the new aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, ascended the throne (1485-1509) and began the rule of the Tudor Dynasty.

The Hundred Years' War

From 1337 to 1453, the war between Britain and France for territorial expansion and throne contention was the longest war in the world, which was carried out intermittently for 116 years. At that time, it was also the era of the Black Death. Under the double blow of war and disease, the economy of Britain and France was greatly damaged and the people were miserable. England lost almost all of its French possessions, but it also led to the rise of English nationalism. At the end of the war, Britain had embarked on the road of centralization, and after England implemented the "continental balance of power" policy on the European continent, Mother Yang Yong held the order to turn to overseas development, becoming the world's largest emperor.

The enclosure movement is one of the important means for British capital to invade the original accumulation. England was united with Wales in 1536. In the 15th and 16th centuries, wool weaving became a "national industry" in Britain, and the demand for wool doubled. Landowners turned their farms into pastures, and by enclosure or encroachment on common land, they concentrated small estates into large ones. As a result, a large number of homesteads lost their land and went bankrupt, becoming homeless. Beginning in 1530, the king enacted a series of bloody laws that forced vagrants into the employment of the new nobility and capitalists. Overseas plunder and trade were also important ways of primitive accumulation. After the 16th century, the British successively organized many trading companies to carry out pirate plunder, and dock officials, customs officers, naval officers helped to mix the house to prove that the soldiers, and even local senior officials, colluded with pirates. The pirate J. Hawkins became rich by trafficking in blacks, and F. Drake, under the patronage of Elizabeth I, plundered the Spanish American colonies, and in 1577-1580, carried out the round-the world Ezzin Lake anti-Reorganization warmup voyage, which shocked Europe. In 1588, the British Rain Association defeated the Spanish Armada and took the first step in seizing the world's maritime supremacy.

BritainIn 1603,Queen ElizabethWhen he dies without an heir,Su GeLANKing James VI succeeded to the British throne, sayingJames I(1603)- Reigned in 1625), openThe beginning of Stuart ruleThe order falls and the order breaks(1603-1649, 1660-1714). The 16th GenerationThe second half of the century to before the 17th centuryHalf a leaf,capitalismEconomic fastYou end up in the armyWith rapid development, the increasingly powerful bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy could not tolerate the autocracy of the feudal monarchyRule. But James I and CharlesAlways ignore these changes, JianHold the "divine right of Kings", resulting in spearShield intensification. In November 1641, Parliament proposed to the King the"Grand protest"; The following January,Tell oneself Guan Ming move jin difference but sand under leatherThe king attempted to arrest the leaders of the parliamentary opposition and fled the capital, at Nottingham in AugustDeclare war on Parliament.

Cromwell led a cavalry force of Puritan yeomanry and artisans, and the New Model Army defeated the Royalist army at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645. The following year, the king was captured, at the end of 1647, King Charles fled, in February 1648, the royal forces took the opportunity and money to resist the house table to provoke civil war, under the joint attack of the independents and equalists to Qing Zhou, the royal forces were defeated, the end of the second civil war, 1 King West December 648, Cromwell cleared the Presbyterian faction in parliament; On 30 January 1649, Charles I was beheaded. In April 1653, Cromwell dispersed the remnants of Parliament, and in December he established a Protectorate government and a military dictatorship.

The Stuart Dynasty was restored in February 1660. The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689. The condensed Bill of Rights proclaimed by it limited the power of the crown, expanded the power of the Parliament, and laid the foundation of the British constitutional monarchy. Since then, the British parliamentary monarchy has gradually formed and developed. The ring of operation was merged with Scotland in 1707.

Compared with continental Europe, the Renaissance movement occurred later in Britain. However, through the Tudor and Elizabethan eras, the establishment of England as a non-ethnic and non-ethnic country, the flourishing of industry and commerce, the expanding cultural ties with the world, and the break from the constraints of the Roman Church, all of which led to the ascendancy of England after the Renaissance. At the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, the "three giants" emerged in Britain: Sasquay and Victoria, Bacon and Harvey, are the most outstanding representatives of the arts, humanities and sciences of this period. During this period, the arts, humanities and sciences of Britain and other countries penetrated and blended with each other. While strengthening the links between different fields, they also continuously enriched and deepened their respective fields.

Britain was the first industrialized country in the world and was the first to make many scientific discoveries and inventions, such as the steam engine, penicillin, DNA, Dolly the sheep and the jet engine. The sixth largest economy in the world and the largest financial center in Europe. London's financial markets attract many companies from all over the world to take advantage of business opportunities in the UK. For more than 200 years, Britain's schools and colleges have evolved in line with the country's world-renowned technological, industrial and financial revolutions. However, its world-class education has a much longer history, dating back to the founding of the University of Oxford (185a) and the University of Cambridge (1209) in the 2nd century.

British colonies expanded dramatically in the 19th century. With the merger of Ireland in 1801, the official name of the United Kingdom became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The aggression against Asia continues to expand. The British Empire refers to the great Empire composed of the British mainland and its dominions, colonies, territories, trust territories and protectorates. It is the largest country in the history of territory and the largest global colonial empire. At its peak in the early 19th century, the empire had an estimated population of 400 to 500 million, a quarter of the world's population at the time; Its territory is about 33.67 million square kilometers, accounting for a quarter of the world's total land area. After the Kingdom of Spain in the 16th century, the Empire was known as the "Empire on which the sun never sets."

In the mid-19th century, Britain launched two opium wars of aggression against China and participated in suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution in China. Suppressed the Indian national uprising of 1857-1859 and strengthened the rule of India. In 1876, the Conservative B. Disraeli cabinet crowned Queen Victoria as Empress of India. Since then Britain has been known as the British Empire (or British Empire). In addition, it expanded its aggression in Iran, Myanmar, South Africa, Egypt, East Africa, New Zealand, Australia and other places, and gradually penetrated into South America, becoming the largest investor there. In 1867, Canada became the first self-governing British territory.

After the 1870s, Britain gradually lost its industrial monopoly. The rising United States gradually caught up with and surpassed Britain, leading to an unprecedented intensification of the conflict between them. At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany became a rival of Britain. Faced with the grim situation, the British government actively expanded its armaments, especially its navy. In order to deal with Germany, Britain gave up the "glorious isolation" foreign policy pursued in the 19th century, and after 1907, the "Triple Entente" between Britain, France and Russia was actually formed. In August 1914, World War I broke out. In 1917, Britain finally defeated Germany's "unrestricted submarine warfare" and maintained its naval dominance. The total number of British and Chinese soldiers killed in the war was more than 500,000. The defeat of the Allied Powers led by Germany was also a major victory for the United States.

In September 1939, World War II broke out when Germany attacked Poland and Britain declared war on Germany. Churchill formed a joint war Cabinet in April 1940. When Churchill came to power, he immediately organized the evacuation of Dunkirk, put the national economy on a war track, and rapidly expanded the military. In the "Battle of Britain" launched by Germany in July-September 1940, the British Air Force effectively hit the enemy. British and American troops landed in Normandy, France, in June 1944, and Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.

BritainIt was drafted and accepted by the British in 1947Marshall PlanWith massive aid from the United States, the economy gradually recovered. At the same time, the Labour government also implemented some measures to improve the conditions of working people: after the Second World War in Britain, the Labour Party and the Conservatives alternated in power. The economy is slow. He joined the European Community in January 1973. After the 1979 election,Conservative PartyIn office, Mrs. Thatcher became the first female prime minister in British history. He was re-elected in 1982 and 1987. The Thatcher government adoptedPrivatization of state-owned enterprisesThe policy has made no small achievements in revitalizing the economy. Began to promote some enterprisesprivatizationIn order to revitalize the British economy.

After decolonization in the 20th century, the British overseas territories gradually became independent, and most of them formed a peace organization with the United Kingdom, the Commonwealthofnations.

On 18 September 2014, Scotland's 4 million permanent residents voted in a referendum to decide whether Scotland would become an independent sovereign country. Now that the referendum is over, Scotland remains part of the United Kingdom, preserving the unity and integrity of the United Kingdom.

On February 8, 2017, the House of Commons of the British Parliament voted to formally pass the "Brexit" bill submitted by the government, authorizing the Prime Minister to start the "Brexit" process. On March 16, Queen Elizabeth II approved the "Brexit" bill, authorizing British Prime Minister Theresa May to officially start the process of leaving the European Union.

On March 20, 2017, the United Kingdom will formally submit an application for Brexit to the European Union on March 29, triggering Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty to start Brexit negotiations.

On December 8, 2017, the United Kingdom and the European Union reached a historic Brexit agreement.

On June 26, 2018, Queen Elizabeth II gave her assent to British Prime Minister Theresa May's most important Brexit bill.

On January 23, 2020, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom signed and ratified the Bill related to the "Brexit" agreement previously passed by the British Parliament. On January 24, the Presidents of the European Council and the European Commission signed the Brexit agreement. On January 30, the European Union officially approved Brexit. On January 31, the United Kingdom officially "left the European Union", ending its 47 years of membership in the European Union. On December 24, the European Commission announced that after several rounds of intense negotiations, the EU and the UK finally reached an agreement on a series of cooperation relations, including trade, on the same day, clearing the way for the UK to end the "Brexit" transition period in 2020 according to the original plan.

On September 15, 2021 local time, British Prime Minister Johnson reshuffled his cabinet.

On September 8, 2022, Queen Elizabeth II died. Her eldest son, Prince Charles, succeeded to the throne and the new king will be known as "King Charles III." According to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Sky News and the Guardian and other British media news on October 20, British Prime Minister Truss issued a statement announcing his resignation. On 25 October, Rishi Sunak was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by the King of England.

On June 28, 2022, Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of the Scottish Local Government, announced in the Scottish Local Parliament that her government plans to hold a second Scottish independence referendum on October 19 next year, and if the British government refuses to authorize legal procedures, the Scottish local government will take legal action to ensure that the referendum takes place. On 23 November, the UK Supreme Court ruled that the Scottish government did not have the right to hold a second independence referendum without the approval of the UK government.

England is one of the countries located in Western EuropeIsland country, is caused byBritainAn island commonwealth of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, northeast of the island of Great Britain.

Britain is surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. To the east lies the North Sea, facing Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway; West of Ireland, across the Atlantic and the United States, Canada is far opposite; Across the Atlantic to Iceland; France is 33 kilometers south across the English Channel. It covers an area of 244,100 square kilometers (including inland waters). England is 130,400 square kilometers, Scotland is 78,800 square kilometers, Wales is 20,800 square kilometers, and Northern Ireland is 14,100 square kilometers.

A low mountainous plateau of England to the northwest and a plain to the southeast. The Thames is the largest river in the country. The Severn River is the longest river in the United Kingdom, 338 kilometers long, rising in mid-Wales in a semicircular course, flowing through central and western England to the Bristol Channel. The Thames River is the largest river in the United Kingdom, with a watershed area of 11,400 square kilometers, an average annual discharge of 60.0 cubic meters per second, and an average annual runoff of 1.89 billion cubic meters. The geographical location of the basin is 2°08 'west longitude ~ 0°43' east longitude, and 51°00 '~ 52°3' north latitude.

Britain has a temperate maritime climate. The United Kingdom is subject to the prevailing western risk control system, mild and humid throughout the year, with little change in the four seasons. Temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone. Usually the highest temperature does not exceed 32 ° C, the lowest temperature is not lower than -10 ° C, the average temperature in January 4 ~ 7 ° C, July 13 ~ 17 ° C. The average annual precipitation is about 1000 mm. Annual precipitation exceeds 2000 mm in the northern and western mountains, and less than 800 mm in the central and eastern regions. It is driest from February to March and wettest from October to January. A low mountainous plateau of England to the northwest and a plain to the southeast. The Thames is the largest river in the country. Britain is affected by the west wind and the sea all year round, and the climate is mild and humid all year round, suitable for plant growth. Although the climate in Britain is mild, the weather is changeable. In a day, sometimes sunny and sometimes rainy.

The SevernRiver (SevernRiver) is the longest river in the United Kingdom, 338 kilometers long, from the middle of Wales in a semicircular course, through the central and western England, into the Bristol Channel. The Thames River is the largest river in the United Kingdom, with a watershed area of 11,400 square kilometers, an average annual discharge of 60.0 cubic meters per second, and an average annual runoff of 1.89 billion cubic meters. The geographical location of the basin is 2°08 'west longitude ~ 0°43' east longitude, and 51°00 '~ 52°3' north latitude.

In 2007, the British government began to implement a wildlife protection plan, as of 2007, there were 1,149 endangered wildlife in the UK, and hedgehogs, harvest mice, Atlantic salmon and sparrow were listed as one of them for the first time. The government's wildlife conservation plan, called the Biodiversity Action Plan, lists mammals, birds, insects, invertebrates, fish, Marine life and fungi in need of protection. In September 2006, 550 hedgehogs were taken into custody at a wildlife hospital near Eldsbury, Buckinghamshire, in south-central England.

Britain's main mineral resources are coal, iron, oil and natural gas. Total reserves of hard coal are 170 billion tons. Iron reserves are about 3.8 billion tons. There are tin mines in the southwestern Cornwall Peninsula. There are large deposits of stone salt in Cheshire and Durham. Staffordshire has good clay. Cornwall produces white clay. Dolomite can be mined on the eastern slopes of the Pennines. There are quartz deposits near the Shildley Hills in south-west Lancashire. The oil reserves in the British North Sea continental shelf are about 1 billion to 4 billion tons. The reserves of natural gas are about 860-2,585 billion cubic meters.

In 2011, forests covered 3.08 million hectares, or 12.6% of the UK's land area.

The average annual runoff of rivers in the UK is about 159 billion cubic meters, and the per capita occupancy is about 2,700 cubic meters. The United Kingdom has a high degree of industrialization, and the development and utilization of water resources is mainly to improve the domestic water consumption of urban and rural people, and develop industry, inland waterway shipping, aquaculture and water tourism. The total annual water consumption in the United Kingdom is 11.511 billion cubic meters, of which public water accounts for 47.3%, irrigation water accounts for 0.3%, and other industrial water accounts for 52.4%. Urban and rural per capita daily domestic water consumption is 322 liters. Great attention has been paid to sewage treatment, which has become part of the entire water supply system since 1973, and the treatment of waste water has reached a very high level. The United Kingdom is the representative of the privatization and marketization of urban water industry in the world.

Three quarters of Britain's fresh water comes from lakes in the mountains, reservoirs and rivers. About a quarter of that is groundwater. The drinking water is of high quality. However, from the summer of 1995 to the spring of 1997, England and Wales experienced the driest two-year period in their history, and water is no longer a discretionary resource. Leaks in the water supply pipes are another problem. Relatively speaking, Scotland and Northern Ireland still have abundant domestic freshwater and industrial water resources. To prevent future water scarcity, the government issued a 10-point plan in May 1997, to which private water companies have agreed.

The United Kingdom is divided into England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England is divided into nine regions comprising London, 56 unitary authorities, 201 non-metropolitan authorities and 36 metropolitan authorities. There are 32 districts in Scotland, 22 districts in Wales, and 11 local cities and counties in Northern Ireland. The central government is responsible for foreign affairs, national security, general economic and monetary policy, employment policy and social security, while the Scottish and Welsh assemblies and their executive bodies are responsible for local affairs.

district	Administrative level	name	remark
England	Metropolitan county	Greater Manchester Merseyside South Yorkshire Tynwell The West Midlands West Yorkshire	The 45 historic counties of England were abolished in 1974 and replaced with six metropolitan counties and 39 non-Metropolitan counties (Greater London being a separate administrative unit).
	Non-metropolitan county	Avon Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cleveland County Cornwall Ebria County Derbyshire Devon Dorsett Durham East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Hampshire Hereford, Worcester Hertfordshire Humberside Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Norfolk North Yorkshire Northamptonshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Shropshire Somerset Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Warwickshire West Sussex Wiltshire
Welsh		Kluid Diffed Gwent Gwinette Mid Glamorgan Powys South Glamorgan West glamorgan	The 13 historic counties of Wales were abolished in 1974 and replaced with eight new counties
Scotland	precinct	krai Central area Galloway, Dumfries Fife District The Grampian District Alpine region The Lothian District The district of Strathclyde The Tayside area	The 33 counties of Scotland were abolished in 1975 and replaced with nine jurisdictions and three island districts
	Insular region	The Orkney Islands The Shetland Islands Western Islands
Northern Ireland	county	County Antrim County Armagh Down County County Fermanagh Londonderry Tyrone	Northern Ireland is divided into six counties

London

London, is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the world financial center, London accounts for more than 40% of the global foreign exchange turnover, and New York and Hong Kong are called "New London Port". London is the political, economic, cultural and financial center of the United Kingdom, and has the largest number of museums, libraries and gymnasiums in the world. Nineteen of the Fortune 500 and seven of the world's top 100 universities are based in London. University College London is ranked 8th in the world, Imperial College London 9th, London School of Economics 27th and King's College London 33rd.

London is a leading world-class city in the world. It is one of the richest, most economically developed, most commercially prosperous and has the highest standard of living in the world. It has influenced the world in politics, economy, culture, education, science and technology, finance, business, sports, media, fashion and other aspects, and is a model of globalization.

London is the world's largest financial center, controlling 45% of the world's foreign exchange trading and gold, silver, crude oil and other commodities pricing power, is also the world's largest banking, insurance, futures and shipping center. London's average daily foreign exchange turnover is as high as $2.7 trillion, ranking first in the world, and the total wealth of its residents ranks second in the world.

In November 2019, London ranked first in the World Cities Overall Strength Ranking (GPCI) published by the Mori Memorial Foundation in Japan for the eighth consecutive year. In 2018, the Kearney Global City Strength Index ranking was released, and London ranked second in the world. In November 2018, London was named the first Tier 1 city in the world at Alpha++ level by GaWC. London is the most influential city in the world and has beaten New York to become the world's top wealth centre, according to Forbes' Global City Power list. In September 2019, the World Tourism Cities Federation released the 2019 World Tourism Cities Development Ranking, and London ranked first in the global city awareness.

Birmingham

Birmingham is second onlyLondontheBritainThe second largest international city, second only to London in terms of population and areaEnglandMidlands, in London toLiverpoolOn the main line of the railway, the traffic can be reached in all directions.

The Greater Birmingham area has the largest young population in Europe, has been ranked the UK's best quality of life city for three consecutive years by the Global Mercer Living Index, is home to world-class companies, research and development centres, world-renowned universities and innovative entrepreneurs, is a vibrant thriving business region with over 1900 international companies, and is one of the UK's major manufacturing centres. There are many industrial sectors, mainly heavy industry, the world's largest metal processing area, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy (copper, zinc, brass, aluminum, nickel), machine tools, meters, carriages, bicycles, aircraft, chemical, military and other industries are also very important, the automobile industry is very large, known as the "UK Detroit", Birmingham is the world's largest and most concentrated industrial zone. More than 25% of UK exports are manufactured in the Birmingham area.

The economy is shifting to the tertiary sector, finance and tourism are developing rapidly, Birmingham is the founding site of modern metallurgy and machine building industries, and is also the intersection of the country's major rail, road and canal networks, the Greater Birmingham area is convenient for transport, the national infrastructure projects here include the 40 billion pounds high speed rail project, directly connecting Birmingham with London; With a £600 million railway station expansion and a £33 million runway extension at Birmingham Airport, Birmingham Airport already serves up to 10 million passengers a year on direct flights to Europe, North America and Asia, and has 150 direct and transfer routes.

Manchester

The city of Manchester has a population of about 510,000. The world's earliest industrialized city, the northwest region of England Greater Manchester metropolitan autonomous city, single management area, an important transportation hub and commercial, financial, industrial, cultural center in the United Kingdom, is also an international metropolis.

Manchester has developed new industries, becoming a global city centred on electronics, chemicals and printing, with more than 700 industries including heavy machinery, weaving, oil refining, glass, plastics and food processing. As a pioneer of free trade, economic liberalization and cooperation movements, the city of Manchester has a strong influence on the British economy.

Manchester is united with the towns of Trafford, Temeside, Salford and Stockport to form the Manchester Region. From an industrial city to a prosperous city that never sleeps with finance, education, tourism, commerce and manufacturing, Manchester is England's main industrial center, commodity distribution center and financial center city, one of England's eight core cities.

Liverpool

Liverpool,EnglandNorthwest port city, one of the eight core cities of England, with a population of about 520,000. Liverpool isMerseyOne of the five boroughs of Riverside County, tooMerseysideThe capital of the Merseyside, located inLondon325 km northwest, London is about 2 hours by high speed train. Britain's famous commercial center, is also the second largest commercial port, LiverpoolhinterlandBroad, foreign trade accounts for 1/4 of the country. The UK ranks first in exports and second only to London in imports. Once a famous manufacturing centre in the UK, Liverpool's dockyards and traditional manufacturing industries have declined dramatically since the 1970s.

Home to Albert Dock, the Beatles, the Tate Gallery and the Maritime Museum, the stunning Croxteth National Park and the Speke Hall in the hinterland, the city's impressive architecture includes the Cathedral, the Guildhall, St George's Hall, the Grand Theatre and the Philharmonic Concert Hall. And has a British prestigious old school Liverpool University. Liverpool has a long history of trade with China, dating back to the Qing Dynasty. The city has the oldest Chinatown in Europe. Liverpool is also an important passenger port, with regular connections to major ports around the world.

The City of Liverpool is ranked 209th on the 2021 Top 500 Global Cities list.

Edinburgh

Edinburgh (English, Scottish: Edinburgh;Galvin, ScotlandDun Eideann) is the United KingdomScotlandThe capital of Scotland, on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth in the lowlands of central Scotland. It covers an area of 260 square kilometers. Founded in 1329, it was the capital of Scotland from 1437 to 1707. Paper and print publishing has a long history,shipbuildingIndustries such as, chemical, nuclear, electronics, cable, glass and food are also important. With the development of the North Sea oil fields, a series of related industries and services were established. Important transportation hub, airport.

Edinburgh had been the capital of Scotland since the 15th century, but in 1603 and 1707 political power moved south to London. Autonomy for the Scottish Parliament was only established in 1999. Important cultural institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the National Galleries of Scotland are also located in Edinburgh. Economically, Edinburgh is now mainly dependent on the financial industry, and is the largest financial center in the UK outside of London.

Edinburgh has a long history and many of its historic buildings are well preserved. Edinburgh Castle, Holyroodhouse, St. Giles Cathedral and other attractions are located here. Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town are listed as World Heritage Sites by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. In 2004 Edinburgh became the world's first city of literature. Edinburgh's education is also very developed, the University of Edinburgh, one of the oldest universities in the UK, is located here, and is still the world's top university. According to the data of the global authoritative world university ranking QS in 2023, the University of Edinburgh ranks 15th in the world, ranking first in Scotland and fifth in the UK. Together with cultural events such as the Edinburgh International Festival, Edinburgh is the second most visited city after London.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandBritainThe British Empire, known in ancient times as the Empire on which the sun never sets, is composed ofEngland,Scotland,WelshandNorthern IrelandThe main body of the United Kingdom is England, so it is customary to call the United Kingdom (Britain was originally short for the Kingdom of England). The British Isles refers to England, Scotland and Wales, and because NorthernIreland is located on the island of Ireland, many of the other islands are too small to be included.

The Union flag is made up of a blue background, white and Red Cross, so it resembles the Chinese character for rice, which is called the "meter flag" in Chinese.

the Union Flag, formally known as "the Union Flag", is also often called "The Union Jack". Union Flag means "union flag." Jack is a naval term for a flag that flies on the bow of a ship. The cross on the Union flag is a combination of the original flag symbols of England (Red Cross with white ground), Scotland (blue cross with white ground) and Northern Ireland (Red Cross with white ground). The Red Cross on the white side of the flag represents St. George, the patron saint of England (the Christian missionary who brought Christianity to England), the white cross represents St. Andre, the patron saint of Scotland, and the Red Cross represents St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland who brought Christianity to Ireland in the fifth century.

This flag is the symbol of the British navy, is also the national flag of the United Kingdom, and because the flags of the British colonies all contain the same pattern, it also symbolizes the British colonies around the world.

The arms of the United Kingdom are the Royal Arms. The central design is a coat of arms, the upper left and lower right corner of the shield are three golden lions on a red background, symbolizing England; In the upper right corner is a red lion standing on a gold base, symbolizing Scotland; In the lower left corner is a golden harp on a blue background, representing Northern Ireland. The coat of arms is supported on each side by a lion wearing a crown, representing England, and a unicorn, representing Scotland. The coat of arms is surrounded by the Order of the Garter, with a motto in French that means "Shame on those who have evil thoughts"; A sash hanging from the lower end reads "Heaven has God, I have rights." At the top of the coat of arms is a gold and silver helmet encrusted with jewels, an imperial crown, and a lion wearing a crown.

"GodSaveTheQueen", usually only the first verse. If a male monarch reigns, the national anthem is changed to "GodSaveTheKing". God Save the King is the national anthem and royal anthem of the Commonwealth of Nations. The lyricist is anonymous and the composer is Henry Culley.

God save the Queen, may she live forever, God save the Queen. Often victory, soak up glory; Popular, happy heart; Govern the country, Wang Yunchang; God save the Queen!

Diamonds have always been regarded as the crown of gems by the British people who emphasize elegance and temperament. In all gemstones, because diamond hardness is the highest, so British men like to use diamonds to represent their firm and bold; Women are willing to use diamonds as a metaphor for their holiness and nobility. The British have long used diamonds as a bond between men and women, and this custom was soon adopted by the Western world and spread to the East. With the expansion of Britain, the colonists did not forget to take diamonds from all over the world as their own, and the British collection has the most rare and precious diamonds in the world.

rose (English name: rose) : is a general name for a variety of plants and cultivated flowers in the Rosaceae family and rose genus. Erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs, mostly prickly, needled, or hairy, sparsely absent, hairy, hairless, or glandular. Leaves alternate; Flowers alone; Receptacle spherical, altar to cup shaped; Petals 5, sparse 4, spreading, imbricate arranged, white, yellow, pink to red; Stigmata apical to lateral, protruding, detached or superconnate; Petals obovate, double to semi-double, flowers are purple, yellow, pink, white and a variety of compound colors. The branches are soft and soft and many thorns, flowering only once a year.

Roses are the most famous and popular of all flowers. Roses have been admired for centuries. Historical evidence suggests that they grew in China about 5,000 years ago, and they have played a role in history ever since. Whether ancient Greeks, Romans, Christians, Freemasons or others, the rose has always been an eternal symbol of love, beauty and equality. Although each color expresses love, beauty and balance a little differently, the main message is still love.

A rose has many different meanings, depending on its color. However, any rose can generally be seen as a symbol: love, honor, faith, beauty, balance, passion, wisdom, devotion, and eternity.

Rose as a cash crop, its flowers are mainly used in food and refining flavor rose oil, rose oil used in cosmetics, food, fine chemicals and other industries.

In European languages, rose, Rose and rose all use the same word, for example, English is rose, German is Die Rose. The rose is the national flower of 14 countries including the United Kingdom and the United States. In popular sense, "rose" has become a general name for a variety of rose plants. In fact, the hybrid rose is also produced by the hybridization and breeding of various species under the rose family.

RedstartErithacus rubecula melophilus), also known as the red flaperon bird, know more finch; It is a British subspecies of the Tarstart. The body is about 15 cm long, the head is gray-black, the face to the chest is red-orange, the underbelly is white, and the upper part of the wings and tail are brown-green olive. A tapered beak with a dark brown base. Bright black eyes, delicate legs and light brown claws. It is sexually belligerent and likes to live in forests, shrublands, forests, parks and gardens. It whistles and whistles during the breeding season from early to late afternoon and even at night. It mainly feeds on insects, but also pecks at fruit. The British loved the redstart very much, especially worshiped the instinct of the male redstart to patrol and defend the territory it had established, calling it the "bird of God". In 1960, he was elected by referendum in the United KingdomNational bird.

As of 2016, the total population of the United Kingdom was 65.58 million. The official language is English, Welsh is also spoken in North Wales, and Gaelic is still spoken in the North West Highlands of Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland. The majority of residents are Protestant Christians, mainly divided into the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church of England, whose members account for about 60% of British adults) and the Church of Scotland (also known as the Presbyterian Church, with 590,000 adults). There are also large religious communities such as the Catholic Church and Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism.

In 2020, the population of the UK will be 67.081 million.

Britain has a parliamentary system of governmentConstitutional monarchy. countriesBritainThe king is the stateHead of state, the Chief Justice, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, andAnglican ChurchThe "Supreme Leader" formally has the power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers and territoriesviceroyDiplomats, bishops and senior members of the Anglican Church, etc., and have the power to convene, suspend, dissolve Parliament, approve laws, declare war, and so on, but the real power is incabinet. Parliament is the highest judicial and legislative body, consisting of the King, the upper House and the lower house.

The British Constitution is not a separate document. It is composed of statute law, common law and custom. There are the Magna Carta (1215), the Act of Habeas Corpus (1679), the Bill of Rights (1689), the Act of Parliament (1911, 1949), the Electoral Act, the Municipal Act, and the County Council Act. The government is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch is the head of state, the Supreme Magistrate, the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and the "Supreme leader" of the Anglican Church, and formally has the power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers, governors of the territories, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church, and has the power to convene, suspend and dissolve Parliament, approve laws, declare war and make peace, etc. But the real power is in the cabinet. Scotland has its own legal system.

The highest legislative body consists of the monarch, the Upper House (House of Lords), and the lower house (House of Commons). Members of the House of Lords include descendants of the royal family, hereditary peers, life peers, Church bishops and bishops. In November 1999, the House of Lords Reform Act was passed, and in addition to the 92 who remained in office, more than 600 hereditary peers lost their membership in the House of Lords, and non-politically appointed peers were recommended by a special Royal Commission. The Speaker of the House of Lords was elected for the first time in July 2006, and the current Speaker is BaronFowler. Members of the House of Commons are elected by universal suffrage on a first-past-the-post basis for five-year terms, although early elections may be proposed by the government. The House of Commons was elected in June 2017 with 313 Conservative seats, 246 Labour seats, 35 Scottish National Party seats and 10 Democratic Unionist Party seats. The current Speaker is JohnBercow.

summarize

Implement the cabinet system. The monarch appoints the leader of the party with the majority of seats in Parliament as Prime Minister and forms a government accountable to Parliament. The main members of the Cabinet are:

Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Secretary Dominic Raab, Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt, Foreign Secretary James Cleverley, Home Secretary Sulla Braverman, Defence Secretary Ben Wallace, Duke of Lancaster County Secretary Steve Barclay, Town Upgrading, Housing and Communities Secretary Michael Gove, Health and Social Care Secretary Sajid Javid, Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary Kwasi Kwarteng, Alok Sharma, President of the 26th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Anne-Marie Trevelyan, Minister of International Trade and Chair of the Trade Committee, Therese Coffey, Work and Pensions Secretary; Nadhim Zahawi, Education secretary; George Eustice, Environment, Food and Rural Affairs secretary; Grant Shapps, transport secretary; Brandon Lewis, the Northern Ireland secretary, Alister Jack, the Scottish Secretary, Simon Hart, the Welsh secretary, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park, Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal; Nadine Dorris, Minister for Digitalisation, Culture, Media and Sport; and Oliver Dowden, Minister of State without Portfolio.

Local councils and governments in Scotland and Wales

In May 1999, local councils were elected in Scotland and Wales, with 129 and 60 seats respectively. On July 1, the two parliaments and governments officially opened. The Scottish Parliament has certain legislative and executive powers over local government, justice, health, education, economic development, and some taxation powers, and can vary the basic rate of income tax by 3%. The current first Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon. Authorized by the British central government, Scotland held a referendum on independence from the UK on 18 September 2014. The results showed that 55% voted against independence, 45% in favor, and the referendum was not passed.

The Welsh Assembly has decision-making powers on issues such as employment, health, education and the environment, but does not have the power to adjust tax rates. The current First Minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford.

Home Rule of Northern Ireland

On April 10, 1998, the British and Irish governments and the parties to the conflict in Northern Ireland signed a peace agreement, in which the British handed over the management of local affairs to Northern Ireland, and Ireland gave up its sovereignty claim on the territory of Northern Ireland. After that, the Northern Ireland Local Council was elected and the Northern Ireland autonomous government was established with the power sharing of the multi-party Northern Ireland. Exercise legislative and executive powers other than defense, foreign affairs, and taxation. The British government was forced to suspend the operation of the Northern Irish government four times due to disputes between the various factions in Northern Ireland over disarmament and other issues. After many twists and turns, on 28 July 2005, the Irish Republican Army issued a statement announcing that it would renounce armed struggle and no longer engage in any non-peaceful activities. Subsequently, the British government demolished some military installations in Northern Ireland and withdrew troops in stages. On 9 March 2007, local assembly elections were held in Northern Ireland, with the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Fin winning more than half of the votes. On 8 May 2007, the parties in Northern Ireland reached a compromise on the distribution of power after hard negotiations, and the local coalition government of Northern Ireland was resumed. In February 2010, the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Fein reached an agreement on the transfer of police and justice powers from the British Parliament to the Northern Ireland Regional Assembly. In September 2015, the coalition government faced a crisis over the assassination of a former member of the Irish Republican Army, and Peter Robinson, the first minister of Northern Ireland's regional government, led a number of ministers to resign. In December, Arlene Foster was elected as the new leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and First Minister of Northern Ireland's regional government, with Sinn Fein Deputy leader Martin McGuinness as Deputy First Minister. In January 2017, McGuinness announced his resignation in protest at Foster's push for a "renewable heat incentive program." Following the resignation of the Deputy First Minister under the 1998 peace Agreement, the First Minister was unable to fully function on his own and the government of Northern Ireland was unable to function normally. Early parliamentary elections were held in Northern Ireland in March. The two main parties in Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Fein, came first. Of the 90 elected MPS, the DUP has 28 and Sinn Fein 27, neither of which has a majority. In January 2020, the DUP and Sinn Fein reached a coalition agreement, with Alena Foster reappointed as First Minister, Sinn Fein Deputy Leader Michelle O'Neil as Deputy First Minister, and local government resumed operations in Northern Ireland. In May 2021, Foster resigned as leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) following opposition within the party, and resigned as First Minister at the end of June. In June, Paul Givan took over as Chief Minister. In May 2022, Sinn Fein won 29.0% of the vote and 27 seats, becoming the largest party in parliament.

There are three different legal systems: England and Wales have a common law system, Scotland has a civil law system, and Northern Ireland has a legal system similar to England. The judiciary is divided into two systems of civil courts and criminal courts. In England and Wales, the civil courts are divided into the County Courts, the High Court, the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court. The criminal trial institutions are divided into local courts, criminal courts, criminal divisions of the Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the final appellate body in all civil cases in the United Kingdom and in all criminal cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The High Court of Scotland is the final appeal body for all criminal cases in Scotland.

The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) was established in 1986 to handle all criminal prosecutions brought by police forces in England and Wales. The Attorney General and the Solicitor General are the principal legal advisers to the British government. The current Attorney General, Michael Ellis.

The British political party system has been an important part of British constitutionalism since the 18th century.

The main political parties in the UK are:

(1) Conservative Party: The largest party in Parliament. Leader Elizabeth Truss, elected in September 2022. The Conservative Party was founded as the Tory Party in 1679 and changed its name in 1833. He was in power for 18 years from 1979 to 1997. After the general election in May 2010, the Conservative Party returned to power and formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. Supporters generally come from the corporate and wealthy classes. It advocated a free market economy, strict control of the money supply, reduction of public spending, low inflation, restriction of trade union rights, and strengthening of "law" and "order."

(2) Labour Party: the second largest party in Parliament. It was founded in 1900 as the Committee of Labour Representatives and adopted its current name in 1906. He was in power for 13 consecutive years from 1997 to 2010. He went into opposition in 2010 and 2015 after losing elections. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected as the new leader. In recent years, the Labour Party has tended to focus more on the interests of the middle class and has somewhat distanced itself from the trade unions. He advocated maintaining stable macroeconomic growth and establishing a modern welfare system. Diplomatically, it advocates active participation in international cooperation, regards relations with the United States and the European Union as the two diplomatic pillars, supports the construction of EU integration, and opposes Britain's departure from the EU.

Britain

Other political parties in the UK are: The Communist Party of Great Britain (General Secretary Griffiths), the Scottish National Party, the Liberal Democrat Party, the Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), the Green Party, Some political parties in Northern Ireland are: The Ulster Unionist Party, the Democratic Unionist Party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, the Sinn Fein Party Fein), etc.

Charles III

Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor, also known as Charles III, King Charles III, was born in London on November 14, 1948, and is the current King of the United Kingdom and Head of the Commonwealth. Charles is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In 1952 he was created Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Scottish Isles and Lord Great Steward. In 1958, he was created Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester. In 1967, Prince Charles entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and received a bachelor's degree in 1971, becoming the first Crown Prince in the United Kingdom to do so. He served abroad with the Royal Navy from 1971-1976 and attended the Royal Air Force Academy and the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He was awarded an honorary degree by Durham University on 2 July 1998. On September 8, 2022, local time, Charles III inherited the throne and issued a statement mourning his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. On September 10, local time, Britain's King Charles III was officially sworn in as the new monarch of the United Kingdom at St. James's Palace. On October 11, local time, Buckingham Palace confirmed that the coronation ceremony of King Charles III will take place on May 6, 2023.

Rishi Sunak: Prime Minister. British politician of Indian descent. He was born in May 1980 and graduated from Oxford University. He was elected to the House of Commons in 2015, became Minister of State at the Treasury in 2019, and was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer in 2020. In October 2022, the then Prime Minister Truss resigned, Sue ran for the leadership of the Conservative Party and won the election, and took over as Prime minister on October 25.

, graduated from Oxford University. He was elected to the House of Commons in 2015, became Minister of State at the Treasury in 2019, and was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer in 2020. In October 2022, the then Prime Minister Truss resigned, Sue ran for the leadership of the Conservative Party and won the election, and took over as Prime minister on October 25.

Britain

As an important trading entity, economic power and financial center, the United Kingdom is the world's fifth largest economy and one of the world's richest, most developed and highest standard of living countries. Over the past three decades, the government has decimated state assets and slowed the development of social welfare programs. In the 18th century, British native wheat began to lose to cheap wheat in North America, gave up a large number of wheat, a large number of grain imports from the Americas, and gradually shifted to dairy farming, more concentrated, highly mechanized, and very high efficiency: 1% of the labor population can meet about 60% of the food needs.

Private enterprise is the bulk of the UK economy, accounting for more than 90% of GDP, with services accounting for more than three-quarters of GDP and manufacturing accounting for around 1/10. GDP contracted 9.3% in 2020, and GDP 2.2 trillion pounds in 2021, an increase of 7.4% year-on-year. GDP per capita is £32,555, inflation is 5.4%, and unemployment is 4.1%. The fiscal deficit was 8.1 percent of GDP.

In the three months to February 2015, the number of people out of work in the UK fell by 76,000 to 1.84 million. The number of people claiming unemployment benefits also fell by 20,700 to 772,400 in March. The unemployment rate has fallen to its lowest level since July 2008.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the British government and central bank have successively lowered the benchmark interest rate, expanded the scale of quantitative easing, provided lending facilities, and introduced tax cuts and employment support measures, which have played a certain role.

In November 2020, the UK's gross domestic product (GDP) fell by 2.6% month-on-month, ending six consecutive months of month-on-month growth.

Britain's main industries are: mining, metallurgy, chemical industry, machinery, electronics, electronic instruments, automobiles, aviation, food, beverage, tobacco, textile, paper, printing, publishing, construction and so on. Biopharmaceutical, aerospace and defence are the focus of UK industrial research and development, and are the most innovative and competitive industries in the UK. Like many developed countries, Britain's manufacturing sector began to shrink in the 1980s as its services sector grew, exacerbated by two recessions in the 1980s and early 1990s. Textiles are the most depressed in the UK manufacturing sector, but electronic and optical equipment, man-made fibers and chemicals, especially pharmaceuticals, remain strong.

The services sector, including finance and insurance, retail, tourism and business services, is a pillar of the British economy, accounting for about three-quarters of the UK's gross domestic product as of August 2014. In 2012, the total value of British trade in services was 305.85 billion pounds, or about 486.3 billion US dollars.

As of August 2014, tourism revenue in the UK ranks fifth in the world, after the United States, Spain, France and Italy, and is one of the most important economic sectors in the UK, employing about 2.7 million people, accounting for 9.1% of the employed population. In 2012, 31.08 million tourists visited the UK, generating 18.6 billion pounds ($29.5 billion) in revenue. Americans topped the list of overseas visitors, followed by France, Germany, Ireland, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy and Poland. London is a must-visit place for foreign tourists, the main tourist areas are: London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Greenwich, Stratford, Oxford and Cambridge. The main attractions are opera houses, museums, art galleries, ancient buildings, theme parks and shops.

British agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries mainly include animal husbandry, grain, horticulture and fishery, which can meet nearly 2/3 of the total domestic food demand. Agriculture accounts for less than 1% of the gross domestic product in the United Kingdom, employing about 450,000 people, less than 2% of the total employment, lower than the EU average of 5%, lower than other major industrial countries. Agricultural land accounts for 77% of the country's land area, most of which is grassland and pasture, and only a quarter is used for cultivation. The agricultural population has 70 hectares of land per person, four times the EU average. Britain used to be one of the largest fishing countries in the European Union, accounting for 20% of the EU's fish catch and meeting two-thirds of domestic demand.

The UK is the largest net exporter of financial services, with more than 40% of its exports going to the EU. The UK starts its fiscal year on 1 April each year. Government budget expenditures include public expenditures (central and local government expenditures), debt interest payments, and fiscal adjustments. Budget revenue includes direct tax, indirect tax and national insurance tax revenue.

London is a world-renowned financial center with a modern financial service system, engaged in cross-border bank lending, international bond issuance, fund investment and other businesses. It is also the world's largest foreign exchange trading market, the largest gold spot trading market, the largest derivatives trading market, the world's third largest insurance market, an important ship loan market and a non-precious metal trading center. And has the largest number of foreign bank branches or offices. Nearly 400,000 people work in the City of London, and more than 550 multinational banks and more than 170 international securities companies have set up branches or offices in London.

Bank of England: Founded in 1694, it became the central bank of the United Kingdom in 1946 and was the first central bank in the world.

HSBC Holdings: The 20th largest company in the world.

Royal Bank of Scotland: 36th largest company in the world.

Hbos: 45th largest company in the world.

Barclays Bank: 70th largest company in the world.

On March 12, 2015, the United Kingdom submitted a letter of confirmation to China to join the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) as a prospective founding member and formally applied to join the AIIB. The UK is expected to become a prospective founding member next month (April 2015), the finance ministry said. At a time when the United States and Japan "cold reject" AIIB, Britain's participation gives the institution more international financial institution color.

The UK will become the 28th member.

The UK has always been an important exporter of international capital, a feature that was highlighted by the abolition of foreign exchange controls in 1979 and the discovery of North Sea oil fields. In the first half of the 1980s, British foreign investment was comparable to that of the United States and Japan, but with the economic recession in the early 1990s, British foreign investment also fell sharply, and then began to rise sharply. Britain's foreign direct investment ranks first among EU countries. In 2003, the Board was renamed Trade and Investment, with Trading Partners and Investment.

The UK's tourism industry is the fifth largest in the world in terms of revenue and employs about 3.3 million people, accounting for 10% of the workforce. In 2019, about 40.86 million visitors came to the UK from all over the world. The main tourist areas are: London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Oxford and Cambridge, etc. The main attractions are opera houses, museums, art galleries, ancient buildings, theme parks and shops.

The British government encouraged the attraction of foreign investment. Foreign investment projects in the UK are mainly computer software, information technology, Internet, e-commerce, electronics and communications, medicine and biotechnology, management industries, automobiles, food and beverage, etc. The forms of investment are acquisition, merger of existing enterprises, expansion of production scale, establishment of scientific research bases or multinational companies. The US is the largest investor in the UK, and Chinese investment in the UK is also growing. Between 2011 and 2012, China jumped from seventh to third place in the list of countries investing in the UK, increasing its investment by 55%. To support this growing trend, the UK government has set up UKTrade&Investment offices across China. UK Trade and Investment (UKTI) is an agency set up by the UK Government to provide a full range of services to British companies engaged in trade and foreign companies investing in the UK, formerly known as the UK International Trade Agency (UKTI), which changed its name in October 2003. According to the latest statistics in 2013, UKTI has 235 professional services teams and experts around the world and 1,265 overseas staff. With offices at the British Embassy in Beijing and the British Consulates General in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chongqing, UKTA provides a wide range of professional and free services to Chinese companies investing in the UK.

BritainBritain has trade relations with more than 80 countries and regions in the world, mainly with the European Union, the United States and Japan. Trade in services has been in surplus since 1966, with a surplus of $83.6 billion in 2008. The main imported products are: food, fuel, raw materials, clothing, shoes, electronic machinery equipment, automobiles and so on. The main export products are: petroleum and related products, chemical products (including medical products), tobacco, beverages, machinery and equipment. The EU is Britain's largest trading partner. Figures released by the Office for National Statistics show that the UK's foreign trade deficit in goods and services reached 3.3 billion pounds (5.31 billion US dollars) in July 2014.

In 2021, the total import and export of goods totaled 777.9 billion pounds, of which 312.4 billion pounds of exports, an increase of 4.9%, and 465.5 billion pounds of imports, an increase of 8.4%.

In line with the UN Millennium Development Goals, the UK has gradually shifted its assistance from specific projects to direct assistance to national governments implementing poverty reduction strategies. In 2011, the UK stopped providing direct aid to 16 countries, including Russia, China, Vietnam and Serbia, and focused its aid on 27 least developed countries and regions, including Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Pakistan. In 2013, the UK became the first G7 country to reach 0.7% of gross national income in foreign aid. In 2020, UK official development assistance amounted to 14.471 billion pounds. The UK announced that due to the impact of the epidemic, the proportion of foreign aid will be temporarily reduced to 0.5% in 2021.

The United Kingdom nominally has no official language, in practice English is the main language. There are other official languages outside England, such as Welsh in North Wales and Gaelic in the North West Highlands of Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland. People who have moved to the UK from all over the world also speak their native languages, such as Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu. The UK is home to the largest number of Hindi speakers outside India.

In England, everyone has the right to liveBritainFreedom of religion and, as a result, many different religious beliefs flourished in the centers of England. There are two "official" churches in the United Kingdom: the Church of England (Anglican Church of England) and the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian Church), in addition to which a variety of different religions and countless denominations can find their representation in the United Kingdom. The residents are mostly ChristianProtestantismIt is mainly divided into the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church of England, whose members account for about 60% of British adults) and the Church of Scotland (also known as the Presbyterian Church, with 590,000 adult members). The Catholic Church andIslam,Hinduism,Sikhism,JudaismAnd larger religious communities such as Buddhism.

According to a 2011 survey by the British Humanist Association, two-thirds of Britons do not identify themselves as religious.

According to a report by the Guardian on September 4, 2017, a survey showed that the number of young members of the Church of England is falling sharply, with only 15% of British adults identifying as Anglican and 53% of adults having no religious affiliation, a record high.

rugby

In 1895, a group of league rugby clubs in the north of England decided to turn their players professional

Players, so there is a situation of union football and union football. English clubs do well in the Heineken Cup, also known as the European Cup. The English Rugby Classic and Celtic League matches are hotly contested, so tickets are sold out every week. The Royal Bank of Scotland Six Nations Championship is held from January to February each year. The Rugby World Cup, held every four years, is rugby's biggest event and was won by South Africa in 2007.

soccer

Major football competitions in the United Kingdom include the English Premier League and the Scottish Premier League. China is the birthplace of ancient football, called "Cuju" in the Song Dynasty, while the United Kingdom is the birthplace of modern football. In 1848, the first written rules of modern football, the Cambridge Rules, were created. On December 1, 1863, a group of Cambridge University aristocrats voted to eventually give birth to the rules of modern football, which then began on the lawns of Cambridge University. football, called football in British English and soccer in American English, is played by two teams of 11 players on a rectangular playing field. At the beginning of the 21st century, many clubs in the UK have hundreds of years of history, and football is also one of the British people's favorite recreational activities.

cricket

Cricket, also known as "the gentleman's game", is a team sport in which two teams of 11 players each attack and defend alternately. Its modern form originated in the United Kingdom and prevailed in Britain, Australia, New Zealand, India, Sri Lanka and other countries. The cricket season is mainly in the spring and summer, complementing the autumn and winter football matches. The origin of cricket can be traced back to the early 13th century, the 18th century began to have the first rules of the game, and gradually became one of the main forms of men's sport. The playing time is long, with Test cricket playing for six hours or more a day for up to five days, with breaks for lunch and tea in between. The jargon and complexity of the rules can confuse the untrained cricketer, but for fans, the game is passionate and fun.

British film credits include the James Bond series, The English Patient, Four Weddings and a Funeral, Harry Potter and Tomb Raider. More than 90 films are produced in the UK each year, with a net worth of £800 million. The continued prosperity of film-making projects at home and abroad depends on the sophistication of the UK. The financial and tax incentives have attracted many domestic and foreign filmmakers to make films in Britain. Industry experts attribute the success of the British film industry to the following: there are many talented actors; Skilled and professional technical personnel and production team; Top film studios, post-production, visual effects and sound equipment; And it's easy to get permission to shoot on multiple occasions. One of the most famous British films is the Harry Potter series. British films of 2013 included films such as 12 Years a Slave and Gravity.

Britain

The main local holidays are New Year Day (January 1), Good Friday (late March to late April), Easter (Easter). One Day from the end of March to the end of April each year), Spring Banking Day (one day in early May each year) and Summer Banking Day (one day in late August each year), Christmas Day (mostly December 25, or the following Monday if it falls on a Saturday or Sunday) and Boxing Day (the day after Christmas, but if it falls on a Saturday or Sunday). Is postponed until next Monday).

Science Week began in 1994 and is held every year in March.

On New Year's Eve in England, people often go out to visit with cakes and wine. They don't knock on the door, they go straight to the house of relatives and friends. The New Year's Eve dance is another kind of celebration.

The work week is five days, with Saturday and Sunday being closed.

Scotch whisky

British Scotch whisky has a long history, the special water quality of the Scottish highlands and the extremely strict brewing process, so that the whiskey produced there is known as "liquid gold".

Teddy bear

Teddy bear(TeddyBear) hasBritainRound body and limbs, fluffy and warmAngolaWool, simple materials and thread, honest expression, and 100% hand sewing and stuffing work. inThe White HouseAt a banquet, several teddy bears were dressed as hunters and fishermen and displayed on the table as decorations.RooseveltThe president is obsessed with these cubs. It happened that King Edward VII of England was also called Teddy, and soon teddy bear became a household pet teddy bear in Britain. Today's teddy bears are likeBarbie dollLike, it is no longer the concept of general toys, more, they have been given a variety of special commemorative significance, shoulder the role of inheriting a certain culture. Especially in Europe and the United States, a teddy bear can be regarded as a member of the family, and even accompany three generations of family growth.

Silverware

British silverware is very gorgeous, well-made and complex, widely welcomed by tourists from all over the world, especially the silver Christmas tableware, in addition to a very beautiful variety there are many, from candle holders to knives and forks to dishes everything, the production of this kind of silverware is also a traditional British handicraft.

Leather goods

British leather products have a long history, from the small workshop in the embryonic period of capitalism to the mechanized mass production in the early 21st century, after generations of refinement and improvement to form today's style. British leather products always want to show a stable, refined gentleman's temperament.

Witwicky pottery

Strong demand for fine art ceramics Britain is an earlier country in Europe to produce ceramics, and ceramics are more commonly used in the UK. In addition to exporting a large number of ceramics, Britain also imports a large number of ceramics. Bone magnetism is the most famous in the UK, and the world's top ten magnets (bone magnetism) are all in the UK, focusing on the durability of products. Witge porcelain has undergone various endurance tests, including a world record set in September 1988, when four Witge bone China coffee cups were carried on a 50-ton earth truck, demonstrating its robustness.

sherry

Sherry is the translation of the English Sherry, and it has also been translated into harmonic Li, Shelly and so on. This wine is called in Spain and Reitz wine, because the British especially love it, so it is called by its approximate English translation Sherry (prince). Sherry has been imitated in many countries around the world.

English black tea

British black tea has become BritishBritainAn important drink. In the past, the aristocratic style of afternoon tea is always quite exquisite, in a large courtyard, to gather the family to drink black tea on time is always a difficult thing, so they ring beautiful bells, with the bell to tell the family is to use the afternoon tea time.

Britain

British people generally prefer cooking methods: stewed, grilled, fried and deep-fried. Have a unique way to cook meat, seafood and game; However, they have a special preference for BEEF, such as ROASTED beef (ROASTED BEEF), when eaten not only with seasonal vegetables, baked potatoes, will also add a little mustard sauce on the steak; In the use of spices, I like cream and wine; In spices, he likes fresh spices such as meat and cinnamon.

British people are very particular about breakfast, British restaurants in the supply of a wide variety of meals, juice, fruit, eggs, meat, wheat porridge, bread, jam and coffee. The popular afternoon TEA (HIGH TEA) is also from the United Kingdom, its more well-known VICTORIAN STYLE), the content can be said to be all-inclusive, including all kinds of snacks, muffins, fruit tarts (TARTE) and sandwiches. Dinner is also the most important part of daily life for the British, their choice of dinner time is usually late, and are eating and drinking while chatting, to promote the friendship between the diners, it can be imagined that they are a very autonomous nation, and a dinner for them may take several hours.

Grilled steak

This is a masterpiece of British cuisine, byBritainA large piece of raw beef with oil is baked in the oven, just like a steak, and when you order this dish, the waiter will ask you whether you prefer it raw or cooked. The finished beef can be eaten with Western mustard sauce, and Yorkshire pudding is also famous as a side dish.

Fish and chips

This is the "McDonald's" of Britain, a cheap and convenient food. Fried fish, mostly sole or cod, is eaten with French fries dipped in salt or vinegar (many British people use both), and is very popular with ordinary people.

Victoria sponge cake

British society has a long-standing tradition - the afternoon tea party. Victoria sponge cake is a classic British afternoon snack. It got its name from Queen Victoria's favorite way of eating sponge cake (one layer of cream and one layer of jam).

bitter

Bitter is the most representative of BritainBritainBeer, which originated in the 18th century as an alternative to traditional English ales, is characterized by its low alcohol content, served at cellaring temperatures, and fermented in just a few days. In the 20th century, in order to enjoy greater discounts, many bars became specialized stores for specific winery products. With its fast production cycle, bitter beer has undoubtedly become a magic way for brewery operators to improve the efficiency of beer supply. Today, the quality of bitter is still the same, you still walk into a British pub and taste a glass of authentic bitter with cellar temperature, no foam and low proof.

Eton Max

Britain

Eton Mace is a dessert made from strawberries, cream and meringue that originated at Eton College, an exclusive school in Windsor. One theory is that in 1796, when Eton College and old rival Winchester first met at a cricket match, the dessert Eton Mace was served at the table. In another version, on an Open Day at Eton College in 1920, a Labrador sat down on his master's picnic blanket and crushed his strawberry meringue pie to create the Eton Max. The dessert Eton Max has become synonymous with the English summer. [1]

The British army was founded around the mid-17th century. The Queen is the nominal Supreme Commander of the British Army. The highest military decision-making body is the Defence and Overseas Policy Board, chaired by the Prime Minister and composed of the Secretary of State for Defence, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Secretary of State for Home Affairs and the Secretary of State for Finance. If necessary, the Chief of Staff of the Defence Staff and the Chief of Staff of the three Armed Forces shall attend the meetings without voting rights. The Ministry of National Defense is the national defense executive agency, which is both the administrative department of the government and the highest military command. The United Kingdom is a founding member of the NATO group and a major member, and one of the five nuclear powers with independent nuclear forces.

The core of British national strategy is: to actively participate in world affairs and safeguard Britain's international status; Relying on and leveraging NATO's collective defence forces to safeguard the security of Europe and the United Kingdom at home, and to expand British influence in Europe; Actively strengthen ties with Commonwealth countries and protect their extensive overseas interests.

British forces have bases around the world in Northern Ireland, Cyprus, Germany, Gibraltar, Brunei and the Falkland Islands.

On June 25, 2018, the defense ministers of France, Germany, the United Kingdom and other EU 9 signed a letter of intent on the "European Intervention Initiative" in Luxembourg, pledging to set up a joint European military intervention force.

On January 3, 2022, the leaders of the five nuclear-weapon States, including the United Kingdom, issued a joint Statement on the Prevention of nuclear war and the Avoidance of an arms race.

Britain's military industry is developed, and the modern level of weapons and equipment ranks among the world's advanced. The military industry has a considerable scale, complete categories and strong technical force. It is capable of independently developing various large-scale weapons and equipment, including strategic nuclear weapons. Some of its technologies and equipment rank among the world's first class. The UK is a major arms exporter in the world, with major categories of exports including military aircraft, tactical missiles, combat ships and military electronic equipment.

The Royal Navy is made up of surface ship forces, naval aviation, Marine Corps, submarine forces, and has four fleets. It has 121 surface ships. On 4 July 2014, HMS Queen Elizabeth, the largest active aircraft carrier in the history of the British Navy by tonnage, was officially launched.

The British Army is often deployed overseas with ground combat forces, multinational coalition forces, or United Nations peacekeeping forces.

The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air arm of the British armed forces. It was founded on 1 April 1918 and has played an important role in British military history ever since, playing key roles in conflicts such as the Second World War and the Iraq War. The British Air Force has more than 450 aircraft and 200,000 standing personnel.

Britain has the third highest military expenditure in the world. The defense budget for the 2010-2011 fiscal year is about 36.9 billion pounds ($59 billion), and the government estimates that the Ministry of Defense will face a budget deficit of 38 billion pounds ($60.8 billion) over the next 10 years.

Army:British armyThe number of 40BritainBattalion, the total number of personnel remained at 117,000. The armed forces are fast in deployment, flexible in action, and strong in combat effectiveness and response capacity.

Air Force: The United Kingdom to Tornado air superiority fighter as the main force, about 300, ground attack aircraft have American Tiger 50, Falcon vertical takeoff and landing fighter 60, Eagle attack fighter 150, the British Navy has 40 Falcon vertical takeoff and landing fighter, a total of more than 600, and Germany, the West jointly developed "European joint fighter" EFA, the United Kingdom will introduce about 250.

Navy: Aircraft carrier as the core, destroyer escort, nuclear submarines or submarines, known as the global presence of the navy (ocean Navy) (above data bit 2004 status).

Britain has complete transport infrastructureBritain. Land, rail, water and air transport are well developed. London has a well-developed underground network. The Channel Tunnel was opened in 1994, connecting Britain to the continental rail system. After the Cameron government came to power, launched the construction of high-speed rail plan, the British government intends to invest 32 billion pounds to build a high-speed rail network connecting London and Birmingham to the north of England, is expected to start in 2017, 2026 completion.

Privatization was completed in 1997. At the beginning of the 21st century, the total railway length of the UK reached 16,600 km. In 2006, the total passenger volume of railways was 46.497 billion passenger-kilometers. The total freight volume was 22.1 billion tonne-km. National Rail and London Underground carry 49 per cent and 44 per cent of the rail system's traffic respectively, with the rest being carried by light rail.

In 2012, the British government approved the British High Speed Rail 2 (HS2) project, the new London-Birmingham High Speed Rail, the Birmingham-Leeds High Speed Rail, and the Birmingham-Manchester High Speed rail.

According to the 2020 data released by the British government, the total railway mileage is 15,900 kilometers, there are 2,567 stations, 6049 kilometers of electrified railway lines, and the electrification rate is 38%. Taking into account the large fluctuation of traffic flow in 2020 caused by the epidemic, the data of 2018/19 financial year is used here, and the annual railway passenger trips in the UK are about 1.8 billion, the railway freight turnover is 17.37 billion tonne-kilometers, and the daily average is 47.59 million tonne-kilometers. Through the Channel Tunnel, the British rail system is interconnected with continental European rail systems.

Only three cities in the UK have a subway, London is the world's first subway was born in the city, the underground transport network is highly developed, in addition to London, only Newcastle (Newcastle) and Glasgow (Glasgow) these two cities have subway, and the line is short. Newcastle's metro system is limited to the city centre, while Glasgow's is a closed-loop line built around the city centre.

Trains running at speeds of more than 250km/h within the UK will not be able to meet this standard, with the East Midlands line running at 200km/h and the North and West below. The UK has an international high speed rail line, the British High Speed 1 (HS1), which crosses the English Channel connecting the UK with mainland Europe, and Eurostar trains running on this line can reach a top speed of 300 km/h. The High Speed rail line 2 (HS2) is currently under construction in the UK, linking London to cities in the Midlands and north such as Birmingham and Manchester, with speeds of up to 360km/h.

Britain

The total length of roads in Britain is 397,600 km. Motorways and A-roads account for 65.4 per cent of road traffic, while toll highways account for only 1 per cent of total mileage. There are no tolls except for the motorway toll for about 43 km of the M6 north of Birmingham. In addition, Class A roads account for about 12% of the total mileage. Since the late 1980s, more than 60% of UK goods have been transported by road. It is estimated that trucks picking up goods from central regional logistics centers in the UK can deliver goods to any corner of the UK within 24 hours.

At the end of June 2019, the total number of registered motor vehicles was 38.7 million, and 728,000 new motor vehicles were added in the second quarter of 2019.

Britain

There are many large and small ports in the United Kingdom, of which 100 are important commercial ports, 52 ports with an annual throughput of more than 1 million tons, and ports with an annual throughput of 10 million tons are: Grimsby - Birmingham, London, Tees - Harpool, Forth, Milford - Haven, Southampton, Lowep, Salenwaugh, Felixstowe, Dover, etc. Shipping is responsible for 95% of foreign trade transport, from most British ports to the main European seaports such as Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, Hamburg, etc., can be reached in one day, to Marseille, Frankfurt and Milan can be reached in two days. According to the "2020 Maritime Review" released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Kingdom ranks 11th in the world in terms of dead weight tons (dwt) owned by the world's countries (excluding the fleet of overseas territories such as Bermuda), with a fleet carrying capacity of 53.19 million tons, accounting for 2.6% of the world's total fleet capacity. Among European countries, Britain ranks behind Greece, Germany and Norway. Inland waterway navigation totaled 3,200 km, 620 km of which was used for freight transportation. The Thames is the busiest inland canal, followed by the River Forth. In 2018, UK ports handled 483 million tonnes, 54% of which was cargo between the UK and the EU.

All airlines and most airports in the UK are privately owned. In 2007, there were more than 50 airlines with 952 aircraft in service, carrying 24.1 million passengers, covering 314 billion kilometers and carrying 54.181 billion tons of freight. British Airways is one of the world's largest airlines, with a fleet of more than 300 aircraft serving about 220 cities in more than 90 countries and territories. There are 449 airports in the UK, 35 of which handle more than 100,000 passengers a year. The UK's largest airport is London Heathrow, the largest in Europe and one of the largest and busiest airports in the world, with 80.9 million passengers in 2019. Gatwick is the second largest airport in the UK, with 46.6 million passengers in 2019. 11 December 2015 The UK government has delayed a decision on whether to build a new runway at Heathrow Airport, which would also connect the UK to 40 new destinations. But the review says new runways should reduce environmental and noise levels.

Major airports include: London Heathrow Airport, Gatwick Airport, Manchester Airport, Birmingham International Airport, Glasgow Airport, Edinburgh Airport, Newcastle Airport, etc. Among them, Heathrow Airport is the largest airport in the UK, with 80.1 million passengers arriving and departing in 2018 and about 1.68 million tons of cargo handled annually.

Before the epidemic, Edinburgh, Manchester and London, the three cities in the north, central and south of the UK, had opened direct flights to Chinese cities, and Beijing could fly directly to Edinburgh, Manchester and London. London can fly directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Changsha, Qingdao, Xi 'an and other cities. Flights from Beijing, Shanghai and other places in China to London will land at Heathrow airport, and the flight time is about 11-13 hours.

The UK is one of the world's important research and development bases for high-tech and high value-added industries, and scientific research involves many scientific fields. As of August 2014, the UK, with 1% of the world's population, engaged in 5% of the world's scientific research work, published 9% of academic papers, citations reached 12%, second only to the United States. The number of international prize winners accounts for about 10% of the world, and there are 78 Nobel Prize winners in science, ranking second in the world. Strong in biotechnology, aerospace and defense.

Education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 in England, Wales and Scotland and between the ages of 4 and 16 in Northern Ireland. Compulsory education is run by local governments, while higher education is run by the central government.

The UK attaches great importance to the improvement of education and scientific research and continues to increase investment in education. Primary and secondary public school students are exempt from tuition fees, accounting for more than 90% of the total number of students. Private schools have better teachers and teaching equipment, but the fees are high, and the students are mostly the children of wealthy families, accounting for about 7% of the total number of students. The illiteracy rate is only 1%.

About 40 per cent of secondary school graduates go on to higher education. There are more than 110 universities and colleges of higher education in the country. Famous universities and colleges include Oxford University, Cambridge University, Imperial College London, London School of Economics, University of St Andrews, University College London, University of Warwick, University of Manchester, University of Edinburgh and Cardiff University. More than 300,000 overseas students are now studying in British universities and colleges.

Britain is one of the world's important research and development bases for high-tech and high value-added industries, and its scientific research involves almost all scientific fields. 1% of the world's population, engaged in 5% of the world's scientific research work, published academic papers accounted for 9%, citations reached 12%, second only to the United States. The number of international prize winners accounts for about 10% of the world's total, and there have been more than 90 Nobel Prize winners in science, ranking second in the world. It has strong competitiveness in biotechnology, aviation and defense. In 2017, the UK government spent 1.69% of its GDP on research and development. Compulsory education system from 5 to 16 years old.

The National Health Service (NHS) was created in 1948 by the then Labour government and has continued to provide free health care for all.

According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, the total expenditure on health care in the United Kingdom accounted for 9.4% of GDP in 2011, and the per capita expenditure on health care was 3,364 US dollars in terms of purchasing power parity. From 2006 to 2013, there were 28 doctors, 89 nurses and midwives, 6 dentists and 7 pharmacists for every 10,000 people. Between 2006 and 2012, there were 29 hospital beds per 10,000 people.

Britain's National Health Service (NHS) provides free health care to all. The NHS is run independently in the four boroughs of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but the main framework remains the same. In 2019, life expectancy in England was 79.9 years for men and 83.6 years for women.

As of August 2014, there are around 1,350 newspapers in the UK and 7,000 weeklies and magazines: Daily Express, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, Daily Star, Sun, Financial Times, Daily Telegraph, Guardian, Independent, Times, News of the World, Sunday Express, Sunday Mirror, Sunday Mail, People, Sunday Telegraph, Observer, Sunday Times, Economist, etc. In the six months to March 2004, the Daily newspaper had a weekly circulation of 12.7m and a Sunday circulation of 14m.

The main agencies are Reuters, Press Association and AFX News Limited. There are FIVE terrestrial television stations in the United Kingdom with national coverage: the BBC, Channel 3 ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5 and S4C, which is dedicated to the Welsh region and uses Welsh language. In addition, there are satellite and cable TV, such as Sky TV.

Physical education

David Beckham	Wayne Rooney	Alan Shearer	James Irving	David Seaman	Steven Gerrard	Gareth Bale
Paul Gascoigne	Gary Lineker	Steve McManaman	Paul Scholes	Ryan Giggs	Frank Lampard	John Terry
Teddy Sheringham	Kevin Keegan	Leo Ferdinand	Gordon Banks	Bobby Charlton	Peter Hilton	Wesley Matthews

recreation

Benedict Cumberbatch	Tom Hiddleston	Spencer Chaplin	James McAvoy	Christian Bale
Paul McCartney	Keira Knightley	Kate Winslet	Ewan McGregor	Jason Statham
George Harrison	Ringo Starr	Kate Beckinsale	Daniel Craig	Helena Bonham
Vivien Leigh	Catherine Zeta-Jones	Daniel Radcliffe	Brian Cox	Ian McKellen
Audrey Hepburn	Jude Law	Tom Felton	Jeremy Brett	Ridley Scott
Sean Connery	Christopher Nolan	Emma Watson	Tim Roth	Jason Isaac
Roger Moore	Anthony Hopkins	Rupert Grint	Gary Oldman	Paul Bettany
Hugh Grant	Orlando Bloom	Matthew McFadyen	Ralph Fiennes	Colin Firth

Singer band

The Beatles	Robbie Williams	Westlife	The Rolling Stones	Unidirectional combination
Queen	Coldplay	James Blunt	Adele Adkins	Fergie
Leanna Lewis	Atomic Pussycat	hottie	Elton John	Mika

Science and art

Isaac Newton	Robert Darwin	Clerk Maxwell	William Shakespeare	Francis Bacon
Bysshe Shelley	William Hawking	Conan Doyle	Emily Bronte	James W. Watt
Agatha Christie	Adam Smith	Oliver Cromwell	Michael Faraday	Edward Jenner
George Bernard	Robert Walpole	Charlotte Bronte	Oscar Wilde	Daniel Defoe
Charles Dickens	Lloyd George	John Lennon	Alexander McQueen	William Pitt(Father and son)

political

Richard I	Duke of Wellington	Alexandra Victoria
Alfred the Great	Queen Elizabeth	Winston Churchill
William Arthur	Tony Blair	Hilda Thatcher

As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, Britain is one of the world's major nuclear powers and an important member of 120 international organizations, including the European Union, NATO, the Commonwealth and the Western European Union. He called for strengthening relations with the United States to realize common interests. We attach importance to developing relations with other major countries and strive to improve relations with China, Russia, India and other major countries. Strive to maintain traditional ties with Commonwealth countries and maintain and expand its influence in developing countries. Actively participate in global affairs, maintain a strong national defense force, and emphasize free trade. Strengthen international cooperation on environmental protection, human rights, sustainable development and other issues. Put human rights at the heart of its foreign policy.

The letter initiating the Brexit process was delivered to the President of the European Council, Donald TuskOn June 23, 2016 (London time), the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. As of the end of voting, about 16.83 million voters supported leave, 15.69 million voters supported remain, the Leave camp led by 1.14 million votes, the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union is a foregone conclusion.[4]

On March 28, 2017, the United Kingdom formally submitted an application to the European Union to leave the European Union, triggering Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon to start Brexit negotiations. [5] On the 29th, the UK's ambassador to the EU, Tim Barrow, will submit the formal notification to Tusk, triggering the two-year process for the UK to leave the EU. [6]

On 25 November 2018, at a special summit in Brussels, the heads of state of the European Union adopted the treaty on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union and issued a political statement on the future of bilateral relations. According to the withdrawal treaty, there is a transition period until the end of 2020, during which the UK will remain in the EU's internal market and customs union. [7]

According to the agreement, the UK needs to pay a total of about 39 billion pounds to the EU "breakup fee", set up a 21-month transition period after the UK officially "leaves the EU" in March 2019, during which the UK will continue to remain in the European Common Market and the EU customs Union, and enjoy zero tariff treatment on trade. However, the Brexit agreement still needs to be approved by the British Parliament and other EU member states before it can take effect. [8]

On January 15, 2019, the House of Commons of the British Parliament voted 432 against and 202 in favor of rejecting the "Brexit" agreement previously reached by the British government and the European Union. [9]

On January 29, 2020, the plenary session of the European Parliament voted to approve the Brexit agreement. On January 30, the Council of the European Union voted to approve the Brexit agreement. At 23:00 on January 31, the United Kingdom officially left the European Union, ending its 47 years of EU membership and entering an 11-month "Brexit" transition period from February 1. [10]

Relations with the United States

The two countries have been close military Allies since 1940, enjoying a special relationship forged as wartime Allies and NATO partners, with the United States having a long-term military presence in Britain from 1944 to the present day.

The two countries are closely linked by a shared history, religious overlap, a common language and legal system, and a common ancestry that goes back hundreds of years: English-Americans, Scottish-Americans, Welsh-Americans, Northern Ireland-Americans, Irish-Americans, and Americans of British descent. Today, large numbers of expatriates live in both countries.

Despite war and rebellion, peace and estrangement, they eventually became friends and Allies, and the United States and Britain cemented these deep-rooted ties during World War II, forming the so-called "special relationship." In the long run, historian Paul Johnson has called it "the cornerstone of the modern democratic world order."

At the beginning of the 20th century, the United Kingdom identified the relationship between Britain and the United States as the "most important bilateral partnership" in the current British foreign policy, and the foreign policy of the United States also identified the relationship between Britain and the United States as the most important bilateral relationship, which is reflected in the alliance in political affairs, and mutual cooperation in the fields of trade, commerce, finance, technology, academia, art and science. Share command and military intelligence between the U.S. Armed Forces and the British Armed Forces, as well as joint combat operations and peacekeeping missions. Canada has historically been the largest importer of U.S. goods and a major exporter of goods to the United States. As of January 2015, the UK ranks fifth in exports to the US and seventh in imports from the US.

These two countries have also had a significant impact on the culture of many other countries. They are the two main nodes of the Anglosphere, with a total population of just under 400 million in 2019. Together, they have given English its dominance in many areas of the modern world.

Relations with Russia

Relations between the two countries began when English navigator Richard Chancellor discovered Arkhangelsk in 1553. In the "Great Game" of the 19th century, the two countries clashed over Central Asia. The Soviet Union and Britain were allied in World War II. During the Cold War, the relationship between the two countries was once again strained by the game between the United States and the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian business tycoons worked closely with British financial institutions.

Relations between the two countries were strained again after the poisoning of Alexander Varjellovich Litvinenko in 2006. The Russia-Ukraine war that began in 2014 further soured relations. After the poisoning of Sergei Viktorovich Skripal, 28 countries expelled Russian diplomats from their countries. In the Black Sea incident of June 2021, the Russian and British navies skirmished.

After the 2022 conflict between Russia and Ukraine, relations between the two countries completely deteriorated: Britain imposed "devastating economic sanctions" on Russia, confiscated the overseas assets of Russian oligarchs, recalled its citizens, and interrupted all business cooperation with Russia. In response, Russia claimed that Britain and the United States were using this as an excuse for world domination through NATO.

Relations with Ireland

Ireland and the United Kingdom signed a landmark short-term visa waiver agreement on October 6, 2014, allowing tourists and business people from non-EU countries such as China, India and Russia to travel between the two island countries on a single visa.

Relations with France

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars again brought the military conflicts between Britain and France to a peak, and finally ended with the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty supported by the European powers.

A series of agreements signed between Britain and France on April 8, 1904, which marked the end of the conflict between the two countries over overseas colonies and the beginning of cooperation against the threat of the newly rising German Empire. In the agreement, the two sides agreed on the control of a number of countries and territories, including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Central and Western Africa, Siam (Thailand) and other places.

In 1907, with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Treaty, the Anglo-French Entente and the Franco-Russian alliance together formed the "Triple Entente".

The Tripartite Treaty laid the foundation for political and military cooperation between the three countries in World War I, and since then, the Allies in World War I, the Allies in World War II, the formation of NATO in the Cold War, and even in modern times, Britain and France have enjoyed generally friendly relations in the face of a common enemy, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and its successor Russia.

In November 2010, the British and French governments signed a military cooperation agreement, agreeing to create joint forces, share aircraft carriers and jointly develop new nuclear testing facilities.

France is in dispute with the UK over fishing licences after Brexit. In 2021, the two countries had a dispute over the island of Jersey over fishing. France also accused Britain of granting too few licences to French fishermen. On 28 October 2021, France seized a British fishing vessel, accusing it of failing to comply with French fishing regulations. Britain summoned the French ambassador in protest. France had threatened to ban British fishing boats from landing at designated French ports on November 2.

On September 21, 2023, visiting British King Charles III delivered a speech in the French Senate on September 21, calling on Britain and France to strengthen friendly relations and work together for sustainable development.

In his speech, Charles III called for the Anglo-French friendship treaty to be cherished and preserved, and proposed that it be expanded into a friendly relationship between the two countries working together on sustainable development to "respond more effectively to the global emergency in the fields of climate and biodiversity." About 300 members of the French National Assembly and Senate were present during the speech.

Charles III and Queen Camilla began a state visit to France on the 20th of this month, and the visit is expected to last until the 22nd.

Relations with China

On January 6, 1950, the United Kingdom broke diplomatic ties with the Republic of China and recognized the People's Republic of China, the first European country to do so. On the same day, W.G. raham, then British Consul in China, delivered to Wang Bingnan, Director of the General Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, a diplomatic note from British Foreign Secretary Bevin addressed to Premier and Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai, which said: The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland today recognizes the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China "as the legitimate Government of China" and "is ready to establish diplomatic relations with the Central People's Government". At the same time, Gao Laihan also orally explained to Wang Bingnan: the British government "declared to cancel the recognition of the Kuomintang government"; "The British Government has appointed Secretary Hu Jiesheng, who is now in Nanjing, as the transitional charge d 'affaires, to come to Beijing to discuss with the Chinese government the appointment of an ambassador and other matters," and asked for "diplomatic privileges, including diplomatic privileges, immunities, etc."

On the same day, the British Foreign Office announced its recognition of the People's Republic of China to the world at a press conference, but said that it would not change its "long-term objective of opposing communism" with the United States and would continue to "maintain practical relations" with the Republic of China government, which had moved to Taiwan.

On 9 January, Chinese Premier and Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai, echoing British Foreign Secretary Bevan, expressed "willingness to establish diplomatic relations with your country on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and mutual respect for territorial sovereignty, and accepted Mr. Hu Jiesen, whom you designated as charge d 'affaires AD interim," as "the representative of the negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations." The Chinese side "should give Mr. Hu Jiesen and his staff and archives all the facilities they need to move from Nanjing to Beijing." However, the British government did not understand that Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai's reply only accepted Hu Jiesen as the representative of the British government to Beijing to negotiate the establishment of diplomatic relations, and believed that the exchange of letters between the two foreign ministers had itself constituted the establishment of diplomatic relations. The Chinese government maintains that diplomatic relations can be established only after the British side's attitude towards the Taiwan authorities has been clarified through negotiations. In response, the British government agreed to negotiate with the Chinese first. The British negotiators in Beijing were treated like diplomats by the Chinese government.

On March 17, Hu replied to Zhang Hanfu that the British government had revoked its recognition of the former Republic of China on January 6, 1950, and had notified the People's Republic of China of its legal recognition on the same day. From that date, no diplomatic relations existed with the former Kuomintang government; The former Chinese embassy in London has been closed and the former ambassador no longer enjoys diplomatic status.

The British government has abstained every time China's representation has been discussed at the UN and the Security Council.

In 1954, Chinese Premier and Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai led a government delegation to attend the First Geneva Conference. On April 30, Zhou Enlai met with British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and exchanged views on China-UK relations. On May 3, Director General of the Department of European and African Affairs of the Chinese Foreign Ministry Huanxiang met with British Charge d 'Affaires William Du. Senior officials of the two delegations met many times afterwards. On June 17, 1954, China and the United Kingdom issued a joint communique, establishing diplomatic relations at the charge d 'affaires level. Its mission is to continue negotiations on the full establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries and to deal with the diaspora affairs and trade issues between the two countries. This is the world's first semi-diplomatic relationship between countries. In August of the same year, former British Prime Minister and Labour Party leader Clement Attlee visited China. Also in 1954, 48 British business representatives, led by Jack Perry, chairman of the London Export Corporation, visited Beijing to promote the signing of the Sino-British Trade Agreement at the Moscow International Economic Conference the following year.

In 1967, during the Cultural Revolution, the British Agency was burned down.

On January 15, 1971, when Pei Jianzhang, the Charge d 'affaires of China to the United Kingdom, paid a new visit to Royle, Undersecretary of the British Foreign Office, Royle proposed that China and Britain should establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level. On March 2, 2019, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai met with British Charge d 'affaires Tanson.

On June 22, 1971, Royle met with Pei Jianzhang and said that the British side was willing to fully meet the first two conditions of China, but did not take a position on the status of Taiwan. From July 10 to October 5, 1971, China and the UK, after several rounds of revision and exchange of manuscripts, reached an agreement on the joint communique on the exchange of ambassadors, confirming that the two sides signed and entered into force on March 13, 1972, and formally established diplomatic relations.

1979年，伊丽莎白二世女王邀请了时任中共中央主席兼中国国务院总理华国锋访问英国，是第一位访问英国的中国国家领导人。

The sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997.

In 1986, Queen Elizabeth II visited China with her husband Prince Philip, the first British monarch to visit the country. After leaving Beijing, he visited Shanghai, Xi 'an, Kunming and Guangzhou before moving on to Hong Kong.

At midnight on July 1, 1997, the government of Hong Kong was returned to the People's Republic of China by the United Kingdom, ending 156 years of British colonial rule.

In 2013, the top official in the aftermath of the financial crisis; The British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne visited Beijing and vowed to deepen economic ties.

In January 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture welcomed the Secretary of State of the British Department of Environment and Rural Affairs to visit China and signed an agreement on agricultural cooperation. George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, attached unprecedented importance to Sino-British relations after taking office, which gradually became clear after the AIIB incident. During his visit to China in September 2015, George Osborne began by stating that "Britain must become China's best trading partner in the West", indicating that he was also implementing the Prime Minister's policy. He was joined by Jim O 'Neill, Business secretary to the Treasury; Sajid Javid, Business secretary; Amber Rudd, Climate and Energy Change secretary; and Jim O 'Neill, former chief economist at Goldman Sachs. Speaking at the Shanghai Stock Exchange, he stressed that China remains the main driver of the world economy in the future and that the two countries have the opportunity to create a "golden decade." He then travelled to Chengdu in Sichuan province and Urumqi in Xinjiang Province, becoming the first British chancellor of the Exchequer to visit an inland Chinese city, which he further said was to support China's "One Belt, One Road" and infrastructure promotion strategy. George Osborne's main strategy has been to actively set out to become an offshore renminbi trading center, and expressed support for the inclusion of the renminbi in the Special Drawing Rights. Energy Secretary Amber is one of George Osborne, and also believes that energy cooperation can boost the bilateral economy, said during the visit to China that China is expected to lead the construction of a Chinese-designed nuclear power plant in Essex, eastern England, at a cost of about 2 billion pounds, which will be the first Chinese-designed nuclear power plant in the Western world. The UK has stepped in to provide a financial guarantee, and British authorities hope that when the new plant is completed, it can supply 7% of the UK's electricity without carbon emissions.

During George Osborne's tenure, China and the UK reached 48 cooperation agreements, signed a memorandum of understanding on public-private partnership, and committed the Council of the City of Britain and the China-Britain Business Council to participate in the construction of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone.

In June 2017, after Britain left the European Union, it planned to sign a free trade agreement with China.

On 30 July 2018, at the invitation of Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi, British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt paid an official visit to China and held the ninth China-UK Strategic Dialogue.

In June and July 2019, the United Kingdom expressed its close concern over a series of demonstrations in Hong Kong and reiterated that the Sino-British Joint Declaration remains in force. A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman said Britain had no right to interfere in Hong Kong's internal affairs. The British Foreign Office summoned Liu Xiaoming, China's ambassador to the UK, calling the remarks "unacceptable".

On 1 July 2020, the British Government concluded that the implementation of the Hong Kong National Security Law by the Government of the People's Republic of China was a serious breach of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and that China had clearly breached its commitments under the Sino-British Joint Declaration to safeguard Hong Kong's freedom, autonomy and judicial independence, and therefore announced that with effect from January 2021, Hong Kongers and their families eligible for a British National (Overseas) passport (BNO) will be able to live, study or work in the UK for five years, after which they can apply for indefinite leave to remain and register as British citizens after a further 12 months of residence.

"It is a typical fake news with ideological bias and has a bad impact," he said, making solemn representations to the BBC's Beijing bureau. Subsequently, the UK's OFCOM revoked the license of China Global Television Network (CGTN) on February 4, on the grounds that the licensed Star Chinese Media had no substantial control over CGTN broadcasting channels, and was only a distributor of CGTN in the UK, not a service provider. The UK Broadcasting Act 1990 states that "the holder of a broadcasting licence must have control over the licensed service, including editorial supervision of the programmes it broadcasts". In addition, the statement believes that CGTN's coverage of the anti-amendment movement in Hong Kong was unfair and violated the Broadcasting Rules of the Communications Authority. In view of the seriousness of the above-mentioned violations, the authority has decided to impose sanctions, and specific measures will be announced soon. On February 5, CGTN issued a statement in response, expressing regret and firm opposition to the ruling of the Communications Authority. The statement said that in early 2020, under the "operation of far-right organizations and anti-China forces," the British Communications Authority suddenly launched an investigation into the landing permit of CGTN English channel in the UK, and CGTN subsequently explained in detail to the Authority and proposed to transfer the landing permit. However, the Communications Authority, citing CGTN's "political nature," refused to transfer the license and revoked the license. At the regular press conference of the Chinese Foreign Ministry on the same day, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin firmly opposed the cancellation of the license of CGTN by the Communications Administration, saying that the British side, on the one hand, touts press freedom and on the other hand, disregards facts and obstructs the ground of CGTN in the UK. This is a naked double standard and political repression, which seriously damages the reputation of the Chinese media and seriously interferes with the normal cultural exchanges between the two countries. He urged the British side to immediately stop political manipulation and correct mistakes, while saying that China reserves the right to make necessary reactions and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese media. On February 11, China's State Radio and Television Administration announced that it would ban the BBC World News from broadcasting in China, saying that the content of the BBC's China-related reports seriously violated the Regulations on the Administration of Radio and Television and the Measures on the Administration of Overseas Satellite TV Channels.

On February 16, 2021, the British government released the Comprehensive Review of Security, defense, development and Foreign Policy, in which it identified China as a "systemic competitor."

On March 22, 2021, the UK announced sanctions against Chen Mingguo, Director of the Public Security Department of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Wang Mingshan, Secretary of the Political and Legal Affairs Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee, Wang Junzheng, secretary of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Committee, Zhu Hairun, former deputy secretary of the Party Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Public Security Bureau in relation to the issue of Xinjiang re-education camps. The Chinese Foreign Ministry announced on March 26 that it had imposed sanctions on "nine British people and four entities for malicious spreading of lies and false information," including Iain Duncan Smith, Nusrath Ghani, Tim Lofton, Baroness Helena Kennedy and David Alton of the British Parliament's International Parliamentary Alliance on China Policy and its members. The Congressional China Research Group and its directors, Thomas Tugendhat and Neil O 'Brien; the Uyghur Special Court and its director, Geoffrey Ness; and Newcastle University Professor Jo Smith Finley.

On 27 May 2021, State Councilor and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Wang Yi had a phone conversation with British First Minister Dominic Raab, Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. They discussed the importance of constructive UK-China relations in tackling global challenges such as climate change and global health, and also discussed a range of foreign policy issues, including the situations in Myanmar, Iran and North Korea.

Johnson expressed willingness to strengthen cooperation in such fields as economy and trade, education and clean energy, which can provide an open business environment for Chinese capital.

In August 2022, the first direct container shipping route between China and Scotland was opened, which greatly shortened the cargo transport time between China and the UK.

On September 15, 2022, nine British Conservative MPS Tim Lofton and Sir Iain Duncan Smith, who had previously been sanctioned by China for the Xinjiang issue, sent a letter to the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Speaker of the House of Lords and Foreign Secretary James Cleverley to restrict the Chinese delegation from attending the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. The following day, the Speaker of the House of Commons, Sir Lindsay Hoyle, allowed a proposal by MPS to reject a request by a delegation from the People's Republic of China to enter the Palace of Westminster to pay their condolences to the Queen, but the ban would not extend to officials above the Vice President of the People's Republic of China. Vice President Wang Qishan led the Chinese delegation to the funeral on September 18. The delegation did not take a bus prepared by the British side for the leaders of the world, but took a private car like U.S. President Joe Biden.

Relations with India

India maintains a High Commission in London and consulates General in Birmingham and Edinburgh. The United Kingdom maintains a High Commission in New Delhi and deputy High commissions in five Indian cities, namely Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kolkata. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth. Relations between the two countries have been friendly since 1947. In 2010, British Prime Minister David Cameron described the relationship between India and the UK as an "emerging special relationship".

India and the UK cooperate politically mainly through multilateral cooperation organizations (such as the Commonwealth, World Trade Organization, Asian Development Bank, etc.). Three Indian presidents have visited the UK: Savapali Radhakrishnan, Ramaswamy Venkataraman and Pratibha Patil;

Queen Elizabeth II made state visits to India in November 1963, April 1990 and October 1997. French diplomat Marc Fonbaustier once said that India was the key to British politics and strategy in Asia, and that the two countries shared common values.

Because India was once the most important part of the British Empire, and Britain and India are both members of the Commonwealth, so Britain and India have close relations, since India's independence, the two countries have been on good terms.

In April 2022, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said the UK and India had agreed to a new defence and security partnership.

Relations with Japan

On June 28, 2022, during talks with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on the sidelines of the Group of Seven (G7) summit in Germany, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson confirmed that the UK will lift the remaining restrictions on food products from Fukushima on Wednesday. Mr Johnson told Mr Kishida that the relationship between Britain and Japan was "going from strength to strength".

Edinburgh	The Palace of Holyroodhouse	The ancient Roman baths of Bath	Pulteney three-arch Bridge	The Royal Crescent	Greenwich Park
Edinburgh Castle	Scotch Whisky Centre	Maritime museum	Millennium Dome	Cambridge	King's College
St. Mary's Church	Houses of Parliament, London	Elizabeth Tower	Shakespeare's Globe	Buckingham Palace	British Museum
Madame Tussauds Wax Museum	Sherlock Holmes Museum	Greenwich Observatory	Hyde Park	Hampton Court Palace	Kensington Palace
Tower of London	St Paul's Cathedral	Tower Bridge	The Victoria and Albert Museum	Windsor Castle	Westminster Abbey
University of Cambridge	Legoland Windsor	Eton College	The London Eye	The Thames	Stonehenge

Numerous castles and country houses areBritainFor a long time, land and property in England were historical evidences owned by aristocratic families. A large number of valuable ancient buildings have been well preserved, including those that are still used by peopleThe Duke of MarlboroughtheBlenheim Palace,Duke of DevonshireThe palace of CZATSWORTH, LONGLEAT HOUSE of the Marquess of Bath, these princes and nobles inTudor dynasty,The Hanoverian Dynasty,House of WindsorPrivate estates and mansions built in other historical periods areBritish historyA typical example of architecture. Many private estates and mansions scattered throughout towns and villages, as well as ancient walls, towers, unique buildings and other monuments, are actively protected as part of Britain's historic heritage, including old quarry towers,Industrial revolutionThe mills and factories of the period, the iron bridge and other Bridges built by Thomas Telford, the Forth Bridge, a masterpiece of steel architecture, and the beautiful Clifton Suspension Bridge, among others. PainterGao HeqiApplyChinese ink paintingThe Stowe old man stone in Scotland embodies the fusion of Chinese landscape painting brush and ink language in the face of exotic scenery.

In English, traditional gardensBritaincallgardenorPark. From the 14th and 15th centuries to the mid-19th century,Western gardenThe content and scope of garden design have been greatly expanded, and the design of garden design has expanded from the main private courtyard design in history to the park and parkPrivate gardenPay equal attention. The function of the garden is no longer just an extension of family life, but shouldering improvementUrban environmentFor the public to rest, socialize and enjoy.

The National Trust and the National Trust for Scotland look after around 240 gardens in the UK and develop them for the public. English Heritage is also the custodian of some of the UK's most important scenic sites, including the Charles Darwin Gardens at Downhouse in Kent, the 18th century landscape gardens designed by the versatile Brown at Audley House in Essex, and Walmell Castle in Kent. The Queen Mother's Garden, designed by Benelop Hobhorth, and so on. There are also Isabelle von Gronenigen's South Moat garden for Eltham Palace in South London, Rupert Golby's walled floral garden at Osborne House and Queen Victoria's home garden on the Isle of Wight. [2]

Great British cities, especially London, are famous for their beautiful and well-protected parks. London's royal gardens, including Hyde Park, St James's Park and Green Park, represent the highest level of European garden art, but throughout Greater London you can find beautifully shaped and well-tended gardens for public pleasure and recreation. The Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, south-west London, has a vast collection of living and protected trees, seeds and plants, and is itself an encyclopedia of the plant kingdom, as well as a scientific centre for botanical research worldwide. In Cornwall, the Millennium Commission has provided £40 million in funding to transform an abandoned clay pit into a brand new garden, the only one of its kind in the world, known as the Eden Project. [3]

There are seven national parks in England and three in Wales, each of which preserves large areas of natural beauty, most of which are privately owned. Scotland will create a national park at Loch Lomond and Tosachys, with plans for another at Carngorms.