the United Nations is a International intergovernmental organization It was founded on 24 October 1945. It is the most universal, authoritative and representative inter-governmental international organization with its core purpose of maintaining international peace and security and conducting international cooperation. All peace-loving countries that accept the obligations of the Charter can become members. ^[24]

The predecessor of the United Nations was League of nations . On June 12, 1941, Declaration of the Allies The signing in London was the first step towards the birth of the United Nations. On January 1, 1942, United Nations Declaration Sign. On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organizations was held in San Francisco, USA. On June 26 of the same year, the representatives of 50 countries signed United Nations Charter . On October 24 of the same year, China , France , The Soviet Union , Britain , America After the ratification of the Charter by a majority of the other signatories, the United Nations was formally established. ^[25]

As of 2024, the United Nations has 193 Member States and 2 observer states. ^[24] The principal organs of the United Nations are United Nations General Assembly , United Nations Security Council , United Nations Economic and Social Council , United Nations Trusteeship Council , International Court of Justice and secretariat . ^[26] Secretariat at New York Headquarters, in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna There are also offices. There are also 43 organizations such as the UNDP, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization and the International Monetary Fund. There are 5 in total Permanent Member of the UN Security Council : China, USA, Russia, UK, France. There are six official languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. ^[24]

The United Nations provides the world with mechanisms that help to find solutions to various disputes or problems and to take action on issues of concern to humanity. Addressing environmental, food, human rights, refugees, climate change and natural disasters plays an important role in reducing international tensions, preventing conflicts and stopping wars that have broken out. ^[23]

Chinese name: The United Nations
Foreign name: the United Nations ^[18] (English)
Organisation des Nations Unies ^[18] (in French)
Las Naciones Unidas ^[17] (in Spanish)
О р f а н и з а ц и second О б are е д и н е н н ы х Н а ц и й ^[18] (Russian)
The world's most beautiful country. The world's most beautiful country. The world's most beautiful country ^[18] (Arabic)

dominance: International intergovernmental organization ^[24]
Establishment time: October 24, 1945 ^[24]
Headquarters location: America New York ^[24]
Number of employees: 37,000 people ^[30] (2023)
Current secretary General: Antonio Guterres ^[27]
Programme document: United Nations Charter ^[24]

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EDITOR

pretissue

The predecessor of the United Nations was League of nations . After the First World War, according to Treaty of Versailles The League of Nations was established in 1919 to "promote international cooperation and achieve world peace and security." As of 20 April 1946, the League of Nations ceased to exist and all assets were transferred to the United Nations. ^[28]

Earlier international organizations and institutions

In 1865, relevant countries established the first international organization to cooperate on specific issues. In 1865, International Telegraph union Established, later renamed International Telecommunication union ; In 1874, Universal Postal union Established. Today, both organizations are specialized agencies of the United Nations.

1899 The International Peace Conference was held in The Hague. The conference aims to develop instruments for the peaceful resolution of crises, the prevention of war and the regulation of the rules of war. The meeting passed Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes And was established under the Convention Permanent court of arbitration . In 1902, the Permanent Court of Arbitration began its work. ^[28]

Organize and prepare

Declaration of the Allies

On 12 June 1941, representatives of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Federation of South Africa, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, the Yugoslav Government in exile, and General Charles de Gaulle of France met in the ancient Palace of St. James and signed the treaty Declaration of the Allies (also known as the Declaration of St. James's Palace), which was the first step towards the birth of the United Nations. The declaration reads in part:

"The only true basis for lasting peace is the voluntary cooperation of free peoples in a world free from the threat of aggression and free of economic and social security for all; To this end, we will cooperate fully with free peoples of other nations in time of war and peace." ^[29]

Atlantic Charter

On August 14, 1941, Atlantic Charter Signed, among others, by the President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt And Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill He announced to the world "a number of common principles in the policies of the two countries on which their hopes for a better future world are based".

Paragraph 8 of the Atlantic Charter refers to "the establishment of a more universal and durable system of comprehensive security" in the future. ^[29]

United Nations Declaration

On January 1, 1942, 26 nations at war with the Axis Powers (including the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and the Soviet Union) signed a document endorsing the purposes and principles embodied in the Atlantic Charter, known as the Atlantic Charter United Nations Declaration . Since then, 21 other countries have signed the Declaration. The United Nations Declaration coined the term "United Nations". The name "United Nations" was coined by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

United Nations Declaration

The original 26 signatories of the United Nations Declaration were: United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, China, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Poland, South African Federation, Yugoslavia.

The United States Declaration was subsequently signed by Mexico, the Philippines, Ethiopia, Iraq, Brazil, Bolivia, Iran, Colombia, Liberia, France, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Uruguay, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Lebanon. ^[29]

Moscow and Tehran meetings

From October 18 to November 1, 1943, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China held a conference in Moscow. At the end of the conference, the participating States adopted a Four-Nation Declaration on Universal Security, in which they "recognized the need to establish, at the earliest practicable date, a universal international organization based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving States for the maintenance of international peace and security." All peace-loving nations, large and small, shall join this organization." It was the first time in an official document that an international organization for peacekeeping was explicitly proposed after the end of World War II. ^[29]

On November 28, 1943, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Tehran^[29]

When President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin met in Tehran from November 28 to December 1, 1943, they reaffirmed their common policy, made clear their determination "to work together in times of war and post-war peace," and acknowledged that "we and all the United Nations have a noble responsibility to achieve such peace." Such a peace would enjoy the support of the overwhelming majority of the people of the globe and save many generations to come from the scourge and terror of war." They also announced their plan to "seek the cooperation and active participation of all nations, large and small, whose peoples, like ours, are wholeheartedly committed to the elimination of dictatorship and slavery, oppression and intolerance" in a "community of world democracies" (see article). Tehran Declaration Tehran, 1 December 1943). ^[29]

Dumbarton Oaks Conference and Yalta Conference

From August 21 to October 7, 1944, at the Washington Dialogue on the Organization for International Peace and Security (also known as Dumbarton Oaks Conference Representatives of the United States and the United Kingdom met with representatives of the Soviet Union (21 August to 28 September) and of China (29 September to 7 October) respectively at Dumbarton Oaks. At the meeting, Governments exchanged national reports prepared after the Moscow Conference. A Steering committee was entrusted with reaching agreement on the main substantive issues, and a joint drafting group drafted a text in the form of a treaty on the basis of negotiations. The outcome document of the Conference, entitled "Proposal for the establishment of a Universal International Organization", was issued on 9 October 1994. This document also became the initial working document of the 1945 San Francisco Conference.

The Yalta Conference of 4-11 February 1945 continued negotiations on the future establishment of an international organization. United States President Roosevelt, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Prime Minister Joseph Stalin attended the meeting. The Protocol of procedure of the Conference included a section devoted to the "World Organization", which included an important decision to convene a "Conference of United Nations Nations on proposals for a World Organization" in the United States on 25 April 1945. This document identifies the countries that will be invited to the conference, as well as the text of the invitation letter.

Further support for the Dumbarton Oaks proposal was expressed at the Conference of the American Republics, held in Mexico City from February 2 to March 8, 1945. In the Dumbarton Oaks proposal, there is an important issue that has not been resolved, namely the voting procedure in the Council. The problem was not resolved until the Yalta Conference in Crimea between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin and the foreign ministers and key officials of the three countries. On February 11, 1945, the Yalta Conference decided to hold the San Francisco Conference. ^[29]

Organization establishment

San Francisco Conference

From April 25 to June 26, 1945, representatives of 50 countries gathered in San Francisco, California, United States, for the United Nations Conference on International Organizations. On the basis of Dumbarton Oaks Conference The proposal of Yalta Agreement And the amendments proposed by the governments, the conference agreed United Nations Charter and Statute of the International Court of Justice . ^[31]

Originally invited to San Francisco Conference There are 46 countries (including four sponsors). These countries had declared war on Germany and Japan and signed it United Nations Declaration . Poland, one of 46 countries, did not attend the San Francisco Conference because its new government was not announced until after the conference. There was therefore a gap in the Charter for Poland to sign, as Poland was one of the original signatories of the United Nations Declaration. At the time of the meeting, Poland did not have a universally recognized government. On 28 June, the government of Poland was proclaimed, and on 15 October, Poland signed the Charter, thus becoming one of the 51 founding members of the United Nations. In addition, four other countries were invited to the conference: the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the newly liberated Denmark and Argentina. As a result, delegates from 50 countries attended the San Francisco Conference in April 1945. ^[31]

Work arrangement

The programme of work for the San Francisco Conference is as follows. The highest body is the Plenary Meeting, which is responsible for the final vote and adoption of the text. The plenary consists of four committees:

A Steering committee, composed of heads of all delegations, to consider major policy and procedural issues;

On May 10, 1945, the Steering Committee met in San Francisco.^[31]

The Executive Committee, consisting of 14 heads of delegations (four heads of sponsoring Government delegations and ten jointly elected members), is responsible for preparing recommendations for the Steering Committee;

A Coordinating Committee, composed of technical members of the 14 delegations mentioned above, to assist the Executive Committee, and an advisory Committee of jurists to assist the Coordinating Committee;

The Credentials Committee, composed of representatives of six delegations, verifies the credentials of representatives. ^[31]

In order to study the most important outstanding issues, four General Committees were established under the Steering Committee to coordinate the work of the 12 technical Committees and prepare the drafting of proposals. If necessary, the Technical Committee may establish subcommittees. The organization of its work is as follows:

Committee I (General provisions) coordinates the work of Technical Committee I (Preamble, purposes and Principles) and Technical Committee II (Membership, Amendments and Secretariat);

The Second Committee (General Assembly) coordinates the work of Technical Committee I (structure and procedures), Technical Committee II (political and security functions), Technical Committee III (Economic and Social cooperation) and Technical Committee IV (Trusteeship system);

The Third Committee (the Council) coordinates the work of Technical Committee I (structure and procedures), Technical Committee II (peace settlement), Technical Committee III (law enforcement arrangements) and Technical Committee IV (regional arrangements);

The Fourth Committee (Judicial Organization) coordinates the work of Technical Committee I (International Court of Justice) and Technical Committee II (Legal Questions).

The Secretariat provides day-to-day management of the conference. Through this formal framework, informal consultations were held separately by delegations, in particular by the five major powers present at the Conference (the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China and France).

Delegates to the San Francisco Conference^[31]

The San Francisco Conference was attended by 850 delegates, plus delegates' advisers, staff and conference secretariat staff, for a total of 3,500. In addition, there are more than 2,500 representatives from the newspaper, radio and newsreel industries, as well as observers from various social groups and organizations. Plenary meetings are held only at the end of the session. A lot of work needs to be done by the preparatory committees before the proposal reaches the plenary stage before it can be voted on. The voting procedure at the San Francisco Conference was very important. Every part of the Charter had to be adopted, and was adopted, by a two-thirds majority.

When the Charter of the United Nations was signed, the United Nations had not yet been established. In many countries, the Charter must be approved by Congress or parliament. Thus, the Charter entered into force when the Governments of China, France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States and most of the other signatory States ratified it and deposited their instruments of ratification with the United States Department of State. ^[31]

Formally established

On October 24, 1945, with the approval of the five permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of the signatories, the Charter of the United Nations came into force and the United Nations was officially established. ^[31] The founding of the United Nations was part of the World Anti-Fascist War, too World War II The fruits and manifestations of victory. The Charter of the United Nations, as the most important international law, established the basic norms of post-war international relations and became the foundation of the post-war international order. ^{[33
]}

On 26 June 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed^[29]

Organizational development

Although the role of the United Nations has been greatly limited due to the Cold War between the East and the West and the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, the United Nations has made great contributions to world peace, development and human rights through peacekeeping operations, decolonization and the ten-year development Strategy. ^{[33
]} As the most universal, representative and authoritative intergovernmental international organization in the world, the United Nations is not only a symbol of the post-war international order, but also an important actor in the Cold War and post-Cold War international relations. In today's process of addressing global issues and carrying out global governance, the role of the United Nations is indispensable and irreplaceable. Of course, the United Nations itself and its external environment are also facing various pressures and challenges, and it needs to maintain and strengthen its authority and effectiveness in the international order and global governance through continuous reform. ^{[32
]}

Cold War period

After the founding of the United Nations, the member States hoped to build a peaceful, united and united world, but the reality is that the world is divided into East and West confrontation, NATO Warsaw Pact confrontation, the United States and the Soviet Union rivalry; Inequality and gap between the North and the South are widening. The United Nations is inseparable from the Cold War. On the one hand, the Cold War is the basic environment for the development of the United Nations, and even determines the development trajectory of the United Nations. On the other hand, the United Nations became part of the cold War. Whether it is the division of the Korean Peninsula, the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan, or the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East, the United Nations has become ground zero. The United Nations, which should have been the "protagonist" of the post-war world, became the "supporting actor" of the Cold War. The East-West confrontation has severely restricted the space for the United Nations to play its role, and the US-Soviet rivalry has made the United Nations, especially the Security Council, often a place of confrontation rather than a platform for cooperation.

After the war, the United States and the Soviet Union developed from hegemony to global confrontation, and the United Nations was soon submerged in the Cold War, and the major powers tried to turn the United Nations into a cold War tool. Power politics, hegemonism and bloc policies have seriously harmed the United Nations and have constantly brought it into various difficulties. ^{[34
]}

On 17 January 1946, the Council held its first meeting.^[35]

On October 16, 1945, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Officially established as a specialized agency of the United Nations. ^[72]

On January 10, 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly was held in Central Hall, Westminster, London, attended by 51 countries. On January 17 of the same year, the United Nations Security Council held its first meeting in London and adopted its rules of procedure. On January 17 of the same year, the United Nations The Council held its first meeting in London and adopted its rules of procedure. On January 24 of the same year, the United Nations General Assembly adopted its first resolution on the peaceful use of atomic energy and the elimination of atomic weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. On February 1 of the same year, Trigev Lai was appointed as the first Secretary-General of the United Nations. ^[35] On February 16 of the same year, according to the resolution of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (" ECOSOC "), the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs was established as one of the functional commissions of ECOSOC. ^[62] In the same year, according to the UN Economic and Social Council resolution, it was established United Nations Commission on the Status of Women Is one of the functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council. ^[50] That same year, International Labour Organization (Established in 1919) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for social affairs such as employment and social security. ^[52] That same year, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Established as a specialized agency of the United Nations for education, science and culture. ^[54]

In 1947, International Telecommunication union (Established May 17, 1865) became responsible for the United Nations telegraphy Specialized institutions for undertakings. ^[55] In the same year, under the Convention on International Civil Aviation (commonly known as the Chicago Convention), International Civil Aviation Organization It was formally established and became a specialized agency of the United Nations. ^[60] In November of that year, The International Monetary Fund (established 27 December 1945) as a specialized agency of the United Nations. ^[73]

In 1948, World Health Organization Established as a specialized agency of the United Nations in the field of health. ^[58] That same year, Universal Postal union (Established in 1874) became the specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international postal operations and cooperation. ^[63]

On October 24, 1949, at a special open-air general assembly convened on United Nations Day, Secretary General Trigev Rye and Chief Architect Voorhis Harrison inaugurated New York United Nations Headquarters building Lay the foundation.

United Nations headquarters building under construction

On January 1, 1951, pursuant to the resolution of the Fifth Session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1950 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Established. ^[57]

7 April 1953 - Second Secretary-General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjold Take office. ^[36] In the same year, the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was renamed United Nations Children's Fund To help tackle malnutrition, disease and education among children in developing countries. ^[68]

In 1956, Suez crisis During this period, the United Nations developed peacekeeping operations in the form of impartial intervention between warring parties. Since then, the United Nations has continuously expanded its scope of action. These difficult and complex operations are demanding and thus present the United Nations with many challenges. ^{[37
]}

On July 29, 1957, International Atomic Energy Agency Established as an independent intergovernmental international organization within the United Nations system. The mission is "Atoms for peace and development". ^[78]

On September 30, 1960, 17 newly independent nations joined the United Nations, 16 of them from Africa. ^[36]

30 November 1962 - Third Secretary-General of the United Nations U Thant Take office. ^[39]

It was founded in 1963 by the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations World Food Programme Officially start business. ^[69]

On January 10, 1965, the United Nations General Assembly was established United Nations Development Programme It aims to work with governments to build national capacity to withstand crises and sustain growth. ^[39] That same year, United Nations Development Programme Officially established in 1965, it is the largest multilateral grant aid agency in the United Nations system. ^[64]

In 1966, the Social Committee (established in 1946) was renamed United Nations Commission for Social Development It is one of the functional commissions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. ^[65]

On July 14, 1967, World Intellectual Property Organization Established in December 1974 as a specialized agency of the United Nations. Its purpose is to promote the protection of intellectual property rights worldwide through cooperation among States and, where appropriate, in collaboration with other international organizations; Ensure cooperation among intellectual property alliances. ^[49]

Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on June 12, 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons It was opened for signature by 191 States parties and entered into force on 5 March 1970. It has played an important role in preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and promoting the nuclear disarmament process. To continue to uphold the authority and universality of the treaty is of great significance to the maintenance of multilateral arms control and disarmament mechanisms as well as international peace and security. ^[40]

Nominated by the United Nations General Assembly on 22 December 1971 Kurt Waldheim Secretary General of the United Nations. From 1 January 1972 to 31 December 1981, Mr. Waldheim served two terms as Secretary-General. ^[41]

It was established by the 27th United Nations General Assembly in 1972 United Nations Environment Programme (" UNEP "). It was officially established in January 1973. ^[66]

In November 1974, the United Nations held a World Food Conference in Rome and decided to establish International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. ^[74] In the same year, the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East was renamed United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific . ^[77]

Appointed by the United Nations General Assembly on 15 December 1981 Javier Perez de Cuellar Secretary General of the United Nations. ^[42]

In 1982, the Maritime Consultative Organization (founded in 1959) was renamed International Maritime Organization And became a United Nations specialized agency. ^[53]

In 1985, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (Established in 1966) as the United Nations specialized agency for the promotion of inclusive and sustainable industrial development in developing countries and economies in transition. ^[75]

In 1987, United Nations Population Fund Officially named, its predecessor was the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which was established in 1969. ^[67]

After the Cold War

Since the end of the cold war, the environment and space in which the United Nations plays its role have greatly improved. With the establishment of the consultation mechanism among the five permanent members of the Security Council, the Security Council has played a more active role. The number of UN peacekeeping operations is increasing and they are increasingly responding to conflicts within countries. The United Nations has established a peacebuilding framework, implemented the Millennium Development Goals and advocated the "responsibility to protect" norm, providing a new approach to global security, development and human rights governance. ^{[38
]}

On December 3, 1991, Boutros Boutros-Ghali was appointed Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly on the recommendation of the United Nations Security Council. ^[43]

In February 1992, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 46/152, United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Established. ^[48]

On January 1, 1995, World Trade Organization Established, formerly known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. ^[76] On June 26, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United Nations Charter was celebrated in San Francisco, California, USA. ^[43]

From October 22 to 24, 1995, the General Assembly commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations was held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, attended by heads of state and government. ^[43]

In 1996, under the auspices of the United Nations, new progress was made in the field of non-proliferation and arms control, with the indefinite extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the signing of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. ^{[38
]} December 17th, from Ghana Kofi Annan The seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations. Mr. Annan is the first Secretary-General to emerge from the ranks of the United Nations and the first from sub-Saharan Africa. ^[43]

In 1997, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime It was formed by the merger of the United Nations Anti-Drug Programme and the United Nations Centre for Crime Prevention. ^[59]

On 2 March 1998, when the United Nations first created the position of Deputy Secretary-General, Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Ms. Frechette as the first Deputy Secretary-General to help manage the operations of the Secretariat and ensure the continuity of activities and programs. ^[43]

In 1999, without the authorization of the United Nations Security Council, the United States-led NATO against Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Carry out air strikes. For the first time, the authority of the United Nations is being challenged. ^{[38
]}

Since the 21st century

Since the beginning of the 21st century, through continuous reform, the United Nations has played a leading role in addressing such global challenges as climate change, poverty and terrorism. The United Nations has become a successful example of global international organization. ^{[33
]}

In September 2000, the United Nations hosted the Millennium Summit, at which the Member States of the United Nations agreed on eight goals, namely," Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a call for action and international cooperation to provide food, education, health care and economic opportunities for children, women and men everywhere. ^[44]

In December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution 56/206, decided to upgrade the status of UN-Habitat UN-Habitat . ^[70]

In 2003, coalition forces led by the United States invaded Iraq without Security Council authorization. On August 19, 2003, the United Nations headquarters in Baghdad was attacked, killing 22 people. The Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq, Mr. Sergio de Mello, was also killed. It was the first time the United Nations had been targeted. The United Nations has also failed to play a leading role in responding to the crisis. ^{[38
]} That same year, United Nations World Tourism Organization Become a specialized agency of the United Nations. ^[56]

On 11 February 2005, the United Nations celebrated the sixtieth anniversary of the signing of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco. ^[45]

On December 20, 2005, the United Nations General Assembly established Peacebuilding Commission It aims to help countries emerging from conflict achieve sustainable peace. ^[51]

On 16 March 2006, the UN General Assembly established the Human Rights Council as the main UN intergovernmental body responsible for human rights. On October 13, the General Assembly adopted a resolution by acclamation appointing Ban Ki-moon, then Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Republic of Korea, as Secretary-General of the United Nations. ^[45]

In June 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development decided to establish United Nations High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development To replace the Commission on Sustainable Development. ^[71]

On October 24, 2015, the 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations was celebrated at the UN Headquarters in New York. The United Nations has held a series of summits, among which the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted at the Summit has become a landmark document for global development, putting forward 17 Sustainable development goals and 169 targets. ^[46]

On October 24, 2015, the 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations was celebrated at the UN Headquarters in New York. In the same year, the UN also reformed its peace and security architecture to focus on conflict prevention and sustainable peace. The shift from peacekeeping operations to peace operations indicates the transformation of the United Nations in the field of global security governance.

In 2016, International Organization for Migration (established in 1951, changed to its current name in 1989) is the United Nations Liaison Organization for countries dealing with migration issues. ^[61] The same year He was appointed by acclamation by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 October Antonio Guterres Secretary General of the United Nations. ^[46]

On 18 June 2021, Antonio Guterres was officially reappointed for a second five-year term from January 2022 to December 2026. ^[47]

Organizational file

broadcast

EDITOR

Important document

United Nations Charter

Home page of the Charter of the United Nations (left) Dong Biwu signs the Charter of the United Nations (right)

United Nations Charter It's a founding document of the United Nations. ^[81] It is regarded as the basic law of the United Nations, which not only establishes the purposes, principles and organizational structure of the United Nations, but also stipulates the responsibilities, rights and obligations of member states, as well as the basic principles and methods for handling international relations and maintaining world peace and security. ^[82]

The formulation of the Charter of the United Nations and the birth of the United Nations is a major event in the history of modern international relations. It is also a major achievement in the planning of the peace system after the Second World War. It reflects the aspirations of the people of all countries for peace. The general Constitution of the United Nations consists of 19 chapters and 111 articles, except for the preamble and conclusion. ^[82]

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights It is a landmark document that has had a profound impact on the development of the world human rights cause. ^[83] As the first international document on human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has laid the foundation for the practice of international human rights. It has played a role in encouraging, promoting and promoting the struggle for human rights, freedom and liberation of all peoples in the world, and is of positive significance in safeguarding and improving the human rights situation in all countries. ^[84]

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights inherits and draws on the general concepts of freedom, equality and human rights from the cultural heritage of mankind, especially the legislation and implementation experience of modern and modern Western countries in relation to human rights, and basically reflects the strong desire of the people of the world to fight for and safeguard human rights after the end of the Second World War and the level of understanding of the majority of the people at that time. Compared with the concept of human rights embodied in the human rights legislation of European and American countries at that time, the specific provisions have been enriched and expanded, and made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of human rights. ^[84]

Convention declaration

Conventions, treaties, charters
time	name	theme
The year 1925	Protocol Prohibiting the Use in Warfare of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases and bacteriological Methods of Warfare	disarmament
The year 1926	Slavery convention	Human rights
The year 1930	Forced Labour convention	labor
The year 1945	United Nations charter	The United Nations
The year 1945	Statute of International Court of Justice	United Nations; Criminal justice
The year 1946	United Nations Convention on Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities	Criminal justice
The year 1946	Agreement between the United Nations and the Carnegie Foundation for the use of the Peace Palace premises in The Hague	Criminal justice
The year 1948	Convention on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to organize	labor
The year 1948	Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	Human rights
The year 1949	Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and shipwrecked members of Armed Forces at Sea	Human rights
The year 1949	Geneva Conventions for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field	Human rights
The year 1949	Geneva Convention relating to the Treatment of Prisoners of War	Human rights
The year 1949	Convention on the right to organize and negotiate together	Human rights
The year 1949	Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War	Human rights
The year 1949	Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others	Human rights
The year 1951	Convention relating to the status of refugees	Human rights; Refugees and migrants
The year 1951	Convention on Equal Remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value	Women; labor
The year 1952	Women's suffrage Convention	Woman
The year 1952	International Convention on the Right of Correction	Criminal justice
The year 1953	Equal pay pact	Woman
1954	Convention relating to the Status of Stateless persons	Human rights; Refugees and migrants
The year 1955	Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of prisoners	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 1956	Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices similar to Slavery	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 1957	Convention on the Nationality of Married women	Woman
The year 1957	Convention on the abolition of forced Labour	labor
The year 1958	Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone	Law of the sea
The year 1958	Convention on the high seas	Law of the sea
The year 1958	Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas	Law of the sea
The year 1958	Convention on the continental shelf	Law of the sea
The year 1958	Optional Protocol on compulsory settlement of disputes	Law of the sea
The year 1958	Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards	Criminal justice
The year 1958	Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention	labor
The year 1959	Antarctic treaty	disarmament
The year 1960	Convention against Discrimination in Education	Human rights
The year 1961	Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations	International law
The year 1961	Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations on acquisition of nationality	International law
The year 1961	Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations on Compulsory Settlement of Disputes	International law
The year 1961	Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness	International law
The year 1961	Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961	Drug control
The year 1962	Convention on consent to marriage, minimum age for marriage and registration of marriages	Woman
The year 1962	Protocol establishing a Conciliation and Good Offices Commission to seek a solution to any dispute that may arise between States Parties to the Convention against Discrimination in Education	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 1963	Treaty banning nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under water	disarmament
The year 1963	Vienna Convention on Consular Relations	International law
The year 1963	Optional Protocol on the acquisition of nationality	International law
The year 1963	Optional Protocol on Compulsory settlement of disputes	International law
The year 1964	Employment policy convention	labor
The year 1965	International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination	Human rights
The year 1966	International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	Human rights
The year 1966	International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Human rights
The year 1966	Optional Protocol to International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Human rights
The year 1966	Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies	Outer space
The year 1967	Protocol relating to the status of refugees	Human rights; Refugees and migrants
The year 1967	Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space	Outer space
The year 1967	Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies	disarmament
The year 1968	Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons	disarmament
The year 1968	Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory limitations to War Crimes and crimes against Humanity	Human rights
The year 1969	Convention on special missions	Criminal justice
The year 1969	Optional Protocol on compulsory settlement of disputes	Criminal justice
The year 1969	Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties	International law
The year 1969	Convention on Special Envoys	Criminal justice
The year 1970	Treaty prohibiting the placement of nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Ocean Floor and in its subsoil	disarmament
The year 1971	Convention on psychotropic substances	Drug control
The year 1971	Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on their destruction	disarmament
The year 1971	Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects	Outer space
The year 1972	Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage	culture
The year 1973	International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid	Human rights
The year 1973	Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents	Criminal justice
The year 1973	Convention on the minimum age for Admission to Employment	labor
The year 1974	Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space	Outer space
The year 1974	Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States	Sustainable development
The year 1976	Convention prohibiting the use of Environmental Modification Technologies for military or any other hostile purpose	disarmament
The year 1977	Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)	Human rights
The year 1977	Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)	Human rights
The year 1978	United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods	Economy and trade
The year 1979	Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	Women; Human rights
The year 1979	Agreements governing the activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies	Outer space
The year 1979	International Convention against the Taking of Hostages	Criminal justice
The year 1980	Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects	Disarmament; Human rights
The year 1980	Protocol on Undetectable Debris to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol I)	Disarmament; International humanitarian law
The year 1980	Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines (Mines), Booby Traps and Other Devices to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol II)	Disarmament; International humanitarian law
The year 1980	Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol III)	Disarmament; International humanitarian law
The year 1982	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea	Law of the sea
The year 1984	Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	Human rights
The year 1985	International Convention against Apartheid in Sport	Human rights
The year 1985	South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty	disarmament
The year 1986	Protocol II to the South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty	disarmament
The year 1986	Protocol III to the South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty	disarmament
The year 1988	United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances	Drug control
The year 1988	United Nations Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes	Economy and trade
The year 1989	Convention on the Rights of the Child	Children; Human rights
The year 1989	Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty	Human rights
The year 1989	Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention	Human rights
The year 1989	International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries	disarmament
The year 1990	International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families	Human rights
The year 1990	Model extradition treaty	Criminal justice
The year 1990	Model Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters	Criminal justice
The year 1990	Model Treaty on Transfer of Criminal Proceedings	Criminal justice
The year 1990	Model Treaty on the Supervision of the Transfer of Offenders under Conditional Sentence or Conditional Release	Criminal justice
The year 1991	United Nations Convention on the Liability of Operators of Transport Terminals in International Trade	Economy and trade
The year 1991	Convention on the Addition of Identifying Agents to Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection	disarmament
The year 1992	Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction	disarmament
The year 1992	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change	environment
The year 1992	Convention on biological Diversity	Environment; Sustainable development
The year 1992	Chemical Weapons Convention - Annex on the Protection of Classified Information (" Confidential Annex ")	disarmament
The year 1992	Chemical Weapons Convention - Annex on Implementation and Verification (" Verification Annex ")	disarmament
The year 1992	Chemical Weapons Convention - Annex on chemicals	disarmament
The year 1994	Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel	Criminal justice
The year 1994	United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (UNCCD)	environment
The year 1995	United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit	Economy and trade
The year 1995	Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol IV)	Disarmament; Human rights
The year 1996	Pelindaba case of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty	disarmament
The year 1996	Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-ban Treaty	disarmament
The year 1996	Amended Protocol prohibiting or Restricting the Use of Mines, booby-traps and Other Devices	disarmament
The year 1997	International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings	terrorism
The year 1998	Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade	environment
The year 1998	Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunications Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations	International cooperation
The year 1998	Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court	Criminal justice
The year 1999	International Convention on arresting ships	International law
The year 1999	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	Women; Human rights
The year 1999	International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism	terrorism
The year 1999	Convention on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour	Children; Human rights
The year 1999	Inter-american Convention on Transparency in the Acquisition of conventional Weapons	disarmament
The year 2000	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict	Children; Human rights
The year 2000	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography	Children; Human rights
The year 2000	United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime	Criminal justice
The year 2000	Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime	Criminal justice
The year 2000	Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime	Criminal justice; Refugees and migrants
The year 2000	Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity	environment
The year 2000	Nationality of natural persons in connection with State succession	Human rights; Refugees and migrants
The year 2001	Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants	environment
The year 2001	United Nations Convention on Assignment of Receivables in International Trade	Economy and trade
The year 2001	Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime	Terrorism; disarmament
The year 2002	Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	Human rights
The year 2002	United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation	Criminal justice
The year 2003	International Code of Conduct on anti-ballistic missile proliferation	disarmament
The year 2003	United Nations Convention against Corruption	Criminal justice
The year 2003	Protocol on explosive Remnants of War	disarmament
The year 2003	World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control	Health; hygiene
The year 2003	Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage	culture
The year 2003	Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network	Sustainable development
The year 2003	Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol V)	Disarmament; International humanitarian law
The year 2004	United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property	Criminal justice
The year 2005	International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism	Criminal justice; terrorism
The year 2005	United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts	Economy and trade
The year 2005	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel	Criminal justice
The year 2005	International Convention against Doping in Sport	Drug control
The year 2005	Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 on the Adoption of an Additional Special Symbol (Protocol III)	Human rights
The year 2005	International Health Regulations (IHR)	hygiene
The year 2005	Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions	culture
The year 2006	Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	Human rights
The year 2006	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	Human rights
The year 2006	International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance	Human rights
The year 2008	Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	Human rights
The year 2008	United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or partly by Sea	Criminal justice
The year 2011	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the establishment of a communications procedure	Children; Human rights
The year 2012	Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products	Health; hygiene
The year 2013	Arms trade treaty	disarmament
The year 2014	United Nations Convention on Transparency in treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration	Economy and trade
The year 2015	Paris Agreement	environment
The year 2017	Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons	disarmament
Reference sources: ^[80]

Declaration, regulation, description
time	name	theme
The year 1947	Flag of the United Nations	The United Nations
The year 1948	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Human rights
The year 1949	Draft Declaration on the rights and Duties of States	Criminal justice
The year 1959	Declaration of the Rights of the Child	Children; Human rights
The year 1960	Declaration granting independence to colonial countries and peoples	Human rights; sovereignty
The year 1961	Declaration on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear and Thermonuclear Weapons	disarmament
The year 1962	Permanent sovereignty over natural resources	sovereignty
The year 1962	Declaration on the transfer of funds saved from disarmament to the needs of peace	Disarmament; Peace and security
The year 1963	United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination	Race; Human rights
The year 1963	Declaration on Legal Principles Governing the Work of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space	Outer space
The year 1965	Recommendations on consent to marriage, minimum age for marriage and marriage registration	Women; Human rights
The year 1965	Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa	disarmament
The year 1965	A declaration on the cultivation among young people of the ideals of peace, mutual respect and mutual understanding among nations	Youth; Peace and security
The year 1965	Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Interference in the Internal Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty	sovereignty
The year 1967	Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women	Woman
The year 1967	Territorial asylum declaration	Human rights
The year 1969	Declaration on Social Progress and Development	Sustainable development
The year 1970	Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations	Peace and security
The year 1970	International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade	Sustainable development
The year 1970	Declaration of Principles concerning the Marine Bed and Subsoil Beyond the Jurisdiction of States	Sustainable development
The year 1970	Declaration on the twenty-fifth Anniversary of the United Nations	Peace and security
The year 1970	Declaration on Strengthening International Security	Peace and security
The year 1971	Declare the Indian Ocean a zone of peace	Peace and security
The year 1971	Declaration on the Rights of Mentally retarded Persons	Human rights
The year 1973	Principles of international cooperation on the Detection, arrest, extradition and punishment of war criminals and criminals against Humanity	Criminal justice
The year 1974	Declaration on Establishment of a New International Economic Order	Sustainable development; Peace and security
The year 1974	Definition of aggression	Peace and security
The year 1974	Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict	Women; Children
The year 1974	Respect for human rights in armed conflict	Human rights
The year 1974	World Declaration against Hunger and Malnutrition	Human rights
The year 1975	Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress for Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind	Sustainable development; Peace and security
The year 1975	Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons	Human rights
The year 1975	Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	Human rights
The year 1976	Dakar Declaration on Namibia and Human Rights	Race; Human rights
The year 1977	International Declaration against Apartheid in sport	Race; Human rights
The year 1977	Declaration on Deepening and Consolidating International Detente	Peace and security
The year 1978	Declaration on the Protection of Human Rights	Human rights
The year 1978	A Declaration on preparing societies to live together in peace	Peace and security
The year 1978	Declaration of Namibia	race
The year 1978	Programme of Action in support of Namibian self-determination and national independence	Human rights
The year 1978	Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice	race
The year 1979	Declaration on International Cooperation in Disarmament	disarmament
The year 1979	Declaration on South Africa	race
The year 1979	Code of Conduct for law enforcement officers	Criminal justice
The year 1980	Sixth Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders - Caracas Declaration	Criminal justice
The year 1980	Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade	disarmament
The year 1980	International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade	Sustainable development
The year 1981	Declaration on the prevention of Nuclear Holocaust	Disarmament; Peace and security
The year 1981	Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Interference and Interference in the Internal Affairs of Other States	sovereignty
The year 1981	Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief	Human rights
The year 1982	Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes	Peace and security
The year 1982	Principles of medical ethics relating to the role of medical personnel, in particular doctors, in protecting persons imprisoned and detained from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment	Human rights
The year 1982	World Programme of Action on Disabled persons	Persons with disabilities; Human rights
The year 1982	World Charter for Nature	environment
The year 1982	Declaration on the Participation of Women in Promoting International Peace and Cooperation	Woman
The year 1982	Principles governing the use by States of artificial Earth satellites for international direct television broadcasting	Outer space
The year 1984	Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace	Human rights; Peace and security
The year 1984	Declaration on the Control of Drug Trafficking and Abuse	Drug control
The year 1984	Safeguards on protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty	Human rights
The year 1985	Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals who are not citizens of their Country of Residence	Human rights
The year 1985	United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules)	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 1985	Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 1985	The South African government's policy of apartheid	race
The year 1985	Basic principles on the independence of the judiciary	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 1985	Efforts and measures to ensure the realization and enjoyment by young people of their human rights, in particular the right to education and work	Youth; Human rights
The year 1986	Declaration on the right to Development	Human rights; Sustainable development
The year 1986	Principles relating to remote sensing of the Earth from outer space	Outer space
The year 1986	Declaration of Social and Legal Principles on child protection and child welfare, in particular national and international foster care and adoption practices	Criminal justice; Children
The year 1987	Environmental outlook to the year 2000 and beyond	environment
The year 1987	Declaration on Strengthening the Effectiveness of the Principle of Non-Use or Threat of Force in international Relations	Peace and security
The year 1987	The Recife Declaration	Human rights
The year 1988	Declaration on the Prevention and elimination of disputes and Situations that may threaten international peace and security and on the Role of the United Nations in this field	Peace and security
The year 1988	The principle of the protection of all persons under any form of detention or imprisonment	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 1989	Declaration on Apartheid and its Devastating Effects on Southern Africa	Race; Human rights
The year 1989	On the principles to be followed by further action by States in the field of freezing and reducing military budgets	disarmament
The year 1990	Declaration on International Economic Cooperation, in particular the Restoration of Economic Growth and Development of Developing Countries	Sustainable development
The year 1990	Basic principles on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials	Criminal justice
The year 1990	Basic principles on the role of lawyers	Criminal justice
The year 1990	Guidelines on the role of prosecutors	Criminal justice
The year 1990	Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam	Human rights
The year 1990	Final Declaration of the African Regional Session of the World Conference on Human Rights	Human rights
The year 1990	Model status-of-forces agreement for peacekeeping operations	Peace and security
The year 1990	Declaration declaring the 1990s the Third Disarmament Decade	disarmament
The year 1990	United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules)	Criminal justice
The year 1990	Basic principles for the treatment of prisoners	Human rights
The year 1990	United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines)	Criminal justice
The year 1990	UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty	Criminal justice
The year 1990	International cooperation to fight organized crime	Criminal justice
The year 1990	International Development Strategy for the Fourth United Nations Development Decade	Sustainable development
The year 1991	Model agreements between the United Nations and Member States providing personnel and equipment for United Nations peacekeeping operations	Peace and security
The year 1991	Windhoek Declaration on the Promotion of Independence and Pluralism in the African Press	Human rights
The year 1991	Principles for the protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care	Human rights
The year 1991	United Nations New Agenda for the Development of Africa in the 1990s	Sustainable development
The year 1991	Statement of principles and Programme of Action of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme	Criminal justice
The year 1991	Declaration on United Nations fact-finding in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security	Peace and security
The year 1991	United Nations Principles for Older persons	Human rights
The year 1992	Prague declaration	health
The year 1992	Agenda 21	Sustainable development
The year 1992	Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance	Human rights
The year 1992	Universal Declaration of Human Values	Sustainable development
The year 1992	Declaration on Ageing	Human rights
The year 1992	Declaration of Rights and humanity on the fundamental principles of human rights, ethics and humanity applicable in the context of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	AIDS; Human rights
The year 1993	Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or ethnic, religious and Linguistic Minorities	Human rights
The year 1993	International Conference for the Protection of War Victims - Final Declaration	Human rights; Peace and security
The year 1993	Poznan Declaration of Academic Freedom	Human rights
The year 1993	Kampala Declaration of Human Rights	Human rights
The year 1993	Non-governmental organization Bangkok Declaration on Human Rights	Human rights
The year 1993	Principles relating to the use of nuclear power Sources in outer space	Outer space
The year 1993	Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action	Human rights
The year 1993	Final Declaration of the Latin American and Caribbean Regional session of the World Conference on Human Rights - Declaration of SAN Jose	Human rights
The year 1993	Final Declaration of the Asian Regional Session of the World Conference on Human Rights	Human rights
The year 1993	Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements	Human rights; Sustainable development
The year 1993	Standard rules on Equal Opportunities for persons with disabilities	Human rights
The year 1994	Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women	Woman
The year 1994	Declaration on the Enhancement of cooperation between the United Nations and regional arrangements or agencies in the maintenance of international peace and security	Peace and security
The year 1994	Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism	terrorism
The year 1994	Principles relating to the status of National institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (Paris Principles)	Human rights
The year 1995	Declaration on the fiftieth Anniversary of the End of the Second World War	Peace and security
The year 1995	United Nations Model Rules for the Conciliation of Disputes between States	Criminal justice
The year 1995	Declaration on the fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations	Peace and security
The year 1995	World Programme of Action for Youth to the year 2000 and beyond	teenager
The year 1995	Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development	Sustainable development
The year 1995	Beijing Declaration	Sustainable development
The year 1995	Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes	Peace and security
The year 1996	Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and interest of all States, taking into particular account the needs of developing Countries	Outer space
The year 1996	United Nations Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions	Criminal justice
The year 1996	Declaration supplementing the 1994 Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism	terrorism
The year 1996	International Code of Conduct for Public Officials	Criminal justice
The year 1996	United Nations Declaration on Crime and Public Security	Peace and security
The year 1996	Rome Declaration on World Food Security	Sustainable development; Peace and security
The year 1996	Uncitral note on the organization of arbitration proceedings	Criminal justice; Economy and trade
The year 1996	Model Law on electronic Commerce	Criminal justice
The year 1997	Development agenda	Sustainable development
The year 1997	Model strategies and practical measures to eliminate violence against women in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice	Criminal justice; Women; Human rights
The year 1997	Guide to action on children in the criminal justice system	Criminal justice; Children
The year 1998	Guiding Principles on internal displacement	Sustainable development; Human rights
The year 1998	Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights	Human rights
The year 1998	International Labour Organization Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work	labor
The year 1998	Lisbon Declaration on youth policies and programmes	teenager
The year 1998	Braga Youth Action Plan	teenager
The year 1998	International cooperation against the world drug problem	Drug control
The year 1998	Declaration on the Right and Duty of Individuals, Groups and Institutions of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms	Human rights
The year 1998	Declaration on the fiftieth Anniversary of United Nations Peacekeeping	Peace and security
The year 1998	Twentieth special session - Political Declaration	Drug control
The year 1998	Declaration of Guiding Principles on drug demand Reduction	Drug control
The year 1999	Maputo Declaration of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction	disarmament
The year 1999	Declaration on a Culture of Peace	Peace and security
The year 1999	Progress on the Declaration and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and initiatives for their future implementation	Sustainable development
The year 2000	Declaration and Agenda for Action of the Millennium Forum of Our Peoples - Strengthening the United Nations for the twenty-first century	Sustainable development; Peace and security
The year 2000	Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting the challenges of the twenty-first Century	Criminal justice
The year 2000	United Nations Millennium Declaration	Sustainable development; Peace and security
The year 2000	Child rights	Children; Human rights
The year 2000	Principles of effective investigation and documentation of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 2000	Twenty-third special session - Political Declaration	Woman
The year 2001	Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity	Sustainable development
The year 2001	World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - Declaration	race
The year 2001	Global agenda for dialogue among civilizations	Sustainable development
The year 2001	Declaration on Cities and other Human Settlements in the New Millennium	Human rights; Sustainable development
The year 2001	Declaration of commitment on HIV/AIDS	AIDS; Human rights
The year 2001	Special Session on children - Declaration	Children
The year 2001	Declaration on Global efforts to combat terrorism	terrorism
The year 2002	Second World Assembly on Ageing - Political Declaration	Human rights
The year 2002	Monterrey consensus	Sustainable development
The year 2002	Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development - Political Declaration (Johannesburg Statement on Sustainable Development)	Sustainable development
The year 2002	United Nations Declaration on the New Partnership for Africa's Development	Sustainable development
The year 2002	Essentials for creating a global cybersecurity culture	Sustainable development
The year 2002	A world fit for children	Children
The year 2003	Declaration on the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and mercenary activities: Threats to peace and security in West Africa	disarmament
The year 2003	Promotion and protection of human rights - Human rights and bioethics	Human rights
The year 2003	Declaration on combating terrorism	terrorism
The year 2003	The Declaration of Alma-Ata	Economy and trade
The year 2004	Genetic privacy and non-discrimination	Human rights
The year 2004	Unctad XI - The Spirit of Sao Paulo	Economy and trade
The year 2004	Sao Paulo consensus	Economy and trade
The year 2005	Hyogo Declaration	Disaster reduction
The year 2005	United Nations Declaration on human cloning	Human rights
The year 2005	Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Serious Violations of international Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 2005	Guidelines on justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime	Children
The year 2005	2005 World Summit Outcome	Sustainable development
The year 2006	Bucharest Declaration on International cooperation against terrorism, Corruption and Transnational Organized Crime	terrorism
The year 2006	Strategy for partnership between States and the business community to combat terrorism	terrorism
The year 2006	Political declaration on HIV/AIDS	AIDS
The year 2006	Baku Agreement on Regional Cooperation against Illicit Drugs and Related Matters: a vision for the twenty-first Century	Drug control
The year 2007	United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples	Human rights
The year 2008	Political Declaration on Africa's development needs	Sustainable development
The year 2008	Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the sixty-third session of the General Assembly on the mid-term review of the Almaty Programme of Action	Economy and trade
The year 2008	Declaration on the sixtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Human rights
The year 2008	Doha Declaration on Financing for Development: Outcome document of the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the implementation of the Monterrey Consensus	Sustainable development
The year 2009	Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development	Economy and trade
The year 2010	United Nations Global Action Plan to combat Trafficking in Persons	Human rights
The year 2010	United Nations Rules on the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders (Bangkok Rules)	Human rights; Woman
The year 2010	El Salvador Declaration on Integrated Strategies to address global Challenges: Crime Prevention and Criminal justice Systems and their Development in a Changing world	Criminal justice
The year 2011	Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Scaling up action to end HIV and AIDS	AIDS
The year 2011	Political declaration of the high-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of non-communicable diseases	health
The year 2011	Unite against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance	Race; Human rights
The year 2011	International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space	Outer space
The year 2011	United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training	Human rights
The year 2012	The future we want	Sustainable development; Peace and security
The year 2012	Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the rule of Law at the national and international levels	Criminal justice
The year 2013	Declaration of the High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development	Human rights
The year 2013	Lima Declaration on Alternative Development	Drug control
The year 2014	Outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly, known as the World Congress of Indigenous Peoples	Human rights
The year 2014	Small Island Developing States Rapid Action Approach (Samoa Approach)	Sustainable development
The year 2014	Vienna Declaration	Sustainable development
The year 2015	Political Declaration on strengthening cooperation between the United Nations and regional and subregional organizations	Sustainable development
The year 2015	Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development	Sustainable development
The year 2015	Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development	Sustainable development
The year 2015	World Declaration on a nuclear-weapon-free world	disarmament
The year 2015	Outcome document of the high-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the comprehensive review of the implementation of the Outcome document of the World Summit on the Information Society	Sustainable development
The year 2015	Doha Declaration on integrating crime prevention and criminal justice into the broader United Nations agenda to address social and economic challenges and promote the rule of law and public participation at the national and international levels	Criminal justice
The year 2015	United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules)	Human rights; Criminal justice
The year 2015	United Nations Consumer Protection Guidelines	Economy and trade
The year 2015	Declaration on the 70th anniversary of the United Nations	Sustainable development; Peace and security
The year 2015	Sendai Declaration	Disaster reduction
The year 2016	New York Declaration on Refugees and Migrants	Human rights; Refugees and migrants
The year 2016	Declaration on the right to Peace	Human rights; Peace and security
The year 2016	Our shared commitment to effectively address and respond to the world drug problem	Drug control
The year 2016	Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Antimicrobial Resistance	Drug control
The year 2016	New urban agenda	Sustainable development
The year 2017	Political Declaration on the implementation of the United Nations Global Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons	Human rights
The year 2018	Global Compact on Refugees	Human rights; Refugees and migrants
The year 2018	Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM)	Human rights; Refugees and migrants
The year 2020	Declaration on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the United Nations	Sustainable development; Peace and security
Reference sources: ^[79]

Organs and organizations

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EDITOR

The United Nations has six main organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat, all of which were established in 1945 United Nations Charter Set up. ^[85]

United Nations General Assembly

United Nations General Assembly The General Assembly is the main deliberative, decision-making and representative organ of the United Nations, which is composed of all 193 Member States of the United Nations and is the only universally representative organ. Every September, all Member States of the General Assembly gather in New York for their annual meeting in the United Nations General Assembly Chamber and for the General debate, which is attended and addressed by many heads of state. Decisions of the General Assembly on important issues, such as those on peace and security, admission of new Members and budgetary matters, must be adopted by a two-thirds majority; Other questions require only a simple majority. The General Assembly elects a President each year for a one-year term. ^[85]

The General Assembly also makes important decisions for the United Nations, including:

1. Appoint the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Security Council.

2. Election of non-permanent members of the Security Council.

3. Approve the budget of the United Nations. ^[86]

A subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly
Main committee	International law commission
Disarmament commission	Joint Inspection Unit
Human Rights Council	Standing Committees and AD hoc bodies ^[92]

Security Council

United Nations Security Council

United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) was established on January 13, 1946, and held its first meeting on January 17, 1946, in Church House, Westminster, London. Since its first meeting, the Security Council has established its permanent address at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The Security Council has 15 members, and each member has one vote. All members have an obligation to implement the Council's decisions. The Security Council also recommends that the General Assembly appoint the Secretary-General and admit new Member States to the United Nations. Together with the General Assembly, the Council also elects the judges of the International Court of Justice. ^[87] The Security Council establishes a rotating President for a term of one month. ^[85] When the United Nations Security Council receives a complaint about a threat to peace, its first action is usually to recommend that the parties try to reach an agreement by peaceful means. The Council could: propose principles for reaching such an agreement; Investigation and mediation in certain circumstances; Dispatch visiting missions; Appointment of special envoys; Requests the Secretary-General to use his good offices to achieve a peaceful settlement of the dispute. ^[87]

Member of the United Nations Security Council
Permanent member	Non-permanent Member (elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years with the expiration of the term)
People's Republic of China	Algeria (2025)	Mozambique (2024)
United States	Ecuador (2024)	Republic of Korea (2025)
Russian Federation	Guyana (2025)	Sierra Leone (2025)
French Republic	Japan (2024)	Slovenia (2025)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	Malta (2024)	Switzerland (2024)

A subsidiary body of the United Nations Security Council
Counter-terrorism Committee	Peacekeeping operations and special political missions
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal tribunals	Sanctions Committee (AD hoc)
Military staff committee	Standing Committees and AD hoc bodies ^[92]

Economic and Social Council

United Nations Economic and Social Council

United Nations Economic and Social Council (United Nations Economic and Social Council) ^[88] It is the principal organ of the United Nations for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as for the implementation of international development goals. As the central mechanism for United Nations system-wide activities, ECOSOC has established a number of specialized agencies, subsidiary oversight bodies and expert bodies covering the economic, social and environmental fields. The Economic and Social Council has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms. Ecosoc is the UN's central platform for reflection, debate and innovative thinking on sustainable development issues. ^[85]

The United Nations Economic and Social Council has the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, the Commission for Social Development, the Commission on Population and Development, the Commission on the Status of Women, the Statistical Commission, the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, the Commission on Sustainable Development, the Commission on Science and Technology for Development and the United Nations Forum on Forests to handle its mandates. ^[89]

Functional commissions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice	Commission for Social Development
Commission on Narcotic Drugs	Statistical commission
Commission on Population and Development	United Nations Forum on Forests Commission
Commission on Science and Technology for Development	Commission on the Status of Women ^[89] ^[92]

Trusteeship council

Trusteeship Council chamber

United Nations Trusteeship Council Established in 1945 under Chapter XIII of the Charter of the United Nations, it exercises international control over 11 Trust Territories administered by seven Member States and ensures that the administering Power takes appropriate measures to prepare the Territories for self-government or independence. As of 1994, all Trust Territories had achieved self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council ceased to function on 1 November 1994. By resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Trusteeship Council amended its rules of procedure to eliminate the requirement that it meet annually and agreed to meet in plenary as required by a decision of the Trusteeship Council or its President, or at the request of a majority of the members of the Trusteeship Council or the General Assembly or the Security Council. ^[85]

International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice It is the main judicial organ of the United Nations, located in The Hague, Netherlands Peace Palace It is the only one of the six main organs of the United Nations that is located outside New York, the United States, and was established in 1945. The role of the Court is to settle legal disputes submitted to it by States in accordance with international law and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly recognized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. The International Court of Justice Statute of the International Court of Justice Exercise authority. ^[85] International Court of Justice 15 judges, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council. ^[90]

United Nations Secretariat

Current UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres

United Nations Secretariat Responsible for the day-to-day work of the General Assembly and other principal organs. The Secretary-General is the Chief executive Officer of the Secretariat, which is made up of thousands of United Nations staff who work in every corner of the world. The United Nations recruits international and local staff who serve in duty stations and peacekeeping missions around the world. The Secretariat consists of a number of departments, each with clear areas of action and responsibility. ^[85]

The Secretary-General is the Chief Administrative Officer of the United Nations and the chief administrative officer of the United Nations Secretariat. ^[85] Appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of five years. The Secretary-General performs the functions of Chief Executive, performing "such other functions as may be entrusted to him" by the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other organs of the United Nations. ^[91]

United Nations Secretary General
name	nationality	Term of office
Trigway Halfdan Rye (Trygve Halvdan Lie)	Norwegian nationality	February 2, 1946 - November 10, 1952
Dag Hammarskjold (Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjold)	Swedish nationality	April 10, 1953 - September 18, 1961
U Thant (U Thant)	Burmese nationality	November 3, 1961 - December 31, 1971
Kurt Waldheim (Kurt Waldheim)	Austrian nationality	January 1, 1972 - December 31, 1981
Javier Perez de Cuellar (Javier Perez de Cuellar)	Be born in Peru	January 1, 1982 - December 31, 1991
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Boutros Boutros-Ghali)	Be of Egyptian origin	January 1, 1992 - December 31, 1996
Kofi Annan	Nationality of Ghana	January 1, 1997 - December 31, 2006
Ban Ki-moon	Be of Korean nationality	January 1, 2007 - December 31, 2016
Antonio Guterres	Portuguese nationality	From January 1, 2017 to present

Principal institution

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EDITOR

New York headquarters

The United Nations headquarters building is located in Manhattan, New York United Nations Secretariat Building, which handles the day-to-day work of the United Nations. ^[85]

New York headquarters main agency
Office of the Secretary-General (Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary-General)	Development coordination office
Department of Economic and Social Affairs	Department for General Assembly and Conference Management
Global Communications Department	Manage Strategy, Policy and Compliance
Operations support department	Department of Peace Operations
Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs	Department of Safety and Security
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs	Counter-terrorism Office
Office for Disarmament Affairs	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Office of Internal Oversight Services	Office of Legal Affairs
Office for Outer Space Affairs	Office of the Special Adviser on Africa
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction	United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
United Nations Office for Partnerships	United Nations Youth Office
Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary for Children and Armed Conflict	Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary for Sexual Violence in Conflict
Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children	Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States ^[92]

Geneva Office

United Nations Office at Geneva

The United Nations Office at Geneva acts as the representative body of the Secretary-General in Geneva and is the largest duty station outside United Nations Headquarters in New York. More than 8,000 meetings are held each year, making it one of the busiest convention centers in the world. In order to effectively represent the Secretary-General, the United Nations Office at Geneva performs important liaison functions. It coordinates with permanent missions, the Governments of the host country of Switzerland and other countries, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, research and academic institutions, and regional and other organizations of the United Nations common system based in Geneva. The United Nations Office at Geneva also plays a crucial role in promoting inter-agency cooperation among these different actors. ^[98]

Current Director General of the United Nations Office at Geneva: Tatiana Valovaya. ^[96]

United Nations Office at Nairobi

United Nations Office at Nairobi The Office of the Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations in Nairobi, which performs representative and liaison functions with Permanent missions in Nairobi, host and other Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and other organizations of the United Nations system in Kenya; Facilitating cooperation between the United Nations and regional organizations; for United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Provision of administrative and other support services; Provision of joint common services to other organizations of the United Nations system based in Kenya, as appropriate; Manages and implements administrative, conference-servicing and public information programmes and provides security for United Nations staff and facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. ^[93]

Current Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi: Zainab Hawa Bangura . ^[95]

Vienna Office

United Nations Office at Vienna

United Nations Office at Vienna Managing and implementing the peaceful uses of the United Nations Outer space The programme provides common services, such as conference services, information services, security services, procurement services and general logistics services, to organizations based at the Vienna International Centre. Vienna Office and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Have close ties. In addition to the common services mentioned above, a common Management Division provides financial resources management services, human resources management services and information technology and communications services to both organizations. ^[94]

The current Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna and Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: Jada Wali . ^[97]

Other institutions

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EDITOR

Programme fund

United Nations programmes and IMF agencies
Organization name	Head office
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)	New York, USA
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)	New York, USA
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)	New York, USA
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)	Nairobi, Kenya
UN-Habitat (UN-Habitat)	Nairobi, Kenya
World Food Programme (WFP)	Rome, Italy ^[100]

Specialized agency

United Nations specialized agencies
Organization name	Head office
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)	Rome, Italy
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)	Paris, France
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)	Vienna, Austria
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, D.C., USA
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	Rome, Italy
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)	Montreal, Canada
International Labour Organization (ILO)	Geneva, Switzerland
International Maritime Organization (IMO)	London, United Kingdom
International Telecommunication union (ITU)	Geneva, Switzerland
Universal Postal union (UPU)	Bern, Switzerland
World Health Organization (WHO)	Geneva, Switzerland
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)	Geneva, Switzerland
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)	Geneva, Switzerland
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)	Madrid, Spain
World Bank (WB)	Washington, D.C., USA ^[100]

Other entity

Other United Nations entities and agencies
Organization name	Head office
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS	Geneva, Switzerland
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Geneva, Switzerland
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDR)	Geneva, Switzerland
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)	Geneva, Switzerland
United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)	Copenhagen, Denmark
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)	Jordan Oman
United Nations System Staff College (UNISM)	Turin, Italy
United Nations University (UNU)	Tokyo, Japan
UN Women (UN Women)	New York, USA ^[100]

Related organization

Location of relevant United Nations organizations and their headquarters
Organization name	Head office
World Trade Organization (WTO)	Geneva, Switzerland
International trade center (ITC)	Geneva, Switzerland
International Organization for Migration (IOM)	Geneva, Switzerland
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)	Vienna, Austria
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization	Vienna, Austria
International Criminal Court (ICC)	The Hague, Netherlands
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)	The Hague, Netherlands
Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change	Bonn, Germany ^[100]

Regional organization

United Nations regional commissions
Organization name	Head office
Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)	Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)	Bangkok, Thailand
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)	Beirut, Lebanon
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)	Geneva, Switzerland
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)	Intellectual Santiago ^[100]

Member state

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EDITOR

Member state

At the moment, United Nations Member States There are 193 of them.

United Nations Member States
nation	Add time	nation	Add time
Albania	December 14, 1955	Algeria	October 8, 1962
Afghanistan	November 19, 1946	Argentina	October 24, 1945
United Arab Emirates	December 9, 1971	Syrian Arab Republic	October 24, 1945
Oman	October 7, 1971	Azerbaijan	March 2, 1992
Egypt	October 24, 1945	Ethiopia	November 13, 1945
Ireland	December 14, 1955	Estonia	17 September 1991
Andorra	28 July 1993	Angola	December 1, 1976
Antigua and Barbuda	November 11, 1981	Austria	December 14, 1955
Australia	November 1st, 1945	Barbados	December 9, 1966
Papua New Guinea	October 10, 1975	Bahamas	September 18, 1973
Pakistan	September 30, 1947	Paraguay	October 24, 1945
Bahrain	September 21, 1971	Panama	November 13, 1945
Brazil	October 24, 1945	Belarus	October 24, 1945
Bulgaria	December 14, 1955	Benin	September 20, 1960
Belgium	December 27, 1945	Peru	October 31, 1945
Iceland	November 19, 1946	Poland	October 24, 1945
Bosnia and Herzegovina	22 May 1992	Bolivia	November 14, 1945
Belize	September 25, 1981	Botswana	October 17, 1966
Bhutan	September 21, 1971	Burkina Faso	September 20, 1960
Burundi	September 18, 1962	Democratic People's Republic of Korea	17 September 1991
Equatorial Guinea	November 12, 1968	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	October 24, 1945
Republic of Korea	17 September 1991	Denmark	October 24, 1945
Germany	September 18, 1973	East Timor	27 September 2002
Togo	September 20, 1960	Dominican Republic	October 24, 1945
Dominic	December 18, 1978	Russian Federation	October 24, 1945
Ecuador	December 21, 1945	Eritrea	28 May 1993
France	October 24, 1945	The Philippines	October 24, 1945
Fiji	October 13, 1970	Finland	December 14, 1955
Cape Verde	September 16, 1975	Gambia	September 21, 1965
Congo	September 20, 1960	Democratic Republic of the Congo	September 20, 1960
Colombia	November 5th, 1945	Grenada	September 17, 1974
Georgia	July 31, 1992	Costa Rica	November 2nd, 1945
Cuba	October 24, 1945	Guyana	September 20, 1966
Kazakhstan	March 2, 1992	Haiti	October 24, 1945
Netherlands	December 10th, 1945	The Republic of Montenegro	June 28, 2006
Honduras	December 17, 1945	Republic of Kiribati	14 September 1999
Djibouti	September 20, 1977	Kyrgyzstan	March 2, 1992
Guinea	December 12, 1958	Guinea-Bissau	September 17, 1974
Canada	November 9, 1945	Ghana	March 8, 1957
Gabon	September 20, 1960	Cambodia	December 14, 1955
Czech Republic	19 January 1993	Zimbabwe	August 25, 1980
Cameroon	September 20, 1960	Qatar	September 21, 1971
Comoros	November 12, 1975	Cote d 'Ivoire	September 20, 1960
Kuwait	May 14, 1963	Croatia	20 May 1992
Kenya	December 16, 1963	Latvia	17 September 1991
Lesotho	October 17, 1966	Lao People's Democratic Republic	December 14, 1955
Lebanon	October 24, 1945	Republic of Lithuania	17 September 1991
Liberia	November 2nd, 1945	Libya	December 14, 1955
Liechtenstein	18 September 1990	Luxembourg	October 24, 1945
Rwanda	September 18, 1962	Romania	December 14, 1955
Madagascar	September 20, 1960	Maldives	September 21, 1965
Malta	December 1, 1964	Malawi	December 1, 1964
Malaysia	September 17, 1957	Mali	September 28, 1960
Republic of North Macedonia	8 April 1993	The Marshall Islands	17 September 1991
Mauritius	April 24, 1968	Mauritania	October 27, 1961
United States	October 24, 1945	Mongolia	October 27, 1961
Bangladesh	September 17, 1974	Federated States of Micronesia	17 September 1991
Burma	April 19, 1948	Republic of Moldova	March 2, 1992
Morocco	November 12, 1956	Monaco	28 May 1993
Mozambique	September 16, 1975	Mexico	November 7th, 1945
Namibia	23 April 1990	S.Africa	November 7th, 1945
South Sudan	July 14, 2011	Nauru	14 September 1999
Nepal	December 14, 1955	Nicaragua	October 24, 1945
The Niger	September 20, 1960	Nigeria	October 7, 1960
Norse	November 27, 1945	Palau	15 December 1994
Portugal	December 14, 1955	Japan	December 18, 1956
Sweden	November 19, 1946	Switzerland	10 September 2002
El Salvador	October 24, 1945	Samoa	December 15, 1976
Republic of Serbia	1 November 2000	Sierra Leone	September 27, 1961
Senegal	September 28, 1960	Cyprus	September 20, 1960
Seychelles	September 21, 1976	Saudi Arabia	October 24, 1945
SAO Tome and Principe	September 16, 1975	Saint Kitts and Nevis	September 23, 1983
Saint Lucia	September 18, 1979	SAN Marino	March 2, 1992
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	September 16, 1980	Sri Lanka	December 14, 1955
Slovakia	19 January 1993	Slovenia	22 May 1992
Eswatini	September 24, 1968	Sudan	November 12, 1956
Suriname	December 4, 1975	Solomon Islands	September 19, 1978
Somalia	September 20, 1960	Tajikistan	March 2, 1992
Thailand	December 16, 1946	United Republic of Tanzania	December 14, 1961
Tonga	14 September 1999	Trinidad and Tobago	September 18, 1962
Tunisia	November 12, 1956	Tuvalu	5 September 2000
Türkiye	October 24, 1945	Turkmenistan	March 2, 1992
Vanuatu	September 15, 1981	Guatemala	November 21, 1945
Venezuela	November 15, 1945	Brunei Darussalam	September 21, 1984
Uganda	October 25th, 1962	Ukraine	October 24, 1945
Uruguay	December 18, 1945	Uzbekistan	March 2, 1992
Spain	December 14, 1955	Greece	October 25th, 1945
Singapore	September 21, 1965	NZ	October 24, 1945
Hungary	December 14, 1955	Jamaica	September 18, 1962
Armenia	March 2, 1992	Yemen	September 30, 1947
Iraq	December 21, 1945	Islamic Republic of Iran	October 24, 1945
Israel	May 11, 1949	Italy	December 14, 1955
India	October 30, 1945	Indonesia	September 28, 1950
Jordan	December 14, 1955	Vietnam	September 20, 1977
Zambia	December 1, 1964	Chad	September 20, 1960
Chile	October 24, 1945	Central African Republic	September 20, 1960
China	October 24, 1945 ( People's Republic of China Resumed on 25 October 1971)

Observer state

Currently, there are two United Nations observer state .

United Nations observer state
Country name	Add time
Vatican	April 6, 1964
Palestine	November 29, 2012

Observer entity

Currently, there are four UN observer entities.

United Nations observer entity
Organization name	Add time
International Committee of the Red Cross	October 16, 1990
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies	19 October 1994
Inter-parliamentary union	19 November 2002
The Knights of Malta	24 August 1994

Observer organization

At present, there are 58 UN observer organizations.

UN Observer organization with permanent office
Organization name	Add time	Organization name	Add time
African Union	October 11, 1965	Asian-african Legal Consultative Organization	October 13, 1980
Caribbean Community	October 17, 1991	Central American unity	19 October 1995
The British Commonwealth secretariat	October 18, 1976	European Community (now as European Union )	October 11, 1974
International Criminal Court	-	International Criminal Police Organization	October 15, 1996
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance	December 9, 2003	International Organization for Migration	October 16, 1992
International organization of la Francophonie	November 10, 1978	International Seabed authority	24 October 1996
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea	17 December 1996	International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources	17 December 1999
League of Arab States	November 1, 1950	Organization of the Islamic Conference	October 10, 1975
Partners in population and development	19 November 2002	-	-

United Nations observer organization without permanent office
Organization name	Add time	Organization name	Add time
Organization of American States	October 16, 1948	International Development Law Organization	12 December 2001
Latin American economies	October 13, 1980	International Hydrographic Organization	12 December 2001
Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific States	October 15, 1981	Asian Development Bank	19 November 2002
African Development Bank	October 28, 1987	International Centre for Migration Policy Development	19 November 2002
Organization for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean	October 17, 1988	Gucci Group	December 09, 2003
European Commission	October 27, 1989	East African community	December 09, 2003
Economic cooperation organization	13 October 1993	Eurasian Economic community	December 09, 2003
Latin American Parliament	13 October 1993	Collective Security Treaty Organization	The 2nd of December 2004
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe	13 October 1993	Shanghai Cooperation Organization	The 2nd of December 2004
Permanent court of arbitration	13 October 1993	Southern African Development Community	The 2nd of December 2004
Commonwealth of Independent States	24 May 1994	Economic Community of West African States	The 2nd of December 2004
Pacific Islands Forum	17 October 1994	Organization of Eastern Caribbean States	The 2nd of December 2004
Andean community	October 22, 1997	South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation	The 2nd of December 2004
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development	October 15, 1998	Ibero-american Conference	November 23, 2005
Association of Caribbean States	October 15, 1998	Commodity mutual funds	November 23, 2005
Customs cooperation council	23 March 1999	Hague Conference on Private International Law	November 23, 2005
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization	October 08, 1999	Latin American Integration Association	November 23, 2005
Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries	26 October 1999	Association of Southeast Asian Nations	December 04, 2006
Economic Community of Central African States	12 December 2000	Indian Ocean commission	December 04, 2006
Inter-american Development Bank	12 December 2000	Opec Fund for International Development	December 04, 2006
Community of Sahelo-Saharan States	12 December 2001	United Nations Science and Technology Organization	June 11, 2011

Field of work

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EDITOR

Through its headquarters in New York, offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi, and more than 40,000 staff members all over the world, the United Nations works in the fields of political security, trade and development, social human rights, science, technology and health, labor and property rights, culture and sports, telecommunications and postal services, refugees and immigration. ^{[104
]}

The work of the United Nations covers five areas: maintaining international peace and security; protecting human rights; providing humanitarian assistance; supporting sustainable development and climate action; and complying with international law. ^[101]

International peace and security

Maintaining world peace and security is the primary goal of the United Nations. In order to avoid a new world war, based on the lessons learned from the League of Nations, the United Nations established a collective security mechanism and implemented the principle of unanimity among great powers. Member States have entrusted the Security Council with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, with all means, including military action, to prevent aggression and achieve peace. ^{[109
]} The activities of the United Nations in the maintenance of international peace and security are mainly concerned with preventing conflicts, bringing about peace between parties to conflicts, maintaining peace and creating an environment in which peace can flourish. These activities must intersect or be carried out simultaneously to be effective. The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The General Assembly, the Secretariat and other United Nations offices and agencies complement each other and play an important role in promoting peace and security. ^[102]

Preventive diplomacy and mediation

Conflict prevention is the most effective way to alleviate human suffering and reduce the economic costs of conflict and its consequences. The United Nations plays an important role in conflict prevention through diplomacy, good offices and mediation. In addition, the Agency promotes peace mainly through the sending of special envoys and special political missions on the ground.

The UN Secretary-General has special and personal representatives, envoys and advisers in many parts of the world. ^[102]

Keep the peace

United Nations peacekeeping operations are an effective means for the international community to promote international peace and security. Multidimensional peacekeeping operations are currently in place not only to maintain peace and security, but also to facilitate the political process, protect civilians and assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; Support constitutional and electoral processes, protect and promote human rights, restore the rule of law and strengthen the authority of the legitimate State.

The UN Security Council authorizes peacekeeping missions; Its troops and police are contributed by Member States; Peacekeeping operations are managed by the Department of Peace Operations and supported by the Department of Operational Support located at United Nations Headquarters in New York.

Since 1948, the United Nations has conducted 71 peacekeeping operations. There are currently 12 active peacekeeping operations. In 2019, the Secretary-General launched the Action for Peacekeeping initiative to reaffirm shared political commitment to peacekeeping operations. ^[102]

Regional distribution of United Nations peacekeeping operations
district	tissue
Africa	United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
	United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)
	United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
	United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)
	United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei (UNISFA)
Asia and the Pacific	United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
Europe and Central Asia	United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
Europe and Central Asia	United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
The Middle East	United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
	United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
	United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) ^[102]

peacebuilding

UN peacebuilding activities aim to help countries emerge from conflict, reduce the risk of relapse into conflict, and lay the foundations for sustainable peace and development.

The United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture consists of the Peacebuilding Commission, the Peacebuilding Fund and the Peacebuilding Support Office.

The Peacebuilding Support Office assists and supports the Peacebuilding Commission by providing strategic advice and policy guidance, administers the Peacebuilding Fund and assists the Secretary-General in coordinating the efforts of United Nations agencies for peacebuilding.

The Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA) operates in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia and the Middle East. ^[102]

Fight terrorism

In recent years, there have been increasing calls for the United Nations to be involved in coordinating the global fight against terrorism. There are already 18 global instruments against terrorism within the framework of the United Nations system that address specific terrorist activities. In September 2006, United Nations Member States adopted the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. This is the first time that Member States have agreed on a common strategic and operational framework for combating terrorism. ^[102]

disarmament

With the support of the Office for Disarmament Affairs, the General Assembly and other United Nations bodies work to promote international peace and security through the elimination of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction and the control of conventional weapons. ^[102]

Protection of human rights

For the first time, the Charter of the United Nations explicitly set out the principles of human rights. Signed in June 1945 and entered into force in October of that year United Nations Charter Considered to be the first international law document to set out the principles of human rights, it is a multilateral international convention and the basis for a series of international human rights instruments developed by the United Nations, which are legally binding on the Member States of the United Nations. After the establishment of human rights principles, human rights standards have been gradually clarified, and the content of human rights has been enriched and developed. ^[103]

The United Nations has promoted and protected human rights through the formulation of international human rights legal documents, the establishment of specialized agencies on human rights, and the advocacy of human rights concepts and norms, actively carried out global human rights governance, and committed itself to building a global human rights community. It was issued in 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights The connotation of human rights has been further clarified, and the content of human rights has been enriched and developed. The United Nations also approved it International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights A series of international human rights conventions, as well as a number of important resolutions and declarations, stipulate the legal obligations of Member States in the field of human rights, and strongly promote and protect human rights in the world. ^{[104
]}

In 2005, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan made human rights one of the three pillars of the UN's work. The United Nations has also actively promoted the norms of the "responsibility to protect" and the "human rights first" initiative, proposing that peacekeeping operations should be people-centered. Many United Nations agencies work on human rights. The Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (Economic, Humanitarian and Cultural) deals with human rights issues such as the advancement of women, the protection of children, the treatment of refugees and the elimination of all forms of discrimination. However, the bodies directly dealing with and responsible for human rights matters mainly include the human rights treaty bodies, the Human Rights Council and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. ^{[104
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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Based in Geneva, OHCHR is primarily responsible for the promotion and protection of human rights within the United Nations system. Ohchr's work in multinational support for human rights in peacekeeping missions. In addition to its regional offices, OHCHR has human resources centres, national or independent offices and human rights advisers around the world. The High Commissioner for Human Rights regularly speaks out on human rights issues around the world and is empowered to investigate and report on human rights situations. ^[105]

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
region	office
Africa	Ohchr has offices in Africa, including four regional offices/centres
Asia and Pacific	Regional Office for the Pacific (Suva, Fiji)
Asia and Pacific	Regional Office for South-East Asia (Bangkok, Thailand)
The Middle East	Regional Office for the Middle East (Beirut, Lebanon)
America	Ohchr Liaison Office (New York, USA)
	Regional Office for Central America (Panama City, Panama)
	Regional Office for South America (Santiago, Chile)
Europe and Central Asia	Regional Office for Europe (Brussels, Belgium)
Europe and Central Asia	Regional Office for Central Asia (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan) ^[105]

Human Rights Council

United Nations Human Rights Council

Human Rights Council Established in 2006, it is an independent body of the United Nations, replacing the 60-year-old UN Commission on Human Rights as the main UN intergovernmental body responsible for human rights. The Human Rights Council is meeting at the United Nations Office in Geneva. ^[105] An important part of the Council's work is the Universal periodic Review (UPR), which assesses the human rights situation of all UN Member States. The main functions of the Council include: to promote universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all; Address human rights violations and make recommendations; Promoting the full implementation by States of their human rights obligations; Promoting human rights mainstreaming in the UN system; Assist Member States in strengthening human rights capacity building, promoting human rights education and providing technical assistance, in consultation with Member States; Provide a platform for discussion of human rights topics; To make recommendations to the General Assembly on the further development of international human rights law; Submit annual reports to the UN General Assembly. ^[106]

Member States of the Human Rights Council (2024)
Asia-pacific Formation	China	Bangladesh	India	Indonesia
	Japan	Kazakhstan	Kuwait	Kyrgyzstan
	Malaysia	Maldives	Qatar	The United Arab Emirates
	Vietnam	-	-	-
African group	Algeria	Benin	Burundi	Cameroon
	Cote d 'Ivoire	Eritrea	Gambia	Ghana
	Malawi	Morocco	Somalia	S.Africa
	Sudan	-	-	-
Laminade Formation	Argentina	Brazil	Chile	Costa Rica
Laminade Formation	Cuba	Dominica	Honduras	Paraguay
East European Group	Albania	Bulgaria	Georgia	Republic of Lithuania
East European Group	Montenegro	Romania	-	-
Western formation	Belgium	Finland	France	Germany
Western formation	Luxembourg	Netherlands	America ^[106]	-

Human Rights Council Advisory Committee

The Advisory Committee of the Human Rights Council is responsible for conducting research on human rights topics and providing advice to the Council. The Committee is composed of 18 independent experts, based on the principle of equitable geographical distribution, five each from Asia and Africa, three each from Latin America and the West, and two from Eastern Europe. Candidates may be nominated by all Member States of the United Nations and elected by the Council for a three-year term, renewable once. The Advisory Committee meets twice a year for a general session of no more than 10 days.

Since 1984, Chinese experts Gu Yiji, Tian Jin, Fan Guoxiang, Chen Shiqiu, Zhang Yishan and Liu Xinsheng have successively served as experts of the Institute. The current China expert on the Advisory Board is Zhang Yue, whose term expires in September 2025. ^[106]

Human rights treaty bodies

The human rights treaty bodies, which are established in accordance with the core human rights conventions and are composed of independent experts, are responsible for monitoring the implementation of the conventions. Their main tasks include examining the periodic reports submitted by States parties on their implementation and making concluding observations; Publish general comments on the content of the articles of the Convention. The UN has nine core human rights conventions and ten treaty bodies. ^[106]

Human Rights Committee monitoring the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which oversees the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which oversees the implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, which oversees the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

The Committee against Torture and the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture, which monitor the implementation of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

The Committee on the Rights of the Child, which monitors the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child

Committee on Migrant Workers monitoring the implementation of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which monitors the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Committee on Enforced Disappearances to monitor the implementation of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. ^[106]

Humanitarian aid

According to its Charter, one of the purposes of the United Nations is to "promote international cooperation for the solution of international problems of an economic, social, cultural and human welfare nature." After World War II, the United Nations launched the first international cooperation to help rebuild Europe from the devastated continent. Today, the United Nations is relied upon by the international community to coordinate emergency humanitarian response in areas of natural and man-made disasters that are beyond a country's capacity to respond. ^[107]

A United Nations agency primarily responsible for providing humanitarian assistance
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)	United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR)	United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
World Food Programme (WFP)	World Health Organization (WHO) ^[105]	-

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Responsible for operational activities for the mitigation, prevention and preparedness of natural disasters. In the event of an emergency, UNDP Resident coordinators coordinate relief and recovery efforts at the country level. The organization is headquartered in New York, USA. ^[105]

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Regional distribution
Regional Service Centre for Africa (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)	Regional Center of the Americas (Panama)
Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, Thailand)	Offices in Europe and Central Asia
Undp Regional Bureau for Arab States (New York, United States of America) ^[105]	-

United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR)

It was founded after World War II to help people displaced by conflict in Europe. The agency leads and coordinates international action to protect refugees and address refugee issues on a global scale. The United Nations General Assembly also created the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) to provide emergency relief to some 750,000 Palestine refugees displaced and deprived of their livelihoods during the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Today, about 5 million Palestine refugees are eligible for UNRWA services. The organization is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ^[105]

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Regional distribution
Europe	North America and the Caribbean
North America and the Caribbean	Africa (Central Africa and the Great Lakes region, Eastern Africa and Horn of Africa, Southern Africa)
Asia and the Pacific (Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, South-East Asia, South-West Asia) ^[105]	-

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

The Core Commitments in Humanitarian Action for Children are the core policy and framework of UNICEF humanitarian action and the focus of UNICEF's work to uphold the rights of children affected by humanitarian crises. These core Commitments promote equity, transparency, accountability and a results-based approach to predictable and timely collective humanitarian action. ^[105]

Office of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
Region/organization	Head office
United Nations Children's Fund	New York, USA, Geneva, Switzerland
Latin America and the Caribbean	Panama
Europe and Central Asia	Geneva, Switzerland
West and Central Africa	Dakar, Republic of Senegal
East and Southern Africa	Nairobi, Kenya
Middle East and North Africa	Jordan
South Asia	Kathmandu, Nepal
East Asia and Pacific	ty Bangkok
UNICEF Africa Service	S.Africa ^[108]

World Food Programme (WFP), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Whenever UNHCR carries out a large-scale refugee food operation, WFP is responsible for feeding and funding the operation. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) works to help farmers recover from floods, livestock disease outbreaks and similar emergencies. Fao's Global Information and Early Warning System publishes monthly reports on the world food situation and provides a special alert service to help governments and relief organizations identify countries with food shortages. ^[105]

Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
institution	Head office
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Food Programme	Rome, Italy
Regional office for Africa	Accra, Ghana
America	Santiago, Chile
Asia and the Pacific	Bangkok, Thailand
Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia	Budapest, Hungary
Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa	Cairo, Egypt ^[105]

Areas where the World Food Programme (WFP) operates
region	nation
Africa	Benin	Burkina Faso	Burundi	Namibia
	Cameroon	Central African Republic	Chad	The Niger
	Congo	Cote d 'Ivoire	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Nigeria
	Djibouti	Eswatini	Ethiopia	Rwanda
	Gambia	Ghana	Guinea	SAO Tome and Principe
	Guinea-Bissau	Kenya	Lesotho	Senegal
	Liberia	Madagascar	Malawi	Sierra Leone
	Mali	Mauritania	Mozambique	Somalia
	South Sudan	Sudan	Tanzania	Togo
	Uganda	Zambia	Zimbabwe	-
America	Plurinational Bolivia	Colombia	Cuba	Ecuador
	El Salvador	Guatemala	Haiti	Honduras
	Nicaragua	Peru	-	-
Asia and the Pacific	Afghanistan	Bangladesh	Bhutan	Cambodia
	China	North Korea	India	Indonesia
	Laos	Burma	Nepal	Pakistan
	Sri Lanka	East Timor	-	-
Europe and Central Asia	Armenia	Kyrgyzstan	Tajikistan	Türkiye
The Middle East	Algeria	Iran	Iraq	Jordan
	Lebanon	Libya	Palestinian state	Syria
	Türkiye	Yemen ^[107]	-	-

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
Head office	Work area
Amman, Jordan	The Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Lebanon and Syria ^[107]

World Health Organization (WHO)

Coordinating the international response to humanitarian health emergencies ranging from disease outbreaks to natural disasters. Who provides leadership on global health matters, sets the health research agenda, sets norms and standards, articulates evidence-based policy options, and provides technical support to countries to monitor and assess health trends. ^[107]

Office of the World Health Organization (WHO)
Organization/Region	Head office
World Health Organization	Geneva, Switzerland
Regional office for Africa	Brazzaville, Congo
Regional office for the Americas	Washington, USA
Regional office for South-East Asia	New Delhi, India
Western Pacific Regional Office	Manila, Philippines
European office	Copenhagen, Denmark
Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office	Cairo, Egypt

Sustainable development and climate

In 2015, the United Nations launched its Sustainable Development Agenda, reflecting a growing recognition among Member States that pursuing a development model that is sustainable for present and future generations offers the best way to reduce poverty and improve the lives of people everywhere. At the same time, climate change is beginning to gain widespread attention. Climate change is causing polar ice caps to melt, global sea levels to rise and catastrophic weather events to become more frequent. Building a more sustainable global economy will help reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change. Therefore, the international community must make efforts to achieve both the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the emission reduction targets set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement. ^[110]

Sustainable development agenda

Millennium Development Goals - Thanks to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, the number of people living in extreme poverty has been cut in half.

2030 Agenda - Agenda goals include: no poverty; Zero hunger; Good health and well-being; Quality education; Gender equality; Clean water and sanitation; Affordable clean energy; Decent work and economic growth; Industry, innovation and infrastructure; Reducing inequality; Sustainable cities and communities; Responsible consumption and production; Climate action; Underwater life; Terrestrial organisms; Peace, justice and strong institutions; Partnerships that promote the achievement of goals.

Paris Agreement - The United Nations supported climate change negotiations that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement. The core objective of the Paris Agreement is to strengthen the global response to the threat posed by climate change by limiting the increase in global temperatures to well below 2 ° C over pre-industrial times and to seek to limit the increase to 1.5 ° C. In addition, the Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the capacity of countries to cope with the impacts of climate change. To achieve these goals, more funds and new technologies will be invested, and a more efficient capacity-building framework will be established. The Paris Agreement also sets out a transparency framework to improve transparency of action and support. ^[110]

Abide by international law

The Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations sets out the following objective: "To create an environment in which justice can be maintained and respect for obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be sustained". Since its establishment, development and respect for international law have been the focus of the work of the United Nations.

The United Nations takes this work forward through numerous channels, including courts, tribunals and multilateral treaties, and through the Security Council. When international peace and security are threatened, the Security Council authorizes peacekeeping operations, imposes sanctions or authorizes the use of force when necessary. The Charter of the United Nations, as an international treaty, gives these powers to the Security Council. Strictly speaking, the Charter of the United Nations is a document of international law that must be observed by all UN member States. The Charter of the United Nations establishes the main principles of international relations, including ensuring sovereign equality among Member States in conducting international relations and limiting the use of force. ^[111]

International law

International law sets out the legal responsibilities of Member States and their treatment of individuals within their borders.

International law covers a wide range of issues of international concern, such as human rights, disarmament, international crime, refugees, migration, nationality, the treatment of criminals, the use of force and the conduct of war. International law also regulates the global Commons, such as the environment, sustainable development, international waters, outer space, global communications, and world trade. ^[111]

International Court of Justice

The principal judicial organ of the United Nations is the International Court of Justice. This principal United Nations organ resolves legal disputes referred to it by Member States in accordance with international law and provides advice on legal questions referred to it by duly recognized United Nations bodies and specialized agencies.

This important UN Body resolves legal disputes submitted by States parties in accordance with international law. The Court is competent to rule on disputes only if the State party concerned accepts its jurisdiction. The Court also provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted by duly recognized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. Learn more about how the International Court of Justice works. The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council for nine-year terms. ^[111]

Courts and tribunals

In addition to the International Court of Justice, there are numerous international courts, international tribunals, AD hoc tribunals and United Nations co-tribunals with varying degrees of relevance to the United Nations.

Following the mandates of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the ICC mechanism was established by the United Nations Security Council on 22 November 2010 to carry out a number of important functions. These courts and tribunals are established by the Security Council (and its subsidiary organs).

The Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone was established under an agreement signed by the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone to oversee the continuation of the legal functions of the Special Court for Sierra Leone following its closure in 2013. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia began to perform residual functions on January 1, 2023, after the completion of the adjudication of all judicial cases, for an initial period of three years. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon completed its mandate on 31 December 2023.

The International Criminal Court and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea were originally established under the relevant conventions drafted by the United Nations and are now independent entities with special cooperation agreements. ^[111]

Language use

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EDITOR

United Nations member States have different perspectives and often use different languages. There are six official languages of the United Nations, namely Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian and Spanish . In all official meetings of the United Nations, the Secretariat is responsible for the on-site "simultaneous interpretation" of delegates' statements in six languages; All official United Nations documents, including important statements, are issued in the six languages or made available online in translation. According to the United Nations, all six languages are equally authentic.

The Charter of the United Nations, signed in five equally valid language texts, "promotes and encourages respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion", enshrines the principles of equality in its official languages and of non-discrimination among them, principles that have until now been regarded as key to ensuring the sovereign equality and equal participation of Member States. Making the United Nations a multilingual organization is not just a legacy of the League of Nations, but a deliberate choice. At its inception, the United Nations was intended to achieve universality, and strengthening multilingualism was a means of increasing the representation of United Nations Member States and facilitating communication. ^[112]

Chinese history

On 26 June 1945, the Charter of the United Nations, the founding document of the United Nations, was adopted in Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, with each language having equal effect.

By resolution 2(I) of 1 February 1946, the United Nations General Assembly established Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish as the official languages of the United Nations, and English and French as the working languages. The official languages are those into which all official documents of the United Nations are translated, and the working languages are those used for internal and oral communication among staff.

On 24 June 1946, the United Nations Security Council adopted the provisional Rules of Procedure in Resolution S/96, establishing Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish as the official languages, and English and French as the working languages.

On December 7, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution 247(III), decided that Spanish should be one of the working languages of the General Assembly.

By resolution 262(III) of 11 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly amended the rules of procedure of the General Assembly by adding Spanish as a working language.

On 5 December 1952, the United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution 664(VII), endorsed the view that Spanish should be one of the working languages of the Economic and Social Council and its functional Commissions.

On 21 December 1968, the General Assembly, by its resolution 2479(XXIII), decided to add Russian as a working language of the General Assembly and expressed the hope that the Security Council would also add Russian and Spanish as working languages.

On 24 January 1969, by resolution 263(1969), the United Nations Security Council designated Russian and Spanish as the working languages of the Security Council.

On 18 December 1973, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 3189(XXVIII) as a working language of the General Assembly and expressed the hope that the Security Council would also include Chinese as a working language.

On 18 December 1973, the General Assembly, by its resolution 3190(XXVIII), decided to make Arabic the official and working language of the General Assembly and its Main Committees.

On January 17, 1974, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 345(1974) to designate Chinese as the working language of the Council.

On 17 December 1980, the General Assembly, in its resolution 35/219A, decided to add Arabic as an official and working language of the subsidiary bodies of the General Assembly and requested the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council to add Arabic as an official and working language no later than 1 January 1983.

On 15 April 1982, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, in its decision 1982/147 (contained in document E/1982/82), designated Arabic as an official language.

On 21 December 1982, by resolution 528(1982), the United Nations Security Council added Arabic as an official and working language of the Security Council. ^[112]

Language development

In 1995, 18 Member States of the United Nations wrote to request the inclusion of the item "multilingualism" on the agenda of the General Assembly and the adoption of a resolution on the issue. They affirmed that the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations should serve to remind us of the fundamental importance of cultural diversity for the development of a rich and harmonious international life, a universally recognized principle. This principle should be reflected in the functioning of the United Nations in accordance with the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, with equal treatment of the official and working languages of the United Nations.

In 1997, the Secretary-General issued his first report on multilingualism, in which he committed himself to promoting multilingualism by motivating staff and promoting the learning of official languages among Secretariat staff. He also noted that the Secretariat strictly applied the principle of simultaneous distribution of official documents in all official languages.

During the 2000s and into the early 2010s, Member States adopted a more coherent approach to multilingualism and language-related matters, coordinating positions within and among groups of like-minded countries in different forums and harmonizing national interventions under different agenda items or within different United Nations system agencies. This has led to increased interest in language matters in the Organization and to wider monitoring and reporting of progress to the Secretary-General.

In 2006, the Secretary-General of the United Nations issued a comprehensive assessment of multilingualism in the Secretariat in his report, noting improvements in multilingualism within the Secretariat since the introduction of the United Nations multilingual Intranet, i-Seek. Subsequently, the issue of multilingualism provided new perspectives on human resources management, such as how staff language proficiency could contribute to promoting international understanding, dialogue, solidarity and mutual tolerance in a diverse environment.

In 2008, the Secretary-General of the United Nations recognized in his report that the promotion of multilingualism is essential to promoting diversity and pluralism within the United Nations. The Secretary-General has highlighted a number of initiatives to promote multilingualism in the areas of conference management, internal and external communication, and outreach and human resources management. In February of that year, the United Nations launched the International Year of Languages, providing a targeted focus and additional ways to promote multilingualism.

In 2013, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution calling for the inclusion of multilingualism in the activities of the Secretariat, also known as "mainstreaming multilingualism", including in celebrations and commemorations, outreach activities and knowledge services. The General Assembly also mandated the Department of Public Information with an overall emphasis on multilingualism from the planning stage of the communications strategy in an effort to ensure adequate budgetary resources for each language.

In 2019. Cross-cutting measures to enhance multilingualism cover human resources policies, including recruitment and training, as well as the areas of conference management, information and communication. The report also details the United Nations website and social media accounts' compliance with multilingualism requirements, addressing a wide range of entities rather than just the Global Communications Department. At the end of the year, the COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge to maintaining multilingualism. In 2022, the General Assembly adopted a resolution requesting the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to ensure that multilingualism as a core value of the United Nations is not undermined by the measures taken in response to the mobility situation and COVID-19.

In 2021, the Secretary-General's report highlighted how mainstreaming multilingualism throughout the United Nations, careful language-related decisions and strategic use of human resources policy inculcations contributed to a multilingual organizational culture in an effort to improve the efficiency, performance and transparency of the Organization. Adherence to multilingualism essentially reflects the vision of a multilingual, field-oriented, flexible and transparent United Nations. ^[112]

Language application

The official and working languages of the principal organs of the United Nations
organ	Language
United Nations General Assembly (including committees, subcommittees and subsidiary bodies)	Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
	Working languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
United Nations Security Council	Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
United Nations Security Council	Working languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
United Nations Economic and Social Council (including functional commissions)	Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
	Working languages: English, French, Spanish
United Nations Trusteeship Council	Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
United Nations Trusteeship Council	Working languages: English, French
United Nations Secretariat	Working languages: English, French
International Court of Justice	Official languages: English, French
International Court of Justice	Working languages of the Secretariat of the International Court of Justice: English, French
The official languages are the languages in which all official documents of the United Nations are translated, and the working languages are the languages used for internal and oral communication among staff.

Transaction service

General Assembly Resolution 2, issued in 1946, paved the way for the establishment of a United Nations language service to support the Organization's intergovernmental process. To date, the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management provides a wide range of language services, including editing, translation, terminology, interpretation, verbatim records, summary records and publication editing. The Department serves at United Nations Headquarters in New York, the United Nations offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi, and the Organization's regional commissions. ^[112]

External communication

In addition to the six official languages, the United Nations Department of Global Communications regularly uses other languages, such as Swahili and Portuguese, in its information products, such as United Nations News, the Organization's flagship social media accounts and radio and television programmes. In 2018, with funding from the Indian government, the Ministry of Communications included Hindi as one of the informal languages used in daily reporting. The Ministry of Communication is also continuing to disseminate information in more informal languages, such as Farsi, Bengali and Urdu, with the aim of promoting multilingualism.

United Nations audio programming continues in the digital age, with daily news bulletins, weekly magazine programmes and monthly podcasts produced by teams working in the six official languages as well as Hindi, Swahili, Portuguese and Urdu.

United Nations information centres around the world translate information materials into and produce information materials in various local languages in order to disseminate the United Nations message widely to the public. The global network of United Nations information centres operates daily in Arabic, English, French, Russian and Spanish, as well as 125 other languages. A core aspect of the mandate of the information centres is to reach audiences in their own languages, as well as in Braille and sign language, using traditional media such as radio and television, as well as social media, and through direct contact with the press.

In addition, German and Portuguese are two special languages. Effective 1 July 1975, certain documents of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council will be issued in German, subject to assurances from requesting Member States that they will collectively contribute to the costs. This resulted in the establishment of the German Translation Section, the smallest translation section in the United Nations and the only one representing an informal language, which is now funded by the German-speaking Member States Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland.

Attempts were made in the mid-1980s to upgrade the status of Portuguese as a so-called "official working language" of the Economic Commission for Africa, but were unsuccessful. It was not until July 1985 that the Economic and Social Council adopted a resolution approving the gradual introduction of Portuguese as the "official working language" of ECA. However, some Member States expressed concern about the cost and the precedent of using informal languages as the working languages of the regional commissions.

The United Nations website was launched as a pilot project on 26 June 1995, in English only. The United Nations website was officially launched in September 1995 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United Nations Charter. French and Spanish were added to the website in September 1996, Russian in April 1998, and Arabic and Chinese in November 1998. ^[112]

Administrative means

In line with his staffing responsibilities, the Secretary-General continues to use multilingualism as an administrative tool by promoting language learning. As early as 1946, the United Nations launched courses for the five official languages of the day to guide and reward staff in their efforts to learn official languages other than their mother tongue.

The current new administrative instructions clearly define language standards for staff of the United Nations Secretariat, namely the importance of staff learning one official language in addition to the six official languages. To this end, the relevant language welfare policy has been issued. The 1971 Directive on language proficiency of staff, which made proficiency in a second official language a condition for promotion, has implications for the award and promotion of staff in the Professional and higher categories.

In order to ensure the efficiency of work and organization in a multilingual working environment, in 1983, the communique on the use of the working languages of the Secretariat reaffirmed the requirement that every staff member appointed be able to perform his or her work in either English or French, the working languages of the Secretariat.

Subsequently, the language qualification examination became known as a formal test of staff knowledge of the language and emphasized the need for staff to improve their communication skills for work purposes. The Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management issues regular briefings on the language and training programmes at United Nations Headquarters, including policies, the variety of languages offered and the timetable for language qualification examinations.

In 1999, the administrative instructions on language qualifications and language awards issued praised multilingualism as a means of achieving and maintaining linguistic balance in the United Nations. The directive reaffirms language incentives to guide and reward staff for their efforts in learning official languages other than their mother tongue. In recent years, the United Nations has set off a boom in learning Chinese. At present, among the six official languages, Chinese is the only one with a study trip to the mother tongue, and study trips to China have become a highlight of the United Nations. ^[112]

Language day

The United Nations Department of Global Communications has established Language Days for each of the six official languages of the United Nations. United Nations Language Day celebrates multilingualism and cultural diversity and promotes the equal use of the six official languages at the United Nations. Under this initiative, six celebrations are held at United Nations duty stations around the world to commemorate each of the United Nations working languages. United Nations Languages Day commemorates and reminds the public to strengthen respect for the history, culture and achievements of the six working languages of the United Nations. The six festivals are as follows:

Arabic Language Day (18 December)

Chinese Language Day (20 April)

English Day (23 April)

French Day (March 20)

Russian Language Day (6 June)

Spanish Language Day (April 23) ^[113]

Financial profile

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EDITOR

The expenditures of the United Nations are determined through a rigorous process involving all Member States. The Secretary-General first submits the budget to the General Assembly after careful examination of the requests of United Nations departments. It was subsequently analysed by the 16-member Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the 34-member Committee for Programme and Coordination. The Committee submits its recommendations to the Administrative and Budgetary Committee of the General Assembly, which is composed of all Member States, for further review of the budget. Finally, the budget is submitted to the General Assembly for final approval and adoption. Since 1988, budgets have been adopted by consensus, enabling countries to limit budget increases. ^[114]

Financial budget

The regular budget of the United Nations covers the recurrent expenses required to maintain the normal functioning of the organization. In addition to the regular budget, the United Nations also prepares a peacekeeping budget. The peacekeeping budget fiscal year begins on 1 July each year, so the peacekeeping budget is adopted in the summer. ^[115]

The proportion of assessments for the regular budget of the United Nations is determined on the principle of the capacity of Member States to pay. ^[115] Based on economic indicators such as gross national income (GNI). The proportion is heavier in developed countries and lighter in developing countries. ^[116] The apportionment of the peacekeeping budget is adjusted on the basis of the apportionment of the regular budget, with the five permanent members of the Security Council being assigned a separate level and subject to a higher share of the budget. The proportions of the two budgets are adjusted every three years. The UN regular budget for 2023 is $3.4 billion and the UN regular budget for 2024 is $3.59 billion. ^[115]

Member states' contributions

The amount of contributions payable by the Member States of the United Nations is determined by the General Assembly on the basis of a scale approved by the Committee on Contributions on the recommendation of the General Assembly, based primarily on factors such as the gross national product, population and capacity to pay of each country, and the proportional share of the budget of each Member State is determined by the General Assembly in accordance with this methodology. United Nations contributions are the main source of funding and the regular budget of the United Nations and are used to cover the recurrent expenses required to maintain the normal functioning of United Nations agencies. In addition, there are requirements for maximum and minimum assessment limits for United Nations contributions. Starting in 1974, the maximum assessment limit could not exceed 25 per cent of the entire budget and the minimum could not be less than 0.001 per cent. ^[114]

Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that the contributions of the Organization "shall be borne by the Members according to the limits apportioned by the General Assembly." Article 19 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that any Member that is in arrears with the financial contributions of the United Nations equal to or exceeds the amount due for the previous two years shall lose its right to vote in the General Assembly. ^[117]

Value concept

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EDITOR

Purposes of the United Nations

The purposes of the United Nations are: to maintain international peace and security; To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; International cooperation to solve international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. ^[121]

United Nations principles

To achieve these purposes, the United Nations shall be guided by the following principles:

(1) The sovereign equality of all Member States;

(2) Each Member shall faithfully fulfil its obligations under the Charter;

(3) Member States shall settle international disputes by peaceful means;

(4) Member States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations;

(5) Member States shall give every assistance to the United Nations in any action undertaken in accordance with the Charter;

(6) The United Nations shall ensure, so far as is necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security, that non-Member States comply with the above principles;

(7) The Organization of the United Nations shall not interfere in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, but this provision shall not prevent the United Nations from taking enforcement action against threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression. ^[121]

Badge and flag

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EDITOR

Emblem of the United Nations

The United Nations emblem was designed by a team of designers led by Oliver Lincoln Lundquist during the United Nations Conference on International Organizations in 1945. The emblem of the United Nations is "a flat projected map of the world with the North Pole at its center and azimuth equidistant." The design consists of a garland of crossed golden olive branches, set against a pale blue background against white water. The map's projection extends to 60 degrees south latitude, with five concentric circles of latitude." At the same time, the emblem of the United Nations was designated as "United Nations Blue" (Resolution 107). Blue has become an integral element of the visual identity of the United Nations. Blue represents peace, as opposed to red, which represents war. ^[120]

Flag of the United Nations

On 7 December 1947, the General Assembly adopted resolution 167(II), which established the flag of the United Nations. The resolution states: "The flag of the United Nations shall be placed in the centre of the flag on a light blue background by the official emblem adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 92 (1) 1 of 7 December 1946. ^[120]

Flag of the United Nations

Major achievement

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EDITOR

Peace and security

The United Nations has re-established calm by sending a total of 69 peacekeeping and observer missions to trouble spots around the world.

Since the 1990s, many conflicts have been brought to an end through United Nations coordination or through actions taken by third parties with United Nations support. Which includes Sierra Leone , Liberia , Burundi , Sudan and Nepal Conflict. According to the study, there has been a 40 percent decrease in conflicts worldwide since the 1990s. Preventive diplomacy and other preventive action by the United Nations have averted much of what will happen warfare . In addition, 14 United Nations peace missions in the field have embarked on post-conflict situations and peacebuilding measures. ^[2]

On the morning of March 6, 2022 local time, the Houthi armed forces in Yemen announced that they had signed an agreement with the United Nations face to face. Saphir The final resolution of the tanker agreement, but the details of the agreement were not disclosed. ^[10]

Economic development

The United Nations values improvement throughout the world Living standard To enhance human skills and potential, and to invest resources in doing so. Since 2000, Millennium Development Goals Has been the guide for this work. Almost all funding for United Nations development assistance comes from national contributions. For example, the United Nations Development Programme, which has staff in 145 countries, supports projects to reduce poverty, promote governance, manage crises and protect the environment. United Nations Children's Fund In more than 150 countries, it focuses on child protection, immunization, girls' education and the fight against HIV/AIDS. Unctad helps developing countries to make the most of their trade opportunities for development purposes. Since 1947, the World Bank has also provided loans and grants to developing countries and supported more than 11,000 development projects in more than 100 countries. ^[3]

In 2015, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Planned assistance Palestine More than 80 percent of the $700 million aid will be used to rebuild the Gaza Strip. ^[1]

World heritage site

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Help 137 countries protect monuments and places of historical, cultural and natural interest. International conventions have been negotiated for the protection of cultural property, multiculturalism and outstanding natural sites. More than 980 such sites have been classified as of special interest. ^[4]

Human rights

United Nations General Assembly

Since 1948, when the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Since then, the United Nations has helped develop dozens of comprehensive agreements on political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights. By investigating individual complaints, UN human rights bodies have focused global attention on cases of torture, disappearances and arbitrary detention, and created international pressure on governments to improve their human rights records.

When the United Nations was established in 1945, 750 million people - almost a third of the world's population - lived in non-Self-governing territories attached to colonial powers. The United Nations has played a role in the independence of more than 80 countries, which have become sovereign states. ^[5]

environment

The United Nations takes the lead in assessing the science of climate change and promoting political solutions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which includes 2,000 leading scientists in the field of climate change, issues a comprehensive scientific assessment every five or six years. In 2007, the Commission concluded conclusively that climate change is occurring and that human activity is the primary cause. The 194 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are negotiating a long-term agreement to reduce emissions of the gases that cause climate change and help countries adjust to the effects of doing so. The United Nations Environment Programme and other United Nations agencies are taking the lead in raising awareness of the issue.

Medical treatment

In 1992, he published the famous book Victorian declaration The four cornerstones of health are put forward: "reasonable diet, proper exercise, smoking cessation and alcohol restriction, and psychological balance."

March 31, 2022, in support of Afghanistan Humanitarian aid, United Nations cooperation with Britain, Germany and Qatar Co-host high-level pledging activities. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres says the goal for Afghanistan this year is $4.4 billion. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), years of conflict and repeated droughts have led to ongoing humanitarian needs in Afghanistan, and the current situation in the country is unprecedented, with more than 24.4 million people in need of humanitarian assistance to survive. Food security levels are declining at an alarming rate, with half of the population facing acute hunger and 9 million of them suffering from emergency food insecurity. ^[14]

On June 7, 2022 local time, Hungary Director of Environmental Sustainability, Office of the President Chaba Crossi Elected President of the 77th session of the UN General Assembly. ^[15]

On November 13, 2023, the United Nations Headquarters in New York flew the flag at half-mast for the round Israeli-palestinian conflict Condolences were paid to the 101 staff members who lost their lives. ^[19]

10th Emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly, 10 May 2024 By 143 votes in favor, 9 against, and 25 abstentions, the resolution concluded that the State of Palestine meets the requirements for membership in the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations and should be admitted as a member of the United Nations. The resolution recommends that the Security Council resume consideration of Palestine's application for membership in the United Nations "from a favorable perspective." ^[21]

On May 21, 2024, the United Nations headquarters in New York flew the national flag at half-mast in honor of Iranian President Raisi, who was killed in a helicopter accident. ^[22]

UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths held his last press conference in office on June 4, 2024. In response to a CCTV reporter's question, Griffiths said that the United Nations humanitarian aid operation will not leave Gaza. ^[99]

On June 12, 2024, a United Nations independent Commission of Inquiry issued a report saying that Israel was responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during military operations in the Gaza Strip since the outbreak of the new round of Israeli-Palestinian conflict last October. In addition, various Palestinian armed groups, including the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), are also responsible for war crimes and other crimes. ^[118]

In response to a reporter's question on June 11, 2024, local time, Farhan Haq, Deputy spokesman for the UN Secretary-General, said Guterres was saddened by a plane crash that killed nine people, including Malawian Vice President Chilima and other senior officials. He expressed his condolences to the families of all the victims and said that the United Nations is with the people of Malawi at this sad time. ^[119]

On June 19, 2024, the UN human rights office said Israeli forces may have repeatedly violated fundamental principles of the laws of war during military operations in the Gaza Strip by failing to distinguish between civilians and combatants. ^[120]

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