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Russian Empire (Russian: Thep)) occlusal (scrambles) bloggers bloggers, Russian Empire; October 22, 1721 - March 12, 1917 (February 27)), also known as Tsarist Russia
[2]
In Chinese, it is generally referred to as "Tsarist Russia" and calls itself "the Third Rome".
[3-4]
It was 1721
Peter I
Crowned until 1917
Nicholas II
The Russian state until its abdication. But also
History of Russia
Last one up
monarchy
State, by
The Romanov Dynasty
Rule.
[5]
In 1547,
Principality of Moscow
Grand duke
Ivan the Fourth
Crown as
tsar
.
[6]
[12]
The year 1721
Peter I
In connection with
Kingdom of Sweden
proceed
Great Northern War
After the victory, he was awarded the title of "Emperor of All Russia" by the Russian Senate on 22 October, officially making Russia an empire in the true sense of the word.
[11]
And in the middle and late 18th century
Catherine the Second
He became stronger when he ruled. in
Alexander I
When he ruled, the empire entered its heyday.
[13]
Part of the resistance to Napoleon
Coalition against France
And became post-war
Holy Alliance
The leader of the group and long thereafter served as"
European gendarmerie
"The role.
[7]
Until the middle of the nineteenth century
Crimean War
In the failure, only to show
Serfdom in Russia
Its economy and industrialization lagged behind those of other European powers,
Alexander II
It was done in 1861
Russian serfdom reform
But not completely. In 1904,
Russo-japanese War
Failed again. 1914 Attended
World War I
Which led directly to the 1917
February Revolution
,
Nicholas II
Sign the abdication statement. The Russian Empire is gone.
The Russian Empire in the 18th century
Three partitions of Poland
Defeated twice
Ottoman Empire
.
[13]
World War I
Before, the Russian Empire became home to more than 20 million
Square kilometer
Land, a big country with more than 100 nationalities.
[14]
During the reign of the Russian Empire, a powerful military empire was formed, but it could not really solve the poor and backward living conditions of Russia.
serfdom
Nor was it really abolished.
Orthodox Church
As a religious element it was one of the most important components of the Russian Empire.
[15]
- Chinese name
- Russian Empire
- Foreign name
-
Р о с с и й с seem а second и м п е р и second
Russian Empire - continent
- Europe
- capital
- Moscow
- National Day
- October 22, 1721
- National song
- God save the Tsar
- Official language
- Russian
- currency
- rouble
- Time zone
- UTC+2 to +12
- Political system
- Absolute monarchy
- National leader
- Peter I , Catherine the Second , Alexander I , Nicholas I , Alexander II , Nicholas II
- Population number
- 165.7 million (1914)
- Population density
- 5.9 persons/km2
- Major nationality
- Russian , Ukrainians , Belarusians , Polish , Jew Etc.
- Major religion
- Orthodox Church
- Land area
- 22880000 km²
- Road access
- Keep to the right
- alias
- Tsarist Russia, Imperial Russia, Tsarist Russia
- Time frame
- 22 October 1721-12 March 1917 [11]
- National emblem
- Two-headed Hawk
- National motto
- The Lord is with us
- Legislative body
- State Duma
catalogue
- oneTitle of a kingdom
- 2history
- ▪Early history
- ▪Empire establishment
- ▪Troubled times
- ▪Enlightened autocracy
- ▪Set foot in Western Europe
- ▪Coalition against France
- ▪Modern reform
- ▪Decay and die
- 3territory
- ▪Sphere of domination
- ▪Administrative division
- ▪Dependent state
- 4political
- ▪regime
- ▪cabinet
- ▪congress
- ▪Church
- ▪law
The Russian Empire was the name of Russia from 1721 to 1917. According to the
Russia
According to the world mainstream school of thought, the Tsardom of Russia was the name of the Russian state from 1547 to 1721, and in 1721, Peter I was in war with Russia
Sweden
the
Great Northern War
After the victory, he was awarded the title of "Emperor of All Russia" by the Russian Senate, officially called Emperor, and since then the official title of Russia is "Russian Empire", "Russian.
tsar
(
Julius Caesar
His title became "Emperor of Russia."
Kievan Rus in the 10th and 11th centuries
Russia before expansion
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan the Fourth
It was crowned in 1547
tsar
Russia began a policy of foreign expansion. gain
Feudal Lord
With the support of the class, a special Council was established in 1549 to codify new laws and reform local and central politics, administration, economy, and military, especially
Military reform
To make Russia strong; He broke all the power restrictions of the seignorial regime on the Tsar, while the former grand duke had very little power and was subject to many restrictions by the lords. Ivan IV eliminated the seignorial regime, established the tsarist autocracy, cracked down on the local separatist forces, and unified Russia. After the military became strong, it began to expand abroad. It was destroyed in the expedition of 1547-1552
The Kazan Khanate
In 1556
The Astrakhan Khanate
It was also annexed. By 1557,
Siberian Khanate
And to Ivan. Then make big
The Khanate of Nogai
Submit to Russia.
Ivan the Fourth
The period when Russia began to become
Multi-ethnic state
. It was crushed in 1572
The Khanate of Crete
. Put out
The Kazan Khanate
is
History of Russia
A major turning point marked the Russian power was stronger than the Mongol Tatars from then on, and the capture of Kazan changed the balance of power between the Russians and the Mongol Tatars; Smashing the Crim was significant. The Crim Khanate was
Ottoman Turkey
The Whip, when the shadow of advancing Ottoman Turkish aggression hung over the entire Eastern European continent, was shattered
The Khanate of Crete
Making Ottoman Turkish domination of Russia and Eastern Europe impossible; Open the way to
Siberia
The road.
In 1547, Ivan IV proclaimed himself"
tsar
Since the Rurik dynasty, the capital was Moscow, and the country was known as Russia.
Ivan the Fourth
Son Fedor childless, after death
Rurik dynasty
Without issue. all-Russian
Zemsky Sobor
Godonov was elected Tsar of Russia. He inherits
Ivan the Terrible
He ended the war with Poland, launched a war in the north against Sweden, and expanded the Baltic Sea. Continue the invasion eastward
Siberian Khanate
, south and
Crimean Khanate
They fought and built a series of fortified cities.
During the reign of Ivan IV, Russia also promoted the serfization process, stipulating that if a free person worked for another person for more than six months, he would become the slave of that person. It also announced that fugitive serfs could be hunted for five years. At the end of his reign, there were repeated serf uprisings in Russia.
In the 16th and 17th centuries,
Volga
River Basin, Urals and
Siberia
Various ethnic groups joined Russia successively, making it a multi-ethnic state. It was located in the mid-17th century
Eastern Europe
The Orthodox state
Ukraine
And Russia merged into a unified country.
1613. All Russia
Zemsky Sobor
(zemskysobor) announced the creation of a 17-year-old
Mikhail Romanov
For the tsar,
The Romanov Dynasty
Here. Russia started out as just one in
Moscow
The small states nearby, whose imperial status was not recognized by Europe.
Peter I
As czar, he initially fought against the Islamic Tartars to protect his southern borders
Ottoman Empire
. In order to continue the war against the Ottoman Empire, Peter began to visit Europe in search of Allies and to learn Western science and technology
Brandenburg
(Prussia),
Netherlands
,
Britain
and
Holy Roman Empire
Let's wait. In August 1689 Peter I formally took power.
Peter I
The reform began by changing life customs. In order to make the Russians more like Western Europeans in appearance, he personally cut off the front the day after his return
Have an audience with
The long beards of his great nobles, soon declared it the duty of the subjects of the whole country. Peter also abolished the calendar that had long been in use in Russia, switching to the one used in most of Europe from January 1, 1700. Peter imported many cultural elements from Western Europe, the most prominent of which was the development of Russia
Educational cause
He personally hired several British professors to run schools and teach in Russia, and in January 1701 established the first secular school in Russian history - the Mathematical Navigation School in Moscow. After that, Peter founded many more schools. Peter I believed that money was the lifeblood of war. Upon his return from Western Europe, he immediately followed the British experience
Currency reform
Since 1700, new coins have been circulated in Russia. He also made a name for himself in just a few years
Taxes and levies
Multiply.
Northern War
After the beginning of the Russian army on November 19, 1700
The Battle of Narva
In the defeat. This forced Peter to step up his efforts to strengthen Russia
Military strength
Reform in respect of...
[10]
In the military, Peter I learned the pain, accelerated the military reform, and vigorously expanded the armaments. Peter abolished the aristocratic army and the mercenary system, and in the Imperial decree of February 20, 1705, the term "shall be conscripted" was first introduced, after which conscription was carried out and a standing army was established, which numbered 330,000 at its peak. He reformed the officer system, made the appointment of officers selective, issued the famous "official rank table", allowed soldiers from humble backgrounds to be promoted to the rank of officer, and boldly recruited officers from foreign armies loyal to his cause. He adjusted the organization of the army and divided the Russian Army into infantry, cavalry and artillery, emphasizing not only the specialization of the different arms, but also their coordination and cooperation in combat operations. He also opened shipyards, sent the sons of nobles abroad to learn shipbuilding skills, hired foreign technicians, and created Russia's first fleet, the Baltic Fleet.
[16
]
He not only built ships at home, but also instructed the ambassador to Britain several times to buy ships in England.
[10]
In addition, he carried out a reform of military institutions aimed at strengthening the unified command and regularization of the army.
[16
]
A series of reforms by Peter I promoted social progress, consolidated the autocratic rule of the Tsar, and significantly enhanced Russia's military and economic strength, transforming Russia from a backwater in Europe into a powerful and vibrant world power, which prepared the conditions for foreign aggression and expansion in the later period, competing with European powers, and achieving an empire across Europe and Asia.
[16
]
After 1712, Tsar Peter I of Russia moved the capital
St. Petersburg
(The city was renamed after World War I
Petrograd
) to peep
Continental Europe
. 1721, Tsar of Russia
Peter I
He changed his name to the Russian Empire and called it Peter the Great.
From Peter the Great's death in 1725 to Catherine II's accession in 1762, Russia entered a chaotic thirty-seven year period of palace coups, during which six emperors were replaced.
[17]
Peter I was succeeded by his second wife, Catherine I (Е), who reigned for only three years (1725-May 1727) and was considered a figurehead for a powerful clique of high officials. However, in 1727, through the Treaty of Brensch, Catherine I and the Qing Dynasty defined the boundary between northern and southern Mongolia, established the colonization of Buryatia, Central Siberia, and Eastern Siberia, and improved commercial relations.
18 [19]
After Ekaterina's death in May 1727 and the accession of her minor grandson Peter II, who reigned for only three years (May 1727-1730), the Russian nobility decided to invite Peter's niece Anna I to the throne for ten years (1730-1740). During his reign, he was fond of pleasure and made great use of the German aristocrats represented by Billon.
[18]
Anna I died in October 1740 and was succeeded by Ivan VI, with Billon as regent, who was arrested and exiled only a month later and replaced by another German nobleman, Ostermann, who was overthrown by the Russian nobility on 25 November 1741. He succeeded his daughter Elisabeth Petrovna (Е I p.
[18]
Elisabeth Petrovna reigned for 20 years (1741-1761), during which time she restored the reform policies of Peter I and named her nephew Karl Peter of Germany as her successor. After Elisabeth Petrovna's death in 1761, Carl Peter took the throne as Peter III and once again pursued a policy of Germanization, but after only six months in office he was overthrown by the Russian nobility and installed his wife Ekaterina as Е Katerina II.
[18]
Catherine the Second
The era can be said to be the second strong period of the Russian Empire, the empire in the south and the West gained considerable strength
New Panel
. Catherine II, born Sophia Friedrich August, was a princess born into a declining German noble family. In 1744 she was elected wife of Peter III of Russia and later Empress of Russia. At the end of June 1762, Catherine II passed
Palace coup
She overthrew her incompetent husband and ascended to the throne of the queen.
[8]
At this time, European Enlightenment ideas were prevalent, and Catherine was influenced by them long before she took the throne, and she also exchanged letters with Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire to discuss how to govern the country. Under the influence of the alliance, Catherine II decided to introduce "enlightened authoritarian" reforms after her accession to the throne.
[20]
In 1763, he improved the state administration system, reformed the Senate, established a cabinet, and strengthened the imperial power. 1764 - Abolishes the Ukrainian Geitman and begins to restrict the autonomy of the Cossacks. In 1765, the Zappolo Japanese Army was abolished, the autonomy of the Ukrainian Cossacks was abolished, and the provincial management system was implemented. Measure state-owned land, reward nobles; The Imperial Edict on the Rights, Freedoms and Privileges of the Nobility was issued, granting privileges to the nobility.
[20]
In 1767, the Committee for the Codification of the New Code was established, and the committee issued the "Holy Decree", consisting of 22 chapters and 655 articles, most of which were copied from the works of Western European Enlightenment philosophers, jurists and economists, and were not formal legislation, but only guidance documents compiled for the new code, and were not made public.
[21]
However, due to the deadlock over the issue of serfdom, the new code could not be formulated, and the Committee for the compilation of the new Code was temporarily dissolved in 1769 and officially dissolved in 1774.
[20]
Catherine the Second
After Pugachev's uprising, Catherine II realized that "enlightened autocracy" alone could not make the country truly stable, so her reforms began to move toward "autocracy". In 1775, the "Provincial Administration System of the Whole Russian Empire" was promulgated, which abolished the three-level administration system of provinces, states and counties, and implemented the two-level administration system of provinces and counties. In order to prevent peasant uprisings, more grass-roots counties were set up to further strengthen the power of the central government. In 1783, the abolition of the right of migration of Ukrainian serfs legally affirmed the existence of serfdom in the Ukrainian region, marking the culmination of the development of Russian serfdom in both depth and breadth. In 1785, in order to grant privileges to the aristocracy and the interests of the bourgeoisie, the political base was expanded. Catherine II issued the Edict on the Rights, Freedoms and Privileges of the Nobility and the Edict on the Rights and Interests of the Cities of the Russian Empire, which legally confirmed the privileged status of the nobility in Russia and made the nobility truly become a "free" class. At the same time, urban citizens were given certain autonomy, which enhanced the political status of the commercial bourgeoisie in the autocratic state.
[20]
Militarily, in order to better suppress peasant uprisings and cope with revolutions in Europe, Catherine II greatly expanded and perfected the Russian army. By 1796, the Russian army numbered 500,000 men, making it the most powerful army in Europe.
[20]
In 1764, Russia and Prussia secretly signed a mutual agreement against Poland, and attempted to force Poland to pass the law of equality between non-Catholics and Catholics in 1766. After this rejection, Catherine II invaded Poland in 1767 and passed the law the following year. In 1768, the Ottoman Turks protested that Russia had violated the Turkish border during the invasion of Poland, and that they had violated the provisions of the 1711 Treaty of Prut, which prohibited the stationing of troops in Poland, and demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from Poland. After being rejected by Russia, he declared war on Russia on October 6, 1768, in what became known as the Sixth Russo-Turkish War. Austria and Prussia also feared that Russian aggression against Poland might endanger their own interests in the Balkans, and planned to support Turkey against Russia.
[22]
In the midst of the Russo-Turkish War, in order to avoid diplomatic isolation and prevent Austria from siding with Turkey, Catherine II abandoned her original plan to annex Western Ukraine and Belarus while maintaining a weak Polish client state, and accepted Prussia's proposal to partition Poland. In 1772, Russia, Austria and Austria signed the first treaty of partition of Poland in Petersburg. On September 30, 1773, the Polish Parliament, forced by the bayonets of the Russian army, ratified the treaty of partition. In the Sixth Russo-Turkish War with Turkey, after the Russian army achieved a series of victories, due to the outbreak of Pugachev uprising and urgent need to return to the defense, Turkey also chose to Sue for peace in the case of isolation, the two sides concluded a peace treaty in 1774, Russia obtained the Black Sea.
[22]
Partition of the Polish map
After the second partition of Poland, on March 24, 1794, Poland broke out a popular armed uprising against Russia led by Lantadyusz Kosciuszko, known as the Kosciuszko Uprising. The rebels made some initial gains, but from May onwards, the fighting gradually deteriorated. In June, the rebels suffered heavy losses from Russian and Prussian forces. In September, the Russians reinforced Warsaw, and on October 10, the rebels were nearly wiped out at the Battle of Marceyowitz. On 4-6 November, Warsaw finally fell and the uprising failed.
[24]
After suppressing the Koxiushko uprising, Catherine II decided to completely destroy Poland. Tensions between Russia, Austria and Austria have intensified because of the unequal distribution of spoils, especially because the two countries are deadlocked over Krakow. On January 3, 1795, Russia and Austria signed the third partition of Poland, and Prussia was forced to accept this reality and sign the treaty on October 24. Under the agreement, Russia annexed Lithuania, Courland, Western Belarus, and Western Wollen, a total of 120,000 square kilometers. Poland was completely partitioned and destroyed until it regained its independence 123 years later in 1918.
[25]
In July 1789, the French Revolution broke out, which caused great disgust and counterattacks from the feudal monarchs of Europe, especially Catherine II of Russia. At the time, Russia was engaged in wars with Turkey and Sweden, and initially had no clear understanding of the nature of the French revolution. However, following the attempted escape of King Louis XVI of France in June 1791 and his return to Paris, Catherine II began to actively organize a coalition against the French Revolution.
[26]
In October 1791, the two countries signed a treaty of defense alliance, and prepared to use war to restore Louis XVI to power. By the spring of 1792, the first coalition had almost taken shape, facilitated by Catherine II, Emperor Leopold II of Austria, and King Gustav III of Sweden. However, armed intervention was delayed due to the sudden deaths of Leopold II and Gustav III. In 1794, the forces of the Anti-French Coalition repeatedly failed, and the internal contradictions of the alliance intensified. By 1795, Prussia and France had begun peace talks and signed a peace treaty in April. Despite this, Catherine II did not abandon her anti-French stance and instead decided to send 60,000 Russian troops under General Suvorov to France to suppress the revolution. In September 1796, despite financial difficulties, Catherine II decided to go directly to war with France. On 7 November 1796, however, Elcatina II died suddenly of a stroke, and was succeeded by his son, Paul I, aged 42.
[26]
On 24 March 1801, Paul I was succeeded by his eldest son Alexander Pavlovich, who was named Alexander I.
[27]
After his accession to the throne, Alexander I sought to secure his position by declaring that he would govern in the "law and spirit" of his grandmother, Elena II. Early in his reign, he issued a series of decrees restoring the aristocratic privileges of the era of Catherine II, and established a 12-member "Standing Council" as an advisory body to the Tsar.
[28]
Tsar Alexander I
The Napoleonic Wars and Napoleon's defeat
On 3 May 1814, the Bourbon Dynasty of France was restored, and the new king Louis XVIII ascended the throne with the support of the Allies. Then, on 30 May, Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria signed the Peace Treaty of Paris with France, which was relatively lenient towards the defeated France. In order to resolve post-war political and territorial issues, the Coalition decided to convene the Congress of Vienna on October 1, 1814. The main objectives of the Congress were to extinguish the influence of the French Revolution, restore feudal autocracy, and redraw the political map of Europe. After the closing of the Congress of Vienna and Napoleon's second abdication, Alexander I proposed the idea of a Holy League to suppress new revolutions and stifle national liberation movements.
[31]
On 26 September 1815, Alexander I, Friedrich-Wilhelm III and Emperor Franz I of Austria signed a document in Paris establishing the Holy Alliance. In essence, this alliance was a special mutual assistance treaty concluded by the Russian, Prussian and Austrian sovereigns in order to suppress the new people's revolution. In the War against France, Alexander I played a decisive role in maintaining the feudal order in Europe and suppressing the revolutionary forces in Europe, making Russia the main fortress of the reactionary forces in Europe.
[31]
On December 1, 1825, Tsar Alexander I died suddenly of typhoid fever in Taganrog while visiting the ailing empress.
[32]
Tsar Alexander II
Faced with a grave crisis, 1861, the Emperor
Alexander II
Have to sign out
serfdom
The decree. The law stated that serfs were legally "free persons"; Landlords could no longer buy or sell serfs or interfere in their lives; When serfs were "emancipated," they were given a piece of land, but they had to pay for it.
The reforms of 1861 were carried out from the top down by the Tsar
bourgeoisie
Because the abolition of serfdom was conducive to the development of capitalism and enabled Russia to develop into a modern capitalist power, it became a major turning point in modern history. However, this reform was not thorough enough, and some remnants of feudalism were preserved.
The naval Battle of Tsushima
In 1914,
World War I
In continental Europe, Russia joined forces with Britain and France
The Entente countries
The camp declared war on Germany and Austria, and the First World War brought great suffering to the Russian people. Late in the war, in March 1917, Russia broke out."
February Revolution
Three hundred years of autocratic rule in Tsarist Russia was overthrown.
Attack the Winter Palace
On the night of November 6, 1917, Lenin secretly came to the uprising in Petrograd
Commander in chief
Ministry --
The Smolny Palace
, leading the uprising. At 9:45 p.m. on November 7, 1917, a warship anchored near Petrograd, the Russian capital,"
Oh, Alfred
"A few bursts of cannon fire,
Insurrectionary army
To the last stronghold of the bourgeois provisional government -
Winter Palace
A general assault was launched. In the end, the armed uprising won. This is historic Russia."
October Revolution
".
The Russian Empire expanded
Russia
It covers a vast area, spanning ten time zones (East II to East XII). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Russia had a total area of 22.88 million square kilometers, 42% of the area of Eurasia and Asia, accounting for 1/22 of the entire Earth's area, and about 1/6 of the earth's land area.
Except for the original
Soviet republics
(
Russia
,
Ukraine
,
Belarus
,
Armenia
,
Azerbaijan
,
Georgia
,
Kazakhstan
,
Kyrgyzstan
,
Tajikistan
,
Turkmenistan
,
Uzbekistan
,
Republic of Lithuania
,
Estonia
,
Latvia
,
Moldova
The Russian Empire until 1917 also included
Finland
(
Grand Duchy of Finland
),
Poland
,
Türkiye
the
Ardahan Province
,
Altwyn Province
,
Odel Province
,
Kars Province
and
Erzurum Province
The northeast region. Between 1742 and 1867,
Alaska
It was part of the Russian Empire.
with
Sweden
in
Great Northern War
Fail in,
Hamina
The treaty was signed in September 1809, and Finland became an autonomous country
Grand duchy
Was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
tsar
As a constitutional monarch, through his government and the local of Finland
senate
To control
Grand Duchy of Finland
Have a firm grip on it
Power of appointment and removal
.
At its peak, the territory reached 22.88 million
Square kilometer
Is second only to
British Empire
and
Mongol Empire
. The most east ever occupied
Alaska
(sold to the United States in 1867),
Sphere of influence
Vast. For better administration, Russia is divided into 81 provinces, 20 districts, and one autonomous region.
The political boundaries of the European part of Russia are roughly the same
Eastern European plain
the
Natural boundary
Consistent, but in addition to this it also occupied the Finnish Conference Kingdom and the Polish Conference Kingdom. Its northern boundary has been reached
The Arctic Ocean
And the islands of the Arctic Ocean.
Russo-imperial
The Ural Mountains
Taking the east as its northern Asian territory,
Siberia
And the grasslands to its south.
The Asian part of the Russian Empire and the European part
The Ural Mountains
,
The Ural River
, and
Caspian Sea
-
Caucasus Mountains
Is bounded. The south boundary has been reached
The Black Sea
The southeast coast and the Caucasus Mountains. The western border in the traditional sense from
Kola peninsula
via
Baltic Sea
until
Danube
The estuary, which contained the Russian portion of Poland. Neighboring countries to the west
Kingdom of Prussia
,
Austrian Empire
, and
Romania
.
Russo-imperial
Client state
and
Protectorate state
, there is
Bukhara Khanate
,
The Khanate of Shiva
And after 1914
Tuva
(
Tang Nu Wu Liang Hai
), etc. The Asian part of the Russian Empire consisted of 11 provinces, 17 districts, and one autonomous region.
Sakhalin Island
). In addition to Russia itself, there are eight other provinces in Finland and ten in Poland. The European part of the Russian Empire had 59 provinces and one district (Don District), which was owned by the Minister of War
Right of jurisdiction
; Other provinces have their own governors in charge of local government.
In addition, there is usually a secretary general above the governors of the provinces, who generally has the prerogative to mobilize the troops within their jurisdiction. In 1906, the Russian Empire was already in
Finland
,
Warsaw
,
Vilnius
,
Kyiv
,
Moscow
and
Riga
There is a secretary General. Larger cities (
St. Petersburg
,
Moscow
,
Odessa
,
Sevastopol
,
Kerch
,
Nikolaev
,
Rostov
There are also their own administrative systems, independent of the provinces; In these cities the prefect is equivalent to the prefect.
-
regime
According to the Almanac of European Royal Genealogies, the Russian Empire adopted the Prussian style in 1910
bourgeoisie
Constitutional monarchy
The regime. It was established in October 1905 as a transitional and self-contained regime. Yet before that day, Russia
tsar
Power is arbitrary and unlimited.
In October the proclamation reformed the Law and the First Empire
Duma
Since the beginning (April 27, 1906), the word despotism has been carefully preserved, but the power has been reduced to a limited degree. This regime, however, could not become a meaningful constitution because it lacked a parliamentary unit. But unlimited despotism gives room for self-limiting despotism, whether it will be permanent or only permanent
dictator
The rule of opinion and the conduct of the parties will only increase the conflict between the parties. At present, then, the Russian system of government is best defined as a system of limited monarchical power under an autocratic emperor.
-
tsar
Peter the Great
In 1721 he renamed himself Emperor and declared himself full
Russia
The Emperor. Subsequent rulers continued to use the name until 1917
February Revolution
Until overthrown.
Russian monarchs used it from 1547 to 1721
tsar
This title, however, was followed by the use of the name Emperor, only in Chinese
Half tone and half meaning
Under the translation, it is still called
tsar
.
The emperor's power prior to the October Proclamation was limited by two provisions designed to protect the existing system. Pope Paul I believed that both the emperor and his spouse must be
Orthodox Church
Members of the church, and it must be obeyed
Right of inheritance
Law (PaulineLaws) provisions. But on October 17, 1905, the situation changed, and the emperor voluntarily limited his legislative powers. He believed that no proposal could be passed into law without the consent of the Imperial Duma, a freely elected national Assembly. Although on April 28, 1906 it appeared with the above
Moral responsibility
Relevant laws, and
Organic law
But at the same time the emperor still had the right to dissolve the Duma, and he exercised that right.
-
Council of State
For reform
Central agency
,
Peter I
It was launched in February 1711
Türkiye
An edict was issued on the eve of the formation of the Senate. The Senate replaced the Duma as the supreme body of a fully supervised state
Organ of power
And the taming tool of the Tsar, it was built on
Autocratic system
The formation is of great significance.
[10]
-
Modern cabinet
By law of October 18, 1905, a Supreme Council was established to support the Tsar, and was established
Head of government
Under the name of the Russian Prime Minister. The Government of Russia consists of all its government departments and their ministers, who are listed below:
Judges of the Royal Court;
Minister of Foreign affairs
; Secretary of War; Commander of the Navy and Minister of Economy; Minister of Commerce and Industry (created 1905); Ministers of State (including security, health, censorship and publishing, postal and communications, foreign territorial affairs, affairs statistics); Minister of Agriculture; Minister of Transport; The Minister of Justice; Minister of Education.
-
Imperial council
By a law enacted on February 20, 1906, the Imperial Parliament and the Imperial Duma were merged into legislation
The House of Lords
And the legislative power of the emperor from this time on could only function properly with the cooperation of the two chambers.
Of the 196 seats in the Imperial Council, 98 were nominated by the Emperor and the remaining 98 were elected, with the Prime Minister as one of its members. Of these elected members, three were Greek Orthodox priests, three were white priests in charge of diocesan or secular offices, the remaining 18 were nobles, six were members of universities or scientific academies, six were members of chambers of commerce, six were members of the Bureau of Industry, 18 were members of the government with local self-government, and the remaining 16 were none, and six were members of the Government
Poland
. However, when the legislature works with the Duma, the group's proposals are rarely implemented.
-
senate
Repose on
Reform of Peter I
Russia's senate (П р а kind guide и т е л ь с т kind guide ю щ и й с е н а т, PravitelstvuyushchiSenat, iedirectingorgoverningsenate) all members appointed by the tsar. And its great function is composed of the functions of its separate departments. It is owned
Veto power
The highest body of the State; It's the imperial accounting department, too
Political prisoner
The Supreme Court of the United States; And it has a department to do the same
The British College of Arms
Similar effect. It also owns the arguments that take place in all the organs of the Empire
Jurisdictional power
Especially for the central representatives and
Local election
Out of the contradictions between the agencies. Finally, it also enacts new laws, with which a theoretical function is conferred
United States Supreme Court
Same right: refusal to implement and
Basic law
Conflicting measures.
-
Lower house (Duma)
The Imperial Duma or British Duma (Duma Empire) formed the Russian Parliament
Lower house
It has a total of 442 seats and has an extremely complex electoral system. The job of these members was to enlist the support of the wealthy families who made up the overwhelming majority of them, especially the landlord class, and to speak on behalf of the Russian people. except
Central Asia
Each of the other provinces put forward a few members, and most of them came from the big cities. However, this does not mean that they can become full members of parliament, they must still pass
Peasant
, citizens and
Landlord class
In order to officially take office. However, when the delegation represented the weaker owners, the wealthy owners would be present in person, the citizens (metropolitan people) were divided into two groups according to taxable property and were elected members of the provincial delegation, and the peasants were represented by the delegation of the smaller districts. The working class, on the other hand, is treated in a special way, by electing one or more representatives, if not 50 employees per factory
deputation
.
Duma
Most sacred
synod
(Founded in 1721) Yes
Russian Orthodox Church
The highest organ of government. It was presided over by a secular prosecutor, representing the Tsar, as well
Moscow
,
St. Petersburg
,
Kyiv
Three large cities and
Georgia
There are also rotating bishops.
Catherine herself did it in 1767
Codex committee
She wrote the Oracles, she quoted a lot of Enlightenment thinkers, the Oracles are full of words like "liberty", "equality", "democracy" and this is Catherine's great practice of putting her democratic ideas into law. It reflects the Empress's determination to promote democracy in Russia at the beginning of her reign.
[8]
-
flag
The year 1721
Peter the Great
After his accession to the throne, the flag of the Russian Empire was for a long time the private imperial flag of the Romanov royal family - black on a gold background
Two-headed Hawk
In the late 19th century,
Nicholas II
To change the flag to its current form. The flag is a horizontal rectangle with a length to width ratio of about 3:2. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles connected, white, blue and red from top to bottom.
Russian Empire
Vast territory
Land span
Frigid zone
,
Subfrigid zone
and
Temperate zone
three
Climatic zone
", with a three-color horizontal rectangle connected in parallel, indicating Russia
Geographical position
On this feature. White represents the cold zone all year round white snow
Natural landscape
; Blue represents both the subcold zone
Climatic province
It also symbolizes Russia's rich underground minerals and forests, water power and so on
Natural resources
; Red is the symbol and symbol of the temperate zone
History of Russia
The long and right
Human civilization
The contribution of... The white, blue and red tricolor is from 1697
Peter the Great
The tricolor flag adopted during the reign of red, white and blue, red, white and blue are called
Pan-slavic color
. The year 1917
October Revolution
Cancel after victory
tricolour
.
-
National emblem
in
Eastern Roman Empire
In the process of extinction, Russia introduced the two-headed eagle into its national emblem.
Grand Duke of Moscow
Ivan the Third
He married in 1473
The Byzantine Empire
the
Sophia Palaiorog
After the princess, put the two-headed eagle in
Coat of arms of Russia
To show that Moscow is the third Rome.
The double-headed eagle dates back to the 15th century. The two-headed eagle was originally
The Byzantine Empire
The emblem of Constantine I. The Byzantine Empire once spanned
Eurasian
At the junction of two continents, it looks west to southeastern Europe at one end, and east at the other
Asia
The western region is a symbol of the unity between the two continents and the union of peoples. In 1497, the double-headed eagle was first used as a state emblem in Russia
Great seal of the state
It appeared until 1918.
As early as the 17th century, Russia had been actively moving towards
The Far East
Expansion and conflict with the Qing Dynasty of China. China and Russia signed treaties in 1689 and 1727, respectively.
The Treaty of Nerchinsk
""
Treaty of Brenski
"And"
Treaty of Kyakhta
The establishment of borders did not stop Russia's expansionist ambitions.
May 1858, Russia
Anglo-french army
When Russia invaded China, it threatened to use force
Qing government
Sign the"
Treaty of Aihui
", to
Amur River
Is the boundary. Signed in 1860
Sino-russian Treaty of Beijing
The Russian Empire even more
Outer Manchuria
(include
Sakhalin
Annex, and acquire
Vladivostok
this
Open port
To expand it to the west
Pacific
The impact of...
The Russian Empire's annexation of Chinese territory
From 1858 to 1911, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and cooperated with Britain against China
Pamir region
Two private partitions were carried out, including large areas of northeast and northwest China into its territory and instigation
Outer Mongolia
Separated from China and occupied by armed forces
Jiangdong sixty-four Tun
Tangnuulianghai (officially incorporated into Russia in 1944) and other regions, together, China lost more than 3.3 million square kilometers of territory.
[1]
In the late 19th century, Russia began to
Qing Court
rent
Dalian
, be established
Guandong
. Russia got it, too
Dongqing Railway
The building right inside
Manchuria
(that is, the three Eastern provinces) further aggression with the intention of establishing the so-called "Yellow Russia". The aim was to transform the vast, densely populated inner Manchuria into Russian territory
colony
. This is the ultimate goal of Russia's grand strategy for the Far East. 1900
Gengzi Russia difficult
That is, Russia joined the eight-nation coalition to invade China, manufactured
The Helanpur massacre
,
Jiangdong 64 Tun massacre
The implementation of the strategy was greatly accelerated after the looting of many towns in inner Manchuria and other diplomatic incidents. But since Russia's 1905
Russo-japanese War
Defeated by the Japanese Empire, and there was a revolution in their own country
Strategic plan
Thus a picture cake.
Russia also acquired land in North America in 1787, but sold it in 1867 for $7.2 million
America
That is, contemporary
Alaska
.
On the Central Asian side, Russia's earliest activities in Central Asia were
Peter the Great
The Times, then have been to
The Khanate of Shiva
Expand. in
Crimean War
After the failure. Expansion into Central Asia, egged on by Ignachev. by
Aral Sea
Let's go. To the Khanate of Shiva with
Bukhara
. The two countries became dependent states. In 1864, he attacked
A surname
with
Tashkent
. In 1877, he occupied all of Central Asia. The Russians also tried to support
The Khanate of Hohan
The aggressor
Yakub
He invaded Xinjiang, captured Ili, and ended up in
Zuo Zongtang
defeat
Yakub
, and
Zeng Jize
In the case of resolute negotiation, "reluctant to part" had to leave Ili, but still cut off the Chinese in
Xinjiang
A lot of territory.
The literature of Peter I's period is still a mixture of old and new, with a transitional nature. Shaferov's and Feofan Prokopovich's politics were opposed to conservatism and preached openness
Absolute monarchy
From which you can see the time
Social contradiction
And the movement. It emerged in the 1930s on the basis of Peter's reforms
classicism
It was nearly half a century later
Russian literature
The basic genre is represented
enlightenment
The struggle against the principles of medieval thought.
Pushkin
In the late 1760s and early 1770s, satirical magazines were popular, the most prominent of which was Novikov's magazine.
drone
"And" The Painter." At the end of the 1970s, Djerchavin's eulogy began to appear. He combined satire and praise, criticism and affirmation, and introduced the "vulgar" daily life into his poems, thus breaking through the mode of classicism.
Von Weissing
In its excellent comedy "Fine Hakama Boy" although still abide by"
Three unities
But it deeply exposed the brutality and cruelty of the serf owners
parasitism
Pointing out that serfdom is the root of all evil in Russia, to
realism
A step forward.
In the late 18th century, under the catalyst of English, German, French and other countries' literature,
sentimentalism
It flourished in Russia, reflecting the period 1773-1775
Pugachev uprising
The melancholy mood of the post-noble. Its advocate, Karamzin (1766-1826), broke the classicist taboo and introduced the image of the humble into literature, writing in the Miserable Lisa (1792) about a peasant girl who fell in love with an aristocratic young man, and finally abandoned himself. The novel focuses on rendering the inner feelings of the characters, the style is novel, the language is elegant and smooth, and it is popular after publication.
Leo Tolstoy
Since about the mid-1820s, since 1825
Aristocratic revolution
Romanticism in Russian literature soon gave way to an emphasis on calm and objective observation and description of life and the need to shape it
Typical environment
Hit the mark
Typical character
As the main characteristic of realism. Pushkin, who originally belonged to the active romantic poets along with the Decembrists, from this time on produced a large number of realistic plays, novels and poems, for which he was revered as a Russian
Modern literature
The Father of... Later Lermontov was first a romantic poet, Gogol also started from romanticism and always maintained romantic temperament, but the former's novel "Contemporary Hero" and the latter's plays and novels are austere realism. They further enriched and consolidated Pushkin's realistic art from two different aspects: psychological analysis and humorous satire. The critic Belinsky, mainly through the analysis of the three writers' creation, called realism (then called
naturalism
It laid a solid theoretical foundation, which has since become the main trend of Russian literature for more than half a century. subsequent
Herzen
, Goncharov, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Dostoevsky, Ostrovsky,
Saltikov. - Schedrin
Tolstoy, Chekhov, etc., are world-class giants of novels, poems, and plays. Also belonging to or close to this major school at the time were Dubreuropov and
Pisarev
The critical works of Chutchev,
Krytsov
And the poetry of the fund, as well
Pisemski
Grigorovich, Leskov, Ge
Uspinski
Novels, features, etc.
At the end of the 18th century, under the influence of the Russian Enlightenment, the Russian composer School was formed. The representative figures are: Berezovsky, Bobortnyansky, Pashkevich, Formin, Khandoshkin and so on. The commonality of their creation is that they pay attention to the themes of Russian folk life, adopt Russian folk songs, and their music has certain national characteristics. Opera is the most concentrated reflection of their creative face. Representative works include: Sokolowski's Grinders - Wizards, Liars and matchmakers, Kinsky and Pashkovich's Good Deeds, Formin's Coachman and so on.
Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky, who was at the same time, paid attention
Music art
the
Ideological nature
and
National tradition
In terms of him and
powergroup
There are not many differences, but there are different characteristics in the creative practice. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects: his works deeply reflect the psychological distress of the Russian intellectual class under the autocratic and repressive policy of the Tsar in the 1880s and 1890s; The tone of the work is more derived from urban songs; The creative field expanded to cover almost everything
Musical genre
And form; The composition technique is more comprehensive and perfect. His works are interwoven
theatricality
The conflict, lyric confession and the description of custom life, the euphemistic melody, the sincere feelings and the vivid image give people a profound infection. His most famous works are: Symphony No. 4, Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 6 (Symphony No. 6)
pathos
"), fantasy overture "Romeo and Juliet","
Piano Concerto No. 1
",
D major
"
Violin concerto
", opera"
Yevgeny Onegin
"And"
Queen of spades
", dance drama "Swan Lake"
Sleeping Beauty
"And"
nutcracker
", String Quartet No. 1,
Piano trio
"In Memory of a Great Artist" and the vocal romances "Bless You, Forest" and "Is It Daylight?" Let's wait.
Since the end of the 19th century, there has been a new situation in the development of professional music in Russia. The combination of native traditions and foreign influences has produced a variety of creative styles and personalities. Russian music since the 19th century
Performing arts
Flourished, established the Russian School, and emerged many famous figures. Among them was the singer O.A. Petrovstravens
Shyabin
', Shariabin, Nezhdanova, Sobinov, Yershov, pianists Rubinstein, Rachmaninoff,
violinist
Gerzhmali, cellist Davydov, conductor S.
Kusevitsky
Let's wait.
The reign of Peter the Great to Catherine the Great throughout the 18th century was a period of reform and "Europeanization" in Russia. Russian culture developed rapidly under the influence of Italian and French classical art, and Russian art began to be incorporated into the development process of European literature and art, and the popular classicism in Europe was also imitated and imitated in Russia.
The first period of the 19th century was the foundation period of Russian national art. Founded in the mid-18th century
Royal Academy of Fine Arts
In more than half a century, it has gradually cultivated a group of artists of this nation, who breathe the air of this nation and absorb the nourishment of national culture, and the literature and art with Russian characteristics began to emerge on the world stage. The fourth stage is from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, that is, from
Critical realism
into
formalism
and
aestheticism
Factors in the emergence of new schools, of which critical realism is the most brilliant. Critical realism in Russia
Literary and artistic creation
In the focus on reality and in with
Western Europe
In a wide range of exchanges, with its themes, genres, styles and techniques of diversity and
originality
In the world art occupies an important position, it and the French literature and art at that time, each leading a coquette, each launched a world-class master, formed a dazzling string of pearls in the history of literature and art.
Rebin, The Trotters on the Volga
Rebin, The Trotters on the Volga
-
railway
post-1860
Railway planning
Its construction had a profound impact on the economy, culture and life of the Russian Empire. The central authorities and the aristocracy basically monopolized decision-making, but the local gentile classes provided the demand for railway construction. Local nobles, merchants, and entrepreneurs imagined a future "from local to imperial," pursuing their own interests, often competing with other cities, and thus contributing to the empire's economy.
The Russian army built two major railways in Central Asia in the 1880s: the Caucasus Railway, which connected
The Black Sea
littoral
Batumi
and
Caspian Sea
littoral
Baku
; The Outer Caspian Railway, by the Caspian Sea waterfront
Krasnovodsk
From, until
Bukhara
,
Samarkand
and
Tashkent
. The two railways served the commercial and strategic needs of the Empire, while facilitating
Population mobility
.
Railways in Russia
Railways in Russia
At the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 200 ethnic groups in Russia, speaking 146 languages and dialects. But the majority of the country's inhabitants (nearly 80%) are made up of large Russians,
Ukraine
People, Belarusians,
Polish
And five Jews
Ethnic composition
. Great Russians make up 43% of the country's population (55.7 million people); Ukrainians (or Little Russians) make up 18% (22.4 million) and Belarusians 4.7% (5.9 million), these three
Russian nation
(Before the 1917 revolution, the term "all-Russian" included the three main East Slavic ethnic groups - Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians - which together accounted for 68% of the country's total population.
Russians in the Russian Empire were divided into four classes: aristocrats, merchants,
Cossack
and
Peasant
. Caucasians, Tatars, etc
Minority nationality
They are called foreigners. Of the Russian population, 81.6% are peasants, 9.3% are merchants, 6.2% are soldiers, and only 0.9% are aristocrats (0.6%)
clergy
(0.3%). Of the more than 88 million peasants, more than half were serfs, the rest were peasants confined to the land (the vast majority) and free peasants (the few).
Russia
serfdom
Founded in the 16th century, it became law in the mid-17th century (1647). After the reforms of 1861, serfdom was abolished in the Russian Empire. The serfs turned peasants were given allotments of arable land. But the land was just given away
Rural commune
An organization that manages the ownership and taxation of these lands. If farmers wanted to actually own their land, they had to pay a tax rate.
Ransom money
". At that time, landless farmers had to work for others to earn money to "redeem" their land. However, after paying this money to the Tsar, the newly born peasants officially became peasants, free from any restrictions imposed by the landlords. But it's a lot of money, because it comes first
tsar
Ransom was paid to the landowners, so the peasants returned the money directly to the Tsar, which the latter demanded
Annual interest rate
It's 6%, and the payout period is 49 years. In addition, the reason for economic compensation to the landowners was not the land, but that they had lost what they should have done for it
Voluntary labor
Of the serfs. Not only that, but many landowners also considered how to reduce the already pitiful amount of land available to their serfs in the past, such as depriving them of the part they needed most: the land around the serf's hut
grassplot
. As a result, free farmers still had to work for their former owners in order to repay the cost of their land.
The state religion of the Russian Empire was
Orthodox Church
,
tsar
Is its leader, while retaining the title of supreme protector. Although the tsar could appoint and remove, he could not change the doctrine or the content of the church. Orthodox in the religious sense
Leading organ
It is the Synod of the most Holy Bishops, which has great power in religious matters. Theoretically owned
Religious belief
They were free, but there were certain restrictions on Jews.
St. Basil's Cathedral, the most famous Orthodox site in Russia
St. Basil's Cathedral, the most famous Orthodox site in Russia
|
Serial number
|
Chinese translation
|
Time in place
|
remark
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
one
|
1547-1584
|
||
|
2
|
From 1584 to 1598
|
Fyodor I (bell ringer)
|
|
|
3
|
From 1598 to 1605
|
Blank
|
|
|
4
|
1605 (58 days)
|
Fyodor the Second
|
|
|
5
|
From 1605 to 1606
|
Blank
|
|
|
6
|
From 1606 to 1610
|
Blank
|
|
|
7
|
From 1613 to 1645
|
Mikhail the First
|
|
|
8
|
From 1645 to 1676
|
Blank
|
|
|
9
|
From 1676 to 1682
|
||
|
10
|
From 1682 to 1689
|
Blank
|
|
|
11
|
From 1689 to 1721
|
Great emperor
|
|
|
Period of the Russian Empire (beginning 1721)
|
|||
|
11
|
1721-1725
|
Great emperor
|
|
|
twelve
|
1725-1727
|
-
|
|
|
13
|
1727-1730
|
-
|
|
|
fourteen
|
From 1730 to 1740
|
-
|
|
|
15
|
1740-1741
|
-
|
|
|
16
|
From 1741 to 1762
|
-
|
|
|
17
|
1762-1762
|
-
|
|
|
18
|
From 1762 to 1796
|
Great emperor
|
|
|
19
|
From 1796 to 1801
|
-
|
|
|
20
|
From 1801 to 1825
|
Divine King
|
|
|
21
|
1825-1855
|
-
|
|
|
22
|
From 1855 to 1881
|
liberator
|
|
|
23
|
From 1881 to 1894
|
The peacemaker
|
|
|
24
|
From 1894 to 1917
|
martyr
|
|
