Canal means a navigable river cut by hand. There are many definitions of canals, according to people It's a convention In a narrow sense, the canal is a navigable river that is artificially dug. In a broad sense, a canal is an artificial waterway used to communicate water transport between regions or waters, usually connected to a natural waterway or other canal. In addition to shipping, the canal can also be used for irrigation, flood diversion, drainage, water supply and so on.

China has a long history of canal construction, which began in 506 BC The Xu River (in Hebei Province) It is the oldest man-made canal in the world, the earliest canal recorded in China, and the earliest canal dug in the world. First Emperor of Qin Twenty-eight years (219 BC), for communication Xiang River and The Li River (in Lijiang Province) Between the shipping and excavation Ling Canal . It was mainly built in the Sui Dynasty of China The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal It's the longest canal in the world.

There are major canals in the world Suez Canal , Panama Canal , Kiel Canal , Corinth Canal , The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Let's wait.

Chinese name: Canal

Foreign name: Canal
subject: geography

catalogue

definition

broadcast

EDITOR

Waterways are divided into natural rivers, canalized rivers and artificial canals, and each has its own special problems. Natural rivers are often frozen by floods and droughts seasonality The suspension of navigation, and even caused the river to divert, forming sandbanks. The watercourse project should focus on strengthening the riverbed banks and maintaining the original river course, which can only eliminate tributaries, unify the river section, cut bends and straighten, and smooth water flow. On channelized rivers, cascaded locks can be built for navigation, and low DAMS and gates can be set up to discharge excess water when ships pass through the locks. When the artificial canal passes through the mountains and crosses the rivers and valleys, the banks of the canal and the river River bed There must be protective facilities to prevent corrosion and leakage. Choosing the artificial canal route should create conditions for the construction of long distance horizontal river sections that can be navigated quickly Ship lock The building may adopt a cascade type multi-stage lock, or a ladder type lock separated by a short channel between the two locks. The construction of storage reservoir should have high water level reservoirs supplying water to high places to make up for the loss of drainage and evaporation through sluice. It is also necessary to construct a low level reservoir to accommodate the water discharged by vessels when they frequently pass through the locks. There are more than 520 canals in 52 countries and nearly 3,000 cities along the route. ^[1]

history

broadcast

EDITOR

source

The improvement of ancient rivers and the construction of artificial waterways were all for irrigation. As early as the 7th century BC, the Assyrians opened a canal 80 kilometers (50 miles) long and 20 meters (66 feet) wide to bring in fresh water. 5th century BC Persia tunnelling The Nile to Red Sea The canal; Egypt The Nile Set up DAMS for flood control and build them in vast basins Irrigation system . From 3 BC to the 1st century AD, the river opening project in China was even more impressive. In fact, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, A surname In the day Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province) Dug the first canal in human history Hangou Ditch The purpose is to communicate the north and the south, to facilitate the transportation of military supplies to the northern front, in use until now, this should be the earliest canal recorded in the history of the world. Another prominent one is Lingqu in Guangxi, the capital of the Han Dynasty Chang 'an to The Yellow River The waterways of Henan Province and the old Bianhe River. The most remarkable was the Grand Canal, 960 km (600 mi) navigable by 610, which enabled grain to be transported from the lower Yangtze and Huaihe rivers to Kaifeng and Luoyang. The water level in these canals varies gently, with stone piers or wooden post gates about every 4.8 km (3 mi) to hold or release water to control the water level. In the 12th century, commerce expanded, contributing to the revival and improvement of canal construction in Europe. In 1373, the Dutch built a water storage gate, with internal and external gates to control the water level, which was widely adopted in the 14th century. Chinese canal construction is ahead of Europe. Between 1280 and 1293, the northern section of the Grand Canal from Huai 'an to Beijing was completed. It is 1,120 km (700 mi) long and runs through a hilly section of Shandong Province, along which the mountains rise and fall, making it the earliest cross-mountain canal.

Passenger ships passing through the Panama Canal

The 19th century saw the construction of the world-famous three Grand canals, namely Kiel Canal , Suez Canal and Panama Canal . The Kiel Canal was opened in 1784 Kiel Inlet with Ada More than a century later, the Eider was widened, dug deep and cut straight to a length of 95 kilometres (59 miles), shaving hundreds of miles off the voyage from the English Channel to the Baltic Sea. Suez Canal It's a passage from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, far more than a detour Africa Shorten it. It took 10 years to complete and was officially opened on November 17, 1869, as a 169 km (105 mi) gatesless waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. Since its completion, the canal has been continuously repaired. 1954 The main channel was capable of sailing large ships with draft of 11.3 m (37 ft). The river was nationalized by Egypt in 1956, but the canal was closed after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and was not reopened until 1975. The Panama Canal is communication Atlantic and Pacific Construction of the river began in 1906 with a high-water sluice scheme and was completed in 1914. The river is 85 km (51.2 mi) long, with a minimum depth of 11.3 m (37 ft) and a width of 91 m (300 ft).

China canal

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal It was built in the Spring and Autumn Period. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period Canals were built mostly for military campaigns to conquer other countries. Such as A surname The direct purpose of ordering people to dig the Han ditch was to transport troops to the north The State of Qi In 360 BC King Hui of Wei excavated chasm Most of them were in the service of military operations to conquer other countries. sui The dynasty made the decision to link the North and South canals immediately after the unification of the country, and the motive went beyond serving the purpose of military operations, because the country was now unified. The Sui Kai Canal has an economic motive. For a long time in ancient China, the economic center of gravity has been Yellow River basin The north is more economically advanced than the south. However, by the time of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, profound changes had taken place in society. In contrast to more than 400 years of chaos, which had severely impacted the northern economy, the southern economy developed rapidly and became the center of gravity of the national economy. After Sui unified the whole country, Sui paid special attention to this area, but the political center of Chang 'an, the capital of Sui, could not move southward with the development and change of economic center. So the state needed to strengthen its control of the south, Chang 'an The need to connect with the rich economic zone, the need for food supplies from the South to the north, whether centre The court or bureaucrat Nobleman Or the northern border. At the same time, the long period of division blocked the economic communication between the north and the south of society, and with the improvement of the level of productivity, the economic development to this period has been urgent to strengthen the economic connection between the north and the south. The Sui Kai Canal was motivated not only by economics but also by politics. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The period is... A family of power and influence During the period of great development of the family, their power was quite strong. After the unification of Sui, they still relied on their powerful power and tried to contend with the central government. This sharp contradiction has always existed in the south of the Yangtze River, which makes the Sui regime face a serious threat. It is imperative for the Sui rulers to carry out effective rule over the south. At the same time, the minority regime in the northern border was also a great trouble to the Sui Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty sent a large number of troops to the border, which were not enough to rely only on the cultivation of fields, but had to rely on the supply of food and wages from the Jianghuai River and the Central Plains. It's a long way. Building a canal is the key to solving the problem. From the Sui Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, no matter the regime in the unified period or the split period, they all paid attention to the canal excavation and perfection, and their motives were nothing more than economic, political, military and other aspects to make full use of the canal Water transport of grain to the capital . On the basis of the canal, the establishment of a huge and complex transport system, the materials from all over the country to the capital has become one of the main means of the rulers of China. The reason for the canal restoration and reroute was also the frequent blockage of the canal in reality and the change of the capital position of different regimes. By the Yuan Dynasty, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal had been fully connected, and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in the Ming and Qing dynasties became the main north-south water transport line. The canal was built and renovated by the rulers, who gathered huge manpower and material resources to build the canal for the main purpose of water transport. The canal was born for the real purpose of water transport. Water transport was the life support and power supply system of the feudal dynasty to maintain the life continuation of the dynasty. seaborne Pirate Problems such as wind and waves are difficult to solve, and canal water transport is the main preferred solution in the history of water transport. Digging the canal is a true achievement in the contemporary era and benefit in the autumn of the great work, for the builder, its effect can be revealed soon after, and bring a decisive impact on the dynasty. Therefore, the knowledgeable rulers of all dynasties attached great importance to the construction of canals.

Collateral branch

broadcast

EDITOR

It is used to communicate with the factory and mine and the nearby channel, and the excavated branch channel.

Other categories

According to whether there is a lock can be divided into Locked canal And a lockless canal. A canal, such as the Panama Canal and Germany, in which locks are installed to overcome a large drop in the water Kiel Canal ; A canal without locks, such as the Grand Canal of Beijing and Hangzhou in China.

Route selection

broadcast

EDITOR

Canal route selection is directly related to canal project investment and shipping comprehensive benefits, so it should meet the following requirements:

① Short shipping distance, freight Save.

② Low project cost.

③ Convenient management and maintenance and less cost.

④ High comprehensive economic benefits. In general, we should consider the straight line and use the existing river channel as much as possible to reduce the amount of engineering. Avoid crossing mountains, rivers, roads, etc. to reduce the number of buildings; Avoid passing through geological fracture zones to reduce water leakage losses; There must be an adequate supply of water.

section

broadcast

EDITOR

The longitudinal slope of the canal shall pass through the maximum water flow, and the maximum velocity shall not exceed the allowable velocity of the ship sailing and the non-flushing velocity of the soil. Measures that can be taken to reduce longitudinal gradients are:

① Lengthening the canal length.

② Building locks and ship lifts to concentrate on overcoming the water level drop.

Slope protection

broadcast

EDITOR

The canal bank slope will be damaged by water erosion, rain erosion and ship wave, so the rock slope must be protected. Ship traveling wave is the main driving force to destroy canal bank slope. Generally, both sides of the canal need slope protection, and the project is very large. Ship traveling wave is the wave formed when the water body is squeezed by the moving hull and the velocity changes. When the ship travelling wave reaches the shore, the shore slope of the wave climbs, and the bank slope is subjected to great dynamic water pressure, which may lead to collapse and destruction. The slope protection range of general canal should be determined according to the variation amplitude of water level in canal and the wave height of ship traveling wave.

The common forms of slope protection are: ① Riprap and masonry slope protection. ② concrete and Reinforced concrete Protect the slope. ③ Geotextile slope protection. ④ asphalt sum Asphalt concrete Protect the slope. ⑤ Vertical shore wall, etc.

Business opportunity

broadcast

EDITOR

The construction of the canal will bring about a reduction in shipping costs and more investment opportunities.

According to public data, China is the second largest user of the Panama Canal after the United States. Eighty-eight percent of the canal's trade is between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, while China accounts for 38 percent.

Cosco and China Shipping, of course, are also the main carriers on this route. As early as 2010, Wei Jiafu, COSCO chairman, publicly complained in a speech to the Panama Parliament that the Panama Canal could handle only 40 ships a day, while nearly 100 ships were waiting to cross every day.

Insiders of another shipping company of China Shipping Group also told this reporter that due to width restrictions, only about 80,000 tons of dry bulk carriers can pass through the Panama Canal, and more 100,000 tons or even 400,000 tons of large ships can not pass through the Panama Canal, only the southernmost part of South America, and the voyage is more than 10,000 kilometers.

"After the canal is widened, it is expected that 100,000 tons of dry bulk vessels will be able to pass through the Panama Canal, and whether the new Nicaragua canal will be competitive will depend on the specific rates and the capacity of the ships allowed." China Shipping Group insiders pointed out that from the perspective of future freight demand, although the absolute volume of global trade will still increase, if the shipping market continues to slump, shipping companies may be limited in the use of larger ships.

Canal landscape

broadcast

EDITOR

Canal structure

Taierzhuang Canal

The buildings on the canal are generally: (1) the lock and the ship lift to overcome the concentrated water level difference Navigable structure . ② Water supply building to solve the canal water shortage. (3) The canal is responsible for the flood control and drainage and irrigation tasks of the drainage structure and water transmission structure. ④ The dock. ⑤ Bridges. ⑥ Cross buildings with natural river channels, such as aqueduct and tunnel Let's wait.

The pre-Qin period

Canal construction began in the Spring and Autumn Period. In order to develop communication with the outside world, the vassal states built canals in the areas under their control to communicate with the natural water system.

486 BC A surname Ben Wu take people dig Porto Patun That is, the southern section of the Hangou River (the ancient canal) Wuxi Section), also known as the ancient Wu water, is an important part of the ancient canal. After 2,500 years of history, it is still navigable, more than 1,000 years earlier than the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which is the earliest artificial canal in China and even in the world. The ancient canal also created Wuxi's famous four wharves Rice market , cloth quay Silver Pier, silk cocoon pier, so far left more than 30 industrial heritage, is one of the most industrial heritage areas in China. The ancient canal also accumulated the unique Wudi folk customs in Wuxi, there are Xi-opera , Wu Ge Jiangnan silk and bamboo and other folk arts, as well Hyesan clay figure Folk crafts such as paper horse and tin embroidery, as well as folk customs such as river lantern, temple fair festival and Lantern Festival. And produced a number of typical Jiangnan traditional historical neighborhood, such as Sanli Bridge Next to the Jieguan Pavilion lane, the People's bridge to the end of the lane, the South gate suspension bridge under the Tao Sha lane.

Jianghan County Canal, also known as Yangshui, Zixudu, King Zhuang of Chu (613 BC - 591 BC), the Ju water as a channel, channeling river water into the ancient Han River Tributaries raise water, northeast flow to Hubei Qianjiang Northwest into the Han River, communication Jianghan. Chu Ling King (540 BC - 529 BC), and since Zhanghua platform Present-day Hubei Supervise profits North) Open the north Tong water to benefit the water transport. During the reign of King Zhao of Chu (515-489 BC), Wu Zixu ruled Master Wu Felling Chu, dredging this way to enter, it is called "Zixu blasphemy". Fat canal In 613 BC, after King Zhuang of Chu ascended the throne, he appointed me Sun Shuao For the sake of Yin, for the cause Jin Chu hegemony war As well as the need to "ask the Central Plains" to the north, and dug Jinghan Canal He Chao Fei Canal should be the earliest canal in China recorded in Records of the Grand Historian and Notes on Water Classics, etc. Jingjiang River The canal handles originate from Jingshan Mountain The Ju River, which flows into the Yangtze River, is connected with the Yangtze River, which rises near Ying Du and flows into the Han River. The Chao Fei Canal draws fertilized water from a tributary of the Huai River, with an inflow Chaohu Lake The water flowing into the Yangtze River is connected by moistening water.

Ancient Jiangnan River The State of Wu is in Helu. A surname During the period (514-473 BC), it was one of the canals dug successively in the Taihu Lake area. Water out of the Wudu Ping Gate (now the North gate of Suzhou, Jiangsu), northwest, through Chaohu Lake (now Caohu), over Mueting (Plum Village, Southeast of Wuxi, Jiangsu), into Yanghu (between Changzhou and Wuxi, Jiangsu), out of Yupu (Jiangsu) Jiangyin Li Port), into the Yangtze River arrived Guangling Mausoleum (now Shu Gang, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province). South of Wudu, at present Heining The territory of the "hundred feet of blasphemy" will be the ancient Qiantang River to transport food and supplies. Ancient Jiangnan River and hundred feet blasphemy, department Jiangnan Canal The predecessor of...

Hangou Ditch , Zhou Jingwang Thirty-four years (486 BC) A surname Build Han City (ancient Guangling), and open a ditch near the side to draw river water north out of Wuguang (today's Shaobo Lake), Luyang County (now Gaoyou South of Jiangsu Province) between the two lakes, bet Fanliang Lake (now Gaoyou Lake ), the northeast flow to Bochi, Sheyang Two Lakes (now Jiangsu Province Baoying County East), then northwest so far Huaian North ancient mouth into Huai, to pass the grain road. The canal was between the Yangtze River and Huai River at that time lagoon To be connected together, the long way, is the predecessor of the canal.

dashi , also known as the Deep ditch. In 484 BC, King Fu Chai of Wu settled in present-day Shandong Dingtao The northeast opened a deep ditch to divert Heze water southeast flow, into Surabaya Because its water source comes from Heze, it is called Heze water. Its old way is present in southwest Shandong Province A surname Jinxiang north of Wanfu River. The excavation of the Heishui made the original unconnected rivers, Huai, rivers, and Jisidu through, becoming Central Plains The main waterway between east and west of the region.

chasm , King Hui of Wei Nine years (361 BC), from the present north of Yuanyang County, Henan province Major groove Divert water from the Yellow River to the south Ortazawa (now Zhengzhou, Henan Province, between Zhongmou), and from the field of water to the capital of Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan Province North of the city, around the city to the south, through the permit, Taikang Inject sand water, and then south to Chen (now Henan Huaiyang Southeast into the Huaihe River tributary ying water. The excavation of the gulf connected the river, Ji, Pu, Si, He, Yan, Ying, Ru, vortex and other rivers to form Huanghuai plain A water transportation network with artificial canals as the main stream and natural rivers as branches. The formation of the gulf water system is the summary of the initial period of the canal in pre-Qin Dynasty.

Jining Canal

Most of the canals in the pre-Qin period took advantage of the dense distribution of natural rivers and lakes in the plain area at that time, which was convenient for artificial digging and connecting. Although the engineering was not perfect, it had a profound influence on the development of the canals in later times.

Qin and Han Dynasties

In the process of unifying China, Qin reorganized and rebuilt the canals left by Qin Dynasty and dug them Ling Canal The canal water system will be extended to the Lingnan area.

Dantu channel He was sent by the First Emperor of Qin in 210 BC torturer Three thousand people from the present Jiangsu Zhenjiang To Danyang, comply with the hilly terrain, dig a curved river, southeast through the ancient Jiangnan River opened by the king of Wu Kuaiji County (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province). A new waterway was dug southwest from Chongde, Zhejiang Province Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province). The artificial waterway after renovation laid the basic trend of Jiangnan Canal in Sui Dynasty.

Lingqu, in the 26th year of the First Emperor (221 BC), in present-day Guangxi Xing 'an Xiangshui upstream digging Ling canal, Xiangshui branch west flow, through today Xingan Ryue Injected into the big melt river, communication Xiang, Li two water, today called Xingan Canal . The Lingqu connects the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. Since then, the Yellow River, Huai River, Jiang River and Pearl River are all connected by canals. Ships in the Yellow River basin can sail directly to the Lingnan area by water.

The capital of the Western Han Dynasty, Chang 'an, "the river, the water, the west to the capital", but Weihe River More shallow sand, more twists and turns in the river, the boat is inconvenient. Emperor Wudi Yuanguang six years (129 BC) issued hundreds of thousands of switches in the channel. Since the Chang 'an City Northwest fish (present Xi 'an suburb of Shaanxi Province) Wang Village Diverting the Wei River to the east, intercepting the Ba River, 沋 river, through the present Xi 'an, Lintong , Weinan, Hua County North, to the northeast of Huayin County three river west injection Weihe River . It is more than 300 miles long and carries more than 4 million stones a year.

Lang Lang, Junyi Qu, Renjiang River system of Western Han Dynasty, from Henan County Xingyang (a county in Henan Province) (Northwest of present-day Zhengzhou, Henan Province) the Yellow River is divided into two branches in the east, the southern branch is the Lang Lang Canal, and the southeast enters the Yingshui river and streams the Huai River; The southeast branch diverts from Chenliu south to Yangxia (now Taikang, Henan) into Vorshui. And sparse 汳 water for Bianqu Canal . The formation of fan-shaped water transport system between Huang and Huai. Because of the same water supply by the Yellow River, repeatedly suffered by the river. Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty Liu Zhuang Yongping twelve years (AD 69) dispatch Wang Jing governs the river Later, Kaifeng Canal was built to separate Lang Lang from Junyi (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province) to the east Xuzhou Into Surabaya, known as Junyi canal. As weir and stone gate, Junyi Canal gradually became the backbone waterway to maintain the water transport between Huanghuai and Huanghuai.

Yang Canal, the Eastern Han Dynasty in order to solve the Luoyang water supply and contact with the Yellow River, Luoshui water, Jianwu twenty-four years (AD 48) in Luo Yangcheng To the west, a canal led to the Luo waters around the city to the east, Na Valley, 瀍 two rivers, to A surname Re-injection of water to clear the cao is called Yang Canal. So that Shandong cao ship from the yellow into the economy, through the Yang canal straight to the lower.

Hangou ditch east branch In the early Western Han Dynasty, King Wu Bi opened coastal shipping, from today's Zhuyu Bay in Yangzhou to the east Rugao Hatangxi dug a new canal, also known as Han ditch, is the predecessor of today's Tong (Nantong) Yang (Yangzhou) canal, an important salt transport waterway at that time.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Seven years since founding An (202), Cao Cao Six canals were dug in succession across the North China Plain.

① Suiyang Canal, the first month of the seventh year Cao Cao ruled Suiyang Canal. The canal runs from the west of Junyi Guandu East lower Suiyang (now Shangqiu in Henan Province ), above Guandu uses the water source of the gulf, below the Dredging river bed, only the Guandu to the Dredging section is a new channel. Suiyang Canal completed, the grain supply, Cao Jun then The Battle of Guandu Yuan Shao was defeated.

2. Baigou , also known as Suxudu. In nine years, Cao Cao attempted to attack Yuan Shao's stronghold of Ye (now Hebei Province) Linzhang Ye Town), under the fangfang wood into weir, to prevent the Qi-water east into Baigou, to pass the grain road.

3. Pinglu Canal In the eleventh year, Cao Cao invaded Wuhuan to solve the problem The Zhanghe River , Hutuo River and 泒 River, Luhe River The link between water transport and Kaiping A surname. From Pinglu city (now Hebei Qingxian southwest wood door shop), south Hutuo water, north through 泒 water and into Lu River.

In the same year, Cao Cao opened Quanzhou Canal in order to solve the water transport connection between 泒, Lu River and 泃 river to the northeast. Since now, the lower reaches of Haihe River in the east of Tianjin city pass through the Wazawa north and receive 泃 river and Baoqiu water. Because of the canal near ancient Quanzhou County (now Tianjin Wuqing Kamimura) after the name.

5. Xinhe River In the same year, Cao Cao settled the Quanzhou Canal to the east The Luanhe River (in Hebei Province) Between the water transport links, and then open a new river. From the north of Quanzhou Canal to the east side of Baoqiu water salt Pass (now Tianjin Baodi County Linting Estuary area) water east Juegeng water (today's Zhou River), Juliang water (today's Fuxiang River), Fengda water (today Steep river ), slow deficient water (today Shahe ), Suhe (now the river), Shimizu (now Qinghe County ), will be in the water (today Luanhe River). This canal intersects several natural rivers, must build a weir gate to pass through, excavation project is more complex.

In 18 years, Cao Cao, in order to solve the grain supply and traffic in Ye Du, opened the Cao Cao Canal to channel Zhangzhou water into Baigou, which is now Hebei Province Quzhou county South to southwest Guantao County. With the opening of this canal, the water volume of Baigou increased, and the vessels could sail straight down the Zhangzhou River to Yecheng City.

The six canals that Cao Cao presided over were conducive to northern unification and social and economic development, leading to Hebei plain Haihe river system formed, and for later Sui Yang Emperor Yang Guang Digging Yongji canal and Tongji Canal Lay the foundation for part of the river.

Cao Wei Dynasty Han Dynasty, moved the capital Luoyang, again Xuchang Qiao, Ye, Chang 'an as the secondary capital. In order to facilitate the transportation, the old waterway has been transformed successively and new canals have been dug. Emperor Wen of Wei Cao PI Huang Chu During the years to dig communication Ru, Ying two water of the Rupp canal, as well as communication Wei (now Ying water tributaries), you water system of Jia Hou canal. The second year of Jingchu (238) opened communication Zhangshui, Hutuo water and 泒 water (today Dasha River Lukou, white horse two canals. Is beginning four years (243) open communication Ying water and Rushui Guanghuaiyang, hundred feet two canals.

In addition, the Eastern Jin Dynasty Supreme harmony Four years (369) Huan Wen's expedition to the north Before Yan, the rate of the water army back to Surabaya to Jinxiang, the value of the drought, he, Ji water cut off, life 毛穆之 More than three hundred miles of canals, south of the lotus water (today Shandong Yutai Nearby), north through Juyeze, the river into the canal, so that Si, Wen, Ji Samshui Connected, the history called Huan Gong Gou. Jianghuai basin Ships with the aid of Huan Gong Gully can self-supply water (also known as clear water) into the river, west to Shanluo. 12 Years of Yixi (416) Liu Yu's northern expedition Yao Qin Yuan Jia seven years (430) Song will To Yoshiyuki Led the water army to attack Wei to take this waterway. Huainan and Jiangnan areas in the Wei, Jin and six dynasties also dug and renovated some canals.

In The Three Kingdoms period, Sunwu State Jianye (Eastern Jin renamed Kien Kang In order to avoid the risk of the Yangtze River and strengthen the connection between the capital and the Taihu Basin, the eight years of Chiwu (245) sent 30,000 soldiers to camp fields and chiselled Jurong The middle road to Tongwu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), will (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) ships, the number broke Gangkou. The canal started from Xiaoqi in Jurong (southwest of modern Jurong, Jiangsu Province), crossed Gaofu, and reached east Yunyang Xicheng (now Jiangsu Danyang Yanling), with the original Dantu Watercourse connection; West Lianhuai River (present Qinhuai River ), straight to Jianye City, along the way to build fourteen Dai for water storage. At the time of the south beam, due to the breaking of the gang and the value of winter and spring, the ship was inconvenient, and it opened another "upper Rong Dun" in the south, took "top diverting", and built 21 Dai along the way to improve navigation conditions. to Chen Dynasty On the rong profane also, turn to repair more profane. After Sui destroyed Chen, the two blasphemies were abolished. The excavation of the broken post and the upper Rongyu made the ships in Taihu Lake area once enter the Yangtze River without passing through the Jingkou until the construction of Ye.

Dantu Waterway, a canal between Zhenjiang and Danyang in Jiangsu Province. Qin Dynasty began to chisel, no dam facilities at the beginning, the terrain is high, the river is easy to go away, navigation is inconvenient. In the late years of Sun Wu's cultivation of Dantu to Yunyang Waterway, due to Du Ye (now east of Zhenjiang in Jiangsu) and Xiao Xin (now north of Danyang in Jiangsu), "they all cut off the tomb raiding, and their abilities were hard". During the reign of Huidi in the Western Jin Dynasty, Chen Min suppressed Malinxi and cited Changsan The water of eighty-four streams is stored as a lian lake; When Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Zhang Kai Also built Xinfeng Lake, are to adjust the canal water. Sima Ruizi, Emperor Yuan of Jin Sima Pu Town Guangling, for luck Jiang Dong Grain out of the Jingkou, the construction of Ding MAO Dai in the southeast of Zhenjiang, so that the Dantu waterway navigation conditions improved, laid a foundation for the Sui Dynasty to repair the northern section of Jiangnan Canal.

East Zhejiang Canal The ancient Qiantang River and Yao Jiang A general term for the sections of canal between them. Shaoxing area is crisscrossed by rivers, King Gou Jian of Yue In other words, "the ship is the car, and the ship is the horse." During the Hui Di Period of the Western Jin Dynasty, He Xun To Kuaiji County (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) presided over the excavation of the waterway, dredging the old river to connect it, from the east of Shaoxing city to the Caoejiang River, west Xiaoshan Mountain County Qiantang River. The Southern Dynasty in Xiling (now Zhejiang Xiaoshan Xixing Town Building a cow-dam, pulling boats across the weir to enter the river, the eastern Zhejiang Canal has begun to take shape.

Yangkou canal At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, Duyi Town Xiangyang, on the basis of the pre-Qin canal, made use of the convenient conditions of Jianghan lake swing, opened Yangkou (now Qianjiang in Hubei Province), and crossed the canal west to Jingzhou (now Hubei Province) Gangnung Under the city, the two rivers connected with the Han River, so that the zero, Guangxi (today's Hunan and Guangxi) area of materials to the north to avoid the roundabout the downstream of the Han River and the risk.

Jiangdu new River During the Yonghe period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (345-356), the main river of the Yangtze River moved south, Jiangdu (southwest of today's Yangzhou) water broke off, and opened a channel sixty miles to the west to set Ouyang Dai, which led the river water to Guangling City and connected with the Zhongdu Water. Yizheng County Yangyang (Yangzhou) Canal predecessor.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The canal, which is mostly the product of the period of division, promoted communication, prevented the separation from becoming a closed local system, and also created conditions for unity.

Sui and Tang dynasties

In Sui and Tang dynasties, canals were called canals or canals canal , transport canal. include Open channel , Tongji Canal, Shandyangdu , Hanggou, Jiangnan River Yongji Canal, to the Song Dynasty began to call the canal.

The Sui Dynasty had a large capital Xingcheng (present Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), although Guanzhong was known as fertile land, but the land was narrow and the people were large, the property was not enough to supply the capital, and it had to rely on the taxes of the eastern states (counties). Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty Yang Jian The size of the Wei water is impermanent, the flow is shallow and the sand is deep, and it often blocks the water transport, so it is in the four years of Kai Huang (584) life Yu Wenkai Lead the plumber to open another canal. From the northwest of Daxing city to Wei water, slightly follow the old way of the Han dynasty to the east, to Tongguan (a county in Henan Province) Into the Yellow River, more than three hundred miles long, famous wide channel. Since then, the canal Tongli, Guanzhong rely on it, it is also called Fumin canal. Renshou County Four years (604) renamed Wing Tong Canal.

Open emperor seven years, Sui to prepare for Pingchen, open Addison Dun, north from Shanyang (now Jiangsu Huaian), southeast by Sheyang Lake and Hangou ditch. Thus it communicated the route from the Huai River to the Yangtze River between Shanyang and Jiangdu (now Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province).

The first year of Daye (605) Emperor Yang Guang built Tokyo (now Luoyang, Henan Province), and conquered Henan Province. Huaibei More than a million men and women in the counties dug the Tongji canal. The west section of Tongji Canal is drawn from Tokyo Seiyuan Grain water Luoshui, follow the east Hanyang County Old canal east flow, to the southeast of Yanshi into Luo, Luo into the river; The eastern section was from Banzhu (now Xingyang, Henan Province) Sishui Town Near Niukou Yu in the northeast) leads the Yellow River to the east, follows the Kaifeng River Route to the east of Junyi (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province), bends to the southeast through Chenliu and Yongqiu (present-day Henan Province) Qixian County ), Xiangyi (now Suixian County, Henan Province), Ningling County (now southeast of Ningling, Henan) to Song City (now Henan Shangqiu south), southeast into the old road of Qiutshui, through the valley cooked (now Henan Yu Cheng Southwest), 酂 County (now Xiayi South of Henan Province), Yongcheng (now Yongcheng North of Henan Province), Qi County (now Suzhou southeast of Anhui Province), Xia Qiu (now Anhui Province) Sixian County To Xucheng (now Jiangsu Province Hongze Lake Near West Baji) southeast today Xuyi The other side enters Huai River. In the same year, more than one hundred thousand Huainan migrant workers were recruited to dredge, and the reform of the Han ditch of the Jianghuai River that was cut by the king of Wu in the end of the spring and Autumn period replaced Shanyang. Tongji Canal and Han Canal are the two most important sections in Sui Sui Canal, which are forty paces wide.

Four years of great cause, and recruited Hebei counties men and women more than a million people to open Yongji canal, citing Refreshing water Nantong Yellow River, and in the east bank of the lower reaches of Qinshui canal to Qinshui under Qing, Qishui, slightly follow the Baigou, Qinghe old road northeast so far Dezhou (since Naehoang To Wucheng, the canal in Wei He West of; Wucheng to Dezhou, the canal is in the east of the Weihe River), along the Jinnan Canal to the present Tianjin city, and then use the Gu water to connect the Sanggan water (that is, the white River from Tianjin to Wuqing and Wuqing to the southwest suburbs of Beijing Yongding River Old path) to Zhuojun (today's Beijing), a total length of more than two thousand li. Seven years later, Emperor Yang prepared to go to war Korea From Jiangdu boat to Han ditch, Tongji canal across the Yellow River into Yongji canal, direct Zhuo County; Also, "the people from the south of the Yangtze River and Huai River and shipped rice from Liyang and Luokou to Zhuojun, 舳舻 phase a thousand miles".

In the six years of the Great Cause, Emperor Yang was about to tour Kuaiji in the east of Jiangdu, and dug from the Jingkou to the east Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), the Yangtze River and Zhejiang shipping between the Jiangnan River. It is roughly channelled by the old canal since the Six Dynasties, and is slightly similar to the southern section of the present Grand Canal, with the only section south of Chongde in the south of the present canal. With a length of more than 800 li and a width of more than 10 zhangs, it can pass the dragon boat. However, the plan of "East Patrol Kuaiji" was not implemented.

On both sides of the canal, there are wide Road used by the emperor , planted in rows of willows. From Chang 'an to Jiangdu, more than 40 palaces were built. In addition, many granaries were built along the canal to serve as transhipment or storage points for grain. One of the most famous is the Liyang Warehouse in Liyang (now Henan Province) Xunxian (a county in Henan Province) Southeast 伾 foothills), Luoyang Xingluo Cang (renamed after Luokou warehouse Today, northeast of Gong County, Henan Province, around more than 20 miles, there are three thousand cellars, each cellar can hold eight thousand stones of grain), back Luocang (back to a back, Luoyang of Sui and Tang Dynasties Seven miles north of the city, around ten miles, there are three hundred cellars), containing Jiacang (the north of Luoyang city in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the total area of the warehouse is about 430,000 square meters, there are more than four hundred cellars), Heyang's Heyang Cang (today's Henan Province Meng County South, north of the Yellow River), Shaanxi County Chang Pingchang (now Henan Sanmenxia Southwest), Huayin County Guangtong warehouse (renamed Yongfeng Warehouse, Weihe River into the Yellow River today), the capital of Daxing City Taicang And Shanyang Shanyang warehouse (now Jiangsu Huaian northwest canal east bank, grain storage of more than a million stones).

This series of canals dug in the Sui Dynasty, from the capital Daxing city in the west, to Zhuojun County in the north, to Yuhang in the south, a total length of four to five thousand li. It connects the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huai River, the Yangtze River, Qiantang River Five major water systems, and the Kyoshi, Dongdu, Zhuojun ( You Zhou ), Jun Yi (Bianzhou), Yangjun (Songzhou), Shanyang (Shanyang) Chuzhou ), Jiangdu (Yangzhou), Wujun (Suzhou), Yuhang (Hangzhou) and other capital cities were linked together, thus strengthening the connection between the various regions. At that time, on the canal, "business travel to and from, the ship is never stopped", it was the economic and cultural exchange between the north and the south in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the maintenance of national unity and unity centralization Have played a role in promoting.

The Sui section of the canal to the Tang Dynasty was called the caoqu or caohe, the east section of the Tongji Canal was called the Bianqu, Bianhe or Bianshui, and the Han Ditch and Jiangnan River were called Guanhe County . The name of Yongji Canal is still the same, but it has been isolated from Qinshui, and is exclusively based on the two waters of Qing and Qi. Among the sections, the most important were the canals connecting Chang 'an and Luoyang with the Jiang and Huai regions, the Bianhe River and the Huainan Canal, which formed the lifeline of the Tang Dynasty. At the time of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong, about 200,000 stone of grain was transported to Chang 'an from the Jianghuai area every year. Since Emperor Gaozong, the use of the state has increased to Trimble Two and a half million stones are transported every year. After Emperor Suzong, the Central Plains was in ruins, and the government's financial revenue mainly depended on the Jiangnan area. Therefore, the obstruction of this canal is directly related to the survival of the imperial dynasty. Yongji Canal is still the main transportation route in Hebei, along which Weizhou (northeast of today's Daiming in Hebei) built more than 100 buildings in the west of the city during the Kaiyuan period, "to store the goods of Jianghuai", and Beizhou (northwest of today's Qinghe in Hebei) was known as "the North Bank of the world" in Tianbao time.

The Sui-Tang Canal could not be navigable smoothly for a long time. In addition to being blocked by war sometimes, natural factors also caused many difficulties to shipping. For example, the canal in Guanzhong was silted up and abandoned in the early Tang Dynasty. The canal was diverted from Wei water to Chang 'an. From Luokou west to Guanzhong with the Yellow River as the transport route, there are three doors in the middle of the danger, often shipwreck capsizing accidents. Therefore, from Luoyang to Shanzhou, this section of the road sometimes had to be replaced by a very costly road transport. Bianqu Canal and Huainan Canal were often affected by siltation. At the same time, the canal is far away, and the climate along the route is inconsistent, or rain or drought, the canal is often stopped because of the shallow canal water and the Yellow River.

In order to solve the crisis of Chang 'an's food and state use, Xuanzong, Bae Yao-kyung It is proposed to change the land transportation from Dongdu to Shanzhou to water transportation, and to open a mountain road more than ten miles long on the north bank of Sanmen Mountain of the Yellow River to carry out short-distance vehicle transportation to bypass the Zhongzhu dangerous road. The Bianhe River into the mouth of the Yellow River to dispose of a warehouse, Jianghuai rice into this warehouse, the ship will be released to Jianghuai. From this warehouse into the Yellow River, Luoshui, by the government hired boats to carry. One warehouse was placed in the east and west of Sanmen Mountain, and rice was transported by boat to the east warehouse, and then transported by land to the West warehouse, and then transferred by ship to the warehouses in Guanzhong. The water is transported immediately, and the water is fine, so as not to waste time and reduce losses. In August of the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Xuanzong adopted his advice and ordered the establishment of Heyin Warehouse (now Heyin, northeast of Xingyang, Henan Province) at the mouth of the Bian River Gucheng Xisanli), the east of Sanmen Mountain collection warehouse, the west of Sanmen mountain salt warehouse; In the north of Sanmen Mountain, 18 Li Mountain Road, land transport. Grain transported from Jianghuai was put into Heyin warehouse; From the Heyin warehouse to the east of the inclusion of the warehouse containing Jia, sent to pass in the first Taiyuan warehouse (namely Sui Changping warehouse), and then shipped to Yongfeng warehouse (namely Sui Guangtong warehouse), Weinan warehouse, Taicang. Yao Qing was appointed as the Jianghuai, Henan transport envoy, three years a total of seven million stone, saving land freight 400,000. But in the middle of the Sanmenxia north 18 miles still need to replace the boat with the car, the two ends of the gorge to unload and move, it is still very difficult. From the 29th year to the first year of Tianbao (742), he was governor of Shaanxi County Li Qi An artificial channel was dug in the rock east of the man gate of Sanmenxia, known as the Sanmen Yun Canal or "Kaiyuan New River" or "Tianbao River". And on the top of the mountain cut a road, waiting for the river to rise, so that the boat through the channel, thus starting from Jianghuai to Guanzhong water transport bureau. However, the channel was soon abandoned due to rockfall. The first year of Tembo, Weden For water and land transport, dredged the canal in Guanzhong, built weir from Yuan West (southwest of Xianyang today) to divert Wei water, intercepted Ba Water and Chanwater, followed the old canal route in Sui to the east, and merged with Wei water at Yongfeng Cang. Chisel in the east of Chang 'an City Gwangwontan (nine miles northeast of Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties), it is a place where ships are moored. So the Jianghuai cao ship reached Chang 'an, carrying 4 million stone meters and other money and goods, the highest record in the Tang Dynasty.

The Rebellion of An Shi When the areas north and south of the Yellow River and the vicinity of Chang 'an were severely damaged, the Tang government became more dependent on taxes from the Jianghuai River, while the canal was cut off, and the leased rice and money goods in the Jianghuai area were transferred from the Yangtze River and the Hanshui River to Hanzhong Fengxiang . The route is circuitous, dangerous and expensive. When the chaos was calmed down, the Bianqu Canal wanted to transport water from the canal, but because of the disrepair and blockage, there was no water for thousands of miles and it could not be navigable. When Emperor Daizong took the throne, Chang 'an was filled with thousands of dollars, there was no overnight grain in the palace, and farmers in the suburbs of Beijing rubbed their grain to lose the government. Guangde Two years (764) to Liu Yan As a transfer agent for Henan and Jianghuai, Yan asked for the dredging of the Bianqu Canal and the reform of the legal system: 2,000 ships were built, each carrying thousands of meters of stone, ten ships in a team, each team of 300 men, and 50 workers; Use part of the salt profits to hire boatmen, do not requisition migrant workers. Officers were sent along the way to supervise, and troops were sent to escort from Yangzhou to Heyin. Above the river Yin, special personnel will be organized to pull the boat with bamboo and hemp rope. According to the characteristics of the water conditions of the river, Bian, River and Wei sections and the different familiarity of the boatmen to the waterways of the sections, the segmented transfer was implemented. "River boats do not enter Kaibian, Kaibian boats do not enter the river, river boats do not enter Wei; The Yangtze River is transported to Yangzhou, the Bianhe River is transported to Yin, the river ships are transported to Weikou, and the Weihe ships are transported to Taicang." This not only ensures the safety of the ship and improves the transportation efficiency, but also greatly reduces the freight and loss. At that time, the canal of the Jianghuai River transported 1.1 million stones to the north every year, 400,000 stones stored in the Yin warehouse of the river, 300,000 stones stored in the Taiyuan warehouse of Shaanxi province, and 400,000 stones were transported to Chang 'an. After Liu Yan, Bao Ji Yuan Xiu and other successors, all follow its law.

During the time of Emperor Dezong, water transport in Southeast China was frequently caused Vassal state The rebellion was blocked, and the granaries of Guanzhong were depleted, causing extreme panic in the government and the opposition. Zhenyuan two years (786), after a period of four years to pacification Li Xilie After the rebellion, when the rice from Jiangnan was transported to Shaanxi, Emperor Dezong said to the prince happily, "The rice has arrived in Shaanxi, and my father and son have been born." Six army sergeants learned of this situation, "all shout long live." It can be seen that the canal played an important role in maintaining the unified power of the Tang Dynasty. However, on the contrary, it was precisely because of the existence and navigation of the canal that the Tang central government was able to search the vast southeastern region as much as possible, so Li Fangjing wrote in his book Bianhe River straight into the ship In a poem, he wrote: "Kaibian water is the most profitable, and strangers are also the most harmful." In the forty-three states to the southeast, it is this river that draws all the fat."

In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the peasant war and The state was divided Bianqu lost in maintenance, from the southeast of the Yongqiao (a Yongqiao, the ancient Bianqu in the south of Suzhou City, Anhui Province) into pollution; In addition, the dilated area above the Yongqiao to the mouth of Kaibian is also shallow. After Liang, after Tang, after Jin, after Han four generations did not Junzhi. To the later Zhou Xiande two years (955) due to the preparation of the South Tang Dynasty, only because of the dyke and dredge Bianqu, from the Yongqiao has been arrived Sizhou City . In five and six years, it continued to be dredged, and the passage between Tokyo and Jianghuai was unimpeded, thus laying the foundation for the prosperity of the Northern Song Canal and Tokyo.

Song and Jin dynasties

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, changed the pattern of Shaanxi and Luo as the political center of the country for a long time. With the increasing economic status of the Yangtze River basin, the formation of the confrontation between Song and Liao and Song and Summer, and the implementation of the policy of "guarding the inside and the outside" of the Northern Song regime, the North-South water transport was of great significance. The capital Kaifeng A land of even distance On the basis of the transformation and dredging of the original waterways of the previous generation, an artificial water transport system with Kaifeng, the capital, as the center, radiating to the surrounding areas is formed.

Bianhe River, one of the "four rivers of water transport", that is, Tongji Canal, the route has basically not changed. Kaifeng west, from Kaiyin County Bian Kou (now Henan Xingyang Liougou Village North Yellow River Beach) diverted the Yellow River water to the east, into Kaifeng Prefecture The water gate on the Bianhe River in outer Guo (north of Zhengmen Village in Kaifeng, Henan Province) runs through the inner city and exits the city by the lower Water gate on the Bianhe River in outer Guo (north of Yangmen Village). Kaifeng east of the river along the general trend of today's Huiji River, to Sizhou city south into Huai (now Jiangsu Xuyi northeast, has sunk in Hongze Lake). In the Northern Song Dynasty, the water was diverted to rivers and lakes, and the benefits were exhausted The South China Sea Half a day of wealth, and Shanze's general merchandise, known by Kaibian Road into, so Bianhe is the foundation of the founding of the country. However, Bianhe River, due to its connection with the Yellow River, needs to be repaired from time to time due to its fluctuation and sediment. The Bianhe River construction carried out during the 170 years of the Northern Song Dynasty included:

① Water source construction. The Kaibian Gate was changed to artificially control its depth, width and narrowness in order to control the flow. When the Kaibian River rose, the Kaibian Gate was raised and blocked to reduce the inflow of the Yellow River. When the Bianhe River was flooded, the Bian Estuary was dug deep and dredged to increase the water intake. Set up a chief supervisor, the service of the New Year is always prosperous. The project cost a lot of manpower and money, so new water sources had to be found. In the second year of Taizu Jianlong (961), the dredging cable must be poured into the Bianhe River. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Emperor Shenzong began to guide the Luoqingbian Project, from the Shagu mouth of Ren Village in Gongxian County to the Bian mouth of Heyin, to draw Luoshui water into Kaibian, and cut off the water source of the Yellow River. PI Ponds have been built along the Bianhe River. Water tank ") to the benefit of luck.

② River engineering. Because of the long-term diversion of the Yellow River, the Bianhe River has accumulated sediment and its riverbed has gradually increased. River dredging works are frequent. These include digging by hand, almost every year, and placing stone tablets at the bottom of the riverbed to remember its depth guidelines. The narrow river project, the Bianhe river in the southeast of Kaifeng City from the sewer gate to Yingtianfu section, the bank of the Bianhe river is broad and shallow, the water is smooth and silted, the first year of Jiayou (1056), the narrow river was placed along the bank to speed up the flow and slow down the silting. To strengthen the Kaibian Dike, the Northern Song Dynasty sent soldiers to patrol the Kaibian Dike day and night as a regular system, the project required "sand as much as possible", to test the weakness of the big cone dike, build a short wall near the river bank as a limit, to prevent people from falling, and plant willow along the dike to strengthen the foot of the berm. Bianhe River along the opening of the sluice control to reduce the flood, all projects under the management of the Bianhe River bank drainage department.

The annual flow of the Bianhe River in the Northern Song Dynasty increased with the imperial revenues. From hundreds of thousands of stones in the early Song Dynasty to Emperor Song Zhenzong The seven million stone in the early years of the Dazhong Xiangfu (1008) was generally maintained at about six million stone, and the Song Dynasty adopted the "Gang transport" method of organizing transport with ten to thirty vessels per line. Every year, tens of thousands of public and private vessels return to the Bianhe River, which not only connects the political center with the economic center of the country, promotes the exchange of materials and the social and economic development along the coast, but also plays an important role in expanding the economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries.

In the later period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the silting elevation of the Bianhe River became more and more serious. From Kaifeng East Water Gate to Xiangyi, the bottom of the river rose more than ten feet above the flat land outside the bank. From the Bian Dike's eye view, residents felt as if they were in a deep valley. After Jin wiped out the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianhe River lost its value and was silted up. Lingbi In the east, water was still able to travel, and the riverbed above Suzhou became a continental road, and the water transport artery of the Central Plains, which had been maintained for more than 500 years, finally disappeared.

Huimin River Min Shui southwest of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty, Chae Ha A general term for canals. One of the "four rivers of water transport". In the early Song Dynasty, the army was deployed to the southeast. Square corner Husband one, the capital warehouse needs to take money in the west of Beijing counties. In the second year of Jianlong (961), the Minhe River was chiselled. Since the present Henan Xinzheng County, guided Weishui (today double Ji River) northeast flow, by Song Lou (present Henan Province A surname Weichuan Town south), Zhu Qu (now Zhu Qu Township of the Wei family) two towns, to Kaifeng city west ten miles note Pipa ditch (that is, CAI River source), by Tokyo Kaifeng House outside the Guo South Wall Puzi The Watergate enters the city and then exits the city south by the Guangli Watergate. The following sections use the CAI River, namely the ancient Lang Lang channels and chasm. Caihe south flow through Wei, Yihe two water, to Caikou town (today Huaiyang beans gate set to Henan Xiang Cheng One area) into Ying water. In the second year of Gande (964), he diverted Yishui River (now Qingyihe River) from the north channel of Changshe (now Xuchang, Henan Province) into Min to widen the water source. Min's excavation not only increased the water source of CAI River, but also extended the water source of Xu River. Ruzhou Supplies were sent to the capital. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Minshui was changed into Huimin River, which was later used as the general name of Min and CAI Ershui.

Northern Song Dynasty in order to open southwest Xiang, Hancao Road, two excavation Square city The canal, to obstruct the Bai River back into the sand, Ying, engaging the Huimin River, and eventually failed because of the high and complex terrain. Turned three times to open and repair the canal connecting Ru, Ying water and CAI River middle reaches, since Joint flow town (present Henan Province Xihua County Xiaoyao Town) to Ru water tributaries Commercial water (now named Shahe) enters Yingshui in the north and flows through Xihua County in the east Changping Town injection CAI River, so that the southwest of Henan and Kaifeng between the water transport no longer detour Caikou, province five hundred miles, the canal is also a Huimin river system.

The Huimin River was an important canal in the Northern Song Dynasty to maintain the capital and the southwest. It transported 600,000 stone of grain to Chen, Ying, Xu, CAI, Guang and Shou States, and also used money and silk, salt and tea, especially the capital's charcoal. After Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianhe River was silted up, but Huimin River continued to be an important waterway through Huaiyou in Jin Dynasty. From the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, it gradually disappeared under the influence of the Yellow River's continuous capture of CAI into Huai.

Guangji River, one Wuzhang River One of the "four rivers of water transport" in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties, in order to strengthen the transportation of materials between the capital Kaifeng and the northern coastal area of Shandong, Emperor Sejong of the later Zhou Dynasty Chai Rong The sparse Bianwater flows into Baigou (the old road of South Jishui) in the north and Jishui in the east to pass through Qilu County A grain of water. The river bed is extended to five zhangs, commonly known as "five zhangs River". The Northern Song Dynasty was founded, the southeast was not flat, continued to gauge the Qilu waterway, west of the Jing, Suo water across Kaifeng, the Wuzhang River, in order to increase the water. The river is dredged and DAMS are placed along the flow 牐 to help transport. Kaibao six years (973) renamed Guangji River.

The Guangji River rises from the west Bianjing Waiguo northeast Xiantongmen, east flow to Jeju Hecai Town (now Shandong Province Yuncheng (a county in Shandong Province) southwest Liang Shanbo The next water supply. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the water transport of the Guangji River had played an important role, the annual water transport volume increased from ten thousand to six hundred thousand to seven thousand stones, the 17 prefectures of Tokyo millet silk were transported from the Guangji River to the capital, and the southeast was established, and the Guangji River only transported military grain to Taikang, Xianping, Weishi and other counties. After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River flooded south for many times, and the Guangji River waterway was shallow and astringent, and the transport capacity was greatly reduced, and the Jin Dynasty was abolished.

Jinshui River Northern Song Kaifeng west artificial aqueduct. Jianlong two years (961) channel guide Xingyang Huangdui Shanjing, Suo two water east through the middle Mou, where more than a hundred miles, to the west of the capital, frame trough transverse Bianqu, into the east of the Wuzhang River, the name of the Jinshui River. This channel water is clear, one into the palace, drinking water for the capital; The second is to make up the Wuzhang River water, water transport is of little significance. According to history, Kaifeng, Huimin, Jinshui and Guangji Rivers were the four canals, or Kaifeng, Huimin, Guangji and Yellow River were collectively called the four canals, thus forming a canal system centered on the capital Kaifeng.

In addition to the canal of the Northern Song Dynasty divided by the "Four canals of water transport" centered on the capital, there are also north of the Yellow River A surname .

The Royal River is another name for Yongji Canal in Sui and Tang dynasties in the Northern Song Dynasty. The direction of the river basically unchanged, the northern section because of the confrontation between Song and Liao, since Ganning's Legion Present-day Hebei Qingxian County ) into the pond, boundary river. The Imperial River was mainly responsible for the delivery of grain for the Hebei frontier army in the Song Dynasty, and the grain in Jiangnan was transported from Kaibian to Huang, to Liyang (today's Xunxian County in Henan Province) and transferred to the Imperial River Daimyo East, West Jisheng warehouse unloading storage distribution, and then from the Daimyo Shunyu River into the Hulu, Hutuo River and newly dug Deep state Xinhe, Dingzhou Gia Son Xinqu and Baozhou canals were sent to the border state army. The annual transport of nearly one million Dendrobium, is the lifeblood of the side. After the eighth year of Qingli (1048), the north stream of the Yellow River invaded the imperial river many times, resulting in the siltation of the riverbed, unable to bear the transport.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, "the country is fundamental and depends on Jiangnan", in order to collect grain in Jiangnan, the focus is on regulating the junction of Jiangnan Canal and natural rivers and the supply canal water source.

1. Huainan Canal (ie Hangou, Shanyang) north end, Yong Xi From the end of Chuzhou (now Huaian, Jiangsu Province) to the end of the period (984-987) Huaiyin (now Ganluo City, southwest of Huaiyin, Jiangsu Province) between the mouth of the mill, dug forty miles of sand River; And from Huaiyin west to Hongze County Town opened forty-nine miles Hongze canal. Yuanfeng first year (1083) and then from Hongze town alongside Huai River canal fifty miles, southwest to Kameyama Town (now northeast of Jiangsu Xuyi), said Guishan canal. These three canals make the connection between Bianhe River and Huainan Canal free from the risks of Shanyang Bay and Changhuai tidal wave in Chuzhou. Jiangnan, Huainan, two Zhejiang, Jinghu road rent to buy from the Huainan Canal coast true (now Jiangsu Yizheng), Yang (now Jiangsu Yangzhou), Chu, Si (now Jiangsu Xuyi northeast) four states to receive warehouse, branch ship into Kaibian and arrived in Bianjing.

② The original weir DAMS of Huainan Canal and Zhejiang Canal (i.e. Sui and Tang Jiangnan River) are all sluices 牐; The earth bank is changed into a stone towpath, and the bend is cut straight. in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) east of Jingkou Gate dug new river, seafood river, Manlu port; West of the new cut garlic mountain canal, as an auxiliary channel to divert river water transport. Repair Danyang lake, supply canal water. Dredge and share in MAO Shan and Yanqiao River in Hangzhou River tide Lake water to help transport. Make Huainan, Zhejiang Canal stable navigation until the Song dynasty.

After the southern crossing, the Southern Song Dynasty was in a corner of peace, and the main transport of food and pay was paid to the 17th road state army. Danin Linan On the left river and right lake, boats are the most convenient, and canals continue to play an important role. While maintaining and using the Huainan and Zhejiang canals, the Southern Song Dynasty made every effort to renovate the eastern Zhejiang Canal.

East Zhejiang Canal west Xiaoshan County Xixing town, east through Xiaoshan, Yuezhou, to Shangyu County County Tongming dam, will Ningshao plain The Qiantang River, Puyang River, Cao E The River, Yuyao The Yangtze and Yongjiang are connected with the sea. The two Song Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty original road, A surname On the basis of dredging old roads, excavating new rivers, adding locks and weirs (Xixing, Qian Qing North, South Qianqing, Dusi, Cao E, Lianghu and Tongming seven weir), so that the salt rice of eastern Zhejiang, the palace of the emperor, the envoys of Gaoli and Japan, and the fragrant medicine of the South China Sea are not by the Qiantang River, only the pan-Yuyao Koe Yi boat floating canal and reached in (Hangzhou). The Eastern Zhejiang Canal became the lifeline to support the Southern Song Dynasty.

The Song Dynasty was the period when China's canals developed to a higher level. The route selection, layout and water transportation engineering technology were obviously better than those of the previous generation. Canals played a higher economic and social benefits, and directly affected the rise and fall of state power when the national political center was separated from the economic center. At the same time, due to the restriction of natural conditions, the contradiction between canal navigation and agricultural irrigation in Song Dynasty and the adverse impact of canal on the environment and ecology along the line gradually formed.

Golden capital Yu Yan The capital relied on the grain of Shandong and Hebei. At that time, the south flow of the Yellow River took Huai River, Bianhe River and Guangji River successively silted waste, and the grain transfer only depended on Huimin and Yuhe. The royal river because of the Yellow River many times, the bed shallow flow of astringent, Emperor Sejong, Emperor Zhangzong ordered along the river state official titles are with control, pipe hook caohe, the year of Shandong, Hebei, Daimyo road army dredged river, camp embankment, then into custom. In the eleventh year of Dading (1171), Yongji Canal opened Jinkou and channeled the water of Lugou River to the north of the capital city and to the east Tongzhou North into Lu water, name gate river. Set up a gate to knot Gaoliang River, Bailian Tan (present Beijing Jishui pool ), to borrow the water of the Lu ditch to transfer the grain. But because of the high terrain, Jinkou River water turbidity can not win the boat and still to land. peaceful Four years (1204) Han Yu Suggestions to open Tongzhou Lushui canal, build sluice water saving, slow down the slope, and finally make the royal river cao ship to all under. Zhen you four years (1216) Right Cheng Hou Zhi opened Qin water into the royal River in order to feed. In the Jin Dynasty, river silos were set up in the counties along the Yuhe River, and ships were set up to transport them twice in spring (when the ice disappeared and the summer rain ended) and autumn (when the ice ended in August), and they were stored in the silos of Tongzhou and the Middle capital city of Tongji, Fengbei, Fengzhan and Guangji, transporting nearly one million stones annually.

Jin Dynasty also in the northeast suburbs of the central canal to open Wenyu River (known as Bahe in the eastern suburbs of Beijing); Open a long straight trench through the Wan 'an Lake in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, connecting Kaibian, Si, all want to Tong Cao millet. The canals of the Jin Dynasty were not used for very long, but after the treatment of the Jin Dynasty, some of the canals that were about to be silted were revived Central capital of Jin The planning and design of water transport lines are especially the construction of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties Thongwe Chaung -- The Grand Canal system.

yuan

The Yuan Dynasty completed the construction of the Grand Canal from Dadu in the north to Hangzhou in the south, connecting the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and the Qiantang River.

The Grand Canal of the Yuan Dynasty, with a total length of more than 3,000 li, can be divided into the following parts: the Tonghui River from Beijing to Tongzhou; From Tongzhou south into the Dagu River, southwest to the royal river Tongzhou Victualling river ; From Tianjin south to Linqing, the Yu River (that is, the Wei River) of the Tonghe River; From Linqing to Dongping Road Sushiro's Ansan, connect Jeju River The Huitong River; From Ansan in Suseong to Jeju, the Jeju River joins Surabaya to the Yellow River; From the Yellow River to Yangzhou into the Yangtze River Yangzhou Canals; From Zhenjiang to Suzhou, Jiaxing To the Jiangnan Canal in Hangzhou.

After the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, it still relied on the old canal for water and land transport, and its route was: from the Yangtze River to the Huaihe River, against the Yellow River and up to the ZhongLuanhan Station (today Fengqiu in Henan Province Southwest, the north bank of the Yellow River), land transport 180 miles to Qimen (now southwest of Henan Xunxian County), into the royal River (today's Wei River), and then shipped to Dadu. This old canal road since Sui and Tang Dynasties, because of changes, a long time not smooth, water transport is a lot of inconvenience, so the Yuan government began to build the Grand canal.

① Opening the Jeju River. It was first chiseled in January of the thirteenth year (1276). In the 18th to 20th years of the Yuan dynasty, Oluchi presided over the diversion of Wenshui and Surabaya, from the northwest of Jeju (today's Jining, Shandong Province) to Ansan (today's Shandong Province) Dongping Southwest) dug a 150 township Jeju River. The grain route from the Huai River to Surabaya (now Zhong Canal ), via Jeju, Hebei Daansan, out Daqing River (that is, the lower reaches of the Yellow River today), by Dong 'e (in present-day Donganan, Shandong Province), Lijin into the sea, and then by sea into Zhigu (today's Tianjin Dagu Port ) Dadu. Since then, due to the blockage of silt in Haikou, the transport road was impassable, and it was transferred from Donga land to Linqing (in the south of Linqing in Shandong Province) into the Yuhe River. At this point, the Yuan Dynasty north-south shipping has been roughly communicated, the impassable, only East A and Linqing between one or two hundred miles of dry road. After the construction of the Hoetong River, the Jeju River was also called the Hoetong River. Before and after the implementation of large-scale sea transportation in 24 years, the Yuan Dynasty mainly implemented the method of sea transportation, land and sea and river transport to solve the problem of water transport.

② Open the Huitong River. To Yuan twenty-six years adopted Shouzhang county (present Shandong Province Liangsan Northwest) County Yin Han Zhonghui et al. Suggestion, pie Li Zhxun Presided over the excavation of Huitong River, from the southwest of Anshan, divided Liangshanluo (that is, Liangshanbo, in today's Shandong Liangshan, Yuncheng and other counties) of the water flow north. By Shou Zhang northwest to Dongchang (now Liaocheng, Shandong), and northwest to Linqing into the Yuhe. It was 250 miles in length and took six months to complete. Thirty-one DAMS were built. At this point, the north-south shipping has been fully communicated. And the Yellow River in Song, Jin Take Huai into the sea Later, an old road in the north has been weakened for a long time, and after the Huitong River was dug, a part of the water of the Yellow River could flow into the Yuhe River and flow into the sea in the north, and the Yuhe River was therefore known as the "North Yellow River".

③ Open the Tonghui River. As early as the second year of the Middle Dynasty (1261), Guo Shoujing There are six water conservancy articles, one of which is the suggestion to divert water through the Jin Dynasty Zhongdu (today's Beijing), the east to the old caohe river in Tongzhou, and the south to open the river Yang Village (now Tianjin Wuqing), but between Tongzhou and Big 50 li, the lack of water, still need land transportation. Therefore, to Yuan twenty-eight years Guo Shoujing also suggested dredging Changping county Bai Fu Village God mountain spring, over the twin towers, Yu River, one mu, Jade Spring Water (in today's Beijing Changping border) to the Dadu West gate into the city, the pool of water (also known as Haizi ), exit southeast again Civilization Gate (now Chongwenmen) to Tongzhou Gaoli Zhuang into the white River. It has a total length of 164 li and 21 dam gates. In the following year, the river was named "Tonghui", so that the cao ship could enter the Dadu city.

④ Regulate the grain transport river in Tongzhou. Tongzhou south to the white River Nordkanal A section of the north, the Tonghui River, under the Dagu River, is the main north-south navigation, but it depends on the Lu River (by in, Yu, Hun three rivers combined) water shortage, shallow astringent river. At the end of the thirtieth year, Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan The suggestion of the Secretary of Water Transport was adopted to divert small channels of water into the Yu River to increase the flow and facilitate boating.

Dredge Yangzhou Canal and Zhenjiang Canal. Yangzhou canal is equivalent to the old Han Ditch, after the Song Dynasty, the river gradually choked. At the end of the Yuan dynasty, it was treated by thinning, but with little effect. Yanyou Dredging began four years (1317). Zhenjiang Canal belongs to the Jiangnan Canal, from Zhenjiang to Changzhou Wujin county Lucheng Dam (now southeast of Danyang, Jiangsu Province), 131 miles long. During the reign of Emperor Zhi (1321-1323), the river was widened to five zhangs, the bottom was three zhangs wide, and the depth was six feet. At the same time, it dredged Lianhu, an important water source of Zhenjiang Canal (today's Danyang North of Jiangsu Province).

The administration of water transport was adjusted several times until the nineteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty Gyeonggi City transport Minister . Twenty-four years, the internal and external division of the two transport division: the internal division of the Jinggi capital transport Division, established in Dadu, in charge of the Beijing warehouse out of grain and transport and other matters, under Department of new grain transport (placed in the sixteenth year of the Yuan) and Tonghui River grain transport thousand households (placed in the thirty-first year of the Yuan); Outer Ji City transport minister , place in Hexi Affairs (now Tianjin Wucao northwest North Canal west bank), division of Linqing, control of the river up and down to Zhigu, Hexi Wu, Li Er The Temple, Tongzhou and other departments of grain transportation, under the jurisdiction of thirty-one lines (each line of thirty boats), more than nine hundred boats, more than eight thousand households.

The communication of the Grand Canal in the Yuan Dynasty promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South and the development of Sino-foreign trade, and also laid the foundation for the smooth flow of the canal in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the modern Grand Canal.

Ming and Qing dynasties

Yuan Daikai The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Make the canal run north and south. However, Huitong River through the Shandong section of higher terrain, narrow river, to be insufficient water often bitter water shallow rubber boat, no heavy load. Ming Chengzu Zhu Di Moved the capital to Beijing, sent Pingjiang Bo Chen Xuan Dredging the Jianghuai Canal. Another fate The Ministry of Works The Songli Church Open river (including the Jeju River), the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal began to open. The Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty heritage system and continued to dredge and renovate.

In repairing the Grand Canal in Qing Dynasty, several natural rivers of different water systems were used in addition to man-made excavators. The natural river course changes from time to time, and every time the Yellow River floods or changes its course, it will inevitably seriously damage the Grand Canal. And the natural river is generally east-west trend, and the Grand Canal runs north-south, the river bed undulation difference is very large, so the river project is extremely numerous. Each section of the river has its own characteristics, in addition to the river name, each has a water groove name. During the Qing Dynasty, it can be roughly divided into seven sections: (1) the section from Beijing to Tongzhou is called Tonghui River, and the grain is called Li Canal River; ② The section from Tongzhou to Tianjin is called the North Canal, also known as the White River, the Road River or the outer River, and the water trough is called "white Cao", "Road Cao" or "the outer canal River"; The section from Tianjin to Linqing is called the South Canal, also known as the Wei River or the Yu River, and the cao is called "Wei Cao"; ④ To Linqing Taier Zhuang Section called Huitong River, also known as Shandong Canal, a total Regulating gate There are more than forty, so the cao is called "Zha Cao"; ⑤ Taierzhuang to Huaiyin section is the use of the Yellow River, the water trough is called "river trough"; ⑥ Huaiyin to Yangzhou section called the Li Canal, also known as Huaiyang The Canal, the South River or the Gaobao Canal. Zhongjing Baoying, Gaoyou, A surname So the water trough is called "lake trough"; ⑦ Zhenwang to Hangzhou section is called Jiangnan Canal or transcanal. Suzhou is divided into two parts: the northern section is called Dantu Canal, and the water supply is called "River Cao"; Its southern section is called the Zhejiang Canal, and the grain is called "Zhejiang Grain".

There are two key points of canal management in Qing Dynasty: one is Huitong River in Shandong province, and the other is Li Canal in Jiangsu Province. Huitong River is located in the middle of Shandong mountain, Nanwang known as "water ridge", high terrain, lack of water. In the Ming Dynasty Day Village To build a dam, to guide Wennan Wang, Water diversion In order to solve the water source problem, the water tank steep (cow) gate is set up to regulate the water source and control the water flow, so as to ensure the smooth navigation of the Huitong River. However, in the Qing Dynasty, the water source springs were filled, the Huitong River silted, and the lakes such as Ansan, Nanwang, Mata, and Huishan gradually silted, or were occupied by rich families, and cultivated the land, so that the lake water was less, and the irrigation of private fields and the water transport competed for water, which affected the water storage and transportation. Qing Dynasty governance Huitong River, in addition to following the Ming Dynasty's old rules, construction Dachun dam Dredging the river, building the embankment, diverting water to store the lake, and strictly opening and closing the gate, the following measures have been taken: ① Alert the local dredging spring; ② Set up pond seal, prohibit encroachment; (3) Dredging the Shandong lakes to build embankments, or raising and thickening the original banks to store lake water; ④ It is strictly prohibited for people to intercept irrigation, and the crime is severely punished. Under the continuous control of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, the Huitong River was unimpeded for more than 100 years.

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which began construction in 1300, is the longest canal with a total length of 1,794 kilometers and connects the Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period That is, 3,000 years ago, there were already canals. Later, canals were connected to connect the north and south rivers. Later, both sides of the canal became the most densely populated, economically prosperous, and culturally prosperous areas.

Related literature

broadcast

EDITOR

Canal Ode

The dragon cracks the earth, the air rushes to the sky; Jade belt fluttering, pulse in the country. Revitalize thousands of miles of loess, moisten thousands of years of civilization. Vertical and horizontal rivers, through the upper and lower Yan yellow; Crown in the Yu, the flow of south and north customs. Follow the shore, wheat show green; The ancient and modern look at each other, full of feelings. Right and evil paths, the world is different; When the people benefit the people, the canal prospers.

Think of the past, think of the past. The passage of husband and government, borrow more water for navigation. So there are Wuzhen Jianghuai, Han ditch wine; Sui love Qionghua, Yi refers to the vast. Tyranny is rampant, it is difficult to fill the north; Extravagant and prolonged, to collect the southeast fat ointment. Jackdaw number, empty around the lofty cross-strait; Hide empty thousands of sails, magnificent bustling. As for the Mongol people, sword and plow blend; The river is straight, and the rocks are stirring. After frequent yellow, day and night more rut; It's clogged with mud, and the giant OARS can't sail. To if the day and month flow, transportation change; The land and air roared, and the waterways became barren.

To this day, Sichuan Yue Jingan, the sea is not Yang waves, the people are abundant things. Is to spend a lot of money, sludge, river bed, frequent maintenance. Thus the banks of the beautiful, thousands of miles of lush. Reeds green, orchid Zhi jing, bass carp phase, regardless of rivers and lakes. Warbler fly grass green, wind clear sun warm; The waves are light, the turtle is idle, the car is parked. There are fairy birds, farmers sing; Swaying boats, children's drama dance. Up and down one color, the blue sky with Cheng LAN interconnect; There are thousands of things, willow and green heart grow together.

As for Yanjing Xionglu, he is looking forward to the future. Natural water pipes, canal junction. The Yangtze River flows from Yangzhou to the Yellow River. Living water comes, regardless of spring and autumn. Want to husband inside the Summer Palace, rippling visitors drunk; Badaling, thick clouds and rain. I'm happy to see you. Although the Ghaith River is not as prosperous as before, it still nourishes the wind of the North. Such as loving mother's great love, endless; And like the old father selfless, silent without a beginning.

Booo! Government communication All directions Water to benefit relatives. Borrow the river, the north and south harmony; Never change, take the people first. Public opinion has no size and should be considered with great care. Sui Zs river, do not know to carry boats over boats; Tang Xingqi wave, is the only government and people.

Poetry said: mighty river, Spondee its wave. Yuan xing dragon boat, people can do nothing. Future generations rely on it for a lot of good. Melt Yan Huang, activating vein. It is a matter of time, and time is wasted. The dike willows smoke water, tread the waves and sing. Now the government is in full swing. May there be peace among the people, and nothing more be done.

Apply

After the completion of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with its unique communication function, the political center and the economic center of the country are connected together, and the production areas of different river basins are linked together. Based on it, the authorities of the feudal dynasty established a thousand-year water transport system that transported materials from all over the world to the capital and maintained the life of the dynasty. The water transportation around the canal, the relevant grain allocation, collection, delivery, escort, unloading, warehousing and other aspects, in the actual process from the actual situation to continue to update and develop according to local conditions, so that the water transport system has developed and undergone several changes. Each change is developed by summarizing the experience and lessons of practice and seeking truth from facts to solve problems. For example, the Tang Dynasty Prime minister Pei Yaoqing changed the "direct transport method" to the "subsection transport method", that is, the water is transported, the shallow water is stored, and the granary is set up along the canal. In this way, the water transport ship is not stagnant, and the grain is not lost, which greatly improves the water transport volume. In the late Tang Dynasty, on the basis of the "segmented transport method", the "transfer method" was created for segmented transport, the civil transport was changed to official transport, the bulk transport was changed to standard gunnet bags, the ship formation, etc., and the containerized and systematic transport. Establish a reward system for water transport, and take salt profit as grain commission to solve the problem of water transport funds. These innovations effectively promoted the development of water transport. In the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, according to the actual condition of the canal, the methods of canal transportation were constantly innovated in order to better play the role of the canal. The rulers' use of canals also underwent practical changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of commodity economy, the social market behavior increased day by day, and the demand for material exchanges between the north and the south increased greatly. On the one hand, the canal transport stimulated the development of commercial activities along the canal; on the other hand, the canal transport itself became more and more commercialized. First, the transport of private goods, from less to more. Seeing that the court could not resist, it took the initiative to explicitly allow the tanker to carry certain goods when it went north and passengers when it returned south. This change in the policy of grain transport is a pragmatic approach of the government. On the one hand, the smuggling of grain vessels is an existing fact and cannot be stopped; on the other hand, it can subsidize the livelihood of grain workers, and at the same time, the officialdom and magnates also have this demand. The amount of cargo carried by the tankers increased day by day, the tankers trade became more and more active, and many commercial towns sprang up along the canal. Such as Tongzhou, Zhigu (namely Tianjin), Cangzhou, Dezhou, Linqing, Xuzhou, Huai 'an and so on. Silk, tea, sugar, bamboo, wood, lacquer, ceramics and so on from the South continue to be transported to the north, and pine, furs, coal and miscellaneous goods from the North continue to flow south through the canal. Although the Grand Canal was opened by water transport, when there was a demand for commercial transport in The Times, the rulers also kept pace with The Times to make it a river of commercial transport and a river of people's transport.

Canal level

broadcast

EDITOR

At 9:35 on June 24, 2023, Zhejiang Water Conservancy official micro message, affected by concentrated rainfall, Hangjiahu district concentrated rainfall of 98.5 mm in nearly 24 hours. The water level at Jiaxing Station reached 2.00 m (2.02 m), and the canal system experienced the first numbered flood of the year. ^[2]

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001