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California (English: California) is a State in the southwest of the United States, referred to as California, another name "Golden State" (Golden State). It borders the Pacific Ocean to the west, Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and Mexico to the south. California has 2,030 kilometers of coastline, with a total area of about 424,000 square kilometers.
[3]
As of 2024, the population is 38.88 million. California has 58 counties, with Sacramento as its capital.
[2-4]
California has a diverse population, including Hispanics, Asians and AfricAn-Americans.
[3]
California's topography is diverse, with Mount Whitney and Death Valley representing the highest and lowest points in the lower 48 states.
[2]
The hydrological system of California is affected by terrain and climate. The southern desert area is dry and has little rain, while the northern coastal area has much rain and snow in winter. The overall climate is characterized by wet and rainy winter and dry summer.
[3]
European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries began the Spanish colonization of California, and the area became part of the New Spanish Viceroyalty in 1804. After Mexican independence in 1821, California became a part of Mexico until it was ceded to the United States after the MexicAn-American War of 1848. California was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850.
[5-6]
As of 2022, California's gross state product reached $3.6 trillion, with a per capita GDP of $92,190.
[7]
California's characteristic industries include information technology industry, biotechnology industry, environmental protection industry, agriculture, aerospace industry, film and television entertainment industry.
[3]
It brings together many of the world's top companies, including Apple, Oracle, HP, Paramount, Fox, Warner Brothers, etc. And world-renowned universities, such as the University of California, California Conservatory of Music and so on.
[8
]
- Chinese name
- California
- Foreign name
- California
- alias
- California , Golden State
- Administrative category
- state
- Subordinate region
- Southwestern United States
- Geographical position
- Southwest United States, east coast of the Pacific Ocean
- Area product
- 424000 km² [3]
- Subordinate area
- Los Angeles, San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, etc [2]
- Government premises
- Sacramento [10]
- Telephone area code
- 620
- Climatic condition
- Temperate climate [2]
- Population number
- 38.88 million [2] (2013)
- Famous scenic spot
- Golden Gate Bridge [11] , Fisherman's wharf [11]
- aerodrome
- Los Angeles International Airport, San Francisco International Airport [2]
- Railway station
- State public railway station
- License plate code
- CAL
- Gross regional product
- 3,090 billion yuan [3]
- prescription
- California English
- Chief office
- Sacramento [3]
- prefect
- Gavin Newsom [9]
- Official language
- English
- Population density
- 97 people per square kilometer [4] (2013)
- Time zone
- UTC-7 [12]
- Famous university
- University of California, Stanford University, Caltech [2]
catalogue
- 1Name evolution
- 2Historical evolution
- ▪Aboriginal period
- ▪Spanish period
- ▪Mexican period
- ▪Seek independence
- ▪Join the United States
- ▪Gold rush and immigration
- ▪Secession crisis
- ▪20th century to present
- 3Physical geography
- ▪Location boundary
- ▪climate
- ▪geology
- ▪landform
- ▪Hydrology and water conservancy
- ▪Natural disaster
- 4Natural resources
- ▪Water resources
- ▪Land resources
- ▪Forest and grass resources
- ▪Plant resources
- ▪Animal resources
- ▪Mineral resources
- ▪Nature reserve
- 5Administrative division
- ▪Administrative division
- ▪Important city
- 6political
- ▪summarize
- ▪Political party
- ▪Governor of a state
- ▪Leading politicians
- 7population
- ▪Population number
- ▪Ethnic group
There are several versions of the origin of the name California, one of which is widely accepted that the name comes from a 16th-century Spanish chivalric novel, Esplendor de la California (meaning "California's glory"), "California" refers to a fictional island in the Indus River in Asia, a place filled with gold and precious stones. The name was first used geographically by Hernando de Alarcon, a Spanish explorer who explored the Gulf of California in 1542 and named it "California".
[13]
In addition, there is also a suggestion that the name "California" may be derived from the Spanish words "caliente" (meaning "hot") and "fornalha" (meaning "stove" or "furnace"), which combined means "hot furnace", which may be related to the climatic characteristics of some parts of California.
[13]
About 20,000 years ago, the first humans in Asia migrated to California through the Bering Strait. In this land, the natural isolation of mountains and deserts has resulted in the formation of more than 500 Native American tribes, each of which has developed a distinct culture, including Pomo, Tolowa, Miwock, Maidu, Kato, Wentong, Kavila, Chemewewi, Chumash, Karoko, Mojave, Yokut, Paiute, and Modoc. These tribes usually exist as peaceful family clans and lack complex political structures.
[5]
By the mid-18th century, when Spanish missionaries first arrived in California, there were an estimated 30,000 Native Americans, or 13 percent of the total Native population of North America at the time. In subsequent centuries, however, this population began to decline due to disease, forced labor by Spanish missions, and the activities of American settlers in the late 19th century.
[5]
The first Europeans to explore the California coast were members of a Spanish maritime expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. Commissioned by the Governor of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, to explore and look for trade opportunities, Cabrillo entered the Bay of Santiago on September 28, 1542, and went north at least as far as the island of SAN Miguel. Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579, landing north of San Francisco. In 1587, the first Asians, Filipino sailors, arrived in Moro Bay on Spanish ships. Sebastian Vizcaino explored and mapped the California coast for the New Spain party in 1602 and came ashore at Monterey. Despite field exploration of California in the 16th century, many European maps continued to label California as an island until the 18th century.
[5-6]
The Portola Expedition of 1769-1770 was a key event in the Spanish colonization of California, leading to the establishment of several mission areas, forts, and villages. The military and civil elements of the expedition were led by Gaspar de Portola, while the religious elements were led by Junipero Serra. In 1769, they established the Mission and Fort at San Diego, the first religious and military settlement of the Spanish in California. In 1770, they established a fort and mission in Monterey Bay. After the Portola expedition, Spanish missionaries led by Serra began to establish 21 missions along El Camino Real, 16 of which were selected during the expedition. Many of California's major cities, including San Francisco, San Diego, Ventura, and Santa Barbara, grew out of these mission areas.
[5-6]
Juan Bautista de Anza led an expedition deep into the interior and northern California in 1775-1776, selecting many sites for the establishment of missions, forts, and villages. Expedition member Gabriel Moraga named many of California's famous rivers, such as the Sacramento and SAN Joaquin Rivers. After the expedition, Jose Joaquin Moraga discovered the village of SAN Jose in 1777, becoming the first city in California founded by commoners.
[5-6]
In 1776, Spain established the SAN Juan Capistrano Mission, the third mission in California. At the same time, Russian sailors also explored the northern coast of California and established the Roseburg Trading Post in 1812, primarily to supply grain to the Russian colony of Alaska, but the settlement was unsuccessful and abandoned in 1841.
[5-6]
After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain. In 1822, California became a province of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, a ranching culture developed in the area, and Mexico's free trade policies facilitated trade between California and the United States and Great Britain.
[5-6]
In 1826, hunter Jedediah Smith led the first American citizens into the region by land. By 1841, John Bidwell and John Bartleson led the first organized American settlers to settle in California. The influx of immigrants from the United States continued, and by the mid-1840s they outnumbered the native Mexican citizens.
[5-6]
In 1846, American immigrants rebelled against Mexican rule and declared California an independent nation, an event known in history as the Bear Flag Rebellion.
[5-6]
Unbeknownst to the leaders of what came to be known as the Bear Flag Rebellion, however, the United States had declared war on Mexico, and the rebels gave up their rule when U.S. Brigadier General John D. Slott captured Monterey and raised the American flag over the city. Within weeks of the beginning of the concept of independence, they declared their allegiance to the United States.
[14]
In the mid-19th century, as relations between the United States and Mexico strained, American explorers and troops began to enter the California area. The expeditions of John Charles Fremont, as well as the actions of the United States Navy, increased the suspicion of the Mexican government and the local population about American intentions. During this period, the United States government showed an interest in territorial expansion, and war broke out with Mexico.
[15]
A month after the Bear Flag Rebellion, American forces took control of California. In January 1847, California effectively surrendered to the United States. With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, California was formally ceded to the United States. In the end, California was admitted to the Union as the 31st state on September 9, 1850, without an interim period of statehood.
[5-6]
On January 24, 1848, James Marshall discovered gold in a sawmill built at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California, a discovery that sparked the famous California Gold Rush. Most of the original gold miners were immigrants from outside the United States, including Mexico, Chile and China. After President James Polk had recognized the discovery the previous year, gold prospectors known as the "Forty-Nine" began pouring into California in 1849.
[5]
In 1849 alone, more than 100,000 people moved to California from the United States and around the world, including Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and China. Some of them came in search of gold, while others opened bars and other businesses. Between 1847 and 1860, the state's population tripled to 308,000. The gold Rush dramatically changed the lives of Native Americans in California, who were nearly wiped out within a few years due to massive waves of immigration. Although most gold miners did not strike it rich, miners did mine a whopping 28,280,711 ounces of pure gold between 1850 and 1859.
[5]
By the 1870s, nearly all of the 63,000 Chinese immigrants in the United States were living in California, and anti-Chinese sentiment was on the rise. The Chinese were involved in the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s, then turned to agricultural work in the early 1870s. This, combined with the economic downturn of the 1870s, prompted the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which banned Chinese immigration until China became an ally of the United States in World War II.
[5]
The passage of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 opened up the immigration policy of the United States, and people from all over the world began to flood into California, especially from Mexico, China, the Philippines, Central America, and India. The passage of this bill marked a major shift in U.S. immigration policy, bringing new demographics and cultural diversity to California.
[5]
In the mid-19th century, secessionist tendencies emerged within California, particularly among Spanish-speaking residents and pro-slavery Southern Californians who were unhappy with state tax and land laws and advocated for southern California's independence from California. In 1855, the California House of Representatives passed a partition plan that proposed dividing California into two new states: Colorado and Shasta. The reason behind this proposal was that California's large size was disproportionate to its representation in the United States Congress, and that the distance between the state capital and the southern region made governing difficult.
[16]
Although the House of Representatives passed the split, the California Senate did not, as they considered it a lower priority than other more pressing political issues. In 1859, in recognition of the vast cultural and topographical differences, the California legislature approved the Biko Act, which planned to divide California into two parts along the 36th parallel, with the southern part forming the Colorado Territory and the northern part remaining California. The measure was supported by more than 75 percent of local voters.
[16]
However, with the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and the emergence of a secession crisis in the United States, Congress did not vote on California's secession proposal. Soon after, the Civil War broke out, a historic event that eventually led to the shelving of the California breakup proposal, and California maintained its status as a unified state and supported the Union during the war.
[16]
On April 18, 1906, a large earthquake occurred off the coast of Northern California, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Magali intensity of VII to IX. High-intensity tremors were felt from Eureka on the north coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region in the southern San Francisco Bay Area. A devastating fire soon broke out in San Francisco and lasted for several days. More than 3,000 people died and more than 80% of the city was destroyed.
[17]
Beginning in 1908, California's mild climate attracted many film studios from the East Coast to relocate there, and because Thomas Edison held numerous film patents and frequently forced film makers to shut down through legal action, California did not enforce these patent rules, which provided a more relaxed creative environment for film makers. As a result, Hollywood quickly rose to become the center of the American film industry, bringing huge economic profits and attracting a lot of talent and capital.
[18]
In 1913, the California State government enacted the Alien Land Act, which prohibited Asian immigrants, including Japanese, from owning land.
[19]
In 1939, Stanford University students William Hewllet and David Packard invented the audio oscillator. Their success led Stanford University to establish the Stanford Research Institute, which gave birth to other successful companies such as General Electric, Kodak and Lockheed. Silicon Valley was born. Apple, Microsoft, PlayStation and many other companies got their start here, propelling California's economic take-off.
[18]
In 1960, the state of California adopted the California Higher Education Master Plan to develop an efficient public education system.
[20]
In 1962, California surpassed New York as the most populous state.
[21]
On January 7, 2019, in Sacramento, California, the United States, the new governor of California Gavin Newsom was sworn in as the 40th governor of California.
[22]
On September 30, 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a bill making Chinese New Year a legal holiday in California.
[23]
California is located in the southwest of the United States, between 32 degrees and 42 degrees north latitude, a total coastline of 2030 kilometers, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and Mexico to the south. It is 1,600 kilometers long from north to south and 413 kilometers wide from east to west. As of 2022, the entire state covers an area of 403,500 square kilometers
[1]
It is the third largest state in the United States (after Alaska and Texas).
[3]
California as a whole has a temperate climate, rainy and humid winter, the average temperature of 7℃-17℃; Summer is dry, sunny, average temperature 15℃-26℃; The average annual precipitation is only 357 mm. [26] The climatic conditions of the state are diverse, the southern desert area is more arid, and the northern coastal area has more rain and snow in winter. [2] The highest temperature ever recorded in California was 134°F(57°C) on July 10, 1913, which was also the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth. The lowest temperature was -45°F(-43°C) on January 20, 1937.
[24]
California's geological history spans a long period, with its oldest rocks dating back 1.8 billion years to the Proterozoic era, mostly in the SAN Gabriel Mountains, SAN Bernardino Mountains and the Mojave Desert. During the Paleozoic period, a shallow continental shelf was formed in eastern California, where a large amount of limestone was deposited, which is widely distributed in the Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and Eastern Transverse Mountains. During the Mesozoic Triassic, active subduction contributed to the beginning of the Nevada orogenesis, with the formation of large granite intrusions, increased dry land conditions, and the ocean retreated to the west. During the Jurassic period, this orogeny accelerated further, as deep sea basins were continuously filled with sediment, such as the great valley beds in the Coastal Mountains. During the Cenozoic, volcanic activity occurred in the California periphery, and Marine sedimentary rocks were widely deposited in the Central Valley, Transversal Mountains, and Coastal Mountains, forming deep sedimentary sequences in places such as the Los Angeles Basin, Eel River Basin, and Ventura Basin. The SAN Andreas fault became very active after the Miocene and had a profound effect on California's geology, possibly causing a crustal shift of up to 560 km. Together, these geological activities have shaped the topography of California, affected the distribution of its natural resources, and continue to have an impact on the geological stability and geomorphological evolution of California.
[25]
California is known for its extreme geographic diversity, with diverse landscapes ranging from vast coasts to mountains and deserts. Mt.Whitney and Death Valley are the highest and lowest points in the lower 48 states, respectively, highlighting the varied topography of the state. California has an average elevation of about 885 meters, and its major geographic areas include the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the east, the Coast Range to the west, the Central Valley, and the Mojave and Colorado Deserts to the southeast. The Central Valley is an agricultural powerhouse irrigated by the Sacramento and SAN Joaquin rivers, while the Coast Range is a mountain system that stretches for more than 1,900 kilometers and provides an important source of water for California. In addition, California has a number of peaks over 3,000 meters above sea level, such as Mount Williamson and Mount Shasta. The Yosemite Valley is a narrow canyon in the middle of the high mountains, while the Coast Range consists of forested ridges and ridges. As the earth's crust rose, forming the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range, the earth's crust sank, forming the Central Valley and the Great Basin.
[3]
[26]
hydrology
California is home to numerous rivers and lakes, including the Sacramento River, Smith River, Klamath River, Lake Shasta, Lake New Melones and Lake Berissa.
[27]
The Sacramento River
The Sacramento River [28]
Water conservancy
The southern part of California is water-scarce, and an adequate water supply is essential for both agriculture and industry, so the state has built more than 1,000 DAMS and reservoirs.
[26]
its
Among them are the Shasta Dam, Oroville Dam, Hoover Dam, Whiskeytown Dam and others.
[28]
Shasta dam
Shasta dam [29]
Because of its special geographical location and changeable climate conditions, California often faces the threat of a variety of natural disasters, among which flood, fire and earthquake are the most important types of disasters in the state. Flooding caused by excessive rainfall and fires associated with strong winds and dry conditions are the most common disasters. For example, between 1950 and 2017, the Governor-General issued 309 emergency declarations, of which about 40 percent were flood-related and about 30 percent were fire-related. Although major earthquakes occur infrequently, accounting for only 7 percent of emergency declarations, they are potentially extremely destructive, having been responsible for two of the three deadliest disasters in history.
[30]
flood
Certain areas of California are at higher risk of flooding due to geographic location and topographic features. Since 1992, every county in the state has been declared a federal disaster area at least once due to a flood event. Areas such as the Sacramento Valley, in particular, are more vulnerable to flooding due to their proximity to major rivers. Historically, California has experienced major flooding events, such as severe flooding in the central and northern regions in 1997, which affected 48 counties and caused $1.8 billion in economic damage. In recent years, unusually high rainfall in 2017 caused localized flooding, mudslides and road damage across much of the state, with the governor declaring a state of emergency in 52 counties. In particular, the erosion failure of the Oroville Dam spillway once threatened to cause catastrophic flooding, leading to the evacuation of nearly 200,000 residents, highlighting the severity of the flood disaster in the state and the urgency of disaster response.
[30]
Fire hazard
Parts of California are at high to extreme risk of wildfires due to topography, climate and forest conditions, especially in most forested areas of the state. The frequency of severe fires has increased in recent years, with many of the largest and most destructive fires in history occurring in the last 20 years. Forest health problems, such as drought and bark beetle infestations, have killed large numbers of trees and increased fire risk. In addition, previous forest management practices, such as excessive suppression of naturally occurring moderate intensity fires, have resulted in increased vegetation density, providing more fuel for fires. The expansion of urbanization into high-risk areas has also contributed to the increase in fire losses. In 2018, California experienced some of the most destructive fires in its history, including the Mendocino Complex Fire, which burned more than 400,000 acres, and the Camp Fire, which destroyed more than 18,000 structures and caused insured losses estimated at $7 billion.
[30]
earthquake
Parts of California, especially the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles areas near important fault lines such as the SAN Andreas Fault, face a high risk of earthquake damage. The potential damage of an earthquake is not only determined by its magnitude, but is also affected by factors such as the depth of the earthquake, the distance from the epicenter, the intensity of the earthquake, the type of soil, and the density and type of local construction. California has experienced many devastating earthquakes in its history, such as the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which killed 63 people and injured more than 3,700, and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, which killed 57 people and injured nearly 12,000, causing more than $15 billion in economic damage in then-dollar terms and $26 billion in 2018 dollars.
[30]
California's groundwater resources are extremely important, with total storage capacity estimated to be between 8.5 million and 13 million acre-feet, making available groundwater storage approximately eight to 12 times greater than the combined storage capacity of all major reservoirs in California. California has 515 defined groundwater basins, providing approximately 94 percent of the groundwater used statewide, with the remaining 6 percent coming from areas outside the basin. These groundwater basins provide critical water resources for agricultural, urban and environmental uses, especially during dry years when groundwater utilization increases significantly. However, groundwater levels have been declining in some areas due to over-pumping, particularly in the Central Valley, where aquifers have lost more than 100 million acre-feet of groundwater over the past 100 years. In addition, the depth of groundwater varies widely within the state, with a median depth of 57 feet underground in spring 2018, ranging from about 25 feet in the North Coast, San Francisco Bay, Sacramento River and North Lahontan Hydrology Area to 195 feet in the Tuleri Lake Hydrology Area.
[31]
California manages its water resources by dividing them into ten major river basins, including the North Coast, Sacramento River, North Lahontan, San Francisco Bay, SAN Joaquin River, Central Coast, Tuleri Lake, South Lahontan, South Coast, and Colorado River areas. Each basin contains several river basins with similar climatic conditions, and the upper reaches of many basins have been used for hydroelectric power generation. California's surface water storage strategies are diverse, involving snow water, soil moisture, and surface reservoirs. As an important water source, snow water releases water during peak water use in spring and summer, while soil water supports plant growth and storm runoff regulation. There are approximately 1,500 reservoirs throughout the state with a total capacity of 43 million acre-feet, providing water necessary for agricultural, urban, and environmental needs.
[32]
California's land resources are extremely rich and diverse, including mountains, deserts, beaches, waters, and fertile valleys. The Central Valley, in particular, is a highly fertile agricultural region with the San Joaquin Series, California's official state soil, known for its characteristic duripan. The SAN Joaquin soil covers the ancient, vast, nearly flat surface of California's eastern Greater Central Valley, covering an area of approximately 438,000 acres. These soils are essential to California's agriculture, although they have certain limitations for irrigating crops and septic absorption fields.
[33]
As of 2016, California had approximately 33 million acres of forest, of which 57 percent (19 million acres) were controlled and managed by federal agencies, including the USDA Forest Service, USDA Land Management, and the National Park Service. State and local agencies, such as CAL Fire, local open space, parks, waters and land trusts, hold an additional 3 percent of the forest. The remaining 40 percent is owned by families, Native American tribes, or corporations. Industrial timber companies own 14 percent of the forest land, or 5 million acres. Another 9 million acres of forest are owned by individuals, with nearly 90 percent of individual woodland owners owning 50 acres or less.
[34]
There are about 52 conifer species in California, 14 of which are endemic and occur naturally only in the state. About 58% of the state's forests are dominated by conifers.
[35]
Mixed conifer types (primarily Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, Jeffrey pine, fragrant cedar, and white fir) cover approximately 7.8 million acres. Ponderosa pine type covers 2.2 million acres; Subalpine types (especially bristlecone pine and mountain hemlock) cover approximately 390,300 acres. Other western conifers cover about 1.5 million acres. Oak (hardwood) woodlands cover 13 million acres.
[36]
California has six distinct life zones, including the Lower Sonoran (desert), the Upper Sonoran (foothills and parts of the coast), the Transition Zone (coastal and wet Northeast counties), and the Canada, Hudson, and Arctic Zones, the latter of which includes the highest elevations in California. These areas are rich in plant species, ranging from the native cacti and leguminous shrubs of the Sonoran Desert region to the Fremont poplar and Valley oak of the Central Valley to the endemic shrublands and herbs of the upper Sonoran region, as well as old-growth forests such as sequoias and giant sequoias of the transition region. The higher elevations of the Canadian region are dominated by Jeffery pine and red fir, while the Hudson Region is home to whitebark pine and bristlecone pine. The Arctic is a treeless region with a wide variety of wildflower species. In addition, California has introduced some exotic plants such as eucalyptus and acacia trees. The state is also home to many endangered species, including several federally protected plants, with 85 plants listed as threatened or endangered as of December 1997.
[26]
California is extremely rich in biodiversity. In the deserts of the Lower Sonoran region, mammals such as jackrabbits, kangaroos, squirrels, and possums can be found, as well as birds such as Texas late sleepers, roadrunners, cactus wren, and many types of eagles, and reptile-representative animals in the region include rattlesnakes, desert turtles, and horned toads. The upper Sonoran region is home to mammals such as antelopes, brown-footed woodrats, and ring-tailed cats, and endemic bird species include the California Thrush, jungle tit, and California condors. The Transition Zone forests are rich in animal resources such as Columbia mule deer, black bears, gray foxes, cougars, bobcats, and Roosevelt elk, garter snakes and rattlesnakes are common reptiles, and amphibians such as polyps and redwood salamanders thrive here. California's aquatic ecosystem is equally rich, with a wide variety of trout from alpine lakes to the Pacific coastline, and deep-sea life including perch, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and many species of whales. Seals, sea lions and many species of shorebirds along the Northern California coast, as well as migratory species, are also part of the state's natural landscape. However, California also faces conservation challenges, with 118 animal and 181 plant species on the federal endangered list as of April 2003, including multiple species of kangaroos, terns, bald eagles, salamanders, and killifish, as well as 11 species of butterflies.
[26]
California is known for its rich mineral resources and is one of the most mineral-rich states in the United States. Mineral resources in California include, but are not limited to, oil, natural gas, and metallic and nonmetallic minerals. Oil and natural gas are important energy minerals in California, which is the third largest oil producing state in the United States and has rich oil fields such as the Wilmington field near Los Angeles and the fields around Bakersfield. In the metal mining industry, California is particularly famous for gold mines, the historical gold rush occurred in the state, although gold production has declined, but California is still one of the main gold producing states in the United States. In addition, California also produces copper, tungsten, lead, zinc and other metal minerals. Non-metallic minerals such as sand, gravel and limestone are also abundant in building materials.
[3]
37 - [38]
California has a total of 290,821 acres (117,679 hectares) of land designated as a national wildlife refuge.
[26]
Including Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve National Nature Reserve, Armstrong Redwood State Nature Reserve, Rhododendron National Nature Reserve and so on.
[39]
Antelope Valley California Poppy Preserve National Nature Preserve
Antelope Valley California Poppy Preserve National Nature Preserve
Located in the high desert environment west of the Mojave Desert, Antelope Valley State Preserve, at an elevation of 2,600 to 3,000 feet, is the prime growing ground for California poppies, and every spring, wildflowers such as owl clover, lupine, goldfield, cream cup, and Chamomania bloom here, creating a colorful and fragrant landscape that changes with the forces of nature. It is a pristine reserve that retains the beauty of nature without artificial watering or other intervention, providing visitors who love the natural landscape with the perfect place to see wildflowers from afar or up close.
[40]
Mono Lake Travertine National Reserve
Mono Lake Travertine National Reserve
The Mono Lake Limehua National Nature Reserve is a geologically unique place known for its unusual shape and abundance of tuff formations, which have been thoroughly studied by scientists and provide us with valuable information about the region's climate history. Mono Lake's high salinity and alkalinity create a rare ecosystem that supports a complex food chain of organisms such as green algae, bloom shrimp, alkali flies, and more than 80 species of migratory birds, making it an important site for ecological research and conservation.
[41]
According to a 2022 study by the U.S. Census Bureau, local government in California consists of 58 counties, 482 cities, towns, and villages, and 2,949 districts.
[42]
Major cities are San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose and so on. The capital is Sacramento, located in northern California, 160 km northeast of San Francisco.
[3]
The first city in California was Sacramento, which was incorporated on February 27, 1850, while the most recent city to be incorporated was Julupa Valley, incorporated on July 1, 2011.
[43]
|
county
|
county
|
Establishment time
|
population
(2023)
|
area
|
|
Alameda County
|
Auckland
|
The year 1853
|
1622188
|
738 square miles
(1,911 km2)
|
|
Gaoshan County
|
Markleville
|
The year 1864
|
1141
|
739 square miles
(1,914 km2)
|
|
Amador County
|
Jackson
|
1854
|
41811
|
606 square miles
(1,570 km2)
|
|
Butte County
|
Oroville
|
The year 1850
|
207172
|
1,640 square miles
(4,248 km2)
|
|
Calaveras County
|
SAN Andreas
|
The year 1850
|
46565
|
1,020 square miles
(2,642 km2)
|
|
Colusa County
|
Colusa
|
The year 1850
|
22037
|
1,151 square miles
(2,981 km2)
|
|
Contra Costa County
|
Martinez
|
The year 1850
|
1155025
|
720 square miles
(1,865 km2)
|
|
Del Norte County
|
Crescent City
|
1857
|
26589
|
1,008 square miles
(2,611 km2)
|
|
El Dorado County
|
Placerville
|
The year 1850
|
192215
|
1,712 square miles
(4,434 km2)
|
|
Fresno County, Texas
|
Fresno
|
The year 1856
|
1017162
|
5,963 square miles
(15,444 km2)
|
|
Glenn County
|
willow
|
The year 1891
|
28129
|
1,315 square miles
(3,406 km2)
|
|
Humboldt County
|
Eureka
|
The year 1853
|
133985
|
3,573 square miles
(9,254 km2)
|
|
Imperial County
|
El Centro
|
The year 1907
|
179057
|
4,175 square miles
(10,813 km2)
|
|
Inyo County
|
independent
|
The year 1866
|
18527
|
10,192 square miles
(26,397 km2)
|
|
Kern County
|
Bakersfield
|
The year 1866
|
913820
|
8,142 square miles
(21,088 km2)
|
|
King County
|
Hanford
|
The year 1893
|
152682
|
1,390 square miles
(3,600 km2)
|
|
Lake County
|
Lakeport
|
The year 1861
|
67878
|
1,258 square miles
(3,258 km2)
|
|
Lassen County
|
Susanville
|
The year 1864
|
28861
|
4,558 square miles
(11,805 km2)
|
|
Los Angeles County, California
|
Los Angeles
|
The year 1850
|
9663345
|
4,060 square miles
(10,515 km2)
|
|
Madera County, Texas
|
Madeira
|
The year 1893
|
162858
|
2,138 square miles
(5,537 km2)
|
|
Marin County
|
SAN Rafael
|
The year 1850
|
254407
|
520 square miles
(1,347 km2)
|
|
Mariposa County
|
Mariposa
|
The year 1850
|
16919
|
1,451 square miles
(3,758 km2)
|
|
Mendocino County
|
Ukiah
|
The year 1850
|
89108
|
3,509 square miles
(9,088 km2)
|
|
Merced County
|
Merced
|
1855
|
291920
|
1,929 square miles
(4,996 km2)
|
|
Modoc County, Texas
|
Alturas
|
The year 1874
|
8500
|
3,944 square miles
(10,215 km2)
|
|
Mono County
|
Bridgeport
|
The year 1861
|
13066
|
3,044 square miles
(7,884 km2)
|
|
Monterey County, Texas
|
Salinas
|
The year 1850
|
430723
|
3,322 square miles
(8,604 km2)
|
|
Napa County
|
Napa
|
The year 1850
|
133216
|
754 square miles
(1,953 km2)
|
|
Nevada County, Nevada
|
Nevada City
|
1851
|
102037
|
958 square miles
(2,481 km2)
|
|
Orange County, Texas
|
Santa Ana
|
The year 1889
|
3135755
|
948 square miles
(2,455 km2)
|
|
Placer County
|
Oban
|
1851
|
423561
|
1,407 square miles
(3,644 km2)
|
|
Plumas County
|
Quincy
|
1854
|
19131
|
2,554 square miles
(6,615 km2)
|
|
Riverside County
|
riverside
|
The year 1893
|
2492442
|
7,208 square miles
(18,669 km2)
|
|
Sacramento County
|
Sacramento
|
The year 1850
|
1584288
|
966 square miles
(2,502 km2)
|
|
SAN Benito County
|
Hollister
|
The year 1874
|
68175
|
1,389 square miles
(3,597 km2)
|
|
SAN Bernardino County
|
SAN Bernardino
|
The year 1853
|
2195611
|
20,062 square miles
(51,960 km2)
|
|
San Diego County, Texas
|
Santiago
|
The year 1850
|
3269973
|
4,204 square miles
(10,888 km2)
|
|
San Francisco
|
San Francisco
|
The year 1850
|
808988
|
47 square miles
(122 km2)
|
|
SAN Joaquin County
|
Stockton
|
The year 1850
|
800965
|
1,399 square miles
(3,623 km2)
|
|
SAN Luis Obispo County
|
SAN Luis Obispo
|
The year 1850
|
281639
|
3,304 square miles
(8,557 km2)
|
|
SAN Mateo County
|
Redwood City
|
The year 1856
|
726353
|
449 square miles
(1,163 km2)
|
|
Santa Barbara County
|
Santa Barbara
|
The year 1850
|
441257
|
2,738 square miles
(7,091 km2)
|
|
Santa Clara County
|
SAN Jose
|
The year 1850
|
1877592
|
1,291 square miles
(3,344 km2)
|
|
Santa Cruz County, Texas
|
Santa Claus
|
The year 1850
|
261547
|
446 square miles
(1,155 km2)
|
|
Shasta County, Texas
|
Reading
|
The year 1850
|
180366
|
3,786 square miles
(9,806 km2)
|
|
Sierra County
|
Donnieville
|
The year 1852
|
3200
|
953 square miles
(2,468 km2)
|
|
Siskiyou County
|
Ywaika
|
The year 1852
|
42905
|
6,287 square miles
(16,283 km2)
|
|
Solano County
|
Fairfield
|
The year 1850
|
449218
|
828 square miles
(2,145 km2)
|
|
Sonoma County
|
Santa Rosa
|
The year 1850
|
481812
|
1,576 square miles
(4,082 km2)
|
|
Stanislaus County
|
Modesto
|
1854
|
551430
|
1,495 square miles
(3,872 km2)
|
|
Sutter County
|
Bath Ba City
|
The year 1850
|
97948
|
603 square miles
(1,562 km2)
|
|
Tehama County
|
Redbluff
|
The year 1856
|
64896
|
2,951 square miles
(7,643 km2)
|
|
Sany County
|
Weaverville
|
The year 1850
|
15670
|
3,179 square miles
(8,234 km2)
|
|
Tuleri County
|
Visella
|
The year 1852
|
479468
|
4,824 square miles
(12,494 km2)
|
|
Tuolumne County
|
Sonora
|
The year 1850
|
54204
|
2,236 square miles
(5,791 km2)
|
|
Ventura County
|
Ventura
|
The year 1872
|
829590
|
1,846 square miles
(4,781 km2)
|
|
Yula County
|
Forest land
|
The year 1850
|
220544
|
1,012 square miles
(2,621 km2)
|
|
Yuba county
|
Marysville
|
The year 1850
|
85722
|
630 square miles
(1,632 km2)
|
|
Above data sources
[45] 44 -
|
||||
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento is the capital of the U.S. state of California, located at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers in the Sacramento Valley of Northern California, with a 2020 population of 524,943.
[3]
[46]
Sacramento, founded in 1849, is the oldest incorporated city in California.
[47]
Sacramento is California's education and healthcare powerhouse, home to California State University Sacramento and the prestigious University of California Davis, which is known for its medical center and School of Medicine. As a major center of California's healthcare industry, Sacramento is also home to important medical facilities such as Sutter Health Center. In the area of culture and history, Sacramento is equally colorful, with cultural facilities such as the California Museum, the Crocker Museum of Art, and the California Railroad Museum, as well as landmarks such as the California Capitol Museum and the Sacramento Convention Center.
[48]
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco, located on the San Francisco Peninsula on the west coast of California, is a mountain city surrounded by water on three sides, known for its subtropical Mediterranean climate and pleasant weather conditions throughout the year. The city not only attracts many tourists with its beautiful environment and sunny weather, but also its proximity to the famous Yosemite National Park and Napa Valley wine country, which is known as "America's favorite city."
[49]
In the field of education and science and technology, San Francisco is an important scientific and cultural center in the world, with the University of California Berkeley, Stanford University and the University of California San Francisco and other world's top universities and medical centers. Together, these institutions have produced many Nobel Prize, Fields Medal, Turing Medal winners and Olympic champions, and have made great contributions to the global academic and research development.
[49]
Economically, San Francisco is the largest financial center in the West, with diverse industrial sectors, including aviation, metal processing, shipbuilding, instrument manufacturing, electronic equipment, food processing, petrochemicals, and printing. In addition, San Francisco has a large Chinese community, and the downtown "Chinatown" is one of the largest concentrations of Chinese in the United States.
[49]
As a famous tourist city, San Francisco is famous for its iconic Golden Gate Bridge and Bay Bridge, and it is also home to a number of higher learning institutions and scientific research institutions such as the University of San Francisco. Known for its unique nicknames "Golden Gate City," "City by the Bay," and "Fog City," the city combines a wealth of culture, history, and natural beauty to become one of the most iconic cities in the United States.
[49]
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, the most populous city in California, has approximately 3.9 million residents as of 2020 and covers an area of 469.49 square miles (about 1,215.97 square kilometers).
[50]
Not only is the city at the heart of the global entertainment industry, home to a number of renowned studios, but it also has a diverse economic structure with a strong presence in tourism, international trade, digital media, technology, fashion and the arts. The aerospace industry in Los Angeles is particularly prominent, as it is home to the headquarters or offices of top companies such as SpaceX, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Boeing, attracting a large number of top engineering talent and bringing rich job opportunities to the region. A major hub for manufacturing, Los Angeles operates the largest twin-port complex in the Western Hemisphere, handling more than 40 percent of goods moving in and out of the United States. With an economic output of $807 billion, Los Angeles County's GDP would rank 19th in the world if it were an independent country, ahead of Switzerland and Saudi Arabia and just behind the Netherlands and Turkey. In terms of education, Los Angeles is home to 107 accredited colleges and universities, including the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of Southern California (USC), the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and the Art Center College of Design, demonstrating its academic and educational excellence. In addition, Los Angeles is home to many world-famous landmarks and attractions, such as the Hollywood Sign celebrating the centennial, Universal Studios Hollywood, Warner Brothers Studio Tour, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Hollywood Walk of Fame, TCL Chinese Theatre, and the California Science Center, which displays the Space shuttle Endeavour. These landmarks and attractions attract thousands of tourists every year.
[51]
The capital of California is Sacramento, and the state's political system is divided into three branches of government: the executive branch consists of the governor and other independently elected constitutional officers; The legislative branch consists of the Parliament and the Senate; The judicial branch consists of the California Supreme Court and its lower courts. In addition, California's electoral system allows voters to participate directly in the decision-making process through mechanisms such as initiatives, referendums, recall, and ratification.
[52]
Prior to the passage of Proposition 14 in 2010, parties were free to decide whether to adopt closed primaries or primaries that were limited to party members and independents. With the passage of the bill, all primary candidates, except for the office of President of the United States and the county Central Committee, would have their preferred party indicated next to their names, but the candidate was not the official party nominee. In the primary, the top two candidates with the most votes will advance to the general election regardless of party, and if a candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the special primary, that candidate is directly elected without the need for a special election.
[53] 52 -
As of September 2022, California officially recognizes six political parties: the American Independent Party, the Democratic Party, the Green Party, the Libertarian Party, the Peace and Freedom Party, and the Republican Party.
[54]
Gavin Newsom
Gavin Newsom is the Governor of California and a member of the Democratic Party. He graduated from Santa Clara University and has worked in the restaurant, wine and hospitality businesses. Newsom, who began his political career in 1996, was first elected mayor of San Francisco in 2003 and was re-elected in 2007. During his time as mayor, he also hosted a television talk show. Since then, Newsom has served as Lieutenant Governor of California from 2011 to 2019, and officially became Governor of California in January 2019. He reportedly plans to continue his week-long trip to China after completing his one-day visit to Israel.
[56] 55 -
|
job
|
name
|
|---|---|
|
Lieutenant governor
|
Eleni Kounalakis
|
|
Speaker of the House
|
Robert Rivas
|
|
President pro tempore
|
Mike McGuire
|
|
United States senator
|
Julia Brownley, Lafonza Butler
|
|
Data source:
[58] 57 -
The data is as of April 2024.
|
|
The population of California in 2024 is 38,889,770.
[4]
Among them, about 50.1% were males and 49.9% were females. The population between 0 and 5 years old accounted for 5.5%, and the population between 6 and 18 years old accounted for 21.8%; The population aged 19 to 65 accounted for 42.1%; The population over 65 years old accounted for 15.8%.
[59]
California is home to diverse ethnic groups from all over the world. According to 2023 estimates, African Americans make up about 6.5 percent of the District's total population. The white community is also a significant ethnic group in California, making up about 34.7 percent of the population, according to the most recent data available in 2023. The Latino community also has a significant presence in the District, hailing from a variety of Latin American or Spanish-speaking countries, with Latinos making up approximately 40.3 percent of the District's total population. The Asian community is also growing in California, coming from a variety of Asian countries and making up about 16.3% of the District's total population. California also includes many other ethnic and racial groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, and Alaska Natives.
[2]
[59]
California is a region rich in linguistic diversity, and English, as the main language of the United States, is widely spoken in California. Due to its history as a Mexican territory, Spanish is also the second most widely spoken language in California. California has a diverse immigrant background, with more than half of new immigrants born in Asia between 2012 and 2021, although the majority of immigrants are of Latin American origin, making Chinese the third most spoken language in California, with Tagalog close behind as the fourth most spoken language. In addition, many other languages are spoken in California, including Vietnamese, Korean, Persian, Armenian, Hindi, Arabic, Russian, Japanese, and Punjabi.
[60-61]
In California, the Catholic Church is the largest religious group based on the number of believers as a percentage of the population, with 28 percent of believers. Evangelical Protestants make up 20 percent, mainline Protestants 10 percent, and all types of Protestants combined make up 32 percent. At the same time, 27 percent of the population does not identify with any religion. Other religious groups are more dispersed, with Muslims at 1%, Hindus at 2%, and Buddhists at 2%.
[62]
Catholicism
California is the most Catholic state in the United States, and its Catholic population has a diverse cultural background, including Mexican, Central American, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Filipino and Korean ancestry.
[63]
California's Catholic population is growing rapidly because of an influx of Christian immigrants from Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Catholic Masses in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles are celebrated in 42 different languages, reflecting the diverse cultures of more than 30 different peoples. California also has the largest Vietnamese Catholic diaspora in the world, with about 250,000 to 300,000 Vietnamese Catholics in the dioceses of Orange, Los Angeles and SAN Jose alone.
[64]
As the most powerful state in the United States, California's GDP reached $3.1 trillion in 2019, and its per capita income was $66,700, making it the fifth largest economy in the world if calculated independently. The state's total trade in goods amounted to $581.46 billion in 2019, of which exports amounted to $173.33 billion and imports amounted to $408.13 billion. California's economy is characterized by the modernization and diversification of its industries, especially in the computer and information industries, life sciences, environmental industries, agriculture, international trade, entertainment and services, and aerospace. It has good transportation infrastructure and abundant resources in the fields of science and technology, education, culture, health care and tourism. By 2020, California's nominal GDP will be 3.09 trillion US dollars, accounting for 4.75% of the US GDP, ranking first among states; In November of that year, California's unemployment rate was 8.2%, ranking it 45th.
[2-3]
California has significant industrial complementarity and broad space for cooperation with China in information technology industry, biotechnology industry, environmental protection industry, agriculture and aerospace industry. Silicon Valley, as the global center of information technology, has contributed significantly to California's economic growth. The biotechnology industry leads the United States in job creation and medical device production. The environmental protection industry has played an outstanding role in promoting clean energy. In agriculture, California produces a significant portion of the nation's fruits, nuts, and vegetables. The aerospace industry is particularly concentrated in Southern California. The film and television entertainment industry, with Hollywood as the core, has a profound impact on the global entertainment industry.
[2-3]
California is known for its rich agricultural resources, producing more than 400 commodities and contributing more than a third of the nation's vegetables and nearly three-quarters of its fruits and nuts. In the 2022 crop year, California's top 10 most valuable agricultural products are dairy and milk ($10.4 billion), grapes ($5.54 billion), cattle and calves ($3.63 billion), almonds ($3.52 billion), lettuce ($3.15 billion), strawberries ($2.68 billion), pistachios ($1.86 billion), broilers ($1.59 billion), and tomatoes ($1.46 billion) and carrots ($1.11 billion). In the same year, the total market value of agricultural products sold in California reached $59 billion, an increase of $13.8 billion from 2017. In 2021, California exports of agricultural products totaled $22.5 billion, up 7.0% from the previous year, with major exports including almonds, dairy, pistachios, wine and walnuts, according to data compiled by the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of California. California also stands out in terms of organic product sales, with $14 billion in sales in 2021, up 16.4% from the previous year, and more than 2.13 million acres of organic production, California is also the only state in the United States to have a state organic program authorized by the National Organic Program (NOP).
[65]
California's manufacturing sector plays a key role in driving the state's economy, with manufacturers accounting for 10.67% of California's total production and employing 7.66% of the workforce. In 2018, the total output value of California's manufacturing industry reached $316.76 billion. In 2019, California had an average of about 1,338,000 manufacturing employees, who earned an average annual salary of $109,875.79 in 2018. Export activity in the manufacturing sector is particularly significant, with $149.56 billion in manufactured goods exports in 2019, including $61.85 billion to Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners, and these export activities significantly boost employment, with 25.20 percent of California's jobs in 2011 being driven by exports. Small businesses play an important role in this process, accounting for 96.00% of all exporters in California. According to data provided by IndustrySelect, California currently has 22,255 manufacturers, making it the largest manufacturing state in the US. Among California's top industries, electronics manufacturing tops the list, accounting for 17 percent of manufacturing employment in the state, followed by food and related products with 13 percent and industrial machinery with 12 percent.
[66-67]
California's industrial structure is modern and diversified, with the tertiary sector accounting for more than 70% of gross domestic product (GDP). A unique strength of the California economy lies in its multiple leading industrial sectors, which not only power the growth of the state's economy, but also provide a solid foundation for other industries such as manufacturing and information technology. These sectors, including finance and insurance, trade, transport and utilities, and professional and business services, are considered tradable sectors, meaning that their products and services have the potential to be traded internationally. Based on 2020 data, the largest industrial sectors in California, in order, are finance, insurance, real estate, leasing and leasing (19.0 percent of state GDP), trade, transportation and utilities (14.5 percent), professional and business services (14.2 percent), manufacturing (11.8 percent), information (10.5 percent), education and health services (7.5 percent). And construction (4.0%). In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the contribution of tourism and the arts to GDP declined, from 4.5% in 2019 to 3.3%.
[3]
[68]
California, with its $3.09 trillion GDP and 4.75% of the US economy, ranks first in the size of the US state economy. The state is home to many global tech giants, including Apple, Google, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett-Packard (HPQ), Intel (INTC), and Tesla (TSLA), as well as, Hollywood, the heart of the entertainment industry, also has its headquarters here, as well as famous movie studios such as Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros. and the Walt Disney Company. In addition, aerospace leaders such as SpaceX and Lockheed Martin also have a significant impact on the California and global economy. These companies not only play a key role in the California economy, but also demonstrate strong competitiveness and influence in the global marketplace.
[3]
[69]
Apple
Apple
Hewlett-packard company
Hewlett-packard company
California's higher education system is one of the largest and most diverse in the United States. The state's education system includes the University of California (UC), California State University (CSU), and California Community Colleges, as well as more than 150 private nonprofit colleges and approximately 160 for-profit institutions. California's public colleges and universities collectively enroll nearly 3 million students, more than 80 percent of whom attend public institutions and more than half of whom attend community colleges.
[77]
California is an important center of higher education in the United States, with many world-renowned universities and colleges. These educational institutions include Stanford University, the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the University of Southern California, the Claremont College Alliance, Santa Clara University, Loyola Marymount University and the University of San Diego, among others. Of particular note, California has a significant advantage in the field of art education, with a high density of art schools such as the California Institute of the Arts, the San Francisco Art Institute, the Art Center College of Design, and the Art Institute University.
[78]
California has a comprehensive and advanced healthcare system that includes numerous hospitals, clinics, and research institutions that provide a wide range of healthcare services to residents of the state and its surrounding areas. Some well-known Medical institutions include UCLA Health Medical Center (UCLA Health Medical Center), Stanford Health Care, UCSF Medical Center Center and Children's Hospital Oakland, among others.
[79]
California also has multiple social assistance organizations that provide medical assistance, health education, and services, with a special focus on the needs of vulnerable populations. These include the California Department of Public Health, Medi-Cal, the state's Medicaid program, and various aid groups that provide help to the homeless.
[80]
In addition, there are several charities in California that are dedicated to providing medical services and financial assistance to the public. These include the American Red Cross of Northern California and several Charitable Medical Services organizations.
[81]
California is the heart of the US entertainment industry, with five major television broadcast networks - ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox and MyNetworkTV - all having production facilities and offices in the state. In addition, major Spanish-language television networks, including Telemundo, Univision, UniMas and Estrella TV, also own and operate service stations in California. In newspaper publishing, California is home to several major newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times, the former San Francisco Telephone (later renamed the Telephone Bulletin), the San Francisco Examiner, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the Daily News, published by the Scripps Howard Group of Newspapers.
[82]
As of 2020, California's technology industry continues to thrive, especially the information technology industry, biotechnology industry and aerospace industry, which have a profound impact on the economic development of California and the world. Silicon Valley, as the birthplace and center of global information technology, has given birth to many world-renowned technology companies, such as Apple, Google, Facebook (now renamed Meta), which have not only promoted technological innovation, but also significantly increased California's GDP growth rate. The information technology industry contributed 0.78 percentage points to California's real GDP growth. In terms of the biotechnology industry, California has nearly 30% of the headquarters of bioengineering companies in the United States, creates nearly half of the biotechnology jobs in the United States, and accounts for 20% of the production of medical devices and measurement control instruments in the United States. The aerospace industry is also important in California, mainly in Southern California, such as Los Angeles and Long Beach. California's technology industry, including information technology, telecommunications and biotechnology, continues to thrive as an important driver of the state's economic growth, attracting the attention of global investors and top talent, but also closely tied to the needs of the federal government, many information technology jobs are concentrated in the field of computer systems design, a percentage well above the national average.
[3]
[69]
California actively promotes cultural preservation and promotion, and carefully maintains and displays its rich cultural heritage. Especially in Southern California, the area is considered an important birthplace of modern automotive culture, as well as the heartland of arts and entertainment. California is home to a number of famous Concert halls and theaters, such as the Greek Theatre, the Paramount Theatre and the Walt Disney Concert Hall, which are important venues for various cultural events and performances.
[83-85]
In addition, California is home to several museums covering a wide range of cultural and historical topics. The Crocker Art Museum, the largest museum of its kind west of the Mississippi River, houses and displays some of the world's most important works of California art. Others, such as the California State Railroad Museum and the Haggin Museum, showcase the state's railroad history and art collections, respectively.
[84]
California, known as the "Golden State", is not only a representative of beautiful scenery, cultural diversity and entertainment prosperity, but also an important center of professional sports in the United States. California is home to 21 major professional sports franchises, including iconic teams in leagues such as the NBA, NFL, MLB and NHL, which not only have rich storied histories and passionate fan bases, but have also spawned many legendary players. For example, the Los Angeles Lakers are known for their illustrious history of 17 NBA championships and numerous Hall of Famers; The San Francisco 49ers have won five Super Bowls and are one of the NFL's powerhouses. The historic matchups between the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants in MLB and the fierce rivalry between the Los Angeles Kings in the NHL have added boundless excitement to California sports. California also successfully hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics, and will soon host the 2028 Summer Olympics, and is the only state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. These sporting achievements and events not only showcase California's strength in the field of sports, but also promote the development of the local economy and culture, and enhance California's position on the international sports stage.
[86]
California has a significant position and many achievements in transportation, its transportation location advantages are obvious, located in the center of the West Coast of the United States, connected to the vast Pacific market. California's transportation network is well developed, including a large road network, several rail lines and numerous air hubs, of which Los Angeles and San Francisco International airports are among the busiest in the world, providing routes to the world. In addition, California has advanced mass transit systems such as San Francisco's Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) and Los Angeles' subway system, which not only serve the inner city, but also connect the surrounding suburbs and cities. California's port facilities are also world-leading, with the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach being the busiest container ports in the Western Hemisphere and a significant influence on global trade. Through these transportation facilities, California has successfully established itself as a key transportation hub connecting the Asian and American continents.
[87]
As of 2020, California has 175,589 miles of public roads, 58.7% of which are in good or fair condition
[88]
. Known for its car culture and traffic congestion problems, California has an extensive transportation network of controlled-access highways, limited-access roads, and freeways. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of state roads and transportation planning throughout the state. Despite pressures from population growth, California has been a leader in road construction, with landmarks such as the Golden Gate Bridge and the SAN Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. California's Highway 1 is one of the state's most famous highways, running 656 miles between San Francisco and Los Angeles. In addition, California has important resources such as the PeMS traffic dataset, which provides valuable speed data for traffic research and network analysis, including information such as time hours, average times, and lane points.
[89]
California's intercity railroad consists of three main routes: the Capitol Corridor, the Pacific Surfliner, and the San Joaquin. These lines are the busiest intercity rail service outside the Northeast Corridor and continue to record ridership. At the same time, air routes, especially those between Los Angeles (LAX) and San Francisco (SFO), are also becoming more and more popular with travelers. In terms of urban transportation, Los Angeles has the Los Angeles Metro Rail integrated subway and light rail network, while San Francisco has the Muni Metro. In addition, light rail systems such as VTA light Rail in SAN Jose, streetcar in San Diego, RT light rail in Sacramento, and Sprinter in North San Diego County also serve local residents. In addition, the San Francisco Bay Area's commuter rail network includes the Altamont Corridor Express, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Caltrain, and Sonoma-Marin Regional Rail transit; The greater Los Angeles area is served by Metrolink; San Diego County offers commuter rail service via Coaster.
[90]
California is one of the most developed air transportation networks in the United States, with nine major large hub airports and more than 10 small airports, which together constitute a large and comprehensive air transportation system. Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), the busiest and largest airport in California, plays a pivotal role in global air transportation. It is followed by SAN Francisco International Airport (SFO) and San Diego International Airport (SAN), both of which also play an important role in domestic and international routes. Serving hundreds of millions of passengers each year, these key airports not only facilitate the movement of people, but also strengthen California's connections to the world, and play a vital role in economic development and cultural exchange within the state.
[91]
California plays an important role in waterway shipping in the United States, with several important shipping ports. The Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach make up one of the world's busiest port complexes, located on SAN Pedro Bay and a major gateway for U.S. trade with Asia. The Port of Los Angeles, which has 25 cargo terminals, handled 59,452,139 tons of cargo in 2020, while the Port of Long Beach handled 79,178,087 tons of cargo in the same year. In addition, the Port of Oakland, as a commercial port on the West Coast of the United States, is located on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay and is the fourth largest container port in the United States, with a total tonnage of 19,439,762 cargo transported in 2020. The Port of Seattle and the Port of Tacoma, located in Washington State, are major destinations for the North Pacific shipping route and together form the major ports of the Pacific Northwest. These ports not only play a vital role in Sino-US economic exchanges, but also serve as key nodes of major sea routes connecting China and the United States, handling large volumes of internationally traded goods and having a significant impact on global trade flows.
[92]
California's public transit system is a core component of the state's transportation infrastructure and plays a vital role, especially in large cities. The system includes a wide range of bus, light rail, subway and train services that cover almost all cities and larger towns in the state. Buses are the most common mode of transportation because of their affordable fares ($1.50 to $3 per ride on average) and, although slower, offer an extensive metro area network, such as San Diego's municipal tram service, whose routes extend even to the Mexican border.
[88]
[93]
Caltrain in Northern California provides high-frequency commuter train service connecting San Francisco south to SAN Jose, while BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) connects San Francisco with East Bay cities such as Oakland and Berkeley and the airports of both cities. Metrolink in Southern California is a seven-line commuter rail network centered in Los Angeles that serves a number of important stops, including Burbank Airport and Disneyland. Los Angeles itself has a subway network that includes two subway lines, four light rail lines and several bus lines, connecting key areas such as Hollywood, Santa Monica, Venice and Los Angeles International Airport.
[88]
[93]
California is the cultural melting pot of the United States, known for its diversity and innovative spirit. California is the global center of the film and entertainment industry, Hollywood's influence is spread around the world, and the Academy Awards are held here annually to recognize outstanding achievements in the arts and sciences of motion pictures. As the heart of global technological innovation, Silicon Valley has nurtured many world-changing technology companies and entrepreneurial cultures. California is also known for its rich natural landscape, beach culture, wine regions, and diverse food scene. In the field of art, California is home to many world-class museums and art galleries, such as the Deyon Art Museum in San Francisco and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in Los Angeles. Musically, California is home to many musical genres, including surf rock, Beach Boys and electronic music.
[94-95]
California's food culture originated during the Gold Rush in the mid-19th century, when a large number of immigrants from different regions poured into California, bringing diverse cooking styles and laying the foundation for the diversity of California cuisine. In the mid-twentieth century, Helen Evans Brown had a profound impact on modern California cuisine through her 1952 book, The Helen Brown West Coast Cookbook, in which she emphasized the use of the freshest local ingredients and produce, an idea that was adopted and developed by later chefs.
[96]
California's food culture is characterized by fresh vegetables, seasonal ingredients, creativity, sustainability and the fusion of different cuisines. The state is known for its emphasis on ingredients, its use of fresh ingredients, and its innovation in blending diverse cultures. California's location gives it an abundance of produce, including local specialties such as avocados, artichokes, figs, and dates. In addition, California's culinary style incorporates cooking techniques and ingredients from many cultures to form a unique multicultural cuisine.
[97]
Representative dishes include California style pizza, Cioppino, Cobb salad, sourdough bread, etc.
[96]
Cioppino
Cioppino
Cioppino is a seafood stew beloved in the San Francisco area that features the use of tomatoes and wine as a base broth, with rich Pacific seafood added. The origins of this dish can be traced back to the Italian fishermen of the area, especially at the famous Fisherman's Wharf. Legend has it that fishermen use the scraps of seafood and leftovers they catch to make the stew, hence the name.
[97]
Cioppino today preserves the tradition of using fresh seafood caught that day, which may include coarse crabs, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels, or a variety of fish. The seafood is mixed with fresh tomatoes and herbs and braised in a wine sauce to create a delicious dish. Cioppino is usually served with toast, and a local sourdough bread or toasted baguette from San Francisco is an ideal accompaniment to absorb and carry the delicious juices of the stew.
[97]
French dip
French dip
A French Dip, also known as a beef dip, is a classic hot sandwich featuring sliced roast beef, piled on top of a French roll or baguette, and dipped in gravy ("au jus" means "with juice" in French). The sandwiches usually come with extra gravy for diners to add according to their personal taste.
[97]
As for the origins of the French dip sandwich, two historic restaurants in Los Angeles each claim to have created it. Although the exact origins are still debated, French dip has become a widely recognized and loved classic in the United States. The sandwich's popularity also reflects California's reputation as a place where culture and food converge, combining simple ingredients in innovative ways to create a local food culture.
[97]
California's customs and culture are diverse and inclusive, reflecting its history of waves of immigration and the mixing of different cultures. Featured festivals include the Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco, one of the largest such celebrations outside Asia, as well as the Gilroy Garlic Festival, the Bigfoot Festival and more. Among the traditional rituals, Native cultures in California maintain a wealth of rituals and celebrations, such as the Yurok Tribe's White Deerskin Dance, an ancient ritual of expressing gratitude and respect for nature. In terms of lifestyle, California is known for its leisure and outdoor lifestyle, including beach culture, hiking and extreme sports. Ethnic dress is diverse in California, from traditional Native dress to modern Silicon Valley casual wear. Folk crafts are embodied in traditions such as winemaking in Napa Valley and seafaring in the San Francisco Bay area. The folk culture is rich and includes Mexican influences from Latin America, such as Mariachi bands and Salsa dances, which are common at festivals.
[98-101]
Chinese New Year parade
Chinese New Year parade
The San Francisco Lunar New Year Parade is a time-honored tradition that began in 1860 and ranks among the top 10 parades in the world as the largest New Year parade outside Asia and one of the largest night parades in the United States. Every year during the Spring Festival, San Francisco's government departments, business organizations and civic groups will dress in costumes to participate in this grand parade, through dragon and lion dances, martial arts, acrobatics, singing and dancing and other colorful performances, attracting many people to come to watch and celebrate the arrival of the Lunar New Year.
[102]
Bigfoot Festival
Bigfoot Festival
Bigfoot Festival is a festival celebrating Bigfoot that takes place in Willow Creek, California. Events include appearances and speeches by Bigfoot celebrities and experts, stories about the Colorado Bigfoot, movie screenings, outdoor themed events, craft and food vendors, a Bigfoot summoning contest and more.
[103]
Gilroy Garlic Festival
Gilroy Garlic Festival
The Gilroy Garlic Festival has been a popular food festival in California since 1979. Featuring garlic, the festival offers a range of garlic-based delicacies, including garlic ice cream, garlic bread and garlic-roasted chicken, among others, to bring visitors a unique taste bud experience. In addition to an abundance of food, the festival also features live music, cooking demonstrations, and craft stalls.
[104]
MUSICIANS
California has a rich and colorful musical history that has had a profound impact on the global music industry and art form. From the early secular Spanish-language social music of the 18th century, to the Bakersfield sound and West Coast jazz of the mid-20th century, to surf rock and psychedelic rock of the 1960s, California has been a hotbed of musical innovation. Famous artists such as Merle Haggard, Chet Baker, Dick Dale, The Beach Boys, The Doors and others have left a strong mark on California music history. With rockabilly, Funk and glam metal in the 1970s, punk and heavy metal in the 1980s, West Coast hip hop and alternative rock in the 1990s, and indie rock in the early 2000s, California has continually pushed the evolution and fusion of musical styles.
[105]
California's music scene is not limited to pop music, its professional music education is also developed, California State University Northridge, the University of the Pacific, the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music and San Francisco Conservatory of Music are important bases for cultivating musical talents. California is also home to many legendary music venues and festivals, such as Whiskey a Go Go, Roxy, Troubadour, Fillmore, Coachella, etc., providing musicians and music fans with world-class performance and viewing platforms.
[105]
movie
California, and Hollywood in particular, has long been the center of the global film industry and has had a profound impact on American and world culture. Hollywood is not only the mecca of film production, but also the heart of the American cultural industry, with many well-known film and television giants including Twentieth Century Fox, the Walt Disney Company, Columbia Pictures (owned by SONY), Warner Brothers (owned by Time Warner) and Universal Pictures (owned by General Electric). The films produced by these companies not only spread American values and ideals, but also played a key role in shaping popular culture, social norms, and promoting cultural diversity and tolerance around the world.
[106-107]
unit
California's architectural styles showcase its cultural diversity and geography, with the Mediterranean Revival style becoming iconic in Southern California with its stucco facades and red-tiled roofs, while the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture celebrates California's Spanish heritage with its white stucco walls and terracotta tile roofs. The contemporary modern building is popular in California for its clean lines and open floor plans, and the floor-to-ceiling window design enables a seamless connection between indoor and outdoor Spaces. The low roofs and expansive layout of the ranch house emphasize the connection with nature, while the French chateau style house presents the grandeur of the French countryside with its symmetry and exquisite details.
[108]
The Art Deco house reflects the modernist design of the early 20th century, featuring bold colors and streamlined shapes. The craftsman style house's fine craftsmanship and natural materials emphasize harmonious coexistence with nature, while mid-century modern architecture, characterized by innovative design and open space, continues to influence luxury home design in California. Tuscan style houses bring the charm of the Italian countryside, while Cape Cod style houses blend traditional and modern design, reflecting the coastal atmosphere of the East Coast. These architectural styles not only enrich California's architectural landscape, but also provide a variety of living options, from luxurious castle-style homes to natural ranch homes, each reflecting the unique California lifestyle and aesthetic.
[108]
California is rich in natural and cultural symbols that reflect the state's unique geographical characteristics and cultural spirit. California's national flower, the California Poppy, is known for its bright orange color and resilience to grow in harsh environments, symbolizing hope and opportunity. The provincial bird is the California Quail, a bird that reflects the social and community spirit of Californians with its distinctive song and social nature. California's provincial tree is the California Redwood, also known as the redwood, which is known for its majestic height and long life, representing strength and durability. These natural symbols not only showcase California's biodiversity, but also reflect the importance Californians place on nature conservation and environmental sustainability.
[3]
[109]
California attracts tourists from all over the world with its rich and diverse tourism resources and unique tourism characteristics. With 840 miles of spectacular coastline, more than 1.6 million acres of national parks, and 145 national historic landmarks, California offers visitors a wealth of natural and historical exploration opportunities. Representative natural attractions include the majestic Yosemite National Park, the picturesque Pacific Coast Highway, and the famous Redwood Forest National Park. Cultural attractions include the Hollywood Museum, Griffith Observatory and San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.
[110-112]
Yosemite National Park
Yosemite National Park
Yosemite Valley is an iconic attraction within Yosemite National Park in California, known for its magnificent natural beauty and unique geological formations. El Capitan and Half Dome are the two most famous granite peaks in the valley, and their majestic form has become the dream of countless photographers and rock climbers. Bridalveil Fall adds a romantic touch to this natural beauty with its light, ethereal mist, just like the bride's veil. And the valley is full of wildflowers bloom, but also will decorate the Yosemite Valley picturesque, each season has a different flower bloom, providing visitors with a colorful visual feast. Together, these elements create the postcard-like beauty of the Yosemite Valley, one of the most popular tourist destinations in California and across the country.
[113]
Fisherman's Wharf and Alcatraz Island
Fisherman's Wharf and Alcatraz Island
Fisherman's Wharf is a popular waterfront area in San Francisco, known for its freshly caught seafood. Visitors can taste Crab, shrimp, fish and other delicacies freshly pulled from the sea in a number of restaurants here, among which Dungeness Crab is a local specialty. Pier 39 is one of the popular spots in Fisherman's Wharf, where in addition to a variety of shops and restaurants, there are a large group of lovely sea lions perched here, they either sunbathe on driftwood, or play in the water, becoming a unique landscape that attracts many tourists to watch.
[113]
Fisherman's Wharf is also the departure point for cruises to Alcatraz Island. Alcatraz Island, a former federal prison that housed some of the most notorious criminals in American history, was known as the "prison from which there is no escape" because of its tight defense. Today, Alcatraz has been transformed into a popular tourist attraction, where visitors can take guided Tours, learn about the prison's history, visit the cells, and enjoy the island's natural beauty.
[113]
TCL Chinese Theatre and Avenue of Stars
TCL Chinese Theatre and Avenue of Stars
The TCL Chinese Theatre, formerly known as Grauman's Chinese Theatre, is an iconic building in Hollywood, known for its lavish Oriental-style sets and rich film history. Located on Hollywood Boulevard, this historic cinema has been home to many major film premieres since its opening in 1927 and has witnessed countless moments of cinematic glory.
[113]
The concrete floor in the front yard of the theater is printed with the handprints, footprints and signatures of many Hollywood movie stars, which has become a traditional project for tourists to visit. From Marilyn Monroe to Sylvester Stallone, from Disney's Mickey Mouse to Star Wars' Darth Vader, these imprints are a timeless testament to the cinematic legend that draws fans from all over the world to make pilgrimages.
[113]
Another famous tourist attraction in Hollywood is the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located on both sides of Hollywood Boulevard and Grape Street and consists of a series of five-star MEDALS embedded in the sidewalk, engraved with the names of stars who have made outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. The Walk of Fame not only recognizes the achievements of these stars, but also becomes an iconic symbol of Los Angeles culture.
[113]
There is also the famous Madame Tussauds Hollywood, the Hollywood Museum and many other movie-related attractions.
[113]
Muir Woods National Park
Muir Woods National Park
Muir Woods National Monument is located on Mount Tamalpais, not far north of San Francisco, about an hour's drive away. This reserve is an ancient and mysterious redwood forest, which is covered by a soft mist for many years, creating a quiet and mysterious atmosphere. Redwood trees, as one of the oldest and tallest tree species on Earth, form a spectacular forest landscape here.
[113]
Muir Woods National Landmark maintains about 10 kilometers of hiking trails that weave through giant redwood trees. The air in the forest is fresh and rich in negative oxygen ions, making it the perfect place for city dwellers to relax and take a forest bath.
[113]
Foreign trade plays an important role in California's economy. For many years, California has been the second largest exporter (after Texas) and the first importer of American states. California's total exports in 2020 will be $156.1 billion. The main export products are computers and electronic products, transportation equipment, mechanical products, chemicals and so on.
[3]
Trade relations with China
California is one of the most important markets for China's economic and trade cooperation with the United States. Since 2010, China has become California's largest source of imports and an important export market. In 2020, California's trade volume with China reached US $145.3 billion, up 1.37% over the previous year, and its imports from China reached US $159.1 billion, up 10.5% over the previous year. California's main exports to China are mechanical products and parts, electrical and motor equipment and parts, medical equipment, precision instruments, automobiles and parts, etc. California's main imports from China are computers and electronic products, electrical appliances and accessories, miscellaneous products, clothing, leather products, etc.
[3]
California and China have close political and economic relations and frequent exchanges. Governor Brown visited China in 2013.
[3]
In 2000, California established sister province (region) relations with Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In 2011, California and Jiangsu Province signed a friendship province agreement. In 2014, California and Guangdong Province signed an agreement to establish sister provincial-state relations. In 2017, California and Sichuan established sister province and state relations. California cities have close exchanges with Huayou City, and Northern California has more than 30 sister cities and sister cities in China.
[3]
The Chinese Ministry of Commerce and the California State government subsequently carried out negotiations and consultations, and during California Governor Brown's visit to China in April 2013, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the Chinese Province and California Trade and Investment Joint Working Group, marking the official launch of the "provincial-level cooperation". This is the first China-Us economic and trade cooperation mechanism between provinces, states and cities. Under this mechanism, six Chinese provinces and cities (Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangdong, Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, Chongqing) cooperate with California under the coordination of the Ministry of Commerce, focusing on nine areas of cooperation, including information, biopharmaceuticals, new energy, environmental protection, agriculture, key manufacturing, infrastructure, transportation equipment, and tourism. Hebei Province joined the mechanism in 2014, and there are now seven Chinese members. Since its establishment, the "provincial and state cooperation" mechanism has played a good role. Under this cooperation mechanism, the two sides have frequent exchanges, strengthened cooperation and achieved remarkable economic and trade results. California also reopened its first overseas trade and investment representative office in Shanghai.
[3]
California's business community actively promotes trade and investment with China. Major business associations in Northern California include the California Chamber of Commerce, the Bay Area Council, the San Francisco Office in China, the Asia Society, the Gaia Association, and the Northern California World Trade Center.
[3]
The major sister cities in California are (major cities) :
|
city
|
nation
|
Time (years)
|
city
|
nation
|
Time (years)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Eilat
|
Israel
|
1959
|
St. Petersburg
|
Russia
|
1984
|
|
Nagoya
|
Japan
|
1959
|
Vancouver
|
Canada
|
1986
|
|
El Salvador
|
Brazil
|
1962
|
Ghisa
|
Egypt
|
1989
|
|
Bordeaux
|
France
|
1964
|
Jakarta
|
Indonesia
|
1990
|
|
Berlin
|
Germany
|
1967
|
Kaunas
|
Republic of Lithuania
|
1991
|
|
Lusaka
|
Zambia
|
1968
|
Makati
|
The Philippines
|
1992
|
|
Mexico City
|
Mexico
|
1969
|
Split
|
Croatia
|
1993
|
|
Auckland
|
NZ
|
1971
|
SAN Salvador
|
El Salvador
|
2005
|
|
Busan
|
Korea
|
1971
|
Beirut
|
Lebanon
|
2006
|
|
Bombay
|
India
|
1972
|
Ischia
|
Italy
|
2006
|
|
Teheran
|
Iran
|
1972
|
Yerevan (Erevan)
|
Armenia
|
2007
|
|
Guangzhou
|
China
|
1981
|
Data source:
[114]
The data is as of April 2024.
|
||
|
Athens
|
Greece
|
1984
|
|||
|
city
|
nation
|
|---|---|
|
Alcala de Henares
|
Spain
|
|
Campinas
|
Brazil
|
|
The city of Krabidi
|
The Philippines
|
|
Edinburgh
|
Scotland
|
|
Jalalabad
|
Afghanistan
|
|
Jeonju
|
Korea
|
|
Leon
|
Mexico
|
|
The province of Masovian
|
Poland
|
|
Panama City
|
Panama
|
|
Perth
|
Australia
|
|
Ghana tema
|
Ghana
|
|
Tijuana
|
Mexico
|
|
Vladivostok
|
Russia
|
|
Yantai
|
China
|
|
Yokohama
|
Japan
|
|
Data source:
[115]
The data is as of April 2024.
|
|
|
city
|
nation
|
Time (years)
|
|---|---|---|
|
Osaka
|
Japan
|
1957
|
|
Sydney
|
Australia
|
1968
|
|
Assisi
|
Italy
|
1969
|
|
Haifa
|
Israel
|
1973
|
|
Seoul
|
Korea
|
1975
|
|
Shanghai
|
China
|
1979
|
|
Manila
|
The Philippines
|
1981
|
|
Cork
|
Ireland
|
1984
|
|
Abidjan
|
Cote d 'Ivoire
|
1986
|
|
Thessaloniki
|
Greece
|
1990
|
|
Ho Chi Minh City
|
Vietnam
|
1995
|
|
Paris
|
France
|
1997
|
|
Zurich
|
Switzerland
|
2003
|
|
Bangalore
|
India
|
2009
|
|
Krakow
|
Poland
|
2009
|
|
Amman
|
Jordan
|
2010
|
|
Barcelona
|
Spain
|
2010
|
|
Kiel
|
Germany
|
2017
|
|
Data source:
[116]
The data is as of April 2024.
|
||
