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pansy
Viola tricolor
L.), a biennial or perennial herb of the genus Violaceae. Pansies have thicker stems on the ground; The leaf blade is long ovate or lanceolate, the petiole of the upper part is longer, the lower part is shorter; The size of pansy flowers is relatively large, usually each flower has purple, white, yellow three colors; The fruit is oval; Flowering period from April to July; Fruit season May ~ August.
7 [8]
Because the flowers of the pansy are very distinctive, each flower has three different colors on it: yellow, purple and white, hence the name "pansy".
[9]
Pansy is native to northern Europe and is widely cultivated in northern and southern China. It is a common wildflower species in Europe.
[10]
Pansies are cold-resistant, like cool, like sunlight, avoid high temperature and water, cold and frost resistant; It prefers fertile, well-drained, neutral loam or clay loam rich in organic matter when planted.
[11]
Pansy is generally propagated by cuttings and branches.
[12]
The whole plant of pansy has medicinal value. According to the Compendium of Materia Medica, pansy has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying, dispersing blood stasis, relieving cough and diuresis.
[13]
Pansy is rich in vitamins, flowers have an aromatic flavor, can be extracted essence, has a certain economic value. Pansy is an ornamental flower, in the city, pansy is one of the main flowers arranged in the spring flower bed, parks, roads, communities, the most common is the cat's face like pansy.
[14]
- Chinese name
- pansy
- Latin name
- Viola tricolor L. [15]
- alias
- Viola tricolor , Arayet. - Nelle. - Kigge , Iris flower
- world
- plantae
- The door
- angiospermophyta
- The outline
- Magnoliatae
Because the flowers of the pansy are very distinctive, each flower has three different colors on it: yellow, purple and white, hence the name "pansy".
[9]
The stem is 10-40 cm tall and the whole plant is smooth. Stem thick above ground, erect or slightly inclined, ribbed, single or multiple branching.
[16]
Basal leaf lobes long ovate or lanceolate, long petiolate; Cauline leaf blade ovate, oblong-rounded or oblong-lanceolate, apex rounded or obtuse, base rounded, margin with sparsely rounded or obtuse teeth, upper leaf petiole longer, lower shorter; Stipules are large, leafy, pinnately lobed, 1-4 cm long.
The flowers are large, about 3.5-6 cm in diameter, 3-10 on each stem, usually purple, white, and yellow per flower; Pedicel slightly coarse, solitary axillary, upper with 2 opposing bracteoles; Bracteoles very small, ovular triangular;
sepal
Green, oblong-lanceolate, 1.2-2.2 cm long, 3-5 mm wide, apex apical, margin narrow membranous, base appendages developed, 3-6 mm long, margin irregular; Upper petals dark violet, lateral and lower petals are tricolor, with purple stripes, the inner base of the lateral petals densely covered with hair, the lower petals are thinner, 5-8 mm long; Ovary glabrous, style short, base conspicuously geniculate, stigma swollen, globular, anterior with larger stigma hole.
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pansy
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The Altai violet
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Perennial, biennial, or annual herbs with a well-developed upper stem and no shortened rhizomes. Stipules pinnately or palmately divided. Flowers vary in size and color, usually variegated; Lower petal spacing is shorter.
[1]
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Perennial alpine tufted herb with shorter above-ground stems and longer creeping rhizomes. Stipules pinnatifid or hemifid, sometimes unfid. Flowers large, yellow or bluish-purple.
[17]
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pansy
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The Altai violet
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It is cold-resistant, cool and sun-loving, and develops well under the conditions of 15-25℃ day temperature and 3-5℃ night temperature. Avoid high temperature and stagnant water, cold and frost resistance, if the day temperature is continuously above 30 ° C, the flower buds disappear, or do not form petals; When the day temperature lasts 25 ° C, only flowers do not bear fruit, and even if they bear fruit, the seeds are stunted. The roots can withstand low temperature of -15℃, but the leaf edges become yellow after freezing below -5℃.
The effect of sunshine length on flowering is greater than that of light intensity. Preferred fertile, well-drained, organic matter rich neutral loam or clay loam, pH 5.4~7.4. It is a perennial flower and is often cultivated in two years.
[2]
It is cultivated in parks all over China. It is native to northern Europe and widely cultivated in northern and southern China. As a medicinal plant, there is a small amount of cultivation in Hebei Province.
Giant flower series
The diameter of the flower can reach 10 cm. Examples include the CV.Majestic Giant, the CV.Oregon Giant, and the CV.Rogglis Elite Mixture.
macroflorum
Flower diameter 6~8 cm. For example, the Swissis Giant (CV.Swissis Giant) is a dwarf variety with bright colors.
mesanthine
Flower diameter 4~6 cm. Such as three Madu (CV.Tfi-mardeau), Hiemalis (CV.Hiemalis), suitable for arranging flower beds.
Cut system
Cut system
Seeding and propagation
Pansy (Figure 4)
Cutting propagation
From May to June, the branches germinating at the base of the plant were cut and inserted into the peat to keep the air moist. The roots took root 15-20 days after insertion, and the survival rate was high.
[4]
fractionation
It is often carried out after flowering, and the new shoots with roots germinating at the side branches or rhizome with advicent roots can be cut off. It can be potted and put in a semi-shade place for recovery.
[4]
temperature
Pansy (Figure 3)
Seedlings must go through a low temperature environment of 28~56d in order to successfully bloom, if it is directly planted in a warm environment, it will delay the flowering period, if the day temperature is continuously above 30 ° C, the flower buds disappear, or do not form petals. If there is a hot, high temperature of more than 28℃ weather, should strive to be well ventilated, reduce the temperature, to prevent wilt and death.
[5]
illumination
Pansy like sufficient sunlight, light is an important limiting factor for flowering, sunshine length than light intensity has a greater impact on flowering, poor sunshine, poor flowering, in the cultivation process should ensure that plants receive not less than 4h of direct sunlight every day. However, because the root system is sensitive to light, under the condition of light, the young roots can not be smoothly inserted into the soil, so the radicle does not need light before the long, when the seedling grows 2 to 3 true leaves, the sunshine should be gradually increased to make its growth more robust.
[5]
water
Pansy prefers a moisture-prone soil environment and does not tolerate drought. Keep the soil moist during the growing period, and dry in winter. Each watering should see dry and wet. When the plant blooms, keeping enough water is necessary for the growth of the flowers and the increase of the number of flowers. In the high temperature, strong light season should pay attention to timely watering.
[5]
fertilize
Pansy should be applied lightly and frequently. After two real leaves grow, nitrogen fertilizer can be applied, spraying 0.1% urea in the early stage, increasing phosphate fertilizer in the near flowering period, applying thin compound liquid fertilizer 3 times before flowering, adding 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 2 times during pregnancy, and reducing fertilization after flowering. The decomposed liquid fertilizer was applied once every 10 to 15 days in the growth period and once every 20 to 30 days in the growth period. The deformity and wrinkling of pansy leaves are often caused by calcium deficiency, which can be improved by applying calcium nitrate. It should also be noted that ammonia nitrogen fertilizer can cause root decay of pansy plants at lower temperatures.
[5]
botrytis
Strengthen ventilation, control planting density, avoid watering, and ventilate after watering. Clean up withered and aging tissue in time to avoid wounds. Use smoke agent and alternate use of agent. After spraying, ventilate to dissipate dampness. At the early stage of the disease, spray 50% supraline 1000 times liquid or carbendazim 500~1000 times liquid, chlorothalonil 700 ~ 800 times liquid, 50% methyl tolbuzin 500~600 times liquid, also can be smoked.
[2]
anthracnose
anthracnose
Discoloration (viral disease, Mosaic disease)
It is mainly transmitted by aphids. Control aphids with 3000 times of 50% anti-aphid wet-resistant powder and 800 to 1000 times of 2.5% rattan extract cream spray control, alternately use 3 to 4 times, every 7 to 10 days spray once. For the first disease of the plant, use 1.5% Zhizhiling emulsion 700 times the liquid or 5% bacterial toxin water clearing agent 200 times the liquid, every 7 to 10 days, 3 to 4 times, first dense and then thinning.
[2]
Leaf spot
Clear the diseased remains and focus on burning. Spray control can be obtained by using 53.8% of 2000 dry suspension 1000 times liquid, 47% of Garinon wettable powder 700 times liquid, 30% of copper oxychloride suspension 600 times liquid, 27% of copper noble suspension 600 times liquid, 50% of methyl thiobacillam and sulfur suspension 800 times liquid.
[2]
Ring spot
Ring spot
Brown spot
When the new leaves are opened, use 0.5% Bordeaux solution plus adhesive, once every 10 to 15 days, or spray with 1000 times the wettable powder of 50% polymyxin, 500 times the suspension of 40% chlorothalonil, 800 times the suspension of 50% methyl thiobacillam and sulfur, and 2000 times the water-soluble powder of 50% Germicide (chlorobromoisocyanuric acid).
[2]
scab
50% carbendazim gel suspension 1000 times liquid or 70% methyl tolbuzine wettable powder 1000 times liquid spray control.
[2]
Crooked top
Diseased plants were found to be removed and burned. Prevent leafhoppers, eliminate dodder.
[2]
Rot disease
The pathogen was Fusarium aciculare. Diseased plants were found, dug up and burned, the diseased holes were replaced with new soil, or the soil was disinfected with 0.1% formaldehyde. At the early stage of the disease, the treatment was treated with 50% cladin wettable powder 500 times liquid, 70% methyl tobuzin 1500 times liquid, 75% chlorothalonil 600 times liquid and 0.5% Bordeaux liquid spray.
[2]
rust
Use 75% oxyxiaxilin 3000 times liquid or 25% powder rust ning 1500~2500 times liquid, 65% dysenzinc 600 times liquid spray prevention. At the early stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim or 50% methyltobuzin 500-600 times of liquid, 75% chlorothalonil 600-800 times of liquid spray prevention and treatment. After the onset of the disease, use 97% sodium dirust 250-300 times of liquid plus 0.1% detergent, spray once every 12 to 15 days, and use 2-3 times.
[2]
Seedling blight
Irrigate with rikulin, medroxazole or crozidine.
[2]
mite
Spray with ethyl acaricide.
[2]
Red spider mite
Spray with 40% Zcloracidol emulsion 1000~1500 times the liquid or Emile 20000 times the liquid, Actec 10000 times the liquid, UTEC 3000~5000 times the liquid.
[2]
aphid
Soak 40% Dimethoate or cigarette end 5g with 75ml water for 24 hours and then spray; Or use 3% natural pyrethrin, 25% rattan essence, deltamethrin 200 times the liquid or detergent solution with a few drops of cooking oil spray, also can be used in ridine 5000 times the liquid, avidine 1500 times the liquid.
[2]
cockchafer
The larvae (grubs) were applied into the soil with Milor particles or scattered, or were poured into the rhizosphere of the affected plants with 1000 times of 40% Dimethoate, 500 times of 50% sulfamarb powder, and 1000~1500 times of 50% phoxiphos emulsified oil, such as a 23 cm (7 inches) pot, 100~200ml of the liquid each time.
[2]
nematode
The soil was applied with 2000~3000 times liquid of 7051 avermectin aver-mectins or Milor granules.
[2]
Snail
Scatter with mida or meta or remove manually.
[2]
slug
Sprinkle the soil near the potted plants with 8% megalin granules or 6% Medelin granules. It can also be used to spray 3% lime water or 100 times ammonia water on the plant to prevent and control. In addition, pansy disease, insect pests and balsam powdery mildew, blight, magnesium deficiency, manganese deficiency, iron deficiency, eggplant twenty-eight ladybird, short-fronted negative Locust, thrips and other hazards.
[2]
Pansy (Figure 5)
Whole grass: clearing heat and detoxifying, dispersing blood stasis, relieving cough and diuresis. For coughs, pediatric scrofula, nameless poisons.
[1]
Chemical composition
The stems and leaves contain Violutoside. Flowers contain rutin, tocophenol, lycopene, phytofluene, beta-carorene, xantho-phyll,lutein, Coryxanthin (9,9-9,13-9,15 di-cis-violaxanthin) Four transducers,9, 13-Q 15-Cis-violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, 9,9-cis-antheraxanthin (9,9-cis-antheraxanthin), luteox-anthin, violanthin, auroxan-thin.
Whole grass contains quercetin (quercetin), lureolin (luteolin-7-glucoside), protocatechuic acid (protocatechuic acid), trans-caffeic acid (caffeic acid), Cis-and trans-P-coumanic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid, gentisic acid and trace syringic acid, ferulic acid (ferulic). The main water-soluble polysaccharide consists of D-glucose, D-galactose, and L-arabinose at a molar ratio of 2:1.8:1.1. A small number of monosaccharides are D-galacturonic acid, D-xylose and L-rhamnose, pectin, some containing D-galacturonic acid, D-glucose and D-galactose. It also contains 4 terpenes and 4 triterpenes, as well as steroids.
Flowers deep purple, with aromatic flavor, can be extracted essence.
Pansy (Figure 7)
Yellow pansy: A pansy with yellow petals, the flower word is "sorrow and joy", the nature of earth.
Purple pansy: A pansy with purple petals, the words are "silence", "unconditional love", and the property is dark.
Large pansies: Bondage.
Pansy commonly used flowers: meditation, happiness, please think of me.
[6]
The pansy is
Iceland
The original flower is designated as the national flower. The pansy is the national flower of Poland
As a famous early spring flower, pansies have a wide variety of bright colors and a long flowering period. Therefore, it is very popular in developed countries such as Europe and America. Wild species were introduced into gardens in 1629, and varieties were improved in the 19th century, and round, large-flowered varieties were selected. At the beginning of the 20th century, breeders in Germany selected some varieties that were resistant to cold. In the mid-20th century, the Swedes produced the Swiss Giant series and the Americans selected the Oregon Giant series, with a flower diameter of 10 centimeters. Since the 1970s, the United States, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and other countries have made rapid progress in the breeding of pansy, with a large flower diameter of 12 cm, and mini pansy with a flower diameter of only 3 cm, and black varieties have been bred. In addition to hardy varieties, there are also heat - and disease-resistant pansies. There is a saying that "the flower of England, the flower of America, the color of Germany, the character of France." The pansy is particularly admired in Europe, and Italy regards the pansy as a thing of "longing" and "missing", especially for young girls.
[6]
Mythic
Long long ago, it was said that the violet flower was pure white, like the clouds in the sky. Cupid, the naughty god of love, is a little urchin with a bow and arrow in his hand that has the magic of love. Whoever he shoots at, he can't help falling in love with the person he first sees. Unfortunately,
Aphrodite
Both naughty and inaccurate, so human love stories often go wrong. That day, Love found another unlucky ghost and was ready to bring him
archery
. Who knows an arrow shot, suddenly a gust of wind blew over, this arrow actually hit the white violet flower. The heart of the white violet flower shed blood and tears, which could not be wiped away after they dried. From then on, the white corydalis became the pansies of today, which is
Fairy tale
The origin of middle pansy.
[6]
Legend
Pansy (Figure 6)
This morning, the beauty god Venus got up very early, carefully grooming and dressing up, put on
Silks and satins
the
dress
She put on her dazzling jewelry, and brought her precious son Cupid, the god of love, into the garden excitedly. At this time, many gods have arrived, we gathered in a circle, I do not know what is enjoying with relish, even the beautiful Venus came, no one can pay attention to say hello to her.
Venus, who had been neglected, was a little unhappy, and where she went before she would attract the praise of others, what was the matter today? She looked up and found that everyone was busy looking at the violet flower, which was blooming so luxuriously that it attracted the attention of all the gods.
Venus's jealousy had always been very strong, she had always believed that the most beautiful thing in heaven and earth should of course be beauty, and she was most afraid of being told that anything was more beautiful than her, so she asked her son Cupid: "Good son, show me carefully, who is more beautiful than these violets and mother?" Unexpectedly, the naive Cupid blurted out without thinking: "Of course
Violet flower
" The gods laughed when they heard this, and Venus suddenly got angry and angry, and stopped talking to others all day.
It's getting dark,
God
They went home one after another, and Venus went up to the violet, looked from left to right, and the more she thought about it, the more annoyed she became, so she raised her whip and beat the violet, saying with hatred, "I made you more beautiful than me!" I call you more beautiful than me!" He didn't stop until he was tired. Because it's dark,
Venus
I could not see clearly, thinking that the viola should be dead, so I went home proudly. Never thought of a violet flower
HP
Strong and tenacious, although it was seriously injured but not dead, still strong alive, just because of the whipping, its face black and blue, purple, leaving different shades of markings, became "flower cat face."
The following year
spring
The violet flower opened again, and it changed from its original monochrome into a "pansy" with several colors on a flower, but unexpectedly, this "flower cat face" made it look more beautiful than before, and won more praise from the gods at the flower viewing meeting. Originally, the brown pattern on the pansy was left by the angel who kissed it three times when he came to earth, and someone said, When
Angel
When you kiss a pansy flower, her face is printed on the petals. So everyone who meets a pansy has a happy ending.
