Central Europe (Central Europe) is one of the five national geographic regions of Europe, including Germany , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Austria , Liechtenstein and Switzerland Eight countries. ^[1] The total area is 1.01 million square kilometers. The population is over 161 million. The main ethnic groups are German , Polish , Austrians Etc., the main language is German . ^[1] Connecting the other 4 geographical regions, it is the transportation center of Europe. Central European region Temperate climate zone Parts of the west are Temperate maritime climate The east is Humid continental climate . The terrain is varied and the north is Central European plain ; A surname Alps , The Carpathian Mountains ; A surname Danube catchment Hungary The plains. The main resources are forests and coal mines.

Because it is located in the center of Europe, not only the natural conditions have diversity and transition, but also the political, economic, national and cultural diversity and transition. All countries Developed country The level of economic development is high, especially Germany As a representative, many of the world's famous company headquarters are located in Central Europe, like Volkswagen , BMW , Mercedes-benz Group AG , Siemens AG , Rolex , Nestle Let's wait.

Developed tourism, suitable climate and beautiful scenery make Central Europe a world-famous tourist destination. Central Europe was also the most volatile region in Europe, having been the scene of two world wars source The devastation of the war left it battered and stagnant, but in the decades after the war, good opportunities and the serious and diligent spirit characteristic of the peoples of the region enabled it to rapidly re-emerge and play an important role in European affairs. ^[2]

Chinese name: Central Europe
Foreign name: Central Europe
alias: Central Europe
continent: Europe
Time zone: UTC+1
Area product: 1010000 km²

Population number: 161 million
Major nationality: German , Polish , Austrians
Primary language: German
Major religion: Protestantism , Catholicism
Major currency: Euro
Major country: Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland

catalogue

Physical geography

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EDITOR

Radius

Map of Central Europe

Central European countries mainly refer to Baltic Sea To the south, Alps North of central Europe. The Central European countries included are Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. ^[1] The western part of Central Europe and Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , France Bordering Italy to the south, Croatia , Serbia , Romania Junction, east facing Ukraine , Belarus , Republic of Lithuania Russia, north of Denmark, nearly 1,300 kilometers in length, the width of more than 1,000 kilometers, ^[2] It covers an area of over 1.01 million square kilometers. ^[1]

landform

Subject article: Bode plain , Alps

Alps

The terrain of Central Europe is stepped from north to south, with plains, hills and mountains respectively Mountain system . ^[2] The northernmost is Central European plain Located in Germany and Poland, with an area of about 30 square kilometers, it is the main plain in Europe and an important agricultural belt in Central Europe. Mineral resources are mainly coal, the most western Ruhr Industrial zone It was developed with coal mines and became an important industrial area in Germany. The formation of the Bode Plain Quaternary glacier The effects are closely related, but because Tamaki glacier only appears in Elbe In the eastern region, there are obvious differences in geomorphological features between the eastern and western parts, which are bounded by the Elbe River. west Moraine landform It is not very significant, and it is a gentle and undulating low plain, which can be roughly divided into low zone and sandy plain zone from coastal to inland. The moraine geomorphology is well preserved in the eastern region, which can be divided into sand dune zone, bottom moraine plain zone, end moraine hill zone, outwash plain zone and loess zone from coastal to inland. ^[3]

The central part is mainly hilly and mountainous, mostly valley land. Be famous for Rhine , the Elbe, the Danube, Oder Wait for the valley. ^[4]

In the south are the famous Alps, most of which pass through Central Europe, of which the highest mountain range in the region is the Alps Dufour Peak (4634 m above sea level). About 150 million years ago, the Alps were still The Tethys Sea Then the land gradually rose to form the tall Alps. The earth's crust throughout the mountains is still unstable and earthquakes are frequent. For millions of years, Europe has had several The Great Ice Age The Alps form a very typical Glacial landform Many peaks are rocky, angular peaks are sharp, and there are many deep mountains Glacial valley and Moraine lake . ^[5] The majestic snow-capped mountains, beautiful lakes, beautiful forests and grasslands, and castles make the Alps an important tourist destination in Central Europe and even Europe.

hydrology

Subject article: Rhine

The main rivers are the Rhine (flowing 865 km), the Elbe, Weser The Oder, the Danube, Vistula . The main seas bordering Central Europe are the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. and Central canal , Kiel Canal , Main-donau Canal Such as connecting rivers, oceans, numerous canals, dense river network, water transport developed. The larger lakes have Bodensee , Chiemsee , Lake Miritz , Lake Zurich , Lake Geneva , Lake Balaton Let's wait. ^[6]

climate

Central Europe is located in the temperate climate zone, the climate type distribution is the western part of Central Europe temperate Marine climate, the eastern part of Central Europe temperate continental humid climate. The temperature is moderate, the temperature does not change much, the coldest January average around 0 degrees Celsius, about minus 10 degrees Celsius in the mountains, December to March for the winter, Alpine winter until May, the summer average 20 degrees Celsius, the hottest months from June to August. On the whole, the average temperature is 14 ~ 19℃ in July and 5 ~ 1℃ in January. Annual precipitation is 500 to 1000 mm, and more in the mountains. ^[6]

ASSETS

Flora and fauna common in Central Europe, beech, Oak And other deciduous forests make up a third of the forest, while pines and cypress are increased by reforestation, spruce Fir and fir are the main forest species in alpine areas, pine and fir larch It grows in sandy soil. Exist in many varieties ferns Flowers, fungi, mosses. The forest area of the eight Central European countries is larger, with nearly 30% of the forest area in Germany, Poland and Switzerland, and 42% in Austria. Major wildlife include deer, Boar , argali, fox, badger, Hare , beaver . ^[8]

The mineral resources of Central Europe are mainly concentrated in the western and northern coastal areas of Germany. Central European Hard coal , lignite The Ruhr region is the main coal-producing region, but this can not meet the production demand, Germany, Poland industrial-centered countries (especially Germany) still need to import a lot of iron ore, oil and so on from abroad every year.

history

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Early history

Subject article: History of Germany , The Germans , Holy Roman Empire

They lived in Germany and Poland before Christ The Germans and Slavs . Tribes gradually formed in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. In 835, the Germans came from Frankish kingdom Split off, founded in 962 Holy Roman Empire . In 1025, the Kingdom of Poland was founded. The Holy Roman Empire conquered many territories through a long period of foreign conquest. In 1772-1795, Poland was divided three times by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and the Kingdom of Poland was destroyed. ^[9] In 1806, 16 Southern and Midwestern states under French protection broke away from the Holy Roman Empire and formed a new political union." Rhine League ". On 6 August 1806, Franz I, who had proclaimed himself Emperor of Austria in 1804, was forced to renounce his title as Holy Roman Emperor, and the Holy Roman Empire ended. Of Franz the First The House of Habsburg Only Austria, the remaining part of the Empire, could be ruled. Only Austria, Prussia, and Denmark controlled the German territory Holstein and Sweden the Pomerania The region did not join the Rhine League. ^[10]

Central Europe in the 11th century

Encyclopedia x Mixology: Illustrating the Holy Roman Empire

Modern history

Main articles: Coalition, Congress of Vienna, World War I

From 1805 to 1811, wars against France broke out several times in Central Europe, Russia and Britain. Early 18th century rise of Prussia, according to 1815 Congress of Vienna In 1848, revolutions broke out across Germany, Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck led the arduous military and diplomatic struggle, Prussia in 1864-1871 has defeated Denmark, Austria and France, 1871 unified German Empire was established. Germany completed its unification with Prussia as the main body. In 1867, the Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Hungary The alliance became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ^[9] Germany and Austria-Hungary started the First World War in 1914 and collapsed in 1918 due to defeat. Germany was established in February 1919 Weimar Republic Poland was established as a republic, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia , Federal Yugoslavia Etc. 4 countries. ^[11]

World War II period

Subject line: Hitler, World War II

The year 1933 Hitler Came to power and imposed a dictatorship. Germany launched the Second World War in 1939, invaded neighboring countries, and Hungary became a vassal country, which brought serious disasters to the people of the world. In Central Europe, except for Switzerland and Austria (neutral countries), all actively resisted, and under the tenacious blows of the Allied army and people, Germany was defeated and surrendered on May 8, 1945. After the war, according to The Yalta Agreement and The Potsdam Agreement Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, and the four countries formed the Allied Control Committee to take over the supreme power in Germany. Berlin It is also divided into four zones of occupation. In June 1948, the United States, Britain, and France merged. On May 23 of the following year, the combined Western Territories were established Federal Republic of Germany . On October 7 of the same year, the eastern Soviet zone was established German Democratic Republic . Germany was officially divided into two sovereign states. ^[9] ^[11]

Modern history

Subject article: Reunification of Germany and Germany , Upheaval in Eastern Europe

The situation in the GDR changed dramatically in 1989. Since May of the same year, there has been a mass exodus of citizens Federal Republic of Germany . In early October, demonstrations of varying sizes broke out in many cities, demanding, among other things, an easing of restrictions on foreign travel and the media. On October 18, President of the GDR Honecker Announced his resignation. On November 9," Berlin Wall "Open. On 28 November, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Kohl Presented a ten-point plan for the reunification of the two Germanys.

The collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe in 1989, including East Germany, led to the breakup of Czechoslovakia and the independence of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. With the agreement of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, East and West Germany finally reached an agreement in 1990 Reunification of Germany and Germany . ^[9] The Constitution, the People's Chamber, and the government of the GDR were automatically abolished, and the original 14 districts were changed into five states in order to adapt to the establishment of the Federal Germany, which was merged into the Federal Germany, and the two Germanies that had been divided for more than 40 years were reunited.

economy

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Central Europe is one of the most economically developed regions in the world, ranking in the middle in Europe as a whole, and the service industry of all countries dominates, among which Germany It is the largest in Europe economy .

Agriculture is mainly developed in Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, which have a relatively large area of arable land, especially Germany, but the Podland is less fertile, and the land is more fertile along the Danube River. Central Europe mainly produces wheat, barley, beet Corn is second only to Russia and France in European food production, while cash crops are produced less. Northern Central European countries are more focused on heavy industry, while southern Central Europe is dominated by light industry. In most countries, the industrial output value accounts for 20% to 30% of the gross national product. Germany enjoys a world reputation for automobile, electronic and electrical manufacturing and machinery manufacturing, including Volkswagen, Daimler, BMW, Siemens and other manufacturers. Adidas Such famous companies; Switzerland's food processing, watches, handicrafts, and pharmaceutical industries occupy an important position in Europe, with Rolex, Nestle, Roche , The Vickers Saber Such a company. In addition, Austria's crystal craft, Poland's steel industry, and the Czech wine industry are well known in Europe. ^[4]

travel

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Main sights of Central Europe (18 photos)

Tourism in Central Europe is developing rapidly, and a large number of tourists come to Germany, Switzerland and other places for sightseeing every year. Germany is rich in cultural and historical sites, attracting a large number of tourists, becoming an important tourist country in Europe, famous attractions are The Brandenburg Gate , Cologne Cathedral, Neuschwanstein Castle Etc.; Switzerland, Austria mainly to the Alps sightseeing, but there is no shortage of beautiful cultural landscape, Switzerland Jungfrau , The Lavaux vineyard terraces And Salzburg, Austria, Schonbrunn Palace Other famous attractions, Poland, Hungary also have outstanding attractions. In addition, there are many cultural festivals, Oktoberfest in Munich , Cologne Carnival , Vienna Music Festival And other major festivals. ^[4]

Culture and technology

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Over a hundred items Nobel Prize It is a good testimony to the prosperity of culture, science and education in Central Europe Population quality So high, in fact, that Central Europe has won more Nobel prizes than any other region in the world, with most of the prizes going to Germans. ^[6] Central Europe is located in a region with close cultural exchanges between Eastern Europe, Northern Europe and Western Europe. Together with local culture, Central Europe culture has gradually become the elder of many kinds. Both China and Europe have made important achievements in literature, ideology and science. ^[12]

The history of German literature dates back to the Middle Ages, by Italy Renaissance The influence of 18th century German literature reached its peak. Goethe Heine, Schiller, Lessing and Brothers Grimm All outstanding representatives. In modern times the Germans have won nine Nobel Prize in Literature . ^[13] Kant Hegel and Hegel were important German thinkers of the 18th and early 19th centuries. Germany is also the birthplace of communism and the birthplace of the great Marx, Friedrich Engels A place to practice devotion. ^[12]

Central Europe is also the world's musical art developed, history has produced many world-famous musicians: Austria Haydn , Mozart Schubert, Johann Strauss, ^[14] And German music masters Beethoven And Polish Chopin In more than two centuries, these musical masters have left extremely rich cultural heritage for Central Europe and even the world, forming a unique national cultural tradition. ^[10] ^[14] Austria has the Royal Opera House (now known as the Opera House), built in 1869 Vienna State Opera It is one of the most famous opera houses in the world Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra It is widely regarded as the world's premier symphony orchestra. ^[14]

Although the scientific development of China and Europe is not as developed as that of Britain and France, there are still remarkable achievements. The Polish astronomer Copernicus , physical chemist Madame Curie The German engineer Siemens, the physicist Roentgen, and the great physicist born in Germany Einstein Wait a minute. They're a powerful force in advancing science. ^[10] ^[13]

Overview of countries

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Poland

Subject article: Poland

Flag of Poland^[15]

With an area of more than 310,000 square kilometers, it is located in the northeast of Central Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, and Belarus and Ukraine to the northeast and southeast. It has a population of more than 38.6 million, with the main ethnic group being Poles. ^[15]

Poland's main minerals are coal, Quebrith Copper, zinc, lead, aluminum, silver, etc., is the world amber Big producer. Has been mining amber for hundreds of years. Industries are dominated by coal mining, machine building, shipbuilding, automobiles, and steel. ^[6]

Poland is one of the top ten tourist countries in the world, and tourism has become the main source of foreign exchange income for Poland.

Czech Republic

Subject article: Czech Republic

Flag of the Czech Republic^[16]

Formerly part of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, it is a landlocked country in central Europe with an area of about 78,000 square kilometers. Moravia and Silesia Consists of three parts. It has a population of 10.21 million. ^[16]

Czechia Austro-hungarian Empire In the industrial zone, 70% of the industry is concentrated here. It is mainly based on machinery manufacturing, various machine tools, power equipment, ships, automobiles, electric locomotives, steel rolling equipment, military industry, textile, chemical and glass industries are also more developed. Textile, shoe making, beer brewing are famous in the world. ^[16]

Slovakia

Subject article: Slovakia

Flag of Slovakia^[17]

It is located in central Europe in the eastern part of the former Czechoslovak Federal Republic. It borders Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the southwest, and the Czech Republic to the west. It covers an area of 49,000 square kilometers. It has a population of over 5.3 million. ^[17]

Slovakia has a social market economy and its main industrial sectors are steel, food, tobacco processing, transportation, petrochemicals, machinery, automobiles, etc. The main crops are barley, wheat, maize, Oil crop Potatoes, beets and so on. ^[6] ^[17]

In addition, Slovakia is high in the north and low in the south, with beautiful scenery, pleasant climate, many historical sites and rich tourist resources.

Hungary

Subject article: Hungary

Flag of Hungary^[18]

Located in central Europe Landlocked country It borders Romania to the east, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine to the north, with an area of 93,000 square kilometers. Population 10.1 million. ^[18]

Natural resources are relatively poor, the main mineral resources are bauxite Its reserves rank third in Europe. ^[6] With a good agricultural foundation, it plays an important role in the national economy. The main agricultural products are wheat, corn, sugar beet, potatoes, etc., which not only provides abundant food for the domestic market, but also earns a lot of foreign exchange for the country. ^[18]

Tourism is relatively developed, the main tourist spots are Budapest Lake Balaton, Danube Bay, Matrau . ^[18]

Germany

Subject article: Germany

Flag of Germany^[13]

With an area of 357,000 square kilometers and 82 million inhabitants, it is the most populous country in Europe. Germany is relatively poor in natural resources, in addition to the rich reserves of hard coal, lignite and salt, in the supply of raw materials and energy to a large extent dependent on imports, two-thirds of the primary energy needs to import. Germany ranks third in the world in terms of total economic capacity and second in world trade. Industry is Germany's economic leading, industrial and handicraft output value accounted for more than half of the total national economic output value, of which automobiles, petrochemical, electronic and electrical appliances, precision instruments, industry are in the forefront of the world. Germany has a well-developed transport industry. Road, water and air transport have developed comprehensively, and the density of roads in particular is the highest in the world. The civil aviation transportation industry is developed. ^[13] Germany has 12 years of compulsory education. You can apply for grants, scholarships or student loans from the government.

Austria

Subject article: Austria

Flag of Austria^[14]

It covers an area of 83,800 square kilometers and has a population of 8,047 million Slovenians , Croat and Hungarians German is the official language. ^[6]

Austria is a gateway between Eastern and Western Europe, and important railway lines in Europe pass through Vienna. Eighty per cent of its land is mountainous and forested. Austria has had one of the highest economic growth rates since 1979. The industrial sectors in which Austria has world-class technology include mining, steel, petrochemicals, machine building, paper making and textiles. New industrial branches such as environmental protection industry and waste treatment industry occupy a leading position in the world. Foreign trade plays an important role in its national economy, and it is good at exporting equipment. Generator sum turbine Renowned in the world, the arms industry is also one of the pillars of Austrian industry. ^[14]

Switzerland

Subject article: Switzerland

Flag of Switzerland^[19]

A landlocked country in central Europe, bordered by Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, Italy to the south, France to the west, and Germany to the north. It has an area of about 41,000 square kilometers and a population of about 7.26 million.

Switzerland is highly developed capitalism The industrial countries. A liberal economic policy with minimal government intervention. Foreign policy Free trade , object to Trade protectionism Policy. Machinery manufacturing, chemicals, medicine, watches, food processing, textiles are the main pillars of Swiss industry. Advanced industrial technology, excellent product quality, in the international market has a strong competitiveness.

In addition, Switzerland is world famous Neutral state It has historically remained politically and militarily neutral, but it has also participated in international cooperation, with many international organizations having their headquarters in Switzerland. ^[19]

Liechtenstein

Subject article: Liechtenstein

Flag of Liechtenstein^[20]

With an area of 160 square kilometers, it is the fourth in Europe Pocket state One of them. With a population of about 30,000, the official language is German, the residents are mostly Catholic, and the capital Vaduz is the country's largest city and tourist center. magnificent Postal museum The National Gallery and the National Museum are both worth visiting.

Liechtenstein is a modern country with developed industry and advanced science and technology, and is one of the richest countries in the world. Liechtenstein is famous for its commemorative stamps and fake teeth. Liechtenstein is located at the junction of the eastern and western Alps. The combination of beautiful lake and mountain scenery and city style attracts tourists from all over the world. Tourism revenue is one of Liechtenstein's main sources of finance. ^[1] ^[20]

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