In 215 BC, the Huns were conquered by the Qin generals Meng Tian dislodge Hetao area . At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu became powerful and repeatedly invaded, which posed a great threat to the Western Han regime and controlled the Western regions. in Emperor Wu of Han In the early period, the Huns were defeated by the Han army and withdrew from Munan. In 119 BC, the Battle of Mobei, Huo Qubing " Be a prisoner of the Wolf Mountain, zen A surname ", landing on the Imperial Sea" ^[1] . In Emperor Wudi's later years, the Huns defeated the Han army and regained control of Mobei. in Emperor Xuan of Han When Hungary split, Five singles stand in contention . In 53 BC, Southern Xiongnu leader Huhan-evil Led the people to surrender to the Western Han Dynasty. In 36 BC, the Western Han Dynasty destroyed the Northern Xiongnu Zhi Zhishanyu . in The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) At that time, the Huns were once again divided into Northern and southern Huns. In 48 AD, chief of the Southern Huns Nothing goes with 鞮 Lead the people to surrender Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu was placed in the Hetao area. while Northern Xiongnu Still defiant. In AD 87, Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) The Northern Xiongnu was destroyed, and locusts hit Mobei again. The Northern Xiongnu began a "great chaos". ^[2] . In AD 89, Dou Xian Great destruction of the Northern Xiongnu, forced The northern Huns moved west , Ban Khao in Yanran Mountain (Present-day Mongolia) Hangai Mountain Nanlu Le stone, engraved with" Feng Yanran mountain Ming "Ji Gong. The South Huns are here The Five Hu sixteen States Period established Former Zhao Dynasty The regime. The Huns of iron Helenbo The Huxia regime was established.

Chinese name: Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China
Foreign name: Xiongnu
Abbreviated form: The Huns Khanate
continent: Asia
Major city: Toumantown , Tongwan City , Ryongson
Political system: monarchy

National leader: Dun Singyu , Lao Shang Shan Yu , The military minister is alone , Iwa slant alone , The evil is singly waiting
Major nationality: Huns
masaya: Confederation of nomads
Representative figure: Dun Singyu , Lao Shang Shan Yu , The military minister is alone , Iwa slant alone , Liu Yuan , Liu Cong

catalogue

Historical origin

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EDITOR

"Xiongnu" first appeared in the Warring States period "Yi Zhou book · Wang Hui", "Shan Hai Jing · Nan Jing", "War State Policy · Yanze III". ^[27] According to the Records of the Grand Historian, it was in 318 BC (the third year of King Zhou Shenliang and the seventh year of King Huiwen of Qin). Since the early 2nd century BC Dun Singyu From the end of the 1st century AD The northern Huns moved west Until then, the Hun slavery regime existed in the north and south of the desert and lasted for three hundred years. Since then, the scattered Xiongnu have been active in Chinese history for nearly two hundred years. It was not until the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties that Xiongnu gradually disappeared from the Chinese historical records. ^[23]

The book Records of the Grand Historian not only called the Chinese people the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, but also called the Qin, Chu, Wu, Yue, Shu, the Southwest Yi, Xiongnu, and Ancient Korea the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. ^[26] Sima Qian believes that "the Xiongnu, the descendants of its ancestor Xia Hou family, also said Chunvi . Tang Yu has above A surname , 猃狁 , Meat porridge Living in the north, he moved with livestock." ^[3]

Wang Guowei In the Examination of Ghost Fang Kunyi 猃狁, the evolution of the names of Hungnu is systematically summarized. It is considered that ghost fang, mixed Yi, 獯鬻 in the Shang Dynasty, 猃狁 in the Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period Dijon Di, Hu in the Warring States period, are the later so-called Xiongnu. ^[4] Another said that the ghost Rong, Yiqu, Yanjing, Yuwu, Loufen, Dali and other historical records of the different nationalities, collectively called the Xiongnu.

"To destroy the Yiyue family, kill them all and bring them down. Loulan , Usun , Call off Twenty-six of its neighboring states have become Huns. The people of the bow are one family, and the North State is determined." Another said that the ghost Rong, Yiqu, Yanjing, Yu Wu, A surname The different nationalities seen in historical records, such as Dali, are collectively called Xiongnu. In the Han Dynasty, "The Huns were slightly stronger and nibbled at the vassals, so they were destroyed. Yueshi Because of the military Wei, migration to small countries, the bow of the people, and for a ", that is, the Xiongnu unified the Saibei tribe.

Saka "Is an East Iranian language family from Central Asia Caucasian race That is, the white race, and the Huns, A surname , Usun The customs of Dayuan are the same," Otsuki Our own country, too, moved with the animals, like the Huns." ^[29] Since King Yue was killed by the Huns, the Great Yue family moved west and established in India Kushan Dynasty . Archaeological discoveries of Xiongnu tombs in the north have many places, Inner Mongolia The most important ones in the territory are Hangjin Banner Arukaiden, Jungar Banner By the West Ditch, The Ejin Horo Flag Lime ditch; There is Narin tall rabbit in Shenmu County in Shaanxi province. There are Alagou in Toksun County in Xinjiang. These Xiongnu tombs unearthed gold objects are ornaments, the most important are jewelry, scabbard ornaments, horse ornaments or belt ornaments, such as choker , eardrop , String of beads , crest And all kinds of animal-shaped pieces or plaques, without any utensils. These plaques are based on common prairie animals, such as cattle, sheep, The horse , The eagle , Wolf, tiger, etc. Reflected in the decorative patterns, it is a strange animal decoration, mostly the scene of animals biting. And a Griffon with a Gryphon head and a lion body, either from West Asia Griffin Whether the beast or the Serizei or the Huns, they all show a similar style of styling and decoration.

history

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EDITOR

Pre-qin period

A Xiongnu noble horse ornament unearthed from the No. 2 cemetery in Gaolemudu in 2019

Before the founding of Xiongnu, Northeast Asian grasslands were divided by many clans of different sizes. At that time, the situation of tribes and tribal alliances was "big and small, and do not separate"; It is "scattered in the valley, since the army commander, often and gathered more than a hundred, but can not be together." At that time, it was distributed in the prairie southeast of the West Lamulan River and Laoga The valley, yes A surname An alliance of tribes; Distribute in Baikal West and south The Selenge River The valley, yes jingle An alliance of tribes; It is distributed in the north and south of Yinshan, including the so-called "Henan" south of Hetao. Ordos grassland Along the way, the Union of Hungarian tribes. There are also tribal groups scattered across the grasslands. The later Xiongnu regime was founded on the basis of the Xiongnu tribal Alliance, which conquered the above-mentioned tribal alliances, tribes and some other small countries.

Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Rong began to threaten the Central Plains dynasty, King You of Zhou After the beacon fire, Inujon The Horde captured Ho Kyung, forcing Ping Wang moved east . Warring States Period Linhu , A surname Repeatedly harassed the State of Zhao, Zhao Wu Ling King Hu wearing riding shot Expel Linhu, Lou vexed, in the newly opened up area in the north set up the cloud and other counties, build Zhao Chengcheng . Linhu, Lou vexed northward into the newly rising Xiongnu. At the end of the Warring States period, General Zhao Li Mu The Huns were defeated.

Around the 3rd century BC, the Xiongnu ruling structure gradually formed a central imperial court and an eastern one Zuo Xian Wang western You Xian Wang , control from Caspian Sea To the vast area of the Great Wall, including today Mongolia Siberia, Russia, northern Central Asia, northeast China and other regions.

At the end of the Warring States period, State of Zhao The famous Li Mu sent 1,300 chariots, 13,000 cavalry, 50,000 infantry, and 100,000 archers to battle with the Huns, destroying more than 100,000 Xiongnu horses, and from then on the Xiongnu dared not invade the south for more than ten years.

First Emperor of Qin After the unification of China, 215 BC, life Meng Tian He led 300,000 Qin troops Strike the Huns in the north Receive Hetao, troop on the county (now southeast of Yulin City, Shaanxi province). "But for more than seven hundred li, The native Hu nationality Dare not go south and herd horses." Treatise on the excessive Qin Dynasty "). Mengtian from Yuzhong (now Gansu Province) along the Yellow River to Yinshan Mountain Construction of the fortress, connecting Qin, Zhao, Yan more than 5,000 miles of the old Great Wall, according to the Yangshan (north of Yin Mountain) winding north, and built from Jiuyuan in the north to Yunyang in the south Qin Zhidao Formed a long line of defense to the north. Mengtian defended the northern defense for more than ten years, and the Huns deterred them from committing another attack.

In 215 BC, the Xiongnu were driven out of the Hetao region by Mengtian.

Presumon takes the throne

rash Xiongnu Head man Son of Singyu. When he was the crown prince, Tou Man Shan Yu wanted to appoint the son of Suo's favorite 阏氏 (Empress of the Xiongnu) as the crown prince, sent Dun to the Yue Clan (a nomadic tribe in the Western Regions) as a hostage, and immediately launched an army against the Yue Clan. Yue Shi angry, want to kill Huunton, Huunton heard the news, stole a good horse, fled back to Xiongnu. Head man single to see its brave, is to lead the million riding. However, Holden had become dissatisfied with the leader and trained his troops to be completely obedient and loyal to him in preparation for the coup d 'etat. He made a name for himself whistle The sound of the arrow, the provision: the sound of the shot and not aware of the shot. When he went hunting, he shot a sound, and all those who did not follow the sound shot to the same target. Then, he shot his BMW with a whistle, and those who did not dare to shoot were also immediately cut. Then, he shot his beloved wife with a whistle, and there were still those who did not dare to shoot, and they were killed. Later, he shot the head man in the BMW, left and right no one did not shoot. Holden knows his men are loyal to him. In a hunting with the father head man alone, Holden shot the head man with a sound, left and right followed by the arrow, shot the head man. Later, he killed his stepmother and half-brother, killed all the ministers who were different from him, and declared himself Xiongnu Singyu. ^[30]

Rising period

After taking the throne, Holden began to expand abroad. On the losing end A surname After the king, he immediately annexed Lou Fen and Bai Yang Henan King (the Xiongnu branch, south of Hetao), and recovered the Hetao area taken by Mengtian. And the Han dynasty Yan, Dai and other places to plunder. Attack the Moon to the west, Lao Shang Shan Yu After taking the throne, he defeated and killed the king, forcing the Yue family to migrate to the western regions. North and northwest jingle , A surname , flexion, A surname The tribes of Xiongnu and Xiongli successively submitted to Xiongnu. ^[31]

Great War between Han and Hungary

The Huns gradually retreated

Subject article: Battle of Henan , The Battle of Hexi , The Battle of Mobei .

The heyday of Xiongnu lasted from 176 BC to 128 BC (48 years in total). ^[28] in Iwa slant alone During the period, it was attacked by the Han Army and turned from prosperity to decline.

By the time of Emperor Wudi, the economy and national strength had been greatly enhanced, and the strategic defense against Xiongnu had changed to strategic offense, launching three major wars: the Battle of Henan (also known as the Battle of Henan) The Battle of Manan The Battle of Hexi and the Battle of Mobei. At this time is Iwa slant alone The reign period.

In 127 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han sent Wei Qing to recover Henan. In 121 BC, Emperor Wudi sent Huo Qubing to seize it Hexi Corridor One hundred thousand people on the right side of the Xiongnu, set up Wuwei, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, Zhangye four counties; In 119 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led 50,000 cavalry to attack in two ways, Wei Qing defeated Shan Yu, Huo Qubing pursued and wiped out more than 70,000 men of Zuoxian King. Be a prisoner of the Wolf . The two armies wiped out more than 90,000 Xiongnu troops, making them unable to cross the desert south for a while.

Encyclopedia x mixed knowledge: Illustrating the Hexi Corridor

Armed forces of the Han Dynasty The western regions Chasing Huns

Subject article: The city of Sierra Leh , Captain Tuntian

Iwakaka After his death, Zi Uvelli, Uwe Die, son Zhan Shi Lu stand, Zhan Shi Lu die, season father 呴 Plow Lake Stand. During these ten years, the Xiongnu retreated to Mobei for rest and recuperation. "Xiongnu grazing in the infinite (like Baikal), (Daze) east, west, north and south, not poor". The Han Dynasty suffered a great loss of manpower and horses, "the Han party returned to the Shi horses, and would ticket (Pyu) to ride the general to die of illness, so the Han Dynasty did not attack Hu in the north for a long time." ^[15] The Han Dynasty began to build the Great Wall of Han in the north of the Yinshan Great Wall built by Zhao and Qin states, from Dunhuang to the west to Lop Nur, built military defense facilities along the line, set up officials to guard, in order to protect ambassadors to foreign countries, and supply supplies, and trade routes were smooth. ^[18]

The Han Dynasty united in the east Wuhuan The West sent Zhang Qian twice to the Western regions to contact Otsuki Dayuan and other countries compressed the space of Xiongnu. And sent Chinese soldiers Wheel stand , Drain plow There are villages in the area.

Zhao Baonu and Li Guangli's expedition failed one after another

In 103 BC, Zhao Qunu He led the Han army to attack Xiongnu, and was surrounded by Xiongnu and the whole army was destroyed. ^[7] The Huns "then lost their army" and entered the two sides.

In 99 BC, the two division generals attacked the Right Xian King on the Tianshan Mountain and wiped out more than ten thousand Xiongnu. ^[8] When he returned to the army, he was surrounded by the main force of Xiongnu, and almost did not escape, and the soldiers suffered six to seven losses. ^[8]

In 97 BC, Li Guangli With 60,000 horses and 70,000 infantry, he marched out of the north to attack Huns, Gongsun Ao He led ten thousand cavalry and thirty thousand infantry out of Yanmen to attack the Xiongnu Zuoxian king, but the battle was unfavorable, and they all returned. ^[9]

In 90 BC, Li Guangli led his army deep into Mobei and surrendered, losing tens of thousands of soldiers. Emperor Wudi no longer attacked the Huns. The Huns were able to regain control of Mobei. ^[10]

Middle decline period

Subject article: The Battle of King Siqi , The Battle of King Outuo , The Battle of the Plough King , The Battle of Xiongnu in three ways in the Western Han Dynasty , Chen Tang's battle against Zhi Zhishanyu

During the reign of Emperor Zhaodi, the Huns detained the Han envoy for 19 years in order to ease the hostile relations with the Han Su Wu Release as a goodwill gesture.

In 73 BC, the Xiongnu turned to attack the Western Regions Usun I'll be married to Wusun Princess Jieyou Asking Han for help, Han organized five armies of more than 100,000 riding with Wusun to attack Xiongnu.

In 71 BC, the Han Dynasty once again united more than two hundred thousand troops to attack the Xiongnu, and won a complete victory. In the winter of the same year, the Xiongnu sent tens of thousands of cavalry to attack Wusun to complain, but the rain and snow fell, and less than one tenth of the survivors. right jingle Attacking from the north, Wuhuan from the east, Wusun from the west, the Xiongnu weakened, forced to migrate west to rely on the western regions, the western regions once again became the focus of the two sides. The two sides repeatedly fought fiercely driver At the same time, in 60 BC, the Xiongnu was in charge of the affairs of the Western regions Sage Shan Conflict with the new Shanyu Tuji Hall for power. After the king of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were forced to abandon the Western regions. The Han took complete control of the Western regions, and the Xiongnu's power was greatly reduced. ^[32]

The beginning of civil strife

Due to the war, natural disasters, and the decrease of territory and population, the Xiongnu were in an increasingly difficult situation, and internal disputes began to intensify. Since the Iwa slant alone After that, Xiongnu changed frequently. In 60 BC, Xu Lu Quan Qushan died, and his wife Zhuanqu 阏氏 conspired with his brother Du Longqi to establish him You Xian Wang Tu Jutang is Shan Yu. After he took office, he excluded dissenters, killed all the former men, and reused his own children, resulting in internal strife and suicide. After his death, the Xiongnu began a civil war for the throne of Shanyu. ^[32]

Five singles stand in contention

58 BC, eastern Xiongnu Kusi Wait for others to stand together Empty Lu right canal alone Ziji Hou gate for calling Han evil single in, defeat Hold yan qu 鞮 Shan Yu Zhuyanqu 鞮 committed suicide. All long Qi and others set up the day king Bo Xutang for Tu Jishan, defeated Huhan evil. At this time, Hujie King set himself up Call to unfile The king of you 鞮 set himself up as the chariot and plow Shan, and the Uzbek capital lieutenant also set himself up as the Uzbek Zhishan, which was the five Shan in the period of contention. Tu Ji single in successively attacked Wu Ji, Che Li, Wu Ji, Che Li are defeated to the northwest and Hujie join forces, Hujie, Wu Ji are going to the title of Shan Yu, the car plow for Shan Yu, for Tu Ji defeat. Huhanxie take the opportunity to attack, Tu Ji suicide, car plow also surrender. Soon, Huhanye's brother called Tuwusi to establish himself as Zhi Zhi Shan Yu and settled in the east. Tu Ji from brother Hugh ten king also independent leap Zhenshan in.

In 54 BC, Runzhen led his army to defeat Zhi Zhi in the east and was killed. Zhi took advantage of the victory and defeated Huhanxie, according to Mobei Wangting. Huhan Shunyu went south to surrender to Han, while Zhi Shunyu retreated with his army to Central Asia A surname (now Balkhash Lake Between the Aral Sea, i.e Kazakhstan One area), Huhanxie alone occupied the Mobei King Court.

In 36 BC, in order to eliminate the influence of Xiongnu in the Western regions, the Western Regions were protected Gan Yanshou Vice lieutenant Old soup Expedition Kangju Xiongnu, killed Zhi Zhishanyu. ^[33]

plateau

There is peace on all sides

In 33 BC, Huhan Xie went to Chang 'an as a tribute and asked for a husband, so Emperor Yuan of Han gave Wang Zhaojun, his concubine. Hu Hanxie awarded Wang Zhaojun Ninghu 阏氏 .

After Huhanxie's death, his descendants followed his will and maintained friendly relations with the Han Dynasty for more than 30 years. until Wang Mang succeeded the Han Dynasty Until.

The occasion of the Han Dynasty

Wang Manjian Xin Dynasty Later, Wang Mang In order to weaken the power of Xiongnu, he divided the territory of Xiongnu into 15 provinces and forced 15 descendants of Huhanxie to be alone. The gold "Hungnu Shu Yu Xi" issued by Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty to the vassal states was recovered, and the "New Hungnu Shu Yu Zhang" was issued to Wuzhu Liu, deliberately suppressing the political status of Shanyu. The title of "Xiongnu Singyu" was changed to "Gongnu is good at", and later changed to "subservience to", which aroused the dissatisfaction of the Xiongnu, and the war resumed. ^[22]

Fission period

The Eastern Han Dynasty defended the Southern Huns

Around 46, a serious natural disaster occurred in Xiongnu, people and animals were starved, and most of them died. And the ruling class is once again divided as it struggles for power and gain. In 48, the eight tribes of Xiongnu jointly appointed the grandson of Huhan Xianyu, Rizhuwang, to be compared with Shanyu and Shanyu Bunu Singyu The Huns once again split into two. After the king rate of more than 40,000 people to the south to the Han Dynasty called Southern Xiongnu It was placed in the Hetao area of the Han Dynasty. Those who stayed in Mobei were called Northern Xiongnu .

The Eastern Han Dynasty fought against the northern Huns and fought for the Western Regions

Subject article: The Battle of Tianshan Mountain

The Northern Huns, who stayed in Mobei, suffered from severe natural disasters for years, and suffered from the Han Dynasty, the Southern Huns, and the Southern Huns. Wuhuan , Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) After retiring to Mobei, the social economy was extremely shrunken, its strength was greatly weakened, and several emissaries requested peace from the Eastern Han Dynasty. One was afraid of the northern invasion of the Eastern Han, the other wanted to provoke and destroy the relationship between the Eastern Han and the Southern Xiongnu; Third, he wanted to raise his reputation in the Western regions, and fourth, he wanted to exchange necessary materials with the Eastern Han Dynasty through the exchange market. The Eastern Han government did not agree to reconcile, but only agreed to trade between the people of both sides. Northern Xiongnu From 65 to 72, the Eastern Han Dynasty was constantly harassed and pillaged Yuyang County to Hexi Corridor The northern frontier.

With the political stability and economic recovery of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the national strength increased, and the war against the Northern Xiongnu began.

February 73 Eastern Han School Dou Gu The four armies attacked and occupied the city of Iwulu (now Hami, Xinjiang). The same year, PI Banchao passes the Western region South Road Shanshan country .

From 75 to 76, a battle was waged between Han and Hungary for the Western regions. Dou Gu and Geng Gong defeated King Huyan and King Zuolu Li, captured the chariot division, and fought for the city of Jinpu Emperor Ming of Han Death, Central Plains drought, people's burden is too heavy, temporary strike.

From 83 to 85, there were 73 groups of Northern Huns in the Southern Han Dynasty. Coupled with the attacks of the Southern Huns, the power of the Northern Huns was greatly weakened.

In 87 Xianbei attacked the Northern Xiongnu from the east and killed Youliushanyu. ^[34]

The Eastern Han Dynasty destroyed the Northern Huns

Subject article: Battle of Jilu Mountain , The Battle of Igo , The Battle of Hayun North , The Battle of Jinweishan

It is better to stay in the single After death, Northern Xiongnu In turmoil ^[2] . Locust plague occurred again in Mobei, people were starving, internal conflicts were constant, and the internal crisis of Northern Xiongnu was repeated. The Eastern Han Dynasty took advantage of this opportunity to jointly attack the Northern Huns with the Southern Huns from 89 to 91.

Since the summer and June of 89 (Yongyuan Year of the Eastern Han Dynasty), Dou Xian , Geng Bing Led the army with the Southern Xiongnu army in Zhuozayama Rendezvous (near Mandal Gobi, present-day Mongolia) and battle with the North Jiluo Mountain (present Erbugen Mountain in Mongolia), Bei Shan Yu The Han army pursued, captured and killed more than 13,000 people, and more than 200,000 Northern Xiongnu successively annexed them. Dou Xian and Geng Bingdeng Yanran Mountain (Modern Mongolia Hangai Mountain Carve a stone and return it Yanran Legong ). In 1990, he attacked the Northern Xiongnu again, and fled with injuries. In 91, the Eastern Han Army attacked again Jinweishan (now Altai Mountain The Northern Hungarians were defeated and the North was forced to withdraw Westward migration And led the remnants to flee west Usun with A surname .

The Eastern Han Dynasty defended the Northern Huns

Subject article: Dou Xian , Geng Kui , In addition to 鞬 alone , Ren Shang and others hunted down the northern Huns in the battle , Meet the good occasion

After the battle of Jinweishan, the north alone in shock and awe, holding the breath and covering the felt, fled to the land of Wusun, and Mobei empty. Northern Xiongnu Shan Yu disappeared, and his younger brother Yu Jie, King of Yougou Li, set himself up as Northern Xiongnu Shan Yu, at Puxiang Sea. Pu Xianghai, adjacent to Yi Wu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Dou Xian took advantage of this opportunity to "then re-establish the northern Rupp, reverse its old court, and the two graces to protect", with Geng Kui as the doctor, grant the seal, and defend it, such as the South single in the story. And the life of the doctor will Ren still hold the guard, tuen in Yi Wu. Party to supplement the north court, both smell Dou Xian died, the rate of its north also. Emperor He sent generals Ren Shang, Wang Fu and others to hunt down the Northern Huns Yu except 鞬 Shan Yu. ^[12-14]

In 94, South Xiongnu Pavilion alone corpse Zhuhou 鞮 Singyu stand. In the same year, more than 200,000 of the 15 Xiongnu rebelled and forced former Shan Yu Tun Tuhe's son Ao 鞬, King Fenghou, to become Shan Yu. The Xiongnu was divided again. The Eastern Han sent a total of 40,000 troops and vassal Wuhuan and Xianbei troops defeated Fenghou Shanyu, and Fenghou Shanyu led his troops, but the Han army could not catch up.

In 107, when the Eastern Han gave up the Western regions, Fenghou took control of the Western regions and coerced all countries to jointly disturb the Eastern Han frontier for more than ten years.

The year 109, the Southern Huns Wan's body by 鞮 Singyu Into the dynasty, rotation to listen to Han Cong, attack Han, for Liang, Geng Kui broke, after begging.

In 118, Fenghou was defeated by Xianbei and took refuge in the Eastern Han with more than 100 men.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty was busy with pacification The war between the Eastern Han and the Qiang And South Xiongnu Jurong Us In the rebellion of Tanshihuai and Cobineng, "all the Xiongnu ancestral land".

The northern Huns moved west to live in health

After the defeat of the Northern Shanyu in 1991, he led the remnants of his army to flee west to the Yili River valley Usun After its foothold, it still haunts the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains and plundered.

In 119, the Northern Huns were conquered Igo Killed Han General Soban. In order to deal with the Northern Xiongnu in the Western regions, the Eastern Han court appointed Ban Dung Long history of the western regions, troop Liu Zhong Ban Yong defeated the Northern Xiongnu twice in 124 and 126, and the situation in the Western regions began to stabilize.

After the departure of Ban Yong, the northern Xiongnu power rose again, Han General Peizen In 137, the army killed the northern Xiongnu Huyan King Yu Barkol . On June 15, 140, the Eastern Han defeated the Northern Xiongnu again at Shahai in the Western Regions. ^[16-17]

In 151, General Sima led the Han army to attack Pu Liuhai And defeat the new North Huns Huyan King King Huyan led the Northern Huns to retreat to the west.

Syr It's an inland river in Central Asia that flows through what is today Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan Etc., inject Aral Sea . In Han time, this was Safe and sound . In the western regions, the Northern Xiongnu were attacked by the Han Dynasty and could no longer stand. Around 160, part of the Northern Xiongnu began to move west again and came to the Kangju Country in the Xier River valley.

Of course, it is worth noting that not all the Northern Xiongnu migrated to the west, and the migration part was mainly based on the Northern Xiongnu. Many Northern Xiongnu people still stayed in the northern grassland, and gradually integrated with the Southern Xiongnu into the Yellow River basin during the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, becoming an important source of the Northern Han. ^[24]

Vassal period

The Southern Huns were attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty

Attached to the Han Dynasty Southern Xiongnu People were placed in the Hetao area by the Han Dynasty. With the Han Dynasty's military force, the Northern Xiongnu were defeated many times, and they accepted a large number of people and increased their power. However, due to the complex composition of the tribe, it was difficult to control, resulting in internal not hidden, and there were rebellions, and many southern single Yu were killed. Later, the administration of the Southern Xiongnu became more and more strict.

187, the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty Yellow Turbans uprising , Dong Zhuo At the time of dictatorship, the Southern Xiongnu imploded, and the people killed Shan Yu Qiang Qu, and the son Zuoxian King Yu Fu Luo ascended the throne. And the participants fear retaliation does not recognize the new Singyu, another Singyu, Yu Fu Luo had to go to the Han Dynasty appeal for help. At the end of the Han Dynasty, he had to stay in Hedong. In 195, the Southern Huns participated in the melee in the Central Plains, the Eastern Han Dynasty CAI Yong Daughter of CAI Wenji Taken captive to the Huns. In 202, the chief of the Southern Huns submitted to the Prime Minister of Han Cao Cao CAI Wenji returned to Han. In 216, Cao Cao was detained Call kitchen Quan Shan Yu And sent the right Xian king to the British Empire, and divided the Southern Xiongnu into five divisions, placed in Pingyang County, the Xiongnu Singyu Dynasty ended.

During The Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao divided the Huns into five divisions, namely, left, right, south, North and middle, and placed them in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei respectively. The ministry of your handsome, after renamed the capital; With the Han as the master to supervise. Hufro son Liu Bao For the left.

Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the surrounding ethnic groups have poured into the Central Plains. Among them, the number of Xiongnu people is the largest, history said that "Guanzhong population of more than one million, Rong Di lived half, Han and Hungarian mixed." And the Western Jin Dynasty due to Jia after disorderly politics, caused The Rebellion of the Eight Kings The fighting lasted for 16 years. From the perspective of ethnic integration, nomads are always integrated into the farming ethnic group. Although nomads have operational mobility and often show military advantages, once they enter the distribution area of farming ethnic groups, they disappear in the process of their own farming and eventually become part of the farming ethnic group, such as the demise of the Southern Xiongnu. ^[25]

Migrate to the Central Plains

The Huns in the 4th century Liu Yuan In Chengdu Wang Sima Ying Under his command are generals. In the chaotic period following the rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan raised an army in Lishi, Bingzhou, and established the state of Han, declaring himself King of Han and later Emperor, and occupied most of northern China. ^[35]

In 311 Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong captured Luoyang, and in 316 he captured Chang 'an, destroying the Western Jin Dynasty.

In 318, Jin Zhun, a Xiongnu aristocrat, was killed Liu Can He became King of the Han Dynasty. Brother of Liu Cong Liu Yao He declared himself emperor in Chang 'an and changed his title to Zhao, after which Liu Yao destroyed the Jin clan.

328 years, jie people Schiller Captured and killed Liu Yao, and killed more than three thousand people including his prince Liu Xi and his general Gongcheng in the following year. Han and Zhao Dynasties Die. Known to history Former Zhao Dynasty or Han and Zhao Dynasties .

After the decline of the Xiongnu in northern China, the Xianbei people quickly entered the Mongolian plateau, and the Xiongnu and Xianbei continued to mix and marry, and their descendants were called Tiefer . The Tiphite is a hylienite quilt Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) Tuoba clan Defeat and flee Qiang people The later Qin Dynasty. After defeating the Eastern Jin army, he captured the Guanzhong region and made Chang 'an its capital. In 425, He died and was succeeded by his son, He Lianchang. In 428, the Northern Wei captured He Lianchang. He Lianchang brother helendine He called himself Xia Emperor in Pingliang. In 431, the Northern Wei captured Hellianding and died in Xia. Xia's state capital is as Wancheng nomad The only vestige of the Huns in East Asia.

The Yue people who were integrated into the Huns were called the Xiongnu branch woodruff . Among them, the Juqu family pushed the official Duan Ye of the later Liang Han Dynasty to establish the regime in the present Gansu Province, known as the Northern Liang in history. After the drainage Mengxun kill section industry, independent for the northern Liang Lord. 433 Mengxun son Juqu Muqian succeeded to the throne. It was destroyed by Tuoba of Xianbei in 439. Makiyadi None of the channels is taboo West to Gaochang, established Gao Chang North Liang . 460 years, Gao Chang Northern Liang for meekly Destroyed by attack. Blend in close Koguryo the A surname A small group of Xiongnu from the Xianbei tribe, enter Liaodong Peninsula .

A small group of Xiongnu entered the Liaodong Peninsula and merged with the Yuwen Xianbei tribe near Goguryeo. Later, Yuwen succeeded him The Western Wei Dynasty (535-544) Established the Northern Zhou regime. Later Han Yang Jian Usurped the Northern Zhou regime, established the Sui Dynasty, and unified the Central Plains. The Huns were also integrated into various ethnic groups during this period. Five wild flowers The Southern and Northern Dynasties became the Xiongnu's last performance on the stage of Chinese history.

The mixed hu in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and later, including Tugelu Shuihu, Jihu, Wuwan, Chifu and Jihu, could not have been the result of the integration of the Xiongnu nationality and other ethnic groups. However, after the Wei and Jin dynasties, these so-called Xiongnu branches or other kinds of Xiongnu mixed Hu gradually disappeared in the historical records, except for a few of the ethnic groups outside the northern frontier such as Wumi, Gaoche, and Tujue, most of them were integrated into the Central Plains Han, such as Huyan, Liu, Qiao, Bu, Jin, Cao, and so on, they were almost indistinguishable from the Han. As for the unknown name, the Huns have long been in the jam, and the close political and economic ties with the Han people in the Central Plains are countless. ^[23]

territory

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EDITOR

When the Huns were strong, they were destroyed in the east A surname , Nambyo Loulan The king of Henan, west attack Yueshi With the Western regions countries, northern clothing jingle northwest Denkwin . The range is centered on the Mongolian Plateau and extends to the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. South along the Great Wall and Qin Han Dynasty adjacent, and once controlled the Hetao and Ordos area. Go west across the Altai Mountains until Green onion Ridge and Fergana Basin , North Da Baikal Around the perimeter. It is called the "hundred barbarian powers". The Great Gobi is divided into north and south. Unlike today, in the mountains around the south of the desert, such as Yinshan Mountain At that time, there were still a large number of trees, and the flat land had a vast area of grassland.

political

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EDITOR

In the political system of the Xiongnu state, Shan Yu (equivalent to the son of Heaven or emperor in the Central Plains) was the supreme leader, commanding all military and political power. There are the right and left virtuous king, the right and left valley Li King, the right and left general, the right and left big capital lieutenant, the right and left big Dang household, and the right and left bone capital Marquis. The most important households under the virtuous king, the big one more than ten thousand riding, the small one thousands, twenty-four long, set up the name of ten thousand riding, ten thousand riding, one hundred long, and the length of each (Note: "Records of the Historian · Biography of the Huns" and "Hanshu · Biography of the Huns"). . The Xiongnu military administrative organization form of left and right wing, hundreds, thousands and tens of thousands of decimal systems has been inherited by the later northern nationalities. For example, Wuhuan had a military organization form of thousands of commanders and hundreds of commanders (Note: The Biography of Wuhuan notes Wang Can's Hero Story). . Rooran has a decimal organization of "thousands for the army" and "hundreds for the building." The Mongols not only have centurions, thousands of commanders, and thousands of commanders, but also have left wing and right wing divisions. Today, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region still adopts the administrative division of left, middle and right flags. Its origin lies in Xiongnu. ^[23]

Official system of Xiongnu: "Ranzhi rash The Xiongnu was the most powerful, obeying the North, while the south was the enemy of China, and its hereditary official title was available and remembered. Put the right and left king, right and left Guli Wang About the general, about the big lieutenant, about the big when the household, about the bone marquis. Xiongnu said that Xian said "Tu Ji", so often to the prince for the left Tu Ji king. Freely control the most important households under the sage king, the big one ten thousand riding, the small one thousands, all twenty-four long, set up a sign saying "ten thousand riding." All ministers are officials of the world. Huyan, LAN, followed by sibu The three family names are also your species. The Kings of the left will dwell in the east, and those who go up to the valley will meet east coenotes , North Korea ; The king on the right will be in the west, straight to the west of the county Yueshi , Di, Qiang; And in the court alone straight generation, cloud: each has its own place, by water and grass migration. The king of the right and left virtuous, the king of the right and left Guli is the most powerful country, and the Marquis of the left and right bone assists the government. The 24 changchang also have their own thousands of changchang, hundred changchang, Shi Changchang, second Xiao Wang, facies, Fengdu Wei, when the household, and canals." --" Shih Chi , The Biography of the Huns "

"Its minister noble Zuo Xianwang, second Zuo Gu Li Wang The second right king, the second Right Gully King , called four corners; The next day or so by the king, the next time about Wenyu 鞮 king, the next time gradually will the king, is hexagonal: all in the children, the second when the single in the also. Ministers of different names around the bone marquis, about the second corpse by bone marquis, the rest of the day by, and the canal, when the household official number, each with the merits of power, the ministry of many less for a high degree of how. Shan Yu surname virtual link question. There are four different family names, Huyan, Zubu, Qiu Lin, LAN, for the country's first name, often married with single Yu. Call Yan's left, LAN's, Zubo's right, the Lord judgment hearing, when the severity, white mouth, no documents book."

-- The Later Han Dynasty, Biography of the Southern Xiongnu

"Shan Yu's surname is clon鞮, and his country's name is Shan Yu. The Huns call the day to support the plow, that the son is the lone coat, and the vast appearance is also, which is like the day alone."

" History of the Han Dynasty Vol. 94, Vol. Tale of Xiongnu "

In addition to these king titles and official titles, there are others: such as King Kunye, King Xutu, King Lutu, King Ao鞬, King Li Han, King Xuxi, King Outuo, King Xi Qi, King You Gaolin, King Gu Gu Nu, King Gu Yizhi and so on. In addition, there are also Han Jian as Kings, such as Zhao Xin For the second king, Li Ling For the king of Right school, and for the king of Heaven, Lu Wan The king of East Hulu. Hou's name has Zuo An Hou, left aunt Hou, millet branch Hou and so on.

King Zuoxian, also known as King Zuotuji, was superior to the other Kings, second only to Shan Yu, and was his successor, often referred to as Prince Shan Yu, although there were exceptions: for example, after Fu Zhulai Ruo 鞮 after Shan Yu, his younger brother served as Zuoxian king for five consecutive years.

阏氏, the sound smoke limb or limb, contains a beautiful meaning. In general, all the Kings could call their wives 阏氏, and they also had many names, such as Ninghu 阏氏, Zhuanqu 阏氏, Da 阏氏, the second 阏氏, the fifth 阏氏 and so on. Among the many 阏氏, there are also high and low. Shen Qinhan thought that "the Huns Zheng wife was called Da 阏氏", while the Husan provinces thought that "Zhuanqu 阏氏, Shan Yu Zhiyuan Concubine, followed by da 阏氏".

阏氏 was not necessarily the empress, but Shan Yu's 阏氏 was very important among the Xiongnu. It not only plays an important role in internal affairs and diplomacy, but also plays a role in war. For example, when Holden attacked and besieged Liu Bang, 阏氏 accompanied the army.

Military affairs

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EDITOR

The Huns had perfect military equipment. Horses played a dual role in the life of the Huns, as a means of transportation in peacetime and as war horses in wartime. From the unearthed objects, the Xiongnu horse body is slightly short, the head is larger, should belong to Mongolian horse .

The Annals of the Historian and Biography of the Huns recorded that the Xiongnu soldiers were "all armour riders" and "more than 300,000 men controlling strings". The weapons of Xiongnu are "bow arrows for their long soldiers and swords for their short soldiers 鋋", and the archaeological excavation data are exactly consistent with this. The excavation of Xiongnu cemetery shows that weapons are generally unearthed in male tombs, mainly in copper, iron, bone and wood, and mainly include bows, arrowheads, crossbow machines, knives, swords, spears, axes, meteors and so on.

The Xiongnu did not rely on shields to protect themselves like the Central Plains soldiers, but instead equipped themselves with less effort and stronger armor, forming a "full armor riding", flexible and powerful Xiongnu cavalry . ^[39]

economy

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EDITOR

The Huns mainly engaged in animal husbandry and hunting. There are mainly three kinds of livestock relying on horses, cattle and sheep, of which horses are the most important. In the diet, meat and dairy products are particularly common, and fish is sometimes consumed. Their place of living is often shifted to other places with the seasons.

The Huns used animal clothing for clothing, and they made trousers, boots, robes, Pointed cap Or cowl, both in terms of weight and warmth, are very adapted to local life. The place where you live is called a dome, a tent of felt tent, with wooden pillars and beams. And use a variety of pottery and metal ware.

The Huns not only cultivated the land to produce grain, but also built barns to hide the grain. In addition to farming in the headquarters, there are also riding fields in the western regions. The Huns also attached great importance to commercial exchange, trading livestock for luxury goods. Often traded with the Han Chinese in the market, and transferred Chinese goods to the Western regions, including the Roman Empire, especially when the Chinese access to the Western Regions was interrupted.

culture

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EDITOR

religion

The Huns believed shamanism In May in the dragon city to worship heaven, ancestors, ghosts and gods. The Huns held a collective sacrifice on a specified day every year. The dates of the three annual gatherings are the same as the first month, May and autumn in the Records of the Grand Historian, and the first month, May and September in the Later Han Dynasty. Generally speaking, the gathering of the first month was a small gathering, attended by the Xiongnu chiefs. The May assembly is the most religious, with a large number of participants, mainly to worship their ancestors, heaven and earth, and ghosts and gods. The autumn assembly is an assembly to thank the gods for the autumn harvest.

As for the location of the collective sacrifice, it is generally held in the place where Shan Yu is located, although it is to worship the heaven, but also to discuss the national plan, thank the God after autumn and other tasks. The Huns attached great importance to the tombs of their ancestors, believing not only that there were gods after the death of their ancestors, but also that there were gods after the death of other people, who could also bring good or bad luck. I also believe that when you die, you need gold, silver, clothing, and women.

During the war, the Huns believed in all kinds of witchcraft. It reads as follows:

"The past, I do not know, the army Hou Hong wrote," Xiongnu tied the horse before and after the foot, set the city, Chi said, 'Qin people, I am a horse' ", and the Han envoy to stay for a long time, so the two division general, want to think that the envoy Wei heavy also. Ancient doctors and counsel, with yarrow turtle, not auspicious. Is to tie the horse book all over the prime minister's history of two thousand stone doctors Lang for literature, and even the county vassal state lieutenant Cheng Zhong, Zhao broken Nu, etc., are "tied to their own horse, ominous!" Or think "want to see the strong, the husband is not enough to see others." Yi, the hexagrams get too much, Line in 95, Hungary slave trapped defeat. Bus Fang, Tai Shi Zhi Xing Qi, and Taibu turtle and row, all think that the good, Xiongnu will be broken, the time can not be also. He said, "The northern expedition is about to begin at Busan." Divinatory generals, two teachers the most auspicious. So I personally send two divisions under Busan, will not go deep. All the signs are wrong. Those who coincide with the marquis said, "When the Han army came, the Huns made the witch bury the sheep and cattle on the road and water to curse the army." Only in the left son horse Qiu, often make the witch wish it. Those who tie horses, curse the military. "The Han Army a general is not lucky." As the Huns often say, "Han is great, but he cannot hunger and thirst; he loses one Wolf and takes a thousand sheep. It is the defeat of two divisions, the death of the sergeant is slightly dispersed, and grief is always in my heart." ^[36]

Language

Sima Qian " Shih Chi ", Ban Khao " History of the Han Dynasty "All say" no documents, words as constraints." Huan Kuan Theory of salt and iron "On Gong" said, "Although there is no book of etiquette and righteousness, it is engraved with bones and rolled wood, and all officials have a phase record." operculum Emperor Wen of Han When she married the daughter of the emperor, she followed the officials around her and taught the Xiongnu to keep records and count the number of animals.

" Later Han Dynasty One of the songs" Song of Xiongnu ", many scholars use Mongolian , Turkic , Yenisey The language has been analyzed and interpreted, but the ideal result has not been obtained.

As for the origin of the Xiongnu language, because of the lack of information, it is difficult to get a positive conclusion, some think that the Xiongnu people speak Altaic family the Mongolian language family It may also be subject to the full -- of the Altaic language family The Tungusic family Others claim that their language belongs to the Yenisei family. Purliben (Pulleyblank) The consonant system of ancient Chinese " Xiongnu language It is mentioned that many Chinese pronunciations of Xiongnu language start with Chinese l-, which can be translated *l- or *r- (* indicates early mimicry), but Altai language l- or r- is generally not allowed at the beginning of a word. Blyben suggested that Huns might be related to Yenisei. Some say it is a mixture of Donghu and Mongolian. ^[37]

Linguistic divergence

There are still great differences in the academic circles about the language system of Xiongnu. The main views are as follows:

1. It is believed that Xiongnu is a mixture of many languages

2. Xiongnu is considered to be a Yenisei language of Siberia

3. Turkic said

4. Mongolian said

5. Guiz-shanshan The Tocharian language

population

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EDITOR

It is estimated that in the early Han Dynasty, the population of Xiongnu was about 2 million. During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the population was reduced to 1.75 million. After the Melee, the population was even smaller, about 1.5 million; By the time it declined, it was divided into North and south, with a population of only about 1.3 million. ^[38]

In the time of Cao Wei, Xiongnu was divided into five parts, namely left, right, south, North and middle, and the left part was handsome Liu Bao More than 10,000 households, living in Taiyuan County, Guzi family (now Fenyang, Shanxi); On the right, 6 thousand households lived in Qi County (now Qi County, Shanxi Province); In the north, more than 4,000 households lived in Xinxing County (now Xinzhou, Shanxi Province); More than 3,000 households in the south live in Puzi County (Xi County, Shanxi); Six thousand households live in Daling County (now Shanxi Wenshui). A total of more than 30,000 households with a population of nearly 200,000.

while Liu Yuan At the time of the war, the total population of Xiongnu was about 350,000.

Racial appearance

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EDITOR

Molecular anthropology The analysis of Xiongnu tombs shows that the southern Xiongnu is basically in the ancient North China race and ancient North Asia Within the transitional interval of race, the Northern Xiongnu included Eurasian Mixed south Siberia Types and small quantities Caucasian race the Saka A remains.

The genetic analysis of the tomb sites of the Xiongnu period in the Ejinhe River of the Mongolian People's Republic speculated that the paternal components of the Xiongnu people were C3*, N1, R1a, O3, R1b, O2* and Q1, which were quite diverse groups.

Genetic Analysis of Tomb sites in the Xiongnu period in the Ejin River (3th-2nd century BC)

Xiongnu _c group: This group is all C3* should not be a problem, not measured DYS389I.

Hunnu _25A: SNP is measured as N-TAT, and it is likely to be N1c1-M178 from the matching relationship.

Hunnu _26: O3a3c-M134* and O3a-M324* are both possible.

Xiongnu 28:389ii =30 is quite common in R1a1a-M17, presumed to be R1a1a-M17.

Xiongnu _36: Matching H of India and D of Japan, both rare in North Asia, it is necessary to wait for future samples.

Hunnu _57, 58: Matching C3*-M217 and G2-P15, overall C3*-M217 is more likely.

Hunnu _65: R1a1-M198 or R1a1a-M17.

Xiongnu _69: R1b1b2-M269, relatively more sites were detected.

The STR of Xiongnu _70, 72, 73:70, 72 and 73 were consistent, and more sites were investigated in No. 70, which could be judged to be R1a1-M198.

Hunnu _81: identified as Q, but no exact matching Q.

Xiongnu _92: Although the samples of M120 are also very limited at present, there is still a case of matching Shanxi M120 samples, 389II are 30 and 29 respectively, and the region is also in the nearby area. In addition, the Xiongnu sample identified as Q in No. 81 matches the P* (untested Q) of the Yugur people in the northwest, and the Q measured by the Mongolian people is mainly M120, so it is more certain that the Q of Xiongnu should be Q1a1-M120.

Hunnu _84: At present, after releasing 1 site each, O3-M117, N1c1-M178, Q1a-MEH2 can be matched.

Xiongnu_84bis: Although only 3 sites were detected, the combination was unique, and only 2 samples of O2*-M95 were found.

Xiongnu _88, 94: it can match O3-M122 and K-M9, among which K-M9 is relatively more likely to be O3-M122 because it comes from southwest samples and is relatively rare.

Xiongnu _95: Also did not see a complete match, each release a site, should still be M117 or M324* match more.

Some Huns also showed a certain Caucasian race Features. The main body of the maternal line of these Huns is D, which is more similar to the modern Mongols in eastern Inner Mongolia and different from the khalkh in Outer Mongolia, while there are relatively high A and Z, and that of western Outer Mongolia Tuva The tribes of the ancient Xiongnu may have been related, and 5% of the individuals were U The white race Maternal line.

16 cases from the Wei and Jin Dynasties in Qilangshan Cemetery, Chayu Middle Banner, Inner Mongolia Tuoba Xianbei mtDNA genetic analysis of Tuoba Xianbei from the Eastern Han Dynasty and Dongdajingmu, the commercial capital of Inner Mongolia, showed that Tuoba Xianbei and Shuonu had the closest genetic distance, and both showed the typical Asian haplotype, but 3 out of 46 Hunonu individuals belonged to the European type with haplogroup U. Tuoba Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) First of all, it was closely related to Oroqen people, and then it was closely related to Xiongnu people. In short, the ethnic relationship of Xiongnu people is very complicated. ^[5]

Ren Shang and others hunted down the northern Huns in the battle After the East Xianbei people Dart into Mongolian plateau The remaining Huns, about 400,000 people, were annexed and integrated by Xianbei. The hybrid descendants of Xiongnu and Xianbei were called Tiefer The man. Tiefu people Liu Lively was Xianbei Tuoba clan Defeat and flee Qiang people the The Later Qin Dynasty . After thinking that he was the last Hun king, he changed his surname Hellen In the Hetao area founded the Xia state, history said Hu Xia . After the Xianbei regime The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) Destroyed. According to the new examination of Yu Hong's epitaph, Yu Hong He is a descendant of the kingdom of Bactria of the Xiongnu Helian of the Sui Dynasty. Yuhong is a Western European subhaploid group U5, which has a frequency of 11% in Europe. Several cases of U5 have been detected in Mesolithic human bones in Europe, but the highest frequency occurs in Sami, Sami and Sami in the far north. Finland Wait for the crowd. The haplotype group G of Yuhongmadame is common in East Asia and Central Asia, with the highest frequency occurring in the northeast Siberian population.

society

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EDITOR

The theoretical analysis of the bipolar world points out that some historians are used to simply and mechanically applying the nature of Xiongnu society Marx The result of the theory of five social forms is the belief that the Huns belong to the slavery society, but this view is not consistent with historical facts. In a slave society, slaves do not have any right to control their own economy, and all products produced are owned by the slave owners, and even the slaves themselves are the property of the slave owners. In feudal society, serfs had their own economy and their own means of production. Besides, it's not what we call clan slavery. The Xiongnu colonized the conquered countries by levying taxes on the whole tribe, which was similar to the feudal serfdom system of taxation. However, the tribal people who worked for the Xiongnu regime had their own intellectuals, tribes and even state power, their own economy and their own means of production, and only had to pay part of the fixed taxes and tributes imposed by the Xiongnu rulers. This is clearly not a feature of slavery, but of a social pattern that combines primitive tribalism with feudal serfdom. ^[6]

Historical record

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EDITOR

Ancient historical materials

Historical materials about the Huns, in history books, Sima Qian The Records of the Grand Historian, The Biography of the Huns, Ban Khao The Book of Han, The Biography of Xiongnu, Fan Ye Later Han Book, Southern Xiongnu Biography, Tang Xiu The Book of Jin ", "Biography of the Huns in Northern China" and" record Some of them are historical materials that record the history of Xiongnu, and other biographies more or less record the deeds of Xiongnu. Other historical books such as Strategy of the warring States "," The East View of Han Dynasty "," Han Dynasty "," Later Han Dynasty "," The History of The Three Kingdoms "," The Spring and Autumn Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms "," History of Wei Dynasty "," A lesson learned through capital "And Hu Sanxiang Notes and other historical books also have historical materials about the Huns.

In terms of the books, "Salt Iron Treatise", "Bei Hu Treatise", "On Gong Treatise", "Gong Treatise", "Gong Treatise" Annotations of the Water Classics "," General code "," General literature examination "," Collection of ancient and modern books There are also historical records about the Huns.

Research work

Approachable research works, there Shen Weixian Before and after the Han Dynasty "Hungnu watch", Kutaro Takikawa " Historical records will note textual research ", Wang Xianqian " Annotations in the Han Dynasty "Later Han Book collection Interpretation", Encourage sb. to do STH. The Collection of Later Han Dynasty, Lam Kan " History of Xiongnu ", Chen Xujing Draft of the History of Xiongnu, Ma Changshou North Di and Xiongnu ", Tian Guangjin " Northern culture and Xiongnu civilization "And so on.

Chronology of events

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EDITOR

In 215 BC, First Emperor of Qin Send 300,000 troops, make Meng Tian Attack the Huns in the north.

In 214 BC, Mengtian defeated Xiongnu, slightly Henan, set up forty-four counties. The Great Wall was built from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, and the imperial Xiongnu.

In September 201 B.C., King Han sent letters to the Xiongnu. Dun marched to Taiyuan, to Jinyang.

In October 200 BC, Liu Bang defeated King Xin of Han, and Xin defeated the Huns. Manchurian waiting for help Zhao Li For the king of Zhao. Han Wang Xin and Xiongnu soldiers counter the Han army. The Han army was besieged in Pingcheng for seven days.

In September 197 BC, Chen Siegue, the prime minister of Xiongnu, declared himself king of Xiongnu, and Liu Bang attacked it.

In March 195 BC, King Yan Lu Wan He fell to the Huns and was given the title A surname King Lu .

In 192 BC, the Han Dynasty married the Xiongnu with the imperial concubine as the princess.

In the spring of 174 BC, Dun sent a letter to Emperor Wen, About and. Holden died, old ( Check one's porridge ) is the "single" bit. Emperor Wen sent the imperial concubine to Xiongnu and Xiongnu.

In the winter of 166 BC, Hungnu entered the Han Dynasty, Pengyang, Hou rode to Gan Quan Palace, the month is back. The line said down Huns, advised Ji porridge do not love Han things.

In 162 BC, Xiongnu disturbed the Han border for years, especially in Yunzhong and Liaodong.

In the winter of 158 BC, Hungnu entered Shangxian, Yunzhong, and Yueyu began to retreat. Ji Porridge died, military minister ascended the throne.

In the first month of 154 BC, the seven Kings of the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu allied forces in an unsuccessful rebellion.

In 152 BC, a Han princess married a Huns. Huns and Hantong City.

In June 133 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han sent four generals with more than 300,000 soldiers to lure the Xiongnu, but failed.

In 129 BC, the Xiongnu entered the Upper Valley and the Han envoy Wei Qing Such as four generals each rate ten thousand riding separate attack. Green to the dragon city.

In the autumn of 128 BC, Xiongnu entered Liaoxi, Yuyang and Yanmen. Wei Qing repelled it.

In 127 BC, the Xiongnu entered Shanggu and Yuyang. Wei Qing repelled the attack on Henan and expelled the White Goat King of Xiongnu, A surname Wang, take Henan and set it up Shuofan Build the Shuofang City. Repairing the plug built in Qin dynasty.

In the winter of 126 B.C., the military minister died, the establishment of Chicha, civil war, Prince Yu Chan out of the Han. The Huns entered the Han County. Enter goose gate again.

In the spring of 124 BC, the Xiongnu Youxian King came to the Han Shuo, and more than ten Han Weiqing would go to the expedition. Autumn, the Huns into the Han Dynasty county.

In February 123 BC, General Han Wei Qing The six generals attacked the Huns. More than 10,000 people were killed.

In March 121 BC, General Han Huo Qubing Strike the Huns. Annihilated nearly 9,000 Huns and captured them to offer sacrifices to the golden people. ^[19] Summer, to disease and then attack the Huns. Annihilated more than 30,000 Huns. ^[20] Huns into the generation, goose gate. Autumn, the Huns All Evil King He killed King Hutu and led more than 40,000 men to the Han. The Han divided into the Huns before and after the descent of the son Longxi The five counties, North, Upper county, Shuofang, and Yunzhong are the five subordinate countries.

In the spring of 119 BC, the Han attacked Mobei. The Wei Qing Department captured and killed more than 19,000 Xiongnu. Huo's Department annihilated 70,443 enemies ^[21] He captured three Xiongnu Kings, including King Tuntou and King Han, and 83 generals, Prime ministers, Dang households, and Duke officers.

In 115 BC, the Han Dynasty set up Jiuquan County and Wuwei County in the former Hunye King's land and Xutu King's land.

In 114 B.C., the Huns died and Uwei was appointed.

In 112 BC, Sichaung Knot Huns attack Han An, encircling Han. The Huns entered the Wuyuan.

In 111 BC, the second general of Han led a ride into Xiongnu two thousand li.

In October 110 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty toured the north and landed in Taiwan, and Xiongnu Shanyu killed insisted on receiving Han envoys and arresting Han envoys. ^[11]

Uwe died in 105 BC; Zhan Shilu is single in the position. The Xiongnu ruled in the northwest. Heavy rain and snow in the Huns. The nation is in disquiet.

In 104 BC, Han built the conquered city outside the fortress.

In 103 BC, General Han Zhao Qunu Twenty thousand horses invaded the Xiongnu, the whole army was destroyed, Zhao broke the slave was captured. ^[7] Huns into the bilateral.

In 102 BC, Zhan Shilu died, and the Sentence Li Lake was single in place. The Han built a barrier from hundreds to thousands of miles outside the Wuyuan Fortress.

In March 100 B.C., Su Wu sent the Xiongnu to stay with the Han. Wu to plot Xiongnu incident, arrested. Sentence plow lake died, and 鞮 Hou Li is simple in.

In May 99 BC, the generals of the Second Division attacked the Right Xian King on the Tianshan Mountain and wiped out more than ten thousand Xiongnu ^[8] . The army is still surrounded by the Huns. Li Ling Defeat the Huns. ^[8]

In 97 BC, General Han Li Guangli , Gongsun Ao They led 200,000 troops to attack the Xiongnu, the Han army was not good, all back. ^[9]

In 96 BC, and 鞮 Hou died, Hu Lu Gu was single in the position.

In March 90 BC, the Han Army defeated Li Guangli and lost tens of thousands of soldiers. After that, Emperor Wudi no longer sent troops to Xiongnu. ^[10]

In 89 BC, King Xiongnu Jiehe led six armies to attack the Chariot Division. Hu Lu Gu sent a letter to Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, about the boundary.

When Hu Lu Gu died in 85 BC, Hu Yan 鞮 was left alone. The Huns were in strife.

In 81 B.C., Xiongnu reconciled with Han and Shi Su Wu returned.

In 80 BC, the Huns entered the Han border and were defeated.

In 79 B.C., the Xiongnu attacked and built the Yuwu River Bridge.

In 77 B.C., the Wuhuan dynasty began as the Xiongnu. War between Xiongnu and Wuhuan.

In 72 BC, the expedition of Xiongnu Usun Han saved him.

In May 71 BC, the Han attacked the Xiongnu army. In winter, the Huns attacked Wusun. Heavy rain and snow in Hungary. The neighboring countries to the west, north and East attacked. The vassal state disintegrated.

In 68 BC, the pot Yan 鞮 died, Xu Lu power canal established as a single in. The Huns sent troops to prepare for Han. Autumn, the Xiongnu to the humiliation of living on the left of the species to start the army, and Ou Tuo Battle, defeat and surrender to Han.

67 BC, Han Dynasty Zheng Ji The broken chariot division, its king ran to the Huns.

In 64 BC, the Huns attacked the Che Division, and Zheng Ji was besieged, and the Han Dynasty gave the Che division land to the Huns.

In 60 B.C., the Xiongnu emperor Shan sent his people to Han. Xiongnu strike the western regions servant capital lieutenant.

In 59 B.C., the Huns attacked the chariot. The Huns make people dedicated to Han, He Han next year (sixty years) Zhengdan.

In 58 BC, jingle Plunder the Huns. Shan Yu led his brother to the Han Dynasty. The Huns fought within the court, calling Han evil.

In July 57 B.C., the five Xiongnu were established. Zhi Zhi stand alone.

In August 56 B.C., the Huns slaughtered the camp Guli Wang To fight against each other, defeat the Han. In November, the Xiongnu left general Wu Liqu and others surrendered to Han.

In June 55 BC, the Han Dynasty established Xihe and the Northern Territory as vassals to the Xiongnu.

In the first month of 54 B.C., Hunnu made himself a minister to Han and sent his younger brother King Youguli to serve Han.

In the first month of 53 BC, the Xiongnu Court debated whether to surrender the Han Dynasty or not. Call Han, Zhi each send son into the service Han. In winter, Huns alone in Hehan Zhengdan.

In the winter of 52 BC, Huhanxie invited the Han Dynasty next year (53 years).

In the first month of 51 BC, Huhanxie entered the Han Dynasty and Han granted the Seal Ribbon. In February, Han made a ride to send him back to the country, allowing him to live under the Han light Luxi.

In the winter of 50 B.C., Hu Han and Zhi Zhi each offered themselves to Han.

In the first month of 49 BC, Hu Han Dynasty Han. He returned in February.

In 48 BC, the Han Dynasty sent the clouds and the Wuyuan to the valley to save the poverty of Huhan Evil.

In 44 BC, Zhi Zhi killed Han Anggu Ji and emigrated A surname .

In 43 BC, Hu Han Xie returned to court. Make an oath with Han.

In the autumn of 36 BC, the Western Regions of Han protected Gan Yanshou and sent Western Regions soldiers to invade Kangju and kill Zhi Zhi. The Xiongnu followed the Zhi dynasty to the west.

In the first month of 33 BC, Huhanxie Dynasty. The Han Dynasty gave it to the king. Call Han evil Han Baosi.

In 31 BC, Hu Han Xie died, and carved pottery Mogao was set up as a double plant, if 鞮 Shan Yu.

In 27 B.C., the Huns left the Han Dynasty alone.

In the first month of 25 BC, carved pottery Mogao Dynasty Han.

In 20 BC, carved Tao Mogao died, and the vid Xli for the search harmonic if 鞮 single in, search harmonic make the son into the service.

In 12 BC, he entered the Han Dynasty and died of illness.

In 11 BC, and Moche was established as Cheya (鞮 Shanyu).

In 8 BC, Che Ya died, and Sacci Zhi Ya Sili remained for Wu Zhu if 鞮. Hanang monad dedicates land.

In 3 B.C., the Huns were alone with the Han Dynasty.

In the first month of 1 BC, Wuzhulliu entered the Imperial Court.

In 2 AD, the Han Dynasty had to take second place. After the chariot division, Captain Han Wuji, died into the Xiongnu. Areau and Qiang are going to King Hulai to lead his wife and people into Xiongnu. Wang Mang forced the Xiongnu to accept four conditions; To change the name of the Huns. Wuhuan killed Xiongnu emissaries and refused to pay taxes.

In 9 AD, Wang Mang changed the seal and awarded a new seal.

In 10 AD, the Han Dynasty changed the Xiongnu to the Xiongnu. Bjia attacked Xiongnu with three hundred thousand men and divided its territory into fifteen states.

In 11 AD, Wang Mang had people lure and solicit the sons of Han Evil. Wu Chu left to divide the departments into Hansei, bribe. The chariot division descended on the Huns.

In 13 AD, Wu Zhuliu died and was founded as Wu Lei 鞮 Shan Yu . The Huns never change Zuo Xian Wang To protect you.

In 14 AD, the Huns invited peace.

In the spring of 15 AD, Han changed Hung-nu to Kung-nu.

In 16 AD, the Han attacked the Xiongnu and sent soldiers to the border.

In 18 AD, Xian died, Yu established as a Hudu and corpse Gao if 鞮 Shan Yu. Shan Yu's envoy dedicated himself to Han. The Han forced the Xiongnu minister to come to Chang 'an and worship him sibu Shan Yu. The Huns entered the Han border.

In 19 AD, "Zhu Tueyong" attacked the Xiongnu.

In 21 AD, the Han Dynasty turned to Gu, Bo to Bian County, ready to attack the Xiongnu.

In the winter of 23 AD, Emperor Gengshi sent people to Xiongnu. Shan Yu is no longer a minister.

In 25 AD, Lu Fang named Xiping King, married Xiongnu, and Xiongnu became Emperor of Han.

In February 27 AD, Yuyang Taishou of Han Dynasty Peng Pet Set oneself up as King of Swallow . To be a slave.

In May 28 AD, Xiongnu assisted Pengpet in the battle and was defeated.

In November 29 AD, Li Dian of the Five Yuan of the Han Dynasty tied the Huns and welcomed them Lu Fang All nine original, according to the five original county.

In December 30, Han Feng defeated Lu Fang and Xiongnu soldiers. The Xiongnu envoy was dedicated to the Han. Han reported the fate and passed the old friendship.

In March 31 AD, Gong Sunshu state Rose ware For the King of Schonin. In winter, Lu Fang set up the cloud, Shuofang Taishou fell to Han.

In November 32 AD, Longxi county attached Guixiao.

In 33 AD, the Han Dynasty moved Yanmen to Taiyuan.

In the first month of 34 AD, Han, Wu and Han broke the Xiongnu soldiers. Dingxiang County, Han province, moved people to the West River.

In 35 AD, the Han province Shuofang herd and merged in the state.

In 38 AD, the Western regions of the bitter Xiongnu heavy, asked the Han to protect the capital, not allowed.

In February 39, Wu Han attacked Xiongnu. Han moved Yanmen, the dynasty, the upper valley officials in Juyong, Changshan Pass east, to avoid the Huns. The left side of the Huns moved to Sene. In December, Xiongnu protected Lu Fang in Gao Liu.

In December 40, Lu Fang came to Han and was named king.

In 41 AD, the Xiongnu, Wuhuan and Xianbei armies entered Hansai.

In May 42, Lu Fang entered the Xiongnu again. He died here ten years later.

In May 44 AD, the Xiongnu plundered Shangdang and other places. December, Xiongnu slightly Tianshui and other places. The Han Dynasty moved the five original people to Hedong.

In April 45 AD, the Anding vassal state Huqingshan. In winter, the Huns enter the upper Valley.

In 46 AD, the Huns asked for peace. The Huns were destroyed by Wuhuan and moved north. Du Shan and Che Shi are attached to Xiongnu. The body of a dead man, Bunu Li. Successive years of locust drought in Huns.

In 47 AD, Azulene 鞬 King Rizulene sent people to the Xihe River with a map of the Xiongnu and asked for it from the Han Dynasty.

In the first month of 48 AD, the day by the king than and eight adults knock Han Wuyuan plug, please be Hanshu edge. Han Xu it. In October, Billi was Singyu, it was "South" Singyu. From then on, the Huns were divided into southern and northern Huns.

In the first month of 49 AD, Han Sacrificial Tong Xianbei attacked the Huns. Nan Shan Yu declared himself a kingdom of Han. In March, he sent his son to serve Han.

In the first month of 50 AD, Han granted the southern Shan to Xishou. Listen to live in the cloud, set up The Huns . Summer, the South in his subordinates infighting, Zuoxian king independent in the single, Yue Yu died. In winter, the Northern Xiongnu began to attack the southern Shanyu, the Han made the Southern Shanyu, the West River Meiji, the West River commander to guard it. South single in the army tun eight counties, for Han detective Hou.

AD 51, the northern Xiongnu to Han Wuwei, please and relatives.

In 52 AD, the Northern Xiongnu made people pay a tribute to Han Ma Qiu, asking for a kindred.

In 55 AD, the Northern Xiongnu envoy was dedicated to the Han Dynasty.

AD 56, than died, Mollie for the minister Fu you 鞮 Lao Shan Yu. A year later, Khan named him as 鞮 Shan Yu.

In the first month of 59 AD, Han Ming Hall ceremony, South Xiongnu son deacon. Khan died, suitable for the actong body by waiting 鞮 singyu.

In November 62 AD, the Northern Huns invaded the Wuyuan. In December, disturbing the clouds, the south in the attack. Shan Yushi died, Su Li Qiu Xu Che Lin 鞮 Shan Yu, died for a few months.

In 63 AD, Chang Li Hu evil corpse chased hou 鞮 Shan Yu.

In 64 AD, the Northern Huns asked the Han for a city and promised it.

In March 65 AD, the Han Zheng people returned the northern Xiongnu. South, North Xiongnu traffic, tuen camp five yuan Manbo to prevent it. In October, the Northern Xiongnu invaded the Xihe counties.

In February 66 AD, the Southern Xiongnu enrolled his son in Sinology.

In December 72, Han Gengbing, Dou Gu and others settled in Liangzhou, ready to attack the Huns.

In February 73, the Han Dynasty attacked the Northern Huns in four ways. Dou Gu took the Yi Wu Lu, the rest of the work. Han Ban Chao sent to the Western regions and killed the Northern Xiongnu emissaries. In September, the Northern Xiongnu came into the clouds.

In August 74 AD, Han ordered the prisoners of the vassal states to appoint soldiers and go to the camp

In March 75 AD, the Northern Xiongnu destroyed the queen king of the chariot division and besieged Jinmancheng. In July, the Northern Huns besieged Han Genggong. In November, the Northern Xiongnu besieged Liuzhong City. Attack him again Shule City .

In 76 AD, the Han county soldiers and the South Shan Yu, a joint attack on the northern Xiongnu.

In June 83 AD, the northern Xiongnu Sanmuloupu invited the Han Dynasty to surrender.

In 84 AD, the Northern Xiongnu asked the Han for a city and promised it. Big and canal drive cattle, sheep to Guan city, for the southern single to plunder and go.

In 85 AD, the Northern Xiongnu Lord surrendered to the Han seventy-three. The Western Territories, jingle , Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) Attack the Xiongnu, Shan Yu far away. Winter, Northern Xiongnu In response to the claim, Han made Nan Shan Yu also plunder. Single in the long death, proclaimed as Yidu Yu Lu 鞮 Singyu.

In July 87, Xianbei defeated the Northern Xiongnu and killed Yu Liushan Yu. In October, the Northern Xiongnu chaos, 58 28,000 people fell to the Han.

In July 88 AD, the Huns in the North were hungry and in chaos. The South asked the Han soldiers to attack the northern Xiongnu. Xuan died, Tun Tu river set up for the body of Hugh LAN, by Hou suspected in.

In June 89, Han Dou Xian defeated the Northern Xiongnu Jiluo Mountain Le Shi Yanran. Beishanyu dedicated to Han.

In February 90, Han re-established Xihe and Shangjun vassal capital. In May, Dou Xian attacked the northern Xiongnu Yi Wulu land. In September, Beiduan declared himself a minister to Han. In October, Southern Shanyu and Han soldiers attacked the Northern Xiongnu.

In February 91, Dou Xian destroyed the Northern Xiongnu at Jinwei Mountain. Go far alone. Northern Xiongnu in addition to 鞬 established as Shan Yu, to Pu Liuhai Please surrender.

In the first month of 92 AD, the Han Dynasty granted him a military guardianship in addition to 鞬 Shan Xiyan, Tun Yi Wu.

In the first month of 93 AD, in addition to 鞬 Wen Dou Xian died and led his people to return to the north, the Han army sent troops to destroy the Northern Xiongnu in ruins, Xianbei according to its land, more than 100,000 Huns called themselves Xianbei. Tuntu River died, An established as a single in.

In the first month of 94 AD, Anguo was at odds with Shi Zi. An was killed by his subordinates. Teacher son stand for pavilion alone corpse by hou 鞮 alone in. In November, more than two hundred thousand people of the fifteen new depositions of the Northern Huns rose up for the monad. Han, Xianbei attack on marquis.

In May 96 AD, the Southern Xiongnu right Wenyu Yu King Wuju battle. In July, Han pursued. Move the rest to Anding, north. Winter, Fenghou left more than ten thousand people down Han.

98 AD division son died, Dantan set for Wan's body by 鞮 single.

In November 104 AD, the Northern Xiongnu vassal, willing to make peace with relatives, Han not allowed.

In 105 AD, the northern Xiongnu contributed to Dunhuang, and asked the Han to repair the old covenant, but the Han did not allow it.

In September 109 AD, Marquis Gudu of Xiongnu, Xianbei and Wuhuan of Yanmen invaded the Wuyuan, defeated the Han army, and besieged Meiji. In November, the Han soldiers destroyed Southern Hun azulene 鞬 and removed the king.

In the first month of 110 AD, Geng Kui Beam corydalis broke the south in. In February, the Southern Huns attacked Changshan. In March, Nan Shan Yu surrendered to the Han, and also took Han men and women and those sold to the Xiongnu by the Qiang.

In 116 AD Han and Nandan broke the first zero Qiang in Lingju .

In the spring of 118 AD, the Marquis descended to the Han Dynasty.

In 119 AD, the Northern Xiongnu was restored to the Western Regions.

In March 120 AD, the Northern Xiongnu married the queen king of the chariot division, killed the Han envoy, and chased the former king of the chariot division.

In April 123 AD, the number of Northern Xiongnu disturbed Hexi, Han Ban Dung In order to suppress the willow. In November, Xianbei attacked the South at Mambo.

In the first month of 124 AD, Ban Yong sent the troops of the Western Regions to attack the northern Xiongnu Yi Li King in the front courtyard of Che Shi. In May, the South Xiongnu adult A nationality to the monad to call tired, go north, Han chase it, gained all. Tan died, Ba was set up as the south.

In July 125, Ban Yong beheaded the Xiongnu's emissary in the imperial court of Che Shi.

In 126, Ban Yong sent his troops to attack King Huyan of the Northern Xiongnu. King Huyan moved to the Kwu River. North single to aid, brave to drive it. Xianbei number kou South Xiongnu, seeking Han complex block.

In the first month of 127 AD, Han and Southern Xiongnu broke through Xianbei to 鞬.

When he died in 128 AD, Hughley appointed him to remove the corpse from the list.

In March 132 AD, Han and the Southern Xiongnu attacked Xianbei.

In April 134, the rear of the chariot division attacked the Northern Xiongnu in Changwulong Valley.

In the spring of 135 AD, King Huyan of the Northern Huns attacked the rear of the chariot division.

In August 137, the Han army attacked King Huyan.

April 140 AD, South Xiongnu A surname Lord Us, Che New and others attacked the West River, surrounded Meiji, and disturbed the Shuo. In May, Han broke it. Hanzhong Lang will kill Chen GUI South Singyu. In September, We set the knot for the single Wuhuan Qiang Hu, slightly and state, cool, you, Ji and other places. Han moved west River, Shangxian, Shuofang in the mainland. In December, the broken car new in Maryup, car new drop.

In June 143, the emperor of Han appointed the Shou Yi King Doulou Chu as the single Yu. In November, Hanzhong Lang will assassinate Us.

In April 144, Han destroyed the left part of the Southern Xiongnu.

In 147 AD, the block floor storage died, car house son set up for Yiling corpse by alone.

In April 151 AD, King Huyan disturbed Yiwu.

In 153 AD, the Queen Chariot King entered Xiongnu.

In July 155 AD, Southern Xiongnu Zuozulz 鞬 Taiji, and Qu Bode attacked the United States, the Eastern Qiang responded. Han enticed Dongqiang to break the Tai camp, Bird, etc.

In July 156 AD, Xianbei Sandalwood tree All the Xiongnu land.

In December 158 AD, the Southern Xiongnu combined Wuhuan and Xianbei along the border nine counties. Han enticed Wuhuan to kill Xiongnu Tu's commanders, draw troops to attack the South and defeat them.

In July 166 AD, Xianbei South Xiongnu disturbed nine sides. In December, two hundred thousand Xiongnu and Wuhuan surrendered to Han.

In December 174, Xianbei disturbed the north, and Han County soldiers and Tu soldiers broke it.

In August 177, Han and Southern Xiongnu troops attacked Xianbei and suffered a major defeat. Car house son is dead.

In 178 AD, Hu Zheng was appointed as Nan Shuyu.

In 179 AD, the Han Lang General killed Huzheng and established the Qiang Canal.

In December 187AD, Tugehu rebelled.

In March 188, Tu Gehu attacked and killed the State. Xiongnu infighting, a and Tu Gehu together to attack and kill the Qiang canal, his son in Fu Luo set up to hold to the corpse marquis monad. The insurgents set up another Shu Bu Gu Du Hou as a single Yu. In September, Nan Shan attacked the east of the river with Bai Bo and Yellow Turban.

In 189 AD, Marquis Zupu died. Nan simply assumed his position and acted as the old king.

In July 191 AD, Hufro attached himself to Dong Zhuo.

In 192, Mugu was married to Vrollo. Cao Cao broke in the inner yellow.

In the first month of 193 AD, the Ministry of Montenegro and Yuflo attached Yuan Shu, Tun Seal off a hill . In June, Cao Cao attacked each soldier in Changshan, without success.

In November 195 AD, the right virtuous King of the Southern Xiongnu went to Bei guard 汉献帝 , knock back Li Jue , Guo Si Soldier. Fu Luo died, call kitchen spring set as a single.

In September 202, Cao Cao defeated Southern Shanyu.

In July 216 AD, Hu Chuquan appeared before Wei. Cao Cao To stay, to go to the prison of his country. The division is divided into five, each of whom is appointed as the commander, and is supervised by Hansi Horse.

In 220 AD, Wei granted Hu Chuquan Wei Xi Shou.

Only in the lineage

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EDITOR

Five singles in the struggle before the Huns
Serial number	Singleton number	The name	Time in place	Years in office	note
one	Head man	Head man	? - 209 BC	-	-
2	Dun Singyu	rash	209 BC. - 174 BC	36 years	Manchurian nut
3	Lao Shang Shan Yu	Check one's porridge	174 BC. - 161 BC	14 years	Horton seed
4	The military minister is alone		161. - 126	36 years	Lao Shangzi
5	Iwa slant alone	Iwakaka	126 B.C. - 114 B.C.	13 years	Military minister brother, Zuo Gu Li Wang
6	Uwe Shan Yu	Uwe	114 BC. - 105 BC	Ten years	Shizuko ITO
7	Er Shan Yu	Wushi Lu	104 BC. - 102 BC	Three years	Uvea seed
8	呴 Li Lake Shanyu	呴 Plow Lake	102 BC. - 101 BC	Two years	Son Single Yuji's father, Uwe's brother, You Xian Wang
9	And 鞮 wait	And wait 鞮	101 BC. - 96 BC	Six years	呴 plow lake's younger brother, left big Duwei
10	The fox and the deer are alone	Amur vulpinus	96 BC. - 85 BC	12 years	And 鞮 son, Zuo Xian Wang
11	The pot Yan 鞮 Shan Yu	Hu Yan 鞮	85 BC. - 68 BC	18 years	Sister Fox Deer, Zuo Gu Li Wang
twelve	Empty Lu right canal alone	Empty Lu right canal	68 BC. - 60 BC	9 years	Brother of Hu Yan 鞮, Zuo Xian Wang
13	Hold a bill of lading	Tu Jitang	60 years ago. - 58 years ago	Three years	Uwe alone than his grandson, You Xian Wang

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