The Grand Duchy of Moscow

Early history

Russian nation The ancestors were raised in Eastern European plain A branch of the East Slavs. Since ancient times, in Eastern Europe The Slavs are not the only ones living on the plains. some Baltic Sea Finnish tribes along the coast occupy much of the forested land, and the southern steppe is inhabited by Russians who are a mobile people, with what Solovyov calls a "liquid factor." Act as Eastern Slavs One of the early Russians lived in the west from the beginning The Dniester River , east to The Dnieper River and The Black Sea The vast north shore Eastern European plain Up. The geography of this land is: forests and swamps crisscrossed, rivers crisscrossed, soil quality Sandy clay The main, while away from the sea, connected to the savannah. At the beginning of the AD, the East Slavs retained the clan system, with each tribe consisting of several clans. They cut down forests, Land leveling Engaged in farming, collective feeding livestock Hunting and fishing, all questions are decided by the clan assembly.

In the mid-11th century, due to Kievan Rus The law is given to all princes Right of inheritance The country gradually fell apart, and a number of principalities such as the Duchy of Vladimir Suzdaly emerged. ^[2] In 1169, The Grand Duchy of Vladimir He captured Kiev and forced Novgorod to surrender the following year. ^[3] In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir became the largest feudal principality in Rus. ^[3]

The Principality of Moscow was a feudal state in Northeastern Russia in the 14th and 15th centuries, and its capital was Moscow, hence its name.

The name "Moscow" comes from Finnish It means "wet place". The Grand Duchy of Vladimir Yuri Dolgoruki During the reign of the Grand Duke (1125-1157), the city of Moscow was founded (1147).

The first half of the 13th century, by Duchy of Vladimir It became the Grand Duchy of Moscow and became independent at the end of the 13th century. In the remote regions of Rus, Rus farmers lived next to the indigenous Ugri-Finnish tribes and gradually integrated with them. Their life, language and culture have taken on their own character. In this way, Northeast Rus' became the homeland of the Russian nation. It is the homeland of the Russian nation. For a long time, the center of the north-eastern Rus was a number of cities older than Moscow - Rostov, Suzdari And Vladimir. However, it is convenient and relatively safe Geographical position Provided favorable conditions for the development of Moscow. At first, Moscow was a defensive point at Suzdari, the southernmost point of the Principality of Vladimir, which served as a military frontier. Later, Moscow was separated and became a small principality, the first of which was Darniel, son of Alexander of Neva. ^{[1 ]} At the beginning of the 14th century, the state became stronger and the surrounding duchy was merged one after another.

Ivan the Third (1462-1505), Grand Duke of Moscow, took advantage of the contradictions between the Khans and gradually annexed other states. In 1478, Ivan III stopped paying tribute . 1480, the Golden Horde Ahuma Lead the army to fight. Ivan the Third flinched and prepared to retreat. Under pressure from the citizens of Moscow, only Chen soldiers on the Uggla River, and Kipchak Khanate The army faced off across the river. Uggla River standoff ). Soon the situation changed. The Kipchak Khanate's army was short of food due to the cold, Poland Reinforcements did not arrive, and when they heard that the capital city of Sarai was attacked by the Crimean Khan, they were forced to withdraw, and Ivan III won without a fight.

Novgorod Since ancient times Ross with Nordic By country Trade center From the mid-12th century onwards, it formed its own unique city-state republicanism Polity, highest Organ of power It is the General Assembly (Vicher), which decides on important matters, elects various officials and elects them archbishop . The person actually in charge is Council of nobles Composed of the great nobles of the city, presided over by the Archbishop. It also has a maharaja, most of whom Witcher invites from other regions to serve as the maharaja, responsible for defense and commanding the army, but he must obey the ancient customs of the region, and if he conflicts with Witcher, he is punished by 黜退. The Republic of Novgorod has a huge territory, from Gulf of Finland Up to The Ural Mountains .

At the end of the 12th century, Sweden Conquered Finland The horde, took over the Finnish Sea. In July 1240, the Swedish fleet invaded from the Finnish Sea Neva . The Prince of Novgorod Defeated the Swiss at the mouth of the Neva River. In the same year, Livonia knighthood (also known as Germanic The Knights also invaded Ross and occupied it Pskov In April 1242, the Prince of Novgorod defeated the Knights on Lake Chude, according to history Battle of Lake Chude Or the Battle of the Frozen Lake.

In 1456, Grand Duke of Moscow Vassily II (reigned 1425-1462) led the crusade Novgorod . 1478, Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan the Third (reigned 1462-1505) was formally annexed Novgorod The Republic, this is Russia Move towards centralization A major step for the country. Ivan the Third married in 1472 Byzantium Niece of the last emperor Sophia Palaiorog For after, think is The Byzantine Empire The rightful heir to the throne ( Eastern Roman Empire It was adopted in 1453 Ottoman Empire Destroyed). In addition, Ivan III also gave the Byzantine coat of arms - Two-headed Hawk Introduction of national emblem Russia . Since then, the double-headed eagle has become the national emblem of the Russian state. " The Third Rome The idea prompted the Moscow regime to attempt to turn the Duchy of Moscow into a "kingdom" and the Grand Duke of Moscow into tsar (Previously only Byzantine emperors had this title). ^{[1 ]}

Son of Ivan the Third Vasily III (reigned 1505 -1533) annexed Duchy of Tver , The Republic of Pskov (Russia - Estonia Border), the Duchy of Ryazan, captured in 1514 Grand Duchy of Lithuania Smolensk, though defeated Battle of Orsha Smolensk was still under control.

Yaroslavl And Rostov's own laws were abolished, with only a few remaining, subject to submission to the Grand Duke of Moscow Right of autonomy .

So far, Russia Ross The unified state was basically formed, and its territory reached to the north White Sea , South Arrive Okha , west and The Dnieper River Upstream, east The Ural Mountains . The unification of the vast territories of Northeast and Northwest RUS was centralized Administrative management The system took the first step. In 1497 a law code was issued for all of Rus, and grand princes were appointed in all regions and cities governor .

From then on, the status of the Grand Duchy of Moscow changed completely. In the past, it was only one of many duchies in Northeast Ross, which became a powerful unified state. The power of the Grand Duke of Moscow was also changed, and in the past he was only "the most powerful of several equal princes"; he became the sole monarch of the whole of Russia, and the other princes came to serve him and became his subjects. Moscow state Political system A major shift took place, and Russia began a new one Mode of political rule But at this time Russia is still in feudalism Stage, not formed perfect centralization The system.