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Great proletarian Cultural Revolution
The Great Cultural Revolution, the full name of which is the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, took place from May 1966 to October 1976. It was an internal rebellion that was wrongly launched by the leaders and exploited by the counter-revolutionary cliques, bringing serious disasters to the Party, the state and the people of all ethnic groups, and leaving a painful lesson.
[1]
[3-4]
- Chinese name
- Cultural revolution
- Occurrence time
- From May 1966 to October 1976
- Full title
- Great proletarian Cultural Revolution
catalogue
The main reason for launching the "Cultural Revolution" was to prevent the restoration of capitalism and to seek China's own path of building socialism. However, due to the unclear understanding of the law of construction and development of socialist society, due to the cumulative development of "left" errors in theory and practice, many correct ideas on socialist construction were not implemented, and eventually led to civil unrest.
[4]
The enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in May 1966 and the 11th Plenary Session of the Eighth CPC Central Committee in August 1966 marked the launch of the "Cultural Revolution" in an all-round way. The "Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" (referred to as the "May 16 Notice") and the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (referred to as the "Article 16"), as well as the reorganization of the central leadership organs, made the "left" policy occupy a dominant position. Thus began the ten years of civil strife of the "Cultural Revolution".
November 10, 1965, Shanghai
Wen Hui Bao
Published by
Yao Wenyuan
The article "On the new historical drama" Hai Rui dismissed from office "is the fuse that triggered the" Cultural Revolution ". The writing and publication of this article were secretly planned by Jiang Qing. Name and criticize the article
Beijing
Vice mayor, Ming history expert
Wu Han
It actually involves different opinions of the central leadership on many major policy issues. After the article was published,
People's Daily
"And Beijing newspapers did not reprint it for more than 10 days. Beijing has been criticized as an independent kingdom where "no needle can be inserted and no water can be spilled."
Hai Rui dismissed from office
"The key issue is' dismissal '". This makes the criticism of Hai Rui's dismissal of office more serious political color. Since then, the scope of criticism has expanded rapidly.
In early February 1966, he was a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the first secretary of the Beijing Municipal Committee
Peng Zhen
Call for a cultural revolution
quintuple
Meeting to draft the Outline of a Report on current academic Discussions (later known as the"
February outline
It attempts to properly constrain the "left" tendency that has emerged in academic criticism. This outline
Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau
The discussion was passed and directed at
Wuhan (capital of Hubei Province)
At the same time as the "February Outline" was drawn up, Jiang Qing, with the support of Lin Biao, held a symposium on literature and art work in the army in Shanghai. Such serious political censure is directed not only at the literary and art circles, but also at some central authorities
leader
. And critique
Hai Rui dismissed from office
At roughly the same time, the alternate secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee,
General Office of the CPC Central Committee
DIRECTOR
Yang Shangkun
Being falsely accused and removed from the post of director of the General Office of the Central Committee; Secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of The State Council,
People's Liberation Army
Chief of the general staff
Luo Ruiqing
He was charged with "usurping the army and opposing the party" and was placed under house arrest.
At the end of March 1966, the Central Propaganda Department and the Beijing Municipal Party Committee were accused of shielding the bad guys and suppressing the left. Therefore, Peng Zhen and the minister of the Central Propaganda Department
Lu Dingyi
Was stopped from working.
In order to launch the "Cultural Revolution" throughout the country, from May 4 to 26, 1966, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held an expanded session. The Circular of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (hereinafter referred to as "Notice") adopted by the meeting on May 16
May 16 notice
In a comprehensive critique of the February Theses, he pointed out: "The representatives of the bourgeoisie who have infiltrated the Party, the government, the army and various cultural circles are a group of counter-revolutionaries
revisionism
The elements, when the time is right, they will seize power, by
Dictatorship of the proletariat
Turn into
The dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
" "For example
Khrushchev
People like that, they are sleeping next to us, and party committees at all levels must pay full attention to this." These judgments are an important basis for wrongly extending the class struggle to the top leadership of the Party and even for artificially creating it. In his speech at the meeting, Lin Biao spread lies about a coup within the party Central Committee and preached a cult of personality. The meeting decided to cancel the cultural revolution group headed by Peng Zhen and set up
Chen Boda
As the group leader,
Kang Sheng
As consultant, Jiang Qing,
Zhang Chunqiao
The Central Cultural Revolution Group (hereinafter referred to as the Central Cultural Revolution Group), and other deputy leaders, made it a de facto command body that was not bound by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and led the "Cultural Revolution." Since then, the "Cultural Revolution" has been launched with extraordinary speed.
College and secondary school students took the lead in "building revisionist opposition." In a very short period of time, "founded by students"
Red Guard
Organizations sprang up, grabbing school leaders and teachers everywhere, and some party and government organs were impacted. The movement soon spread from the party to society, and social unrest began.
The party central committee is in
Liu Shaoqi
,
Deng Xiaoping
Under the auspices of the leaders, a decision was made to send working groups to universities and middle schools to assist the leadership movement in an effort to stabilize the situation. In the course of leading the movement, the local working groups gained the support of the majority of the masses, but intensified the opposition with the rebels. The Working group was accused of "actually taking a bourgeois stand against the proletarian revolution". The central committee decided to discontinue the working group.
August 1-12, the Party
The Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee
Be convened.
Artillery Command - one of my big character posters
The Plenary Session adopted 16 articles on the "Cultural Revolution," which made serious errors in the fundamental issues of the movement, such as the object of the movement, reliance on forces, and methods. The central leadership has been reorganized.
The reason why the "Cultural Revolution" was launched, and why the Party was able to accept the idea of launching the "Cultural Revolution", has social and historical roots. Our Party, having quickly entered the historical stage of socialism after a long and brutal war, lacks adequate ideological preparation and scientific understanding of how to build socialism in an economically and culturally backward country. The rich experience of class struggle accumulated in the past period of the Revolutionary War makes it easy for people to follow and copy in observing and dealing with many new contradictions in socialist construction, so that the class struggle existing in a certain range is still regarded as the dominant class struggle and can be solved by means of large-scale mass political movements. It worked well in the revolutionary ranks during the war
Military communism
Life experience can also be easily used as a basis for planning an ideal society. The misunderstanding or dogmatism of some arguments in Marxist-Leninist works has led people increasingly to fall into the delusion of the expansion of the class struggle. Adherence to this error is considered to be the sacred cause of defending Marxism, and skeptics can hardly stand up against it.
General civil unrest
The Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee
Since then, the Red Guard movement has grown rapidly. The Red Guard movement began with the abolition of the "Four olds" (the so-called old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits), and later developed into looting, beating people, and smashing objects. Numerous excellent cultural books were burned, a large number of national cultural relics were looted, and many intellectuals, Democrats and cadres were persecuted. The destruction of social order, democracy and the legal system by the Red Guard Movement has aroused dissatisfaction and resistance from Party organizations and many cadres in all parts of the country. However, this dissatisfaction and resistance were at that time considered to be the implementation of the "bourgeois reactionary line."
In early October, the Party Central Committee forwarded an urgent directive from the Central Military Commission on military academies to carry out the "Cultural Revolution," announcing the abolition of the rule that party committees lead the campaign. Under the slogan of "kicking out the Party Committee and making revolution", the rebellion wave has been comprehensively extended to the industrial and agricultural fields. In order to further overcome the "resistance" of the movement, a Central work conference was held from early to late October on the theme of criticizing the "bourgeois reactionary line." Lin Biao and Chen Boda made speeches that escalated dissenting views within the party into line struggles and incited them vigorously
anarchism
Thought. After the meeting, a storm of criticism of the "bourgeois reactionary line" was raised throughout the country, and the Central Cultural Revolution Group mobilized the rebels to focus their attacks on the leading organs of the Party and government at all levels. Many leading cadres at the central and local levels were subjected to criticism, and the work of government organs was generally paralyzed or semi-paralyzed.
Primary party organization
The activities and organizational life of party members came to a standstill. The country was plunged into unprecedented chaos.
In early January 1967, under the planning of Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan,
Shanghai Municipality
The rebel organization seized the party and government leadership of Shanghai. The struggle for power was fully recognized. In mid-to-late January, the storm of the "January Revolution", in which rebels seized the leadership of the party and government at all levels, broke out all over the country. Once triggered, the power grab frenzy was out of control and soon developed into a full-scale civil unrest that "overthrew everything."
Since the launch of the "Cultural Revolution," resistance and struggle against "left" errors and ultra-left trends of thought have always existed in different degrees and in different forms within the Party leadership and among the broad masses of cadres and people, and have continued to develop. This kind of resistance and resistance may be manifested as a negative attitude towards criticism and rebellion, insisting on work and production at their respective posts; Or in the form of protests against fighting and destruction, and harsh criticism of the wrong practices of the "Cultural Revolution." It broke out in 1967 among the older revolutionaries
February protest
It's a typical major event. At the meeting of the Central Military Commission held on January 19 and 20,
Ye Jianying
,
Xu Xiangqian
,
Nie Rongzhen
We firmly oppose Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng and Chen Boda's advocacy that the army should engage in sports in the same way as local governments. In the fierce dispute, Ye Jianying, Xu Qianqian righteous indignation, rise up to attack Jiang Qing and others. Mid-february, in
Zhou Enlai
The meeting presided over by the Hall of Huairen once again broke out the fierce struggle between the older generation of revolutionaries and the Central Cultural Revolution group.
Tan Zhenlin
,
Chen Yi
, Ye Jianying,
Li Fuchun
,
Li Xiannian
Old comrades, such as Xu Xiangqian and Nie Rongzhen, stood up on some fundamental issues since the "Cultural Revolution", such as whether to lead the Party, whether to stabilize the army or not, and successively denounced Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, Kang Sheng, Zhang Chunqiao and others for destabilizing the Party and the army. The struggle of these old comrades was framed by Jiang Qing and others as"
February countercurrent
"Was severely criticized.
The sweeping seizure of power intensified factional struggles. In order to seize power and gain, the rebel organizations formed factions and fought fiercely, and countless disputes and conflicts occurred, and even led to brutal fighting. In the summer and fall of 1967,
Xie Fuzhi
Wang Li, Jiang Qing and others took the opportunity to propose "to completely destroy the public, the prosecution, the law","
The literary attack is the martial defense
Such slogans incited armed fighting, and a serious foreign-related incident occurred in Beijing, which set fire to the British representative office. These months were the most violent period of national unrest and social disaster since the launch of the "Cultural Revolution".
Although these measures cannot fundamentally solve the problem, they have played a certain role in stopping the deterioration of the situation. After twenty months of social upheaval and intricate struggle for power, the whole country (except
Taiwan Province
Revolutionary committees have been established in 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions.
From October 13 to 31, 1968, the enlarged 12th Plenary Session of the Eighth CPC Central Committee was held in preparation for the Ninth Masterpiece of the Party. It was the biggest case of injustice in the Cultural Revolution.
From April 1 to 24, 1969, the Ninth National Congress of the Party was held. The Congress was attended by 1512 delegates. At that time, there were 22 million Party members in China, most Party committees and grass-roots Party organizations in provinces, cities and autonomous regions had not been restored or established, and the vast majority of Party members had not resumed organizational life. From beginning to end, the Nine Congresses were surrounded by a strong atmosphere of personality cult. Lin Biao made a political report on behalf of the Central Committee, the core content of which was to expound "the theory of continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat". The report touts the "great contributions" of this theory and the great achievements of this "revolution," but does not mention how the Party should lead and organize socialist economic and cultural construction. The "theory of continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat," as the guiding ideology of the "Great Cultural Revolution," is completely inconsistent with the actual situation in China. This theory is completely wrong in its estimation of the class situation and the political situation of the Party and the state in our country. Such a complete violation of the Party's organizational principles has never been seen in the history of the Party. The Congress elected a new Central Committee, and more than half of the members of the Politburo were cadres and cronies of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing gangs, while many distinguished revolutionaries were excluded from the membership of the eighth Central Committee. The ninth Ambassador legitimized the theory and practice of the "Cultural Revolution" and strengthened the position of Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and others in the Party Central Committee.
The collapse of Lin Biao Group
After the Party's ninth National Congress, the "fight, criticize and reform" campaign was launched across the country. In the actual work, it also includes the "education revolution", the knowledge of young people going to the countryside and so on. However, "fighting, criticizing, and reforming" actually concretised the "left" errors of the "Cultural Revolution" in every field, and as a result, the contradictions within the Party and in society continued to be tense, and the factors causing unrest deepened.
After the end of the Ninth Congress, the power of Lin Biao Group expanded to the peak, and the contradiction between the group and Jiangqing Group for power rose sharply. They are worried that the power of Jiangqing Group may exceed themselves, and the status of Lin Biao's successor will change, so they try to "take over" in advance. In August 1970, at the Party
The Second Plenary Session of the ninth Central Committee
On, Lin Biao, Jiang Qing two groups have been accumulating contradictions for a long time concentrated outbreak. The backbone members of Lin Biao Group are determined to take risks. Lin Biao's son, deputy director of the Air Force Command office and deputy director of the Operations Department
Lin Liguo
He summoned his secret team to plan a counter-revolutionary armed coup. On September 13, 1971, Lin Biao and others fled in a panic by plane
Mongolia
Windur Khan
The plane crashed and the people died. The occurrence of Lin Biao's defection was the result of the "Cultural Revolution" overthrowing a series of basic principles of the Party, and objectively declared the failure of the "Cultural Revolution" theory and practice. The Party Central Committee decided to abolish the military Commission handling group controlled by the Lin Biao Group and set up a public meeting of the Central Military Commission chaired by Ye Jianying. Nationwide"
Forest rectification
Movement to expose and criticize the crimes of Lin Biao Group.
February countercurrent
"Vindicated. In March 1973, Deng resumed the post of Vice Premier of The State Council.
He Long
In 1968, Luo Ruiqing and Lin Biao and Jiang Qing were falsely accused and dismissed from their leadership positions
Yang Chengwu
,
Yu Lijin
,
Fu Chongbi
Restore the reputation, admit that he listened to Lin Biao's one side of the word, to do self-criticism. These actions have created conditions for accelerating the implementation of the Party's cadres policy and making policy adjustments in all aspects.
Correct the extreme left trend of thought
Zhou Enlai correctly put forward the opinion of criticizing the extreme left trend of thought, accelerated the process of implementing the policy of cadres and intellectuals, and made a number of leading cadres of the Party, government and army who had been overthrown to resume their leadership posts. In response to the destruction of economic work by anarchist thoughts, Zhou Enlai instructed The State Council to propose measures to rectify enterprises and restore the various rules and regulations that had been destroyed. By vigorously reducing the scale of infrastructure construction and streamlining the number of employees, we will solve the problem that the number of employees, total wages, and grain sales have greatly exceeded the target, and reverse the downward trend of the national economy. Under the pressure of Jiangqing Group, he made great efforts to carry out foreign trade and economic and technological exchanges, and imported a number of technologically advanced complete sets of equipment and single machines from abroad. In the countryside, the Party Central Committee issued a statement
Rural people's commune
The instructions on distribution issues, reiterating that they must be adhered to
Principle of distribution according to work
Diversified business and family side businesses permitted by policy cannot be denied as capitalist things. In the work of science education, Zhou Enlai demanded that basic science and theoretical research be taken into account and proposed the convening of the first national science and technology work conference since the "Cultural Revolution". He also focused on the implementation of the party's cultural, ethnic, united front and other policies. Zhou Enlai's opinion on criticizing the extreme left trend of thought was a continuation of the correct proposition made by many central leading comrades around February 1967 to correct the mistakes of the "Cultural Revolution", and was the first rectification of the "left" in the "Cultural Revolution". After nearly two years of adjustment and rectification, there has been a marked improvement in all aspects of work. He decided that the task was still to oppose the "extreme right," not to criticize it. Thus, Zhou Enlai's efforts to correct the "left" were interrupted. After the Lin Biao incident, some major organizational problems of the Party need to be solved. Among the most urgent are the revision of the party constitution, which includes Lin Biao as the successor, and the formation of a new central leadership body. The Party Central Committee decided to hold the 10th Party Congress ahead of schedule. The Party was held from 24 to 28 August 1973. At that time, there were 28 million party members and 1,249 delegates attending the Congress. The Tenth Party Congress continued the "left" error of the ninth Party Congress, still calling on the whole Party to "adhere to the continuation of the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" and adhere to the "Great Cultural Revolution." Such "left" guidelines made the "Cultural Revolution" drag on longer and its destructive consequences become more apparent. Started out as a rebel in Shanghai
Wang Hongwen
In the ten ten unexpectedly became the vice chairman of the Party Central Committee. At this time, however, it also liberated a number of veteran cadres who had been persecuted since the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution", and some of them joined the Central Committee. Zhou Enlai, Ye Jianying,
Li Desheng
After ten years, Jiang Qing,
Zhang Chunqiao
,
Yao Wenyuan
, Wang Hongwen in the Central Political Bureau formed a"
The "Gang of Four"
"The power of Jiangqing Group has been further strengthened.
The struggle against the Gang of Four
The "Cultural Revolution" lasted for a long time and repeated several times, making people increasingly tired of continuous political movements. The hope of social stability, economic development and improvement of life has become an urgent demand of the broad masses of cadres and people. After the Tenth Party Congress, the party launched a more intense struggle around unrest and reaction, usurpation of power and anti-usurpation of power, rectification and anti-rectification.
十大前后，毛泽东多次提出要把批判林彪同批判
Chinese history
On Confucius and Confucianism connected. In January 1974, a nationwide campaign was launched.
Approve the forest and the holes
"Movement. The "Gang of Four" used "criticizing the forest and the hole" to point the finger at the older generation of revolutionaries such as Zhou Enlai. In their speeches on various occasions, they named and attacked a group of central, local and military cadres, and instructed the writing teams under their control to publish a large number of so-called "criticism of Confucius" articles, insinuating that Zhou Enlai was a "modern Confucian" and attacking Zhou Enlai's previous efforts to restore some correct policies and measures before the "Cultural Revolution" and implement cadres' policies. Their gang members in various places to grapple with veteran cadres and well-known people, take the opportunity to make a surprise entry into the Party, surprise promotion, social order again chaos, just improved the national economy was seriously damaged. In October of the same year, the Central Committee issued a notice to convene the fourth National People's Congress. The "Gang of Four" believed that this was an opportunity for them to usurp more power and intensify their conspiracy activities in an attempt to "form a cabinet" by them. This played an important role in the failure of Jiang Qing's "cabinet formation" attempt.
Complete rectification
From January 13 to 17, 1975,
The first session of the Fourth National People's Congress
It was held in Beijing. Zhou Enlai is here
Government work report
Reaffirming the grand goal of fully realizing the four modernizations of agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology within the twentieth century, and redirecting the attention of the whole nation to the cause of economic development and national revitalization. This is the most ardent desire of the Chinese nation, which suffered from the civil unrest of the "Cultural Revolution". But the reports, resolutions and constitutions adopted by the Congress did not escape the influence of the "left" drift.
After the closing of the fourth National People's Congress, Zhou Enlai, who was already seriously ill, became even more seriously ill. He stressed that the four modernization is the overall situation, proposed to comprehensively rectify, deploy railway rectification as a breakthrough, so that all the railways that are clogged seriously are dredged, and the transportation situation has begun to improve. Then the iron and steel industry began to be reorganized.
Chinese Academy of Sciences
And national defense science and technology work has also begun to rectify. Literature and art have made policy adjustments. The rectification of the educational front is also being actively carried out. The reorganization of the army is an important part of the reorganization in all aspects, and the leadership of the major units of the army has been adjusted, which has played an important role in resisting the attempt of the "Gang of Four" to seize the leadership of the army.
Some questions on accelerating industrial development
","
A few questions about science and technology work
"And other documents, put forward a series of measures to speed up the development of industry, science and technology and" science and technology is also productive forces ", "scientific research should go ahead and promote the development of production" and other important views. During the rectification process, the social order in most areas became stable, the national economy turned from stagnation to decline, and the output of industrial and agricultural products increased substantially. 1975 was a year of better economic development since the "Cultural Revolution". However, the deepening of the rectification work is bound to touch on the "left" errors of the "Cultural Revolution" and gradually develop into a more systematic correction of the "Cultural Revolution". In late November 1975, the"
Fight back against the right swing
Early the following year, it was renamed "Criticizing Deng and Countering the Right-leaning Overturning Trend". This movement is not only contrary to reason, but also deeply unpopular and has once again caused social chaos. More and more cadres and the masses were confused by the long lasting "Cultural Revolution" movement, more dissatisfied with the "Gang of Four" retrograde actions, and their desire for social stability and economic development grew stronger.
Crush the Jiangqing Group
When the "Cultural Revolution" entered its tenth year, the long-simmering discontent of the broad masses of cadres and people against the "Cultural Revolution" and the resentment of the "Gang of Four" finally broke out around the Qingming Festival in 1976.
The rapid eruption of this discontent, as irrepressible as volcanic lava, was caused by the "Gang of Four" suppressing the masses' mourning for Zhou Enlai. The rebellious actions of the "Gang of Four" quickly transformed the grief of the masses into anger, and then into strong resistance. Since late March, Nanjing,
Hangzhou
,
Zhengzhou
,
Xi 'an
The masses in other cities broke through the resistance of the "Gang of Four" and spontaneously held mourning activities. The people of the capital also gathered
Tian 'anmen Square
Mourn Zhou Enlai. On April 4, the Tomb Sweeping Day, more than 2 million people gathered in Tiananmen Square, the climax of the mourning. People are...
Monument to the People's Heroes
A few years ago, in the history of the Republic of the rare "Huashan poetry sea" in the generous speech, deeply miss Zhou Enlai, angrily denounced the "Gang of Four" persecution of Zhou Enlai, conspiracy to usurp the party and seize power of the heinous crime, there was a man raised his arms, ten thousand people responded, shaking the earth and moving scenes. At that time, those poems and leaflets, which were circulated in the square with love and hate, solemnly expressed the aspirations of the people to build China into a modern and powerful country. On April 5, tens of thousands of people gathered in Tiananmen Square and some militia, police and army soldiers clashed seriously. Nevertheless, this nationwide campaign laid a great mass foundation for the later crushing of the Jiangqing counter-revolutionary clique.
天安门事件
Later, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee passed two resolutions: First, it decided to serve as acting Premier of The State Council and preside over the daily work of the Party Central Committee after Zhou Enlai's death
Hua Guofeng
First Vice Chairman of the Party Central Committee and Premier of The State Council; On July 6, 1976, he was a key leader of the Party and state and one of the founders of the People's Liberation Army
Zhu De
Died. On July 28th,
Hebei (Province)
A strong earthquake occurred in Tangshan area, and people's lives and property suffered great losses. The whole nation was in great grief. The future of the Party and the country has become a matter of concern after the death of several major party and state leaders. They secretly arranged for their cronies in Shanghai to issue weapons in a surprise attack; Aside from the duty room of the Central Office, in
Zhongnanhai
Set up a separate duty room in an attempt to let them command the whole country; The Party Central Committee also took strong measures to control the situation in Shanghai, so that the backbone of the Jiangqing Group attempted to armed rebellion failed to succeed. The victory in crushing the "Gang of Four" put an end to the disaster of the "Cultural Revolution", saved the cause of socialism in China from the crisis, and created a prerequisite for the Party and the country to enter a new historical period.
The "Cultural Revolution" lasted for ten years, causing the Party, the state and the people of all ethnic groups to suffer the longest, most extensive and most costly setback since the founding of New China. The Party's organization and state power have been greatly weakened, a large number of cadres and the masses have been brutally persecuted, democracy and the legal system have been wantonly trampled upon, and the country has been plunged into a serious political and social crisis. The "Cultural Revolution" was not a revolution or social progress in any sense; it was an internal rebellion launched by the wrong leaders and exploited by the counter-revolutionary cliques, which brought serious disasters to the Party, the state and the people of all ethnic groups, and left an extremely painful lesson.
[5]
During the "Cultural Revolution," the struggle of the Party and the people against the errors of the "left" never stopped. It was the resistance and struggle of the whole Party and the broad masses of workers, peasants, officers and combatants of the PLA, intellectuals and cadres at all levels that limited the destruction of the "Cultural Revolution" to a certain extent, made certain progress in some important areas of socialist construction, and left the character of the Party, the people's power, the people's army and society as a whole unchanged.
[5]
The "Cultural Revolution" as a political movement is different from the historical period of the "Cultural Revolution". During this period, China's national economy experienced great ups and downs, but with the joint efforts of the Party and the people, important progress was still made in all work despite difficulties.
[5]
The "Cultural Revolution" was a serious setback in the process of exploring China's own socialist road. Relying on its own strength, the Communist Party of China finally corrected this grave mistake by itself. History has once again proved that the Chinese people are a great people, that the CPC is capable of correcting mistakes by its own strength, and that the CPC and the socialist system have strong vitality. The "Cultural Revolution" lasted for ten years and exposed serious defects in the system, policies and work of the Party and the State at that time in an unexpected way.
[5]
From the founding of New China to the end of the "Cultural Revolution", it was a historical period when our Party led the people to explore the path of socialist revolution and construction. Although it has experienced serious twists and turns, it has still made original theoretical achievements and great achievements. Our Party led the people in carrying out a steaming socialist construction never before experienced in Chinese history on the basis of the poverty of old China. In a short time, earth-shaking changes took place in our society. We established an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system, and independently developed the "two bombs and one star". It effectively safeguarded national sovereignty and security, became a major country with important influence in the world, and accumulated important experience in socialist construction in China, a large Eastern country with a very backward level of social productivity. In its efforts to explore a path of socialist construction suited to China's national conditions, our Party has gradually formed some very important understandings: It proposes to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state to socialist construction and technological revolution; It proposes to take its own path and explore the path of socialist construction suitable for China's national conditions; It points out that the basic contradiction and principal contradiction in socialist society, and the development of productive forces is the fundamental task; The socialist modernization construction is divided into two steps, and then the development of Chinese socialism is divided into two stages; It is pointed out that commodity production and Commodity Exchange still exist in socialist society, so we should respect the law of value and vigorously develop commodity production. We must correctly distinguish and handle contradictions between the enemy and ourselves and contradictions among the people. Let's wait. These original theoretical achievements and great achievements have provided valuable experience, theoretical preparation and material foundation for the creation of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new historical period.
[5]
Its development process is divided into three stages.
The first stage: The launch of the "Cultural Revolution" from May 1966 to April 1969
The Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China
The convening of. The central task of this stage is to destroy the so-called "bourgeois command" and move forward
capitalism
The establishment of the road "power grab"; The aim is to transform the so-called "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie into the dictatorship of the proletariat"; The movement is manifested as "doubting everything," "overthrowing everything," and "all-out civil war."
In May 1966
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC
The opening of the expanded Conference and the 11th Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee in August of the same year marked the full-scale launch of the "Cultural Revolution". The two meetings successively adopted the "May 16 Notice" and the "Decision on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", which addressed the so-called"
Peng Zhen
,
Luo Ruiqing
, Lu Dingyi,
Yang Shangkun
According to the May 16 Notice, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a notice on May 28: the establishment of a central committee
Cultural revolution group
By Chen Boda as the group leader, Kang Sheng and other advisers, Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao and other deputy group leaders, and stipulated that the "Central Cultural Revolution Group" "belongs to the Political Bureau Standing Committee", after the Cultural Revolution group gradually replaced the Political Bureau and the Central Committee
Secretariat of the Central Committee
It became the de facto command of the "Cultural Revolution".
[2]
八届十一中全会后，全国掀起批判“资产阶级反动路线”的狂潮，矛头直指刘少奇、邓小平。
Red Guard
Raised and carried out nationwide"
Big series
They brought the will of the central Cultural Revolution to all parts of the country, led to unrest everywhere, and paralyzed local Party organizations. On October 5, 1966, the CPC Central Committee forwarded the urgent instructions of the Central Military Commission and the General Political Department, announcing the cancellation of "the provision that the Cultural Revolution movement in military academies shall be led by the Party committees of the academies after the withdrawal of the working group." Since then, the country has set off a wave of "kicking away the Party Committee to make revolution", in addition to the field troops, party committees at all levels have been paralyzed, and grassroots party organizations have stopped activities. After the meeting, the whole country set off an upsurge of criticism of the reactionary line of the bourgeoisie. In December of the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Ten Provisions on Grasping the Revolution and Promoting Production" (draft) and the "Instructions on the Great Cultural Revolution of the Rural Proletariat" (draft), which stipulated that spare time should be arranged by the masses to carry out the Cultural Revolution, and its methods were also adopted by the "four major". General unrest began to take shape throughout the country.
On January 6, 1967, the "Shanghai Workers' Revolutionary and insurgencist General Headquarters" led by Wang Hongwen and other insurgencist organizations in Jiangqing,
Chen Boda
Zhang Chunqiao and other instigation under the "down with the Shanghai Municipal Party Congress", seized the power of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, this is the "January storm".
Between January and February 1967, at different meetings held at the Central Committee, the older generation
A proletarian revolutionary
We expressed strong dissatisfaction with the wrong practices of the "Cultural Revolution" and fought against the criminal activities of Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and his gang in framing and persecuting veteran cadres, disrupting the Party and the army.
February protest
Be branded"
February countercurrent
".
After the protest was denied in February, the all-out civil war, the trend of overthrowing everything intensified, and in Lin Biao, Jiang Qing,
Kang Sheng
一伙的操纵下，还掀起了所谓揪叛徒运动、“革命大批判”运动、清理阶级队伍等，制造了刘少奇、陶铸、
Peng Dehuai
He Long and countless other unjust cases. By September 5, 1968, 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions had been established
Revolutionary committee
The so-called "whole country is red" has been achieved.
In October 1968, the expanded 12th Plenary Session of the eighth CPC Central Committee fully affirmed the theory and practice of the "Cultural Revolution". Plenum decision
Liu Shaoqi
Expelled from the party forever.
In April 1969, the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. Lin Biao made a political report on "the theory of continuing the Revolution under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" at the meeting, and the backbone members of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing entered the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, greatly strengthening their power in the Central Committee.
The second stage: from the 9th CPC National Congress in April 1969 to the 10th CPC National Congress in August 1973. The main content of this stage is
Lin Biao counterrevolutionary Group
A plot to seize supreme power and a counter-revolutionary coup was crushed. This incident objectively declared the failure of the "Cultural Revolution". Since then, Zhou Enlai presided over the daily work of the central Committee, so that all work has a turning point.
After the Party's ninth National Congress, the whole country entered the stage of "fighting, criticizing and reforming". At the center of this phase is the complete repudiation of the so-called"
revisionism
To implement the nine major principles and bring all aspects of the country's work into the track of the "Cultural Revolution." At this stage, the "great revolutionary criticism" continued; Continue to "clear the team", carry out "one fight three rebels", check the "May 16" elements, and expand the work of the clear team. On the other hand, streamlining institutions, delegating cadres to lower levels, and taking the so-called "May 7" road caused a large number of cadres and intellectuals to be persecuted. The "educational revolution" has caused a general decline in the quality of education and the chaos of teaching order. In 1971, Jiang Qing produced"
Minutes of the National Education Work Conference
Seriously suppressed the enthusiasm of the majority of intellectuals.
In August 1973,
The Tenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China
Held in Beijing. The Congress inherited the "left" mistakes and guidelines of the Ninth Congress, and Wang Hongwen became vice chairman of the Party Central Committee. Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen formed a "gang of Four" in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, which strengthened the power of the Jiangqing counter-revolutionary group.
The third stage: from August 1973 to October 1976, the "Gang of Four" was crushed.
1973年7月，毛泽东提倡
Approve the forest and the holes
To safeguard the "Cultural Revolution". Jiang Qing and his gang took the opportunity to point the finger at Zhou Enlai in order to realize their plot to usurp the party and seize power.
He convened an expanded meeting of the Military Commission and a series of meetings to solve problems in industry, agriculture, transportation, science and technology, and began to rectify the work in many areas, so that the situation has been significantly improved.
On January 8, 1976, Zhou Enlai died, and the people of the whole country mourned in various ways, but the "Gang of Four" tried to suppress it, plus the continuation of the "criticizing Deng and counteracting the right-turning trend" movement, which aroused public anger. People in Beijing, Nanjing, Taiyuan and other places spontaneously launched mourning
Premier Zhou
The opposition to the "Gang of Four" is huge
Mass movement
.
Deng Xiaoping
.
On September 9, 1976,
毛泽东逝世
The "Gang of Four" accelerated the pace of counter-revolution. Wang Hongwen attempted to replace the leadership of the Party Central Committee. At the same time, arms were distributed to the Shanghai militia in preparation for the rebellion. On October 4,"
Guangming Daily
"Published"
The "Gang of Four"
In order to
Hua Guofeng
、叶剑英、李先念等为核心的中央政治局，粉碎了
Jiang Qing
The counter-revolutionary clique fundamentally saved the Party, saved the revolution, and put an end to the disaster of the "Cultural Revolution." In August 1977, in
11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
The Party Central Committee officially announced the end of the "Cultural Revolution."
1981年6月中共
The Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee
Adopted by the
Resolutions on certain historical questions of the Party since the founding of the People's Republic
"The 'Cultural Revolution' from May 1966 to October 1976 caused the Party, the state and the people the most serious setbacks and losses since the founding of the People's Republic." The history of the "Cultural Revolution" proves
Mao Zedong
The main argument that comrades launched the 'Cultural Revolution' is neither consistent with it
Marxism-Leninism
It is also inconsistent with China's reality. Practice has proved that the "Cultural Revolution" is not and cannot be a revolution or social progress in any sense. The "Great Cultural Revolution" was an internal rebellion that was wrongly launched by the leaders and used by counter-revolutionary cliques to bring serious disasters to the Party, the country and the people of all ethnic groups.
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