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Yu (date of birth and death unknown),
Husband's surname
,
Chargott
, the name of the life
[1]
The chief of the Xia Empress in ancient times,
Xia Dynasty
Founding king
[46 and 47
]
Famous people in history called Yu the Great, Yu the Emperor, and Yu the God.
[2]
Yellow Emperor
A great-great-grandson,
Zhuanxu (a legendary monarch in ancient China)
The descendants of
[3]
Gun
Son, mother is
Yu Shen
The daughter of Xiu Ji.
According to legend, Yu managed the flood meritorious, accepted
Emperor Shun
Zen, inherited tribal leader. Under the support of the princes, he formally ascended the throne, with Yangcheng as the capital, and Pingyang as the capital (either in Anyi or Jinyang).
[4]
The title of the kingdom is Summer
Danju
(
yao
The son) in the state of Tang, enfeoffed
Shangjun County
(
shun
The son of (in
The State of Yu
.
As the first king of the Xia Dynasty, later known as Xia Yu, became the legendary era of the ancient times
Fuxi
,
Yellow Emperor
The holy emperor who stands beside him. The most remarkable achievement is the long celebrated control of the monstrous flood, and delineation
A surname
[5]
, establish
Xia Dynasty
Later generations were honored as "Dayu". After his death, Yu was buried in
Guijishan Mountain
(today's
Zhejiang Province
Shaoxing City
), still exist Yu Temple, Yu Mausoleum, Yu Temple. From the beginning of Xia Qi, most emperors of all dynasties went to Yuling to offer sacrifices.
[6]
- alias
- Yu the Great , Xia Yu , Emperor Yu , Shen Yu , Xia Hou Yu , Written mandate
- age
- Xia Dynasty
- Major achievement
- Yu the Great controlled the flood ; Set up Xia Dynasty
- eigenname
- yu
catalogue
- 1biography
- ▪Early stage
- ▪enthronement
- ▪Pass away
- 2Major achievement
- ▪political
- ▪society
- 3Character evaluation
- 4Anecdotal allusion
- ▪Three times he never enters the house
- ▪Open a gantry
- 5Classical records
- 6Memorial ceremony for later generations
- ▪mausoleum
- ▪sacrifice
Statue of Xia Yu [23]
Yu Imai Yo
Beuil
and
Hou Ji
Together, he summoned the people to assist him, inspected the river and reviewed the reasons for the failure of Gun to control the water. Yu summed up the lessons of his father's failure in water control, and the method of water control reform was dominated by dredging rivers and rivers, taking advantage of the natural tendency of water to flow to the lower part of the river
[18]
. During the flood control period, Yu crossed mountains and rivers, carrying measuring instruments and tools, from west to east, measuring the height of the terrain all the way, setting up benchmarks and planning waterways. He led the migrant workers to control the water, all over the place, according to the benchmark, every mountain to open the mountain, in the case of depression to build embankments, in order to dredge the waterway, flood water into the sea. In order to control the flood, Yu spent all his brains, not afraid of labor, and did not dare to rest
[5]
19-20] [
. He personally led the people to sleep in the open, through the house but not into, all day long in the muddy water dredging the river, the flat water into the river, and then into the sea. After 13 years of control, it finally succeeded in eliminating the disaster of flooding in the Central Plains
[17]
19-20] [
. Because of his contribution to the flood, people expressed their gratitude to Yu and called him "Yu the Great", that is, "Yu the Great".
Xia Yu inscriptions and postscripts [56]
"
Mencius
· Wanzhangshang "Yu Shunshun's son in Yangcheng"
[24]
"Ancient Bamboo book Chronicle" contains "Yu lived in Yangcheng"
[25]
, the
Sebon
· Ju Article "said" Xia Yu capital Yangcheng, avoid
Shangjun County
Also, they are all in Pingyang, or in Anyi, or in Jinyang."
[4]
, the
Shih Chi
The Book of Xia Ben says, "Yu refused to shun Shun's son Shang Junyu
Yangcheng
"
[26]
. From the relevant literature, Xia Yu and
Yangcheng
,
Binh Duong
The relationship is very close.
In the thirty-third year of Emperor Shun's reign, he officially gave the throne of the Son of Heaven to Yu. Seventeen years later,
shun
Died on a southern tour
[27]
. At the end of the three years of mourning, Yu took refuge in Yangcheng, a small town in the summer area, and gave the throne to Shun's son
Shangjun County
. However, all the princes of the world left Shangjun and went to court before King Yu. Under the support of the princes, Yu officially became the king, living in the city of Yang, the kingdom name Xia
[7]
28 - [29]
. Dan Zhu was awarded in Tang, and the enfeoffers were all in Yu
[30]
. The change of calendar days is called
The lunar calendar
To Jian Yin month for the first month. "
Garden of narration
It is recorded that Da Yu "small palace, poor diet, third-class soil, clothes thin cloth."
In the tenth year of his reign, Yu traveled east and died in Kuaiji.
The bamboo books chronicle the years
For forty-five years
[28]
),
Hwang Mi
Yu is believed to have been around 100 years old
[32] 31 -
. After Yu's death, his son
Rev.
Following the Xia Dynasty Tianzi throne
[33]
.
-
demarcate A surname
The statue of Xia Yu
After the founding of Xia, Yu the Great was in
Tu Shan
Convene a council of princes as soon as possible to examine their faults. This meeting of Tu Shan is generally considered to be Chinese
In the summer
A landmark event in the establishment of the dynasty. On the day of the formal assembly, Yu the Great dressed in French clothes, holding Xuangui in his hand, stood on the stage, and the four vassals ranked two sides according to the direction of his territory, and bowed to Yu the Great, and Yu the Great also answered the salute on the stage.
After the ceremony, Xia Yu shouted to
Dukes
He said, "I am too weak and incompetent to be able to convince the people, so I have summoned you to this meeting in the hope that you will understand and earnestly reprove, discipline, and counsel me, so that I may know and reform." My corpus callosum foot, flat treatment of soil and water, although a little slight labor, but the life of the most conscientious self-caution is a proud word. The late Emperor also used this to warn me: "You are not proud, the world should not compete with you; If I am proud of my work, please tell me to my face, otherwise I will be taught to be unkind! For your teachings, I will
All ears
" Everyone understood that Yu was ordered by heaven, and the princes who had opinions about Yu the Great saw this attitude of Yu the Great, and they all showed respect and admiration, eliminating their original doubts. According to historical records, "Yu will vassal in Tu Shan, the jade and silk of the nations."
[35]
-
cast Nine tripods
After the Tushan Congress, in order to show respect, all the princes often came to Yangcheng to offer money (that is, bronze), later, the amount of copper paid by Kyushu increased year by year, and Da Yu remembered the past
Yellow Emperor
Xuanyuan Gong into the cast tripod, in order to commemorate the Tushan conference, will be prepared to all the princes of the gold, cast into several large tripod. after
Nine tripods
(i.e.
Jizhou
A surname
Yanzhou
A surname
Qingzhou
A surname
Xuzhou
A surname
Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province)
A surname
Jingzhou
A surname
Yuzhou
A surname
Liangzhou
A surname
Yongzhou
Ding) cast, the tripod cast the mountains and rivers, birds and exotic animals. The nine tripod symbolizes Kyushu, among which Yuzhou Tripod is the central tripod, and Yuzhou is the central hub. The nine tripod was concentrated in the Xia Dynasty capital
Yangcheng
In order to show that the Xia king Dayu became the Lord of Kyushu, and the world was unified from then on. The nine cauldrons then became the seat of the "destiny of Heaven", a symbol of the supreme power of the king and the unity and prosperity of the country.
[35]
According to ancient books, there was a great flood in The Times of Yao and Shun,
Emperor Yao
Pai Yu's father
Gun
But without success, Gun was executed. Emperor Shun continued to appoint Yu to control the floods, and Yu not only controlled the floods, but also opened up the land and water communication network of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and created the administrative region of Kyushu.
[50]
In addition to dredging, Da Yu also adopted two methods of "high and low" and "bell water abundant matter" to control the water. The so-called "high and low" refers to the silt dug out by dredging the river, which is used to pile up on the river bank, so that it becomes a barrier for people; The so-called "clock water rich matter" refers to some small water is difficult to join the river, let it gather into lakes, ponds or swamps, people can raise fish and shrimp or chickens and ducks in it. In addition, Yu helped people choose a place that was not damaged by water and suitable for living, and built some roads on the land of China to facilitate people's travel and farming.
Through systematic, scientific and thoughtful methods, Yu not only controlled the flood, but also transformed the harm into profit, benefiting the people's livelihood, and he became a flood control hero admired by all generations, and is still remembered in his memory.
[48]
Xia Yu is a great historical figure who has made great contributions to the historical development of the Chinese nation. His major achievements are not only to control the flood, develop national production, so that the people live and work in peace and contentment, but more importantly, to end the social organization form of the tribal alliance in China's primitive society, and create a new social and political form of "state". Xia Yu completed the establishment of the state, replacing primitive society with class and barbaric society with civilized society, which promoted the development of Chinese imperial history.
Confucius
: Yu, I can't help it. Philippine diet and filial piety to ghosts and gods, evil clothes and beautiful crown, low palace and try to canal. Yu, I have no choice.
[36]
Sima Qian
Yao suffered from Hongshui, Li people from hunger. Yuqin canal in the field, hands and feet. Words take four years, moving four times. If you marry a woman, you never marry her. The nine earth is the reason, Hyun Kyu-siz
[21]
.
The legend of Yu He
Tu Shan
coquette
Soon after his marriage, he left his wife and set foot on the road of water control. When he passed the house for the first time, he heard his wife moaning in labor and the baby crying. His assistant advised him to go in and have a look, but he did not go in for fear of delaying the water treatment. The second time he passed the house, his son was in the arms of his wife and waved to him. This was the tense time of the project. He just waved and said hello and walked over. The third time I passed the house, my son, who was already over 10 years old, ran over and pulled him home. Da Yu fondly stroked his son's head and told him that he had no time to go home because the water had not been levelled, and he left in a hurry without entering the house.
[19]
[43]
[55]
More than 4,000 years ago, due to
Heluo area
Is the summer national activities and the center of the country, the first emperor of the Xia Yu, often lead the people "Shuchuan guide stagnation", "together with the four seas", "try to canal in the field", so legend
Luohe River
,
Yi River
It was all dredged and dug by Yu the Great.
It is said that the flood at that time, the south of Longmen Mountain is the endless ocean, the people are embarrassed, drowned a lot. Yu the Great knew the suffering of the flood. Yu the Great controlled the flood, led the people to drain nine rivers and guide hundreds of rivers, and finally forced the flood to return to the sea.
Yi Que County
That's when it was dug.
"
Annotations of the Water Classics
Cloud: "Once upon a time, Yu Yu emptied to the water, the two mountains were relative, looking at if que, Yi water through the meantime, so called Yi Que."
"
History of the Han Dynasty
· Canal Science Course
Jajan
Playing way: "Once Dayu water, when the mountain mausoleum road destroyed it, so chisel Longmen, Yi que."
[34]
Yu's tomb, located in
Zhejiang Province
Shaoxing City
Yuecheng District
Yuling township
Yuling village
It was built by later generations to glorify and commemorate the first flood control hero in ancient China and the founder of the Xia Dynasty, Da Yu. Mainly include
Yuling County
,
Yu Memorial Temple
and
Yu Temple
Three big parts. The buildings of Yuling are mainly rebuilt from the Ming, Qing and Republic of China.
[39]
In Yuling village, Shaoxing, Xia Yu
Husband's surname
Generations after him kept the tomb for Yu,
[53]
but
Shuyoshi Ura
To point that out is not credible.
[54
]
After the destruction of Xia Jie,
Tang of Shang
King Feng Xia royal House, the surname of a noble in Qi State, to worship ancestral temple. "When Qi was in the Shang dynasty, it was either sealed or banned." King Wu of Zhou dethroned Shang as his queen, and enthroned King Yu's descendant, Donglou Gong, in Qidi to continue his reign
Qiguo
The kingdom Zuo was in charge of the sacrifice to Yu. King Yu sacrificed for the state.
210 BC,
First Emperor of Qin
"Go to Kuaiji, offer sacrifices to Yu the Great". In 960,
Song Taizu
Issued an edict to protect Yuling, and began to officially list Yu as a national ritual. The rites and systems of the Ming and Qing dynasties were the most complete, and the ceremony was also the most grand, with more than 20 major rites of the Ming and Qing dynasties each. Qing Dynasty
Kangxi Emperor
,
Emperor Qianlong
All came to Shaoxing to offer sacrifices to Yu. In 1933, Yu Temple was restored again and a grand ceremony was held for Yu.
[6]
Taoism
Zhong Yu was the Emperor of water, and his birthday was the next Yuan Festival on October 15.
Yuwang Pond is located in Luoyang City, Henan Province
Longmen Grottoes
The West Mountain is 8.80 meters long and 6 meters wide. Spring water from the stone cave, warm in winter and cool in summer, medium algae. Pool neutral a boulder, called Shi bian, or stalagmite, sword stone, for the Taihu Lake stone, legend is that Yu used to excavate Longmen tools. Xia Yu had "chisel" to control the water
Yi Que County
, through
Longmen
"The move. According to legend, at that time, the flood, the south of Longmen Mountain is a vast ocean, the people are poor, and many drowned. In order to solve the disaster brought by the flood, Yu led the people to control the flood and dredge the river, so that the people could live and work in peace and contentment, and Yique was dug at that time.
[40]
Yuwang Pool
Yuwang Pool
Stele of Yu Wang
locate
Yuelu Mountain
On the top of the pale purple stone wall, south of the Python cave. Stand facing east. The inscriptions describe and praise the great achievements of Yu the Great. The story of Father Dayu's flood control, "Seven years of listening to music and not entering the house three times", has been passed down to this day.
Yuelu
Stele of Yu Wang
1.7 meters high and 1.4 meters wide, the inscription is divided into 9 lines, each line of 9 words, a total of 77 words, the last line is empty four words. Its characters are shaped like tadpoles, different from the oracle bone bell tripod, also different from 籀文 tadpoles, it is difficult to identify, it is probably a Taoist register, and some say that the Taoist monks forged. But as far away as 1200 years ago, that is, Han Yu heard and also personally climbed the Nanyue Goulou Peak to visit Yu monument, and left a poem. Even the forgeries of the Tang and Song dynasties are very precious as monuments commemorating the Great Yu's flood control. There are ten places in the country where Yu stele is engraved, and it is said that all of them are copied by Yuelu Stele.
In order to commemorate Da Yu and to commend the personnel who have made outstanding contributions to the progress of water science and technology, China established the "Da Yu Water Science and Technology Award", and named the highest award for quality projects in China's water engineering industry as the "China Water Conservancy Quality Project (Da Yu) Award".
[48]
Advanced Science
There are three theories about Yu the Great's hometown
Central Plains
From Dongyi, from Xirong
[41]
.
The unearthed relics and Shang Dynasty contemporaneous with King Yu
Inscriptions on tortoise shells and bones
No records of Yu Wang have been found. The earliest artifacts that can be found that mention King Yu are the Sugong of the Western Zhou Dynasty about a thousand years later, in addition to Qi
A surname
[42]
.
Gu Jiegang's Ancient History Book on the Birth of Qian Xuantong initially expounds the problem of Yu, proving that the historical legend of Yu is caused by layers, and Yu is a myth rather than a historical figure. The Shang Song · Changfa written by the Song people in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty shows that Yu was a pioneer god sent by God in the concept of Shang people at that time. In the early spring and Autumn period, "Lusong ·閟 Palace" contained Hou Ji "Xu Yu", compared with "Daya · Shengmin", I saw no Yu after Ji, indicating that tracing the concept of the Zhou nationality, Yu has become the oldest human king from no. In addition, Yu is not related to Xia Jie Mo in the Book of Songs, so Yu has no relationship with Xia.
[44]
The relationship between Yu and Xia was not clearly explained in the Poems, Books and Analects of Confucius from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. In the middle of the Warring States period, Xia Yu was recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Mozi, Mencius and other books.
[1]
Tong Shuye, Yang Kuan and so on are the said, and Gu's said to be further discussed, suspected that the ancient scholars on "Yu is a god is not a man" view has the following five basic conclusions: 1. Gun and Yu had the possibility to transform themselves from gods into great men; 2. The ministry of Yu was the social god of the Lord's name; 3. The origin of the legend of Gun and Yu's water control is to fill up floods, distribute land and create mountains and rivers. Later, due to the excitement of the Warring States period, it was transformed into the construction of dykes, dredding and planting trees along mountains and so on. 4. The origin of the legend of Gun and Yu was the region of the western Kyushu War; 5. Gun and Yu were independent figures. They had relations with Yao and Shun only through the medium of the Mohist theory of Shangxian theory and the theory of Zen Making. After the 1980s, due to the discovery of underground documents, the academic research on Yu appeared a new situation. According to the inscriptions of Sugong che () and combined with documents, Qiu Xigui said that there were some gains and some mistakes in the opinions of the ancient historians, but "in the earlier legend, Yu was indeed ordered by heaven, that is, God, to smooth the waters of the lower realm.
[45]
Doubts have been raised in the Song Dynasty about whether the Yique Longmen was carved by Yu. Such as
Sima Guang
In the "Wen Zhenggong collected works" "Chisel Longmen Debate" said: "Or ask Yu chisel Longmen, Yique, what? Enlightenment Day: 'Longmen Yique day also, Yuzhi ear. If the mountain is not across its front, North Yong does not flow, Yu began to chisel and open it, and then pass also." That is to say, Longmen Yique was formed naturally, not in front of the mountain, blocking the flood of the north stream, but because the water flow was not smooth, Da Yu began to chisel and cut it, and then the river was unimpeded. There seems to be some truth to that. Imagine about 4000 years ago, people used mainly stone tools, so big a hard stone mountain how to open? Even using modern equipment to chisel, it is not easy.
According to the modern geological interpretation, Longmen Mountain was formed from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene about 200,000 years ago, and its mountain is composed of dolomite and limestone of the middle and late Cambrian, and there are many karst caves in the middle. These criss-crossing karst caves have been washed by water for a long time, undergo drastic changes, and then form a canyon, cutting the mountain. Although the water of the Yi River was blocked, it could still pass through, and Yu led the people to dig. Square is the trend of today's Yique Longmen. This explanation does not deny Yu's merits, but conforms to the logic and law of natural development, so it is accepted by the world.
[34]
Yellow Emperor - Changyi - Zhuanxu - Gun - Dayu
[51]
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The year 1988
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The year 1995
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The year 1996
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The year 2015
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Novel Yao Shunyu (by Gao Xingyu)
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A given year
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Title of work
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Year unknown
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Little Lighthouse: Tales of mountains and seas to tell children
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The year 1999
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The year 2016
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2019
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