Wuhuan, also known as Wuwan, is ancient northern China nomad One of them. The origin of Wuhuan nationality A surname A branch of the tribal alliance. Original and Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) One of the Donghu tribes. Academic circles generally believe that its language and Xianbei, belong to Turkic family Hit the mark Mongolian language family ^[13-14] .

At the end of the third century BC, Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China After breaking Donghu, moved to Wuhuan Mountain (also known as Wu Maru Mountain), then named the mountain clan name, about the activity of today The West Lamuron River Both banks and southwest area of Guili River. In 49 AD, Wuhuan moved south from the five counties outside the city to Liaodong, Yuyang and ten counties on the edge of Shuofang in Senai. Wuhuan moved to the south twice in the Han Dynasty, and gradually developed and grew, but under the control of Wuhuan Lieutenant of the Han Dynasty, it was divided into several tribes and governed independently, and never formed a unified tribal alliance.

In the 12th year of Jian 'an (207), the last chief of Wuhuan was in Tutun Battle of White Wolf Mountain Zhong was killed by Zhang Liao. From then on, Wuhuan was scattered and assimilated by Han and Xianbei respectively ^[12] .

Chinese name: Wuhuan
continent: Asia
capital: Wuhuan Mountain
Official language: Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic

Political system: Absolute monarchy
National leader: That's all , Qiu Liju , Buton et al
Major nationality: Wuhuan Xianbei Tujue
spelling: w I huan

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Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Early history

Wuhuan

Wuhuan, also known as "Wu wan", "Wu wan" Furumaru "," Uyen Etc., ancient Chinese ethnic minorities belong to the Donghu system ethnic group. Its language is the same as Xianbei, a branch of Donghu language, no writing, wood carving for the letter. When Donghu was prosperous, Xianbei and Donghu were both important members. Qin and Han Dynasties On the occasion, activities in Rao Lac Shui (now The West Lamuron River ) Along the way. Eastern neighbours Yilou , A surname Goguryeo, etc., Silen Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China , Minami Yo You Zhou Xianbei lived in the north and Wuhuan lived in the south.

In the first year of Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC), the Donghu was conquered by the Huns Dun Singyu Destroyed, dispersed, Wuhuan this branch fled to Wuhuan Mountain (Liao River upstream west Lamulun River north, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Alukerqin Banner north, that is The Greater Khingan Mountains South end of mountain range), "because of the sign". However, Wuhuan's name had already appeared in the Warring States period. Shih Chi , Possession of goods "He once pointed out:" The two cities between Husband Yan and Bo and Jie are also... To the north it is adjacent to Wuhuan and Fuyu, and to the east it is in the interests of the Foul Raccoon, Korea and Zhenpan." Some scholars believe that Wuhuan was originally the name of the tribal Lord, and later became the name of the tribe. Another way of saying that Wuhuan, Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) Not because of the mountain name, but after the clan name into the name of the mountain, and then Wu Marukawa and so on ^[8] .

The migration of Wuhuan

According to Wuhuan's ancestor, Later Han Dynasty · Wuhuan Biography Cloud: "Wuhuan, Bentong Hu also." Wang Shen's" History of Wei Dynasty It is believed that Wuhuan and Xianbei originated from Donghu. As for Wuhuan before joining the Donghu, The bamboo books chronicle the years "After Fen ascended the throne, three years later, nine Yi came to reign. yue Beat a field ditch ^[9] , Yu Yi , Fang Yi , Huangyi , A surname , A surname , A surname , Wind Yi , Yang Yi " Chiyi Shangchi, living in the east, seems to be related to the Wuhuan people. In Wuhuan custom, Vault over a roof All to the east, and the earth, the sun, the moon, the mountains. The sun is near red, giving people light and warmth, which is crucial for the Wuhuan living in the cold regions of the north. Ding Qian He said, "Those who are Wuhuan, Ulan The change of tone also, Mongolian Red said Wulan, so "biography" is also called Chishan." Wuhuan Mountain is the red Mountain. After the Wuhuan people died, they burned their clothes and killed their dogs to be martyred, "so that the spirit of protecting the dead belongs to Chishan", which seems to be the base of Wuhuan's ancestors, so it is called "thousands of miles north and west of Liao". The subsequent Chishan, that is, "Yuyang Chishan", is the place where Wuhuan moved south, that is, Chifeng City Chishan today. Perhaps Wuhuan from the original Liaodong northwest, The West Lamuron River After the Chishan in the north is moved out and reaches the old Ha River valley, do not set up a Chishan as a memorial. The Wuhuan people often ask shamans to recite to guide the path, and lead them with a dog, so that the souls of the dead can return to Chishan after a difficult journey. This custom seems to indicate that their ancestors originally rode the dog sled to the southeastern Mongolian steppe. In the later development, Wuhuan gradually absorbed some Huns and Han people.

Japanese White bird Cooji Donghu Nationality Examination Wuhuan, Xianbei examination. The Chinese translation of "Hu" has the meaning of auspicious animal belt. Wuhuan means wise in Mongolian.

Han Dynasty

After Xiongnu defeated Donghu, Wuhuan was alone, so the war belonged to Xiongnu. The Huns alone Every year, they collected livestock and leather from Wuhuan, and if they did not pay them in time, their wives would be confiscated Slaves and maidservants .

The Han envoy defended Lieutenant Wuhuan

During the reign of Emperor Wudi (140-87 BC), the Western Han launched a large-scale counterattack against the Huns. In 119 BC (the fourth year of the Yuan Hunting of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty), the Han Army broke the Huns and drove them out of Monan, and Wuhuan was moved south to the Han Dynasty Kamigani (now the southeast of Huailai County, Hebei Province), Yuyang County (Southwest of Miyun County, Beijing), Right Peiping (Southwest of Lingyuan County, Liaoning Province), Western part of Liaoning (Ruled in today's Yixian County, Liaoning Province), Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province (Rule today Liaoyang City) five counties outside the pastoral ^[9] The Northern Han Dynasty ruled Xiongnu. initial Lieutenant Wuhuan The departments of Wuhuan shall not be connected with Xiongnu.

Wang Mang In power, Wuhuan stopped paying leather cloth taxes to Xiongnu, and Xiongnu then plundered Wuhuan's people and animals. Wang Mang drove out Wuhuan and attacked the Huns, taking Wuhuan's wife as a pawn and killing him as a threat, so Wuhuan surrendered to the Huns.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan often joined forces with Xiongnu to disrupt the eastern regions of Dai County. Jianwu twenty-one years (45 years), General Han Horse backing Lead the army to the war, but fail. The following year, the Xiongnu civil unrest, and the disaster of drought locust, Wuhuan took the opportunity to attack the Xiongnu, emigration Mobei . Emperor Guangwu of Han Liu Xiu He bribed Lord Wuhuan with gold and silk. Jianwu 25 years (49 years), Wuhuan Lord of Liaoxi Hao Dan When 922 men come to Han, they will pay slaves and maidservants, cows and horses Tigers and leopards Mink, etc. Han Nai named its canal commander, a total of eighty-one adults as princes and princes, and allowed them to move inside, so that the grazing in Liaodong Vassal state Western Liaoning, YouBeiping, Yuyang, Guangyang, Shanggu, Dai, Yanmen , Taiyuan, Ten counties of Shuo Fang Zhang plug within, its land is about equivalent to today's northeast Dalinghe River Downstream, Northern Hebei, northern and central Shanxi, southern Inner Mongolia, Ordos grassland Around. Juxtaposing Lieutenant Wuhuan in the Upper Valley Yongseong Present-day Hebei Xuanhua ), palm reward, proton Everything in the city. the Emperor Ming of Han , Emperor Zhang of Han , Emperor He of Han Iii, Han and Wuhuan peace.

After the migration of Wuhuan to the south, the original residence was occupied by Xianbei. The few who stayed outside the fortress all returned to Xianbei, and from the beginning of the 2nd century, they often helped Xianbei and Southern Xiongnu invaders to raid the Han border. Senei Wuhuan mostly fought Xianbei and Xiongnu from Wuhuan lieutenant. In the middle of the 2nd century, Han and Southern Xiongnu In the confrontation, each Wuhuan branch also acted independently, either attacking the Huns from the Han or joining forces with the Huns to attack the Han. At the end of the 2nd century, the Han also frequently used the Wuhuan cavalry to suppress rebel forces in various places. Ling Emperor Zhongping two years (185), order Zhang Wen As a general, Wuhuan rode three thousand horses from Youzhou to suppress the Guan Lliangzhou The Rebel Army. Wuhuan factors were recruited, the death is slightly exhausted, the heart is floating, the army has no fighting spirit, all cold feet do not fight, fled to the various departments of Youzhou. Four years in peace, Taishan Taishou Zhang Ju Mesozoic facies Zhang Chun And so on, they used Wuhuan in Youzhou to plunder Qingzhou , Xuzhou , You Zhou , Jizhou Four states, Zhang Chun from the title of the king of peace, for the county Wuhuan marshal. In the sixth year of Zhongping, Zhang Chun died, and the Wuhuan army also disintegrated. Gongsun Chan He often fought with Wuhuan in Hebei and was called General Baima. Hou Yuan Shao destroyed Gongsun Zan, Wu Huan sent troops to help, and made great contributions. Yuan Shao curbed the seal of Tadun, King (Nan) Qiao, and King Han Lu, all thinking that they were Shan Yu.

The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) Wei and Jin Dynasties Place along. The Wuhuan were originally nomadic tribes who began to develop agriculture after moving south. At the beginning of the 3rd century, most of Wuhuan surrendered to Cao Cao, and more than ten thousand fell into the Central Plains, and gradually integrated with the Han. Most of those who remain outside are not fresh.

According to research, today's Inner Mongolia Chifeng City Arukorqin Banner There's one 140 miles northwest of Tianshan Ulliao Mountains That is, where the Wuhuan people settled. The Wuhuan people gradually grew and expanded in this land and migrated south, and established their capital in China Central Plains The feudal regime had close exchanges in politics, economy, military, culture and other aspects until it entered the Central Plains and merged with other ethnic groups.

Go into decline

Jian 'an Five years (200 years), Yuan Shao be Cao Cao Be defeated by The Battle of Guandu He died soon after. Ten years, Shao Zi Shang, etc., ran to Liaoxi and ran to Tudun. In August 207, the 12th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao's expedition to Wuhuan, the two armies met Liucheng Inside the White Wolf Mountain. Cao Cao personally awarded his command flag to his general Zhang Liao. Therefore, Zhang Liao led an army to attack Wuhuan, and destroyed more than 200,000 troops of Hu and Han Tadon He was also killed in this battle Zhang Liao Kill on the spot. ^[2-4]

Cao Cao moved more than 10,000 Wuhuan of Youzhou and Bizhou counties to the Central Plains and fought with his army, taking the Wuhuan name of three counties as the world name ^[5] . In the twenty-third year of Jian 'an (218), Wuhuan allied with Xianbei in rebellion, which was defeated by Cao Zhang and Tian Yu, and its strength was seriously weakened again ^[6] . The remaining Wuhuan, which was soon occupied by Xianbei, merged with Xianbei. The internal migrants were gradually assimilated by the Han Chinese.

Due to the campaigns of Gongsundu regime and Cao Wei regime in Liaodong, except for some Wuhuan people who moved far to Liaodong, "the rest of the people moved to China". Since then, this ancient people gradually disappeared in history. At that time, except Liaodong, Liaoxi, Right Peiping The three counties of Wuhuan moved outside, and most of the other counties of Wuhuan stayed where they were, and retained a certain strength. Up to The two Jin dynasties Whether outside the fortress or inside the fortress, Wuhuan's activities are frequently recorded in the annals of history.

The emperor of Wei sent Wu Qiu Jian to lead the Youzhou troops to join Xianbei and Wuheng in attacking the state of Yan of Gongsun's family. Wei Zhen Guzhi refused to listen, but Gongsun Yuan fought against Jian. Gongsun Yuan then established himself as the king of Yan, set up officials, sent messengers with symbols, and with the help of Xianbei's royal seal, awarded Jin titles to the northern ethnic groups in the border area, and lured Xianbei people to invade the northern area of Wei. Sun Quan expressed his willingness to send troops to the aid of Yan and warned GongSun Yuan to be careful of Sima Yi. Wei ordered a large naval ship from Qing, Yan, You and Ji and sent Sima Yi to join forces with Murong Xianbei, Goguryeo and Wuheng to besiege Yan again by land and sea. Yan, confident of its military strength, refused to leave the city until snow fell. In August of the same year (after two months of heavy snow), the meteor hit the city, the Wei army spread a prophecy, and the people of the East were in a panic. In September, the Wei army Sima Yi led his troops to put down Liaodong, Gongsun Yuan was defeated and died in the meteor fall, and Gongsun's Yan state was destroyed. ^[1]

At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, Wuhuan in and out of the northern barrier of Youzhou were annexed to Xianbei respectively A surname The Yuwen family, the Duan family ruled, and gradually merged with Xianbei. Some of them joined last Kumoesh Among. From the north of Youzhou until Jizhou the The Bohai Sea Plain two counties, Wuhuan cavalry The camps are distributed in between. Wang Jun It is a Yuzhou emperor and Wuhuan Military officer Finally, with the support of the forces of Wuhuan and Xianbei, the southern system was declared. Wuhuan Zhang Fuli degree in the state of Shuangzhou has more than 2000 walls Leping (now Xiyang County, Shanxi Province Southwest), 307 (Jin Yongjia County Year 1), for Schiller Combine. After Shi Le captured Youzhou, he moved to Wuhuan, two prefectures of You and Ji, in Xiangguo (now Hebei Province) Xingtai City Southwest), attached in the mid-4th century preswallow .

The former Qin Dynasty Fu Jian Before the destruction of Yan, the mixed in the black pill Feng Xu , northlands . After that, Murong Chui It was also established with the help of Wuhuan A second swallow . Chizen jingle Wu Wan of more than 200,000 for the flight ladder, tunnelling to attack Ye With Wuhuan Zhangji as the auxiliary general, Liu Da For General Anyuan, Ruli For Jianwei general, with Murong's southern expedition to the north. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba GUI Attack Xindu (now Hebei Province Ji County Zhang Xiang took the city down, and Hou Xiang fled to Zhongshan (today's Hebei Province Dingzhou City ), by Murong Xiang . GUI pulls Zhongshan, champ is captured. 398 (Eastern Jin Dynasty Long An Two years), his son Zhang Chao The collection of Wuhuan, Han people more than 2000 according to Bohai County Nanpi (Present Hebei Province Nanpi County ), self-proclaimed King Wu Wan, after the south to the plain (now Pingyuan County, Shandong Province). The following year, he was a general of Wei Zheng Yu Yue Kill.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wuhuan and other ethnic groups lived in the wrong place, and the ethnic composition changed, forming the so-called" Mixed beard ". "The book of Wei" said: "all of its various people to attach, the total is called 'Wu wan', how many each called chieftain Shu long." Wu Wan often become a general term for miscellaneous Yi. In addition to scattered in the above counties, it also expanded to the upper county of Shaanxi, Feng Yi Three counties in the north. while Yanmen Wuhuan, with Xianbei, Xiongnu and other fusion into the Tiefilu or Dugu family, and later developed into Helenbo The summer State.

You, and Wuhuan continued to move within the two prefectures, spread throughout Taihang Mountains The east is now the central and southern Hebei Province, and actively participated in the political struggles of the sixteen States and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Some of the Jiuchi prefectures were gradually assimilated into the Han nationality, with Hao, Liu, Zhang, Wang, Lu and other Wuhuan surnames appearing successively. The other part of Xianbei joined them with the strength of Xianbei, first integrated with Xianbei, and finally assimilated into the Han nationality with Xianbei's sinification.

Relevant historical facts

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Wuhuan

" A lesson learned through capital In the twelfth year of Jian 'an (AD 207), Cao Cao invaded Wuhuan to the North and won the victory, and on the way back to court, when it was cold and dry, there was no water for 200 miles, and the army was short of food, killing thousands of horses for food, chiselling the ground for more than 30 zhangs to get water. The army began from Liucheng, passing through Jieshi Road (now Changli Jieshi Mountain valley), encountered "trees, grass Fengmao" landscape, ordered soldiers to find water in the mountain, spring (later called phase spring), operation so that the army stopped camping. The woodsman knows that this is called Jieshi Valley, spring overflow in the Hushan slope, south called Gueshan, southwest Jieshi Mountain. Sunset, dusk, overlooking the sunset twilight, nearly thousands of horses, will not be paid, has grown old, and poetry, as Fu "turtle although life" : "God turtle although life, still have actually. The serpent rides in the fog, and the end is dust. Old steed, ambition miles away; At the end of a martyr's life, his heart is strong. The period of shrinkage is not only in heaven; The blessing of keeping good, can be forever. Fortunately, the song will sing."

According to Cao Cao's Biography, Cao Cao's north expedition to Wuhuan rescued more than 100,000 exiled Han people, passing through Jieshi Road, encountered "trees, grass Fengmao" fairy-land holy land, so that solid spring built a well, in order to support the rest of his life. Then the people made up the camp stationed in this "grass grain tun", "after camp", "left camp", "resident operation camp", "Xima Tai" and "Yinma River" (today Changli, Funing villages, river names). Cao Cao rate from the day to Jieshi Sendai top, climb will give its character also, poem" Enjoy the sea "East of Jieshi, to view the sea. The water is not bright and the mountain island is hard. The trees are overgrown and the grass is luxuriant. The autumn wind is bleak and overflowing. The journey of the sun and the moon, if in it. The stars are shining, if they are in it." The army then went to Yi County.

Xu Yanbo, a senior scholar of the Zhaowen Hall in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem in the book "recalling Wei Qing's destruction of Xiongnu and Zhang Liao's destruction of Wuhuan in the Han Dynasty." Ode to the Great Wall ":" Wei Qing Opening, Zhang Liao Dig the ground, Captain piao The general will take the prisoners." ^[7]

The ancients built a temple according to Xiangquan, when the name "Xiangquan Temple", later called "hillside temple", "Changli County records" in the Ming and Qing dynasties. There is still a well (spring) at a glance, and a temple in ruins.

chieftain

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EDITOR

Wu huan (Wu Wan, Wu Gu)(187-207)

Qiu Liju	(3)	Ding MAO	187
stamping	(9)	Boxer Festival	190
Floor group	(9)	Self (3)	199
Sufu wan	(1)	Dinghai (8)	207

Reference: Grey squirrel net

Social economy

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EDITOR

Daily life

Wuhuan

In excavations of the once nomadic area, a large number of horse harnesses, arrows, swords, knives, spears, axes, and ornaments with images of horses, cattle, sheep and other livestock were found. Agriculture and national handicrafts also have a certain proportion. Farming is often based on cuckoo calls. The main agricultural products are 穄 and so on. There are farm tools such as iron hoe among the unearthed objects, which indicates that there are relatively primitive farming methods. Wuhuan women are good at hand-weaving and making daily necessities with fur. They get married wearing jewelry that they make themselves. Among the Wuhuan relics unearthed in Xichagou, there are exquisite jewelry with gold wire threading beads and twisting rings.

Animal husbandry

Wuhuan is based on animal husbandry, supplemented Never hunt The ancient people of farming. History called it "vulgar like riding, hunting animals for things." Grazing with the water, living in a precarious place. To the dome as a house, east to the sun. Meat drink cheese, with hair Cui as clothing." Animal husbandry is quite developed, horses, cattle, sheep, so it is not only the source of food and clothing, at the same time, marriage is also to the horse, cattle, sheep as "money", the death of the deceased is taken from the horse to burn the dead, if the vendetta, you can also send the horse, cattle, sheep to ransom the death. With cattle, sheep sacrifices to the gods, heaven and earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, mountains and rivers, and the previous adults have a healthy name, then all burned. At the same time, horses, cattle, sheep and leather goods were also used as tribute taxes paid by Xiongnu and as tributes or trade goods to Han and Wei, and became the main plundered goods of the warring parties.

hunt

Hunting plays an important role in the life of Wuhuan people. Among the beasts, tiger, leopard and ermine skins were important items for paying contributions to Xiongnu and trading with Hanguan City. The importance of the hunting economy can also be confirmed by the unearthed artifacts.

Agricultural production

The Wuhuan people engaged in agriculture, and after entering the Silamulun River basin, the Wuhuan people gradually settled down and engaged in some agriculture. History said that "common knowledge of birds and animals pregnant milk, when to four sections, farming commonly used cuckoo singing for waiting." Yiqing 穄, the east wall, the east wall like Peng grass, such as sunflower seeds, to October ripe. I can make wine, but I don't know how to compose. I always admire China." 穄, glutinous millet. East wall, also called shapeng, the plant can be used as fodder, and the fruit can be extracted for oil or eaten. According to Guang Zhi, "The color is green and black, and the grain is like sunflower seeds." Quiet, cool, and all." These two hardy crops may have been introduced into Wuhuan from You and Yan. Iron unearthed from the Xichagou tomb? Agricultural tools such as iron axes, iron adzes, iron hoes, some of which are also cast with Chinese characters. It shows that most of these farm tools come from the Han region of the Central Plains. However, during the period outside the Great Wall, they still mainly raised livestock. In 49 AD (the 25th year of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Jianwu), after moving into the Senai county along the border, he provided certain conditions for the development of agriculture for the Wuhuan members who "attracted seed people to give them food and clothing". At the time of Han and Wei Dynasties, Wuhuan moved inward again, and gradually dominated by agriculture in Yuyang, Yanmen and other places.

Handicraft production

Wuhuan handicraft industry also has a certain development, among which the more important are casting copper, smelting iron, pottery, textile and so on. Mostly in the hands of the Lord and the tribal lords. Wang Shen's "Book of Wei" said that Wuhuan "adult can make bow and arrow saddle, forge gold and iron as weapons, can stab Wei composition embroidery, weaving felt." Fan Ye's book Later Han Dynasty · The Biography of Wuhuan said: "Men can make bows and arrows saddles, women can stab Wei composition embroidery, weaving 氀毷." The former shows that adults control the production of important handicraft industries such as military equipment; The latter illustrates the division of Labour between men and women in handicraft production.

Social organization and class relations

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EDITOR

Class differentiation

With the emergence of private ownership, the disparity between the rich and the poor has become widespread, and the class differentiation has become increasingly obvious. And as the war progressed, privileged military leaders emerged, captured Slave And booty, keep the most valuable part for yourself, and divide the defective items among the soldiers. The military chiefs gradually became rulers, and the nobles of the clans and tribes and the lords who held the ruling power emerged. Adults are elected, and they are often promoted as adults "those who have courage and health and can deal with dueling litigation", and they are elected when they die, and their descendants cannot be hereditary. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the public election system was gradually replaced by the hereditary system.

According to the Biography of Wuhuan in the Later Han Dynasty," 献帝 Early flat in the qiu force to die, son Floor group When I was young, I was replaced by Wu from my son." It shows that Lord Wuhuan is already father and son. Clan members do not have their own surname, "the family name is impermanent, and the name of the adult is the family name." "When an adult has a call, he engraves the wood as a letter, although there is no writing, and the people dare not violate it." His covenant law, "disobey the words of adults, sin to death", "if the dead bank for adults to catch, the city can not be suffered, all emigrated to the land of Yong, in the desert." All the conventions, which helped the grown-ups to become powerful, eventually became hereditary rulers. Adults also forced corvee labor to clan members for economic exploitation.

The classes in Wuhuan are mainly divided into two categories: one is the upper adults and small commanders, and the other is the clan members. Freeman ). The trend of holding slaves in Wuhuan began around the beginning of the 1st century AD. Due to the tyranny of Wang Mang, Wuhuan Haoshuai often betrayed and went to Xiongnu. Since then, they have been waging wars in the border areas and plundering the population, which is the main source of slaves. For example, in 25 AD (the third year of the end of the Western Han Dynasty), when the Youlai Army of the Red Mei Army retreated into Liaoxi and Liaodong after losing a battle in the northern part of today's Hebei Province, it was intercepted by the Wuhuan and Aek people, and all its troops were looted and fled. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan and Xiongnu armies plundered the border counties, and the people in the five counties were often plundered as slaves. In 41 AD (17th year of the Jianwu Dynasty), "Xiongnu, Xianbei and Wuhuan in Chishan were so strong that they tried to kill officials and the court thought they were disturbing them". The capture and plunder of the population as slaves became one of the main purposes of Wouhuan's war, and the slave-holding trend became more and more fierce. Therefore, it is not surprising that when Lord Wuhuan paid tribute to Emperor Guangwu in 49 AD (the 25th year of the founding of the Army), there were slaves and maidservants among the tributes. In the bronze plaque unearthed from the Xichagou tomb, there is a scene of a soldier riding a horse and holding a sword, grabbing a captive with hair in his hand, while a dog pounce on the captive.

In addition to the money of the Lord Wuhuan as slaves, but also engaged in slave trade. Slaves were mainly engaged in domestic work, and some were also engaged in production work such as collecting manure and grass and herding young animals. However, Wuhuan has not yet established its own nation in the process of transforming from primitive society to class society Slave state The regime was conquered by Cao Cao.

In addition, there was Commodity Exchange between Wuhuan, Han and Xiongnu. The economic exchanges between Wuhuan and Han had already been carried out. "Hanshu · Geography" cloud: "Upper valley to Liaodong, wide people, number by Hu kou, and Zhao, similar to the customs, there are fish salt, jujube chestnut rao. North gap Wu wan, Fu Yu, east Jia Zhen A great profit." In order to maintain normal trade, the Eastern Han Dynasty set up Hu city along the border for supervision and protection. Captain Wuhuan belonged to Ningcheng Shanggu (now northwest of Xuanhua City, Hebei Province, or Yun Wanquan County For the important Hu city, and built the north and south two katsukan Take in Wuhuan and Xianbei people Quality, to ensure the normal conduct of the mutual market. Wuhuan mainly cattle and horses and other livestock market, trading volume is quite large. In addition to the "fine gold and good iron", there are necessities and luxuries, such as grain, cloth, silk, trampling, and other "precious goods".

There were also trade relations between Wuhuan and Xiongnu. " History of the Han Dynasty · Biography of Xiongnu, late Western Han Dynasty Wang Mang "The Han envoy who protected Wuhuan after the 4th Ban told the Wuhuan people that there was no need to recover from the Xiongnu leather cloth tax. Xiongnu sent emissaries to blame Wuhuan tax with stories, and all the Xiongnu women who wanted to sell goods went there." It shows that Wuhuan had trade with Xiongnu. Wuhuan was close to the West and maintained a peaceful and friendly relationship with the Han for a long time, while the Xiongnu often exchanged cattle and horses for Han goods through Wuhuan. Wuhuan master Haoshuai in the hands of a large number of livestock leather goods as a commodity, have control of the trade market. Through trade markets, tribal members are exploited and luxury goods are obtained, further promoting the polarization of wealth and class.

Wuhuan was in the historical stage of transition from the end of primitive society to class society in the Han Dynasty. The individual family, based on individual production and individual economy, is the constituent cell of society, but it still exists in the organization of clans and tribes. Private property has been around for a long time, so marriage, crime, death, and burial all use private property such as livestock. And use legal forms to protect private property, such as stipulating that "thieves do not die." As the main means of production and means of living of nomadic tribes, livestock private ownership, so its management mode is also manifested as "adults have been under, their own livestock production, not corvee labor", that is, by each family alone to manage their own animal husbandry. The clan commune Although it has been disintegrated, no matter the pasture, mountain forest or lake, it still maintains the public ownership of the clan, and only a part of the agricultural land gradually transitions to private ownership. The main property in Wuhuan has a dual nature, so the tribal adults and the clan commanders have the right to designate the pasture and decide the collective migration route, and their management mode is also restricted by such ownership. ^[10]

Social organization

The form of social organization of Wuhuan, division, Yi (Yi Luo), Luo. The town is the subordinate grass-roots organization. Each department controls hundreds or even thousands of tribes. "Wuhuan Biography of the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Each town has a small handsome, hundreds of dry land for its own." Usually for the meaning of households, each account or account, as little as 7-8, more than 10 mouths. Some of them are called Yi Luo or simply Yi. "In ancient times, there were about 20 to 30 households in each town of Wuhuan", "Each town of Wuhuan had a population of 100 to 200 people". The Yup is formed by the convergence of accounts of different clans, because the population of the looted foreign ethnic groups has to be included in the Yup, and some Han fugitives also have to join their tribes, so the Yup is no longer a pure blood group, but a regional community of people, and geographical relations gradually replace blood relations. However, due to the intermarriage between the clans, the blood relationship is still the link between the towns. In terms of customs, more remnants of the clan system are retained, and relations and conflicts between people are adjusted. It is not class law that dominates, but the customary moral norms of the whole people formed by historical traditions play an important role. History said: "They kill each other, so that the tribe self, report, more than report, attainability of great people, guilty of their cattle and sheep to redeem their lives, but the end." The serious existence of blood revenge often leads to armoury and mutual killing among clans and tribes. The head of the town is called the small handsome, most of them are rich people, initially produced by the election, not hereditary. Each colony operates its own animal husbandry, and when the grazing land is transferred in summer and winter, it migrates together under the leadership of the small marshal, taking the town as a unit and following a certain route, and each colony occupies a certain nomadic area. The small handsome is subject to the tribal adults. "When adults have a call, carve wood for faith, and pass it on." Through wars, tributes, and Hu city, the power of Xiaoshuai grew, and he was granted a title by Han Wei.

Above the city is a department or tribe. "Hundreds of thousands fall into one", the size of the ministry varies greatly, and because of mutual merger, it is not very stable. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wuhuan tribes were distributed in ten counties of Liaodong, Liaoxi, Youbeiping, Yuyang, Guangyang, Shanggu, Dai, Yanmen, Taiyuan and Shuofang, with a population of more than 300,000. Tribal leaders said that adults, in control of the power, adults' orders, "the ministry do not dare to violate", "against the great people's words to die." The adults managed the public affairs of the tribe internally, and carried out trade and currency looting abroad, through which the power and wealth of the tribal adults were further increased.

With the continuous internal migration of Wuhuan, the Han and Wei regimes often used Wuhuan forces to achieve their political and military goals. There are two main ways:

First, the Han and Wei governments or groups formed a military alliance or temporary recruitment with Wuhuan adults. For example, after Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty destroyed the Xiongnu left field, he made Wuhuan investigate the Xiongnu movement for Han. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, King Wuhuan Qiao "Guan (Liu) Yu Ende, led more than 7,000 men and Xianbei, assisted Yu Zihe in the south, and combined 100,000 troops with Yuan Shao's general Ju Yi to attack (Gongsun) Zan." At the same time, Han and Wei also recruited soldiers directly from various departments of Wuhuan to deal with the rebellion of other ethnic groups, and even suppress the rebellion of Wuhuan's own nationality. Yan Xi Eight years), Ren Shang For the doctor general, the army to save the zero ling Taishou Chen Qiu The suppression of Lingling County in Hunan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Guilin City Garrison troops and peasants in other places united in uprising. You, Ji, Li Yang The population of Wuhuan is 26,000. The Wuhuan soldiers were generally concentrated into battalions, and the Wuhuan master was awarded the title of king and marquis to lead the Wuhuan army, but the dispatching and fighting were subject to the command of the Wuhuan lieutenant and the generals sent by the court.

Second, the elite Wuhuan soldiers were selected from the Wuhuan soldiers to form the sudden cavalry and the Wuhuan cavalry, which were directly controlled by the Han and Wei regime and included in the regular military system. Wuhuan had long been famous in the Western Han Dynasty. Liu Xiuping in Hebei Wu and Han In the army under his command, there were 3,000 Wuhuan Tui riders. Later known as the world famous riding, the three counties were also integrated into the army and went to fight everywhere. At the beginning, he had no permanent residence, and only when it was necessary to concentrate his forces on one side under special circumstances, he settled down. But can not bring family members, family members live in the designated county as "quality". The officers and soldiers will stay with the battalion and will not be allowed to go home. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan cavalry was not only used for warfare, but also used to mount Wuhuan. Ying Shao's "Han Guan" says, "There are fifty-six officials and seven hundred and thirty-six Wuhuan Hu riders." Donghan Jae Captain Changshui Below, there is a Hu jockey horse "palm guard, Lord Wuhuan riding". The Wuhuan cavalry and the Wuhuan guards were selected from the Wuhuan soldiers, and not only separated from the original town, but also separated from the Wuhuan society, which was an important factor causing the change of the structure of the Wuhuan town.

As the Central Plains Dynasty recruited Wuhuan soldiers and selected Wuhuan commando and Wuhuan permanent guards from the Wuhuan soldiers, the military system of Wuhuan changed. Wuhuan evolved from the structure of the town chiliarch The centurion military system is a kind of military organization that imitates the county state system and the Xiongnu military system of the Han Dynasty, and it is also inseparable from its payment and acceptance of the title of the king.

In 49 AD (the 25th year of the founding of the Army), Wu Huanqu was named the marquis king of more than 80 people. Among the titles bestowed by the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were king, Hou, Du, Du Wei, Shan Yu and so on. The Wuhuan leaders were still called adults and Yi Shuai in their own nationality, and the titles given by the Eastern Han Dynasty were parallel to the original titles. It can be confirmed from the unearthed seals of "the rate of Wei Wu pills is good Qian Chang", "the rate of Wei Wu pills is good Bai chang" and "the rate of Wei Wu pills is good Yi chang". Whether it is a thousand, hundreds of officers or the head of the town, are appointed by the court, and the original tribal adults, small handsome town. So far, Wuhuan Social structure The increasing integration with the Han areas only preserved some shell of the clan system.

Social custom

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EDITOR

Wuhuan is mentioned in the Book of Wei. The young and the old Its nature is fierce, angry, kill the father and brother, and eventually do not harm his mother, the father and brother as their own species, no longer report, so also ", Wuhuan people dare to kill the father and brother, but dare not harm the mother, the main reason is that the mother has a race, that is, the members of the maternal clan for their blood revenge. It shows that there was a strong culture of attaching importance to the matriarchal forces left over from the matriarchal society at that time. ^[11]

Wuhuan On one's head When the woman is married, she has her head, is divided into buns, and wears a tall hat made of birch bark, called A surname . When a man marries a wife, he has an affair before leaving his daughter, and after six months and a hundred days, he begins to send a horse, a sheep, and a cow to be hired. The husband returned with his wife, and after two years of service, the wife's family sent her daughter back to her husband's family. Within the tribe, everything except war is done by women. Father and brother died, wife and stepmother, reported widowhood; If a widow's brother-in-law dies, his brother-in-law's son may be his aunt's wife; If a younger brother has no children, he goes to another brother.

Wuhuan burial, with coffin. When the old ring sat, two people read anathema Kill a fat dog and the horse the deceased was riding, burn clothes and costumes, sing and dance, and cry. It is said that dogs can protect the spirits of the dead and return Chiyama (One said in the present Xing 'an Mountains South vein, Wuhuan people believe that the soul after death to this mountain), will not be blocked by the ghost halfway.

Wuhuan people worship ghosts and gods, worship heaven and earth, Sun and moon , stars, Mountains and rivers And the late famous Lord. If cattle and sheep are sacrificed, food will be sacrificed first.

Primary surname

Haois , Simshi , Roux , The Huans Wang's ( Umaru Wuhuan's, Wuhuan's), gradual , Bosch (Bosch's), Zhanshi (Runchi's), Kurishi ( Ku傉 Guan , Coodyguan's , Koepkin, Koepkin), Kees

reference

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EDITOR

The main references on the research of Wuhuan in modern times are:

Ma Changshou: Wuhuan and Xianbei Guangxi Normal University Press, 2006;
Wang Zhonghan. A History of Chinese Nationalities, Wuhan University Press, 2012.
Lin Qian: History of the Eastern Hu Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, 2007;
Lin Qian: General theory of Northern nationalities in ancient China Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, 2007;
Edited by Jiang Weigong National history of Northeast China Jilin Literature and History Publishing House, 2014.