The Sino-Japanese War refers to the late 19th century Japan invade China and North Korea The war. According to China The year of the stem branch The war broke out in 1894 Jiawu year Hence the name of the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese call it the "Nishiqing War," Korean peninsula It is called the "Qing and Japanese War", and the Western countries call it the "First Sino-Japanese War". ^[1]

Meiji Restoration The Japanese began to walk capitalism The path of active foreign aggression and expansion has identified a China-centered" Mainland policy "; Of this time Qing Dynasty Is a pass Westernization movement A resplendent empire, political corruption, people's livelihood is difficult, the various factions in the official field infighting, intriguousness, national defense and military strength, and lax discipline; World major Capitalist country Step to imperialism In the interim, Japan's aggression was supported to a certain extent by the Western powers.

In 1894, Korea broke out East Learning Party uprising The Korean government forces were losing ground and forced to beg for help from the Qing Dynasty, and Japan took the opportunity to send troops to Korea and deliberately provoked a war.

In 1894 ( Guang Xu Twenty years) July 25 Battle of Toshima The outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War began, because the Japanese had planned for a long time, and the Qing Dynasty in a hurry to fight, this war with China defeated, The North Ocean Navy The whole army was destroyed. The Qing government was forced to Japanese militarism On April 17, 1895, a treaty was signed. Treaty of Shimonoseki ".

The results of the Sino-Japanese War Chinese nation It brought about an unprecedented national crisis and greatly deepened Chinese society semi-colonial The degree of transformation; On the other hand, it made Japan more powerful and laid an important foundation for it to become a great power.

(Outline the source of the diagram ^[48] )

Given name: Sino-japanese War of 1894-1895
Occurrence time: July 25, 1894 - April 17, 1895
Ground point: Korean peninsula , Liaodong Peninsula , Shandong (Province) Weihai , The Yellow Sea north
combatant: China , Japan
Bear fruit: Japan won, signed the" Treaty of Shimonoseki "
Combatant strength: The Qing Army mobilized about 500 battalions (about 250,000 people), and the number of people put into the battlefield was less than that of the Japanese ^[2]
The Japanese mobilized 240,000 troops and put more than 170,000 into the battlefield ^[3]

casualty: Qing Army 19,148 killed and 5,308 wounded (disputed) ^[3]
Japanese 6,445 killed, 3,530 wounded (disputed) ^[3]
Chief commander: Guangxu Emperor , Li Hongzhang , Ding Ruchang ; Meiji Emperor , Yutomo Yamamoto , ITO Youhyung
alias: The Japanese War, the Qing War, the First Sino-Japanese War, the First Sino-Japanese Naval Battle

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EDITOR

Japanese side

It was adopted by Japan in 1868 Meiji Restoration ," From Asia to Europe "And began to walk capitalism Road, national strength is becoming stronger. At that time, Japan was crossing twice Industrial revolution In 1888, Industrial revolution in Japan There is an upsurge, so there is an urgent need to export goods and capital. But Japan as a Island country The domestic itself is short of resources, the market is small, and the domestic feudalism The strength of the residual forces and the sharpness of various contradictions in the social transition period, therefore Mikado Led by the Japanese ruling clique is eager to seek a way out of foreign expansion.

In 1887, the Japanese General Staff formulated the so-called "Qing Expedition strategy", which gradually evolved into the "invasion of China as the center". Mainland policy ". Hiroichi ". The Sino-Japanese War was an important link in the first two steps of Japan's "continental policy". Because Japan's own strength and resources did not have the corresponding conditions, it implemented the strategy of war to feed the war to achieve the goal.

Qing dynasty

At that time, China was in the late Qing Dynasty, and from the 1860s and 1870s, it was the ruling group of the Qing Dynasty Westernization group Set off a campaign with the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" Westernization movement . The Westernization Movement in science and technology (especially military technology) to Europe and the United States, so the Qing Dynasty once appeared" Tongzhi rejuvenation "The sight. The Qing Dynasty was officially established in 1888 The North Ocean Navy It became a powerful naval power in Asia, but the Qing Dynasty did not change as Japan did State system Therefore, "ZTE" has not enabled China to embark on the road of wealth and military strength. At this time, the politics of the Qing Dynasty was very corrupt, the people were living a difficult life, and the various factions in the official circle fought against each other and cheated each other, and the national defense and military were strong from the outside and the discipline was relaxed.

In East Asia at the end of the 19th century, there was a revival Boss empire One is the emerging modern state, in this case, China and Japan must not avoid the first World War.

European and American

Sino-japanese War (Western powers watch) (2 photos)

At that time, the world's major Capitalist country Step to imperialism In the interim, Japan's aggression was supported to a certain extent by the Western powers. The US wanted Japan to be its assistant in invading China and Korea; The British tried to use Japan to contain Russia The Far East The power of; Germany In order to take advantage of Japan's invasion of China to seize new interests, France also supported Japan's invasion of China. Russia, though having great ambitions for Northeast China and Korea, was not yet ready and therefore took action against Japan Non-interference policy . The acquiescence or connivance of the great powers became the favorable conditions for Japan to carry out its aggressive plan.

Pre-war conflict

Japan's invasion of China was premeditated and well prepared for a long time. In 1867, Meiji Emperor Mutsuhito At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he declared in the "Emperor's Letter" that "to open up thousands of miles of waves, declare the national power in the four directions" and deliberately expand overseas. In 1871, China and Japan signed the first treaty in modern times. Sino-japanese reconciliation rules The first paragraph: "Subsequently, the Kingdom of the Qing Dynasty, the Great Japan, and friendship, and infinite." Even if the two countries belong to each other, each of them shall treat each other with courtesy, and shall not violate the slightest, so as to obtain permanent security." ^[4] This is an equal treaty.

Sino-japanese Conflict and Japanese mainland policy before the First Sino-Japanese War (2 photos)

But Japan did not abide by this treaty and actively expanded into China. In 1872, Japan invaded China Dependent state Ryukyu Preparing to attack Taiwan with Ryukyu as a springboard. In 1874, there occurred a drift of Ryukyu people by Taiwan The Gaoshan nationality, living in Yunnan Province In the event of the killing, the Japanese exploited the confusion of Qing officials to the effect that Ryukyu was Japanese Vassal state As an excuse to attack Taiwan Island This was Japan's first armed invasion of China in modern history. However, the disparity in strength between Japan and China, coupled with acclimation, the Japanese army lost. Under the "mediation" of the United States, Britain and other countries, Japan extorted 500,000 taels of silver from the Qing Dynasty, and forced the Qing Court to recognize that the Japanese invasion of Taiwan was a "righteous act" (that is, indirect recognition Ryukyuan The Japanese) and withdrew their troops from Taiwan. Due to the weakness of the Qing Court, Japan fully annexed it in 1879 Kingdom of Ryukyu , change it to Okinawa Prefecture .

Then Japan began another invasion of China Vassal state -- North Korea. In 1876, Japan opened the door of Korea by force and forced the Korean government to sign a treaty. Treaty of Jianghua ", obtained Consular jurisdiction And a series of privileges. The first article of the treaty declares that "Korea is an autonomous state and shall remain with it. Japan Equal right" ^[5] Put North Korea's Metropolitan state The Qing Dynasty was excluded. In 1882, Korea took place None-wu Mutiny China and Japan sent troops to Korea at the same time, although the Qing army suppressed the Japanese army in this incident, but Japan is still in the" Treaty of Charleston "Gained the right to send troops to North Korea and garrison The right. In 1884, Japan helped Korea Civilized Party launch Kashin coup d 'etat In an attempt to drive out Chinese power in North Korea. Yuan Shikai The Qing army defeated the Japanese army and suppressed the coup d 'etat. But Japan and the Qing Dynasty signed a treaty Tianjin conference article It stipulates that China and Japan withdraw their troops from Korea at the same time, and the two countries must notify each other of sending troops to North Korea. The Treaty of Jiwupo gave Japan the right to send troops to Korea under the pretext of protecting the legation, and the Special Articles of the Tianjin Conference gave Japan the right to act together with China in Korea. These two treaties laid the foundation for the Sino-Japanese War in the First Sino-Japanese War.

Bilateral armaments

In the Sino-Japanese conflicts of the 1870s and 1880s, China always had the advantage in hard power, but in the decade after the North Korean Kashin coup, the situation changed. All this time, Japan has been keeping an eye on China, the Japanese military dignitaries Yutomo Yamamoto "The stronger the army of the neighbor, the stronger the army of the state." ^[6] Therefore, after 1890, Japan used 60% of the national revenue to develop the navy and army, and since 1893, Meiji Emperor It was decided to allocate 300,000 yuan a year from its own palace funds and one-tenth from the salaries of civil and military officials to supplement the cost of shipbuilding. The morale of the whole country is high, in order to catch up with China as the goal of struggle, and is ready to carry out a war with "national fortunes". In 1890, Beiyang Navy There are seven warships with a total tonnage of more than 27,000 tons. The Japanese Navy has only five warships of more than 2,000 tons, with a total tonnage of about 17,000 tons. In 1892, Japan completed its ten-year military expansion plan, which began in 1885, ahead of schedule The Sino-Japanese War By the end of the war, Japan had established an army of 63,000 standing soldiers and 230,000 reservists, including six field divisions and one The Guards Division . Before the war, the Japanese Navy had 32 warships and 24 torpedo boats, with a total displacement of 72,000 tons, which exceeded the Beiyang Navy. Japan also dispatched Roshondo and Xuanyang Society Spy To organize and infiltrate people into China and step up intelligence collection and infiltration in all aspects of China.

During this period in China, after decades of Westernization movement First results, began to despise the enemy. In the process of dealing with Western countries, they believed that Westerners were "not disadvantageous to our people" and just wanted to take advantage of trade, so they relaxed their awareness of armaments. Since the official establishment of the Beiyang Navy in 1888, it has not added any ships, and the age of the ships is gradually aging, compared with the new Japanese warships, weak firepower, slow fire rate, and slow speed. The North Ocean Navy There are 25 warships and 4,000 officers and men. Before the Sino-Japanese War, the Beiyang Fleet Dagu Port , Weihai Port and Lushun Three major bases have been built. However, the military reform of the Qing Dynasty basically stayed in the low-level stage of improving weapons and equipment. Although the total strength of the army and navy reached more than 800,000 people, the organization was backward, the management was chaotic, the training was weak, and the combat effectiveness was low. After 1891, the Beiyang Naval Division even stopped buying guns and ammunition.

Troops in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

( Atlas reference ^{[49 and 50]} )

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China and Japan send troops

The Korean issue was the breakthrough point for Japan to launch a war of aggression, and the economic crisis in Japan in 1890 made the demand for war even more urgent, the same year that Japan was prime minister Yutomo Yamamoto In the "policy speech" of the first Imperial Parliament, he threw out the theory of the so-called "sovereignty line" and "interest line", which regarded the Japanese mainland as the sovereignty line and China and the Korean Peninsula as Japan's "interest line", claiming that Japan had "insufficient population" and must "defend" the interest line by force, and step up military expansion and war preparation. ^[6] In 1894, Korea broke out East Learning Party uprising The Korean government forces retreated and were forced to beg for help from the Qing Dynasty. Japan thought it was time to start a war, and said to the Qing Court, "Why don't you take Han Kan's place as soon as possible?" ... My government will have no other intentions." ^[7] To induce the Qing Dynasty to send troops to Korea. Qing school Zhili commander-in-chief Ye Zhichao and Taiyuan town Commander in chief Nie Shicheng The rate of Huai Army 2,000 people arrived in North Korea in two groups in the days following June 6 Asan Landed, prepared to suppress the uprising, and, according to the 1885 law Sino-japanese Treaty of Tianjin Notify Japan. On June 10, the North Korean government and the rebels reached an agreement A statewide peace treaty The Qing uprising subsided without a fight. On June 25, the planned third batch of Qing troops landed at Asan, bringing the total number of Qing troops in Korea to 2,465. ^[8]

The Japanese headquarters during the Sino-Japanese War

Of the time ITO Hirobumi The cabinet is facing a parliamentary challenge No-confidence motion At the same time that Joseon was begging for aid from the Qing Dynasty, Japan, through its legation in Korea, found out that the Qing Court was about to send troops to Joseon. Upon receiving the news, Japan seized the straws and started a war with all its might. On June 2, 1894, ITO's cabinet decided to send troops to Korea. On June 5, Japan immediately established a chief of staff, a deputy chief of staff, Secretary of State for War , the Navy Military command department long-attended headquarters As the highest leading organ directing the war of aggression. On June 9, Japan sent an advance team of more than 400 people to the Minister in the DPRK Keisuke Otori Led by" Treaty of Charleston Japan has the right to protect the embassy and A person residing abroad As an excuse to enter the North Korean capital Seoul (Present-day South Korea) Seoul At the same time, according to the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Tianjin, the Chinese side was informed, and then sent 800 troops to Seoul on June 12. Before the Japanese advance party departed, the Japanese Foreign Minister Luo Munemitsu Instructed Minister to North Korea Keisuke Otori to "take such provisional action as may be deemed appropriate" ^[9] Authorize Big Bird to provoke provocation and find an excuse to launch a war of aggression.

Negotiation breakdown

A statewide peace treaty When that was done, the North Korean government demanded that China and Japan withdraw their troops, Keisuke Otori Began with the Qing court resident minister Yuan Shikai To negotiate withdrawal. Although Big Bird promised verbally to withdraw troops, or even to reach a written agreement, but the Japanese government on the one hand ordered Big Bird to refuse to reach a joint withdrawal agreement, on the other hand, on June 15, threw out the plan of "China and Japan to jointly assist North Korea to reform its internal affairs", so that the joint withdrawal agreement was written off. After that, the Japanese began a continuous surge, on June 16 Yoshihiro Oshima Major General led the first units of the mixed brigade in Incheon By June 28, the second batch of troops of the mixed brigade landed, and the Japanese invaded Korea to more than 8,000 troops, which was an absolute advantage over the Qing army in Korea; And the decision makers of the Qing court Governor of Zhili and Minister of the North Ocean Li Hongzhang On the other hand, he hoped that China and Japan would withdraw their troops together, and neither reinforced their troops to Korea nor followed the instructions of Yuan Shikai, Nie Shicheng The proposal of the Qing army to withdraw first ^[10] And finally gave the Japanese an opportunity.

The reason why Japan proposed the "joint reform of Korea" is to keep its troops in Korea in the name of "assisting the reform of the internal affairs of Korea" while delaying the Qing troops stationed in Korea. This is a provocative means to start a war. The Qing government rejected the proposal of joint reform of Korea and stressed that Japan must withdraw its troops, so Japan sent the first letter of renunciation to the Qing government on June 22. ^[11] After that, Li Hongzhang hoped that the United States, Britain, Russia and other European and American powers would mediate and let Japan withdraw its troops. Due to the above-mentioned interests of various countries, the United States, Britain and Russia only expressed "condemnation" to Japan, and did not take strong measures. Coupled with Japan's flexible diplomatic strategy, the great powers finally adopted a wait-and-see attitude. mediate All failed. On July 14, Japan issued a "second letter of renunciation" to the Qing government, refusing to withdraw its troops, and accusing China of "intentionally causing trouble" and threatening that "if an accident occurs in the future, the Japanese government will not be held responsible." ^[12] The Sino-Japanese talks broke down.

After Japan sent the "first letter of Renunciation" to the Qing Court, it began to reform the internal affairs of Joseon on its own. During the negotiation with North Korea, on the one hand, Keisuke Otori forced North Korea to deny that it was China Vassal state On the other hand, it proposed five twenty-seven reform plans and forced North Korea to accept them within a time limit. However, the Joseon government was pro-China at that time. According to Jun Sugimura, first secretary of the Japanese Legation in Korea at the time, the situation at that time was that the Joseon government, which took advantage of the chaos in Korea, had a secret plot and should have opposed it, but the Joseon government sympathized with it rather than hating it. ^[13] Therefore, North Korea is very disgusted with Japan's insolence, perfunctory Japanese demands, and repeatedly urged Japan to withdraw troops. By July 17, negotiations between Japan and North Korea had broken down.

Outbreak of war

The Japanese ship sank the "High Rise"

During July 1894, the Japanese plot to start a war became more and more obvious, and Chinese domestic public opinion and Qing generals stationed in Korea successively requested the Qing Court to increase military preparations, and the imperial Court was formed Guangxu Emperor Zaitian The ministry of Shang Shu Weng Tonghe The leading war faction, however Empress Dowager Cixi Not wishing his sixtieth birthday to be disturbed by war, Li Hongzhang To preserve his own lineage Huai Army and The North Ocean Navy The strength, but also attempts at reconciliation, these people formed the Lord and faction in the Qing Court. After the breakdown of Sino-Japanese negotiations in mid-July, Li Hongzhang, who had remained silent, began to send troops to reinforce Korea at the request of Emperor Guangxu. With the breakdown of negotiations between China and Japan, Japan and North Korea, the mediation of the Great powers failed, on July 17, 1894, Japan headquarters The decision to go to war; On July 20, Japan became a member of the United States ITO Yuhan commandant Combined fleet Be ready to pick quarrels; On the same day, the Japanese Minister to the DPRK Keisuke Otori To the North Korean government ultimatum "To abolish the Chinese treaty, the Chinese soldiers", asked for a reply within 48 hours, North Korea continued to perfunctory Japan, so Japan decided to send troops to control the Korean government, in order to find a war with the Qing army in the DPRK "mandate".

In the early morning of July 23, 1894, the Japanese invaded Korea Seoul The palace, defeat the Korean garrison, kidnap Kings of Korea Li Xi ( Joseon Gojong ), dissolving the Korean pro-Chinese government and installing the king's biological father Xingxuan Dayuanjun Li Shi Ying Take over as regent. Japan did not allow the Korean pro-Japanese government to break off relations with the Qing Dynasty, and "commissioned" the Japanese army to expel the Qing army in Korea. After taking control of the Korean government, on July 25, 1894 (lunar calendar Jiawu year June 23), Japan undeclared war, in Korea Toshima The sea attacked Qing warships reinforcing Korea." Ji Yuan "," Quang Yi ", Battle of Toshima Outbreak, sea battle Japanese Combined Fleet "First partisan" Wave velocity The ship sank the British merchant ship "Gao Sheng" borrowed by the Qing Army and manufactured The ascension incident . At this point, Japan finally detonated the Sino-Japanese War.

An edict declaring war between the two countries (2 photos)

On August 1, 1894 (the first day of July in the 20th year of Guangxu), China and Japan officially declared war. The Qing Dynasty stated in its edict on the declaration of war that Korea had always belonged to the Qing Dynasty Dependent state The Qing Dynasty sent troops at the request of the Korean government, whereas Japan "did not obey treaties, did not abide by public law, and did not act arbitrarily. fluttery The Qing Dynasty could not bear it, therefore, "Li Hongzhang strictly ordered the dispatch of the armies, quickly suppression, thick collection of heroic forces, and one after another, in order to save the Han people from the charcoal." ^[14] Meiji Emperor Mutsuhito In the edict on the declaration of war, he opposed it, claiming that "Korea is the first inspiration of the empire to associate with other nations. Independent state It claimed that the reason for its war was that "the Empire then advised Korea to clean up its bad politics... Despite the promises made by the Joseon, the Qing have been secretly hindering... Even sending soldiers to the Korean soil to attack my ship in the Korean Sea is reckless." It stated that its purpose was to "make Korea free from chaos forever" and "maintain. Japan The peace of the whole ", "to promote the glory of the empire at home and abroad" ^[15] .

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EDITOR

At this time inside the Qing Court, to Guangxu Emperor The leading war party has the upper hand. Empress Dowager Cixi Hoping to end the war as soon as possible, so as not to delay her great celebration, so inclined to peace, but forced by the discussion, a fashion dare not openly Lord and. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was mainly divided into the following three stages:

The first stage

From July 25 to September 17, 1894

Chinese troops say goodbye to their relatives at the station

In this phase, the war is in Korean peninsula And the northern Yellow Sea, the land battle is mainly Battle of Pyongyang Naval warfare is mainly Yellow Sea battle . In late July 1894, the Chinese and Japanese armies fought in Korea. After the Qing army was secretly attacked by the Japanese army on the sea of Fengdao, it was soon attacked by the Japanese army in the land of Cheng Huanyi. The battle of Joy As the Korean government had fallen under Japanese control, the Qing troops in Asan, including Ye Zhichao and Nie Shicheng, were forced to detour through Seoul and retreat north to the major towns in northern Korea. Ping an road The capital - Pyongyang . Yi Jun To divide the Taiyuan town general army Ma Yukun A group of five battalions (about 2,100 men), together with General Wei Rugui Sheng of Haju Town and Fengzi Lian and Sheng Zi Lian troops of Mukden, formed four armies of 29 battalions, 13,526 men, and entered the Dynasty in August, returning from Pyongyang and Asan Ye Zhichao , Nie Shicheng The ministry converged, and the court ordered Ye Zhichao to be the president of the various armies in Pyongyang. By the end of August, the Qing army had built 27 forts in the four districts of the inner city, the middle city, the outer city and the northeast city of Pyongyang ^[16] . ^{17 - [18]}

Battle of Pyongyang It was the first major battle between the two armies. The Qing army stationed in Pyongyang totalled 35 battalions and 15,000 men; The Japanese army attacking Pyongyang numbered 16,000 men. Although the North Korean government was forcibly drawn to the Japanese camp, the Pyongan Do Observatory of North Korea Min Byung-suk Actively assisting the Qing army in fighting, Tayuanjun Li is also secretly to the Qing army to pass information. ^[19] The Qing army did not make full use of these advantages, because of its general Ye Zhichao's command error and desertion, resulting in the Qing army's defeat, which affected the whole war.

The Japanese laid siege to Pyongyang in four ways, their forces scattered, because Li Hongzhang The war policy of "first set the defense bureau, then plan to forge ahead" and the timidity and ignorance of the Qing general Ye Zhichao, Zuo Precious The action of attacking the Japanese army was constantly blocked by Ye Zhichao ^[20-21] The Japanese army successfully completed the siege of Pyongyang. On September 15, 1894, the battle was fought on three fronts simultaneously Taedong South Bank (bridge) battlefield. The second is the battlefield outside the basaltic gate. The third is the southwest battlefield of the city. At three o 'clock in the morning, the Japanese ninth mixed Brigade was in the south bank of the Datong River Yoshihiro Oshima Under the command of Major General, the Qing army first launched an attack on the south bank of the Taedong River. Qing army division resistance, heavy damage to the Japanese 9th brigade. Commander of the Japanese middle and right armies Takeda Hideyama Nakaso and Nishijima Suuyi Nakaso desperately supervised the battle, captured the left and right wings of the fort, and was then attacked by the Qing army's artillery, and was heavily damaged, and the Japanese army suffered heavy casualties in this battle, according to the figures published in the "Meiji 278 History of the Japanese Qing War", "the dead below the general school about 140, and the wounded about 290." ^[22-23] Four squadron captain officers were killed, and two second lieutenants were killed. Maj. Gen. Yoshida Oshima, commander of the 9th Mixed Brigade, 21st Battalion Commander Suyoshi Nishijima, and 3rd Battalion Commander Kosa Nagata of the 5th Artillery Regiment were all wounded.

Basalwu gate for the Japanese main direction of attack, so concentrated superior forces, by Immediately see Shangwen Major General's 10th Brigade (also known as the Schonin Detachment) and Masao Sato's 18th Regiment (also known as the Wonsan Detachment) as the main attack. Gaozhou town general precious left basalt gate command, fierce battle, precious left gun sacrifice ^[24] His three battalions have been killed, two in the afternoon Basalt gate was captured by the Japanese army. The Japanese army advanced to the city, the Qing army struggled to resist, had to retreat to the Basalt gate.

On the battlefield southwest of the city, Nozu Micumi He led the Japanese 5th Division to cover the infantry charge from southwest of Pyongyang at 7 a.m., and the Qing Army mounted a counterattack. At noon, Nojin Daoguan see difficult to succeed, ordered to suspend the attack, return to the station. At this time, the president of the army (general command) Ye Zhichao in the situation of the war, at four in the afternoon to stop the white flag resistance, and ordered the entire army to retreat, the Japanese will set up an ambush on the retreat of the Qing soldiers. On the rainy night of that day, the retreating Qing army lay down in the middle, the formations were in chaos, and 2,000 people were killed and more than 500 were captured. Battle of Pyongyang The Qing army was defeated. In the next six days, the Qing army ran 500 li, all the way to escape The Yalu River He crossed the Yalu River and returned home on July 21. The Japanese marched on and occupied all of Korea.

Yellow Sea battle scene photos and schematics (4 photos)

Yellow Sea battle On September 17, 1894, three days after the fall of Pyongyang, the Japanese combined fleet was at the mouth of the Yalu River Dadonggou The nearby Yellow Sea provoked a fierce naval battle, which was a follow-up to the Sino-Japanese War Battle of Toshima After the second naval battle, it was also a major decisive battle between the navies of China and Japan. On the morning of September 15th, The North Ocean Navy Escorting more than 4,000 reinforcements to North Korea. After returning to the Yalu River estuary Dadonggou (now Liaoning Province Donggang City The battle broke out when the Japanese intercepted it. The Japanese navy Taedong There were 12 warships in the battle outside the sea, including all its essence, and after the battle at noon, the Beiyang Fleet severely damaged the Japanese Hiei, Akagi, The Saikyo Maru The ships, but the North Ocean fleet of Yangwei, super Yong two ships also suffered heavy losses.

Beiyang naval flagship - Dingyuan

Yellow Sea Battle process:

September 15th, 1894 In the morning, the main force of the Beiyang fleet, including 10 warships and 8 auxiliary ships, arrived under the leadership of Ding Ruchang Dalian Bay .

At 1 o 'clock in the morning, the Ming Army's ten battalions, a total of 4,000 men in five troop transport ships, set out for the Dandong Ditch at the mouth of the Yalu River.

At noon, the fleet reached Dadonggou (present-day Donggang City, Liaoning Province), and by the next morning, the entire army had landed.

At 8 a.m. on 17 September, the ship was unloaded.

At 9 o 'clock, Beiyang Navy Dingyuan signal flagship Put up the dragon flag and begin to return.

At 10:23, the Japanese Combined Fleet's 1st Guerrilla Force was the first to spot the North Ocean Naval Division. Then he hung up the signal flag of "more than three enemy ships found in the northeast direction".

At 10:30, Beiyang Navy Zhenyuan warship The sentry on the upper mast saw several clouds of black smoke on the sea to the southwest and spotted the Japanese fleet. Ding Ruchang immediately ordered the ships to raise fire, live ammunition, ready to fight.

At 12:05, the Japanese Combined Fleet's 1st guerrilla force was in the lead, and the Japanese squadron was in the rear, approaching the Beiyang Naval Division in a single longitudinal formation.

The cruiser Jiyuan

At 12:20, the Beiyang naval Division changed from a double longitudinal formation to a horizontal formation, with the flagship positioned far in the center and the other ships spread out on its left and right, and the fleet formed a wedge-shaped echelon. meanwhile Ding Ruchang Orders were also issued: "All units must act in concert; Always head the ship towards the enemy; Ships are carried out to the extent possible, along with the flagship movement."

At 12:50, the two fleets were 5,300 meters apart, and Dingyuan, the flagship of the Beiyang Naval Division, fired first. The 1st Combined Fleet Partisans turned to the left 5,000 meters from the North Ocean Naval Division and headed for the right wing of the North Ocean Naval Division. The combined fleet sailed to the right of the North Ocean Division, risking exposure to the North Ocean Division. Ten seconds later, the ship Zhenyuan also fired shells, and then the ships of the Beiyang Fleet fired their guns together. Three minutes later, the flagship Japanese ship Matsushima began firing back.

At 12:53, Matsushima, the flagship of the Combined Fleet, began firing back. Dingyuan main mast was shot, the signal rigging was destroyed by gunfire (one said because the ship was old when the gun collapsed the flying bridge), Ding Ruchang was seriously injured in the flying bridge. In an instant, hundreds of guns on both sides exploded together, the smoke filled the air, and the water boiled.

At the beginning of the war, the balance of power was as follows:

name	Guns/doors	Torpedo tubes/racks	Total displacement/ton	Total strength/men	Average speed/knot
The North Ocean Navy	195	556	32100	2126	10.2
Japanese Combined Fleet	268	568	40840	3916	14.5

Among them, the average speed of the first Japanese guerrillas reached 19.4 knots. According to the statistics of the British Naval Yearbook, the firing speed of the rapid-fire guns at that time was six times that of the original rear-loaded guns, which calculated that the firepower of the Japanese fleet was actually three times that of the Beiyang Fleet. According to the sailing order, the Japanese ships are equipped as follows:

First guerrilla
Ship's name	captain	Displacement/ton	Speed/knot	Main gun/door
Yoshino	Yoichi Kawahara	4216	22.5	150mm rapid-fire gun x 4
"Takachiho"	Nomura Sadaka	3709	18	260mm x2
"Akijin Chau"	Uemura Hiko Nobuhiro	3150	19	150mm rapid-fire gun x4
" Wave velocity "	Heihachiro Togo	3709	18	260mm×2

Japan's first group
Ship's name	captain	Displacement/ton	Speed/knot	Main gun/door
Matsushima flagship	Omoto know	4278	16	320mm x1
" Chiyoda "	Masatoshi Uchida	2439	19	120mm rapid-fire gun x1
Itsushima	Yoko Michiyu	4278	16	320mmx1

Japan's second group
Ship's name	captain	Displacement/ton	Speed/knot	Main gun/door
Bridge standing	High and strong cheng	4278	16	320mm x1
" Birui "	Sakurai rules around	2284	13.2	170mm x2
Fusao	The new well pays tribute	3777	13	280mm x2

Japan to the left
Ship's name	captain	Displacement/ton	Speed/knot	Main gun/door
Nishikyomaru	Kano Yong Jin	4100	15	120mm
Akagi	Sakamoto Hattaro	622	10.25	120mm

The 12 ships of the Beiyang Fleet are equipped as follows
Ship's name	Captain (Pipe)	Displacement/ton	Speed/knot	Main gun/door
Dingyuan flagship	Liu Buchen	7335	14.5	305mm x4
Zhenyuan	Lin Taizeng	7335	14.5	305mm x4
" length "	Lin Yongsheng	2900	15.5	210mm x2
"Laiyuan"	Qiu Baoren	2900	15.5	210mm x2
" Chih Yuen "	Deng Shichang	2300	18	210mm x3
Jingyuan	Ye Zugui	2300	18	210mm x3
" Ji Yuan "	Fang Boqian	2300	15	210mm x2
Pingyuan	Li He	2100	14.5	260mm x1
Super brave	Huang Jianxun	1350	15	250mm x2
Show one's strength	Lin Liuzhong	1350	15	250mm x2
Guangjia	Wu Jingrong	1296	15	150mm x2
"Guang C"	Cheng Biguang	1000	17	120mm x3
Note: The other six ships are gunboats Zhennan, Zhenzhong and torpedo boats Foron , left one, right two, right three.

Shortly after the battle began, the flagship of the Beiyang Fleet, Dingyuan, caught fire because it had been launched for 12 years and had not been repaired for 7 years. Ding Ruchang Burned, the flag was destroyed (said to have been shelled by Japanese ships). Ding Ruchang refused to carry his followers into the inner cabin, insisting on sitting on the deck to supervise the war. The 4th ship of the first guerrilla used the speed advantage to attack the right wing of the Beiyang Fleet "super brave" and "Yangwei", and the two ships were hit by fire one after another and withdrew from the battle. The Japanese ship Yoshino was also hit by the Hoyo Fleet and caught fire, but was quickly extinguished. Around 13:30, "Super Yong" sank, Tube tape Huang Jianxun fell into the water, "left one" torpedo boat to rescue, throw long rope aid, Huang Jianxun is not, easy death, most of the officers and soldiers on the ship sacrifice.

When the first Japanese guerrillas circled the attack Beiyang Fleet On the right, they also attacked the main force of the Beiyang Fleet. The Japanese warships "Biri", "Akagi", "Fuso", "Saikyomaru" were intercepted by the North Ocean fleet.

"Dingyuan", "Laiyuan" and "Jingyuan" severely damaged the Japanese ships "Birui" and "Akagi". "Akagi" captain Sakamoto Yataro killed. Nishikyomaru was also hit hard.

Deng Shichang

At about 14:15, the Japanese fleet circled behind the Beiyang Fleet and formed a pincer attack with the first guerrilla group. The North Ocean fleet was attacked on the back and the belly, and the formation was even more confused. In the melee, the Beiyang fleet has been rushing in front of the "Zhiyuan" ship by "Yoshino", "Gaoqianho" and other concentrated bombardment, many injuries, the ship tilted. ITO Yuhan Make the first guerrilla rescue "Akagi", "Birui". "Yoshino" rushed in front, is encountering the whole body on fire "Zhiyuan" ship. Deng Shichang Seeing Yoshino relying on its ship and guns, the rampage, angry and said: "Japanese ships rely on Yoshino, if sinking is a ship, then our army can gather work." Determined to collide with it and die with it. Deng Shichang resolutely crashed at full speed into the Japanese capital ship "Yoshino" starboard, Japanese officers and soldiers saw the panic, concentrated artillery fire to Zhiyuan, Zhiyuan torpedo tube was hit on the right side, causing a large explosion, 3:30, to the starboard tilt, in the east longitude 123 degrees 34 minutes, north latitude 39 degrees 32 minutes of the Yellow Sea Sea sank. In addition to seven officers and soldiers rescued, the rest since Deng Shichang all martyrs. (This is closest to the truth, and the Zhiyuan may have charged Yoshino for the purpose of a torpedo attack. There is also another theory that Zhiyuan was sunk by Japanese artillery before the war The North Ocean Navy The torpedo has been thrown into the sea.

"Jing Yuan" continued to fight "Yoshino", by Yoshino, wave speed, autumn Jin Zhou, high thousand Sui four ships siege, in the cluster bomb fire, the whole ship valiant resistance, by far the whole ship soldiers "fired guns to attack the enemy, excited water to put out the fire, still in good order." By the far ship to the enemy four, refused to fight for a long time. In the fierce battle, the pipe Lin Yongsheng unfortunately "suddenly in the shell, brain split dead", and help the first mate Chen Rong and the second mate Chen Jingying He was shot and killed. Finally, under siege by Namsu, Yoshino, Akitsu, and Takakiho, the ship was hit by multiple bullets, and soon after, "the port bow sank into the water", at 123 degrees 40 minutes 7 seconds east longitude, 39 degrees 51 minutes north latitude, the ship's bow to the east, the port side capsized and sank. Of the ship's more than 200 officers and men, all were killed except for 16 who were rescued.

After "Zhiyuan" sank, "Jiyuan" pipe belt Fang Boqian , "Guangjia" with Wu Jingrong, fleeing from the battle (Fang Boqian and other whether to flee, there are different views). "Jingyuan", "Lai Yuan" because of too many bullets, quit the battle, to escape Daelokdo Emergency repair of damaged machinery nearby.

Dingyuan, Zhenyuan two ships bloody battle, shot a lot, several fires.

At 3:30 p.m., Jinyuan's 30.5 cm guns hit the Japanese flagship Matsushima twice. After the Matsushima quarter deck turret 4 was hit, the flames triggered explosives and a large explosion occurred. The shaft of the Songdo ship tilted 5 degrees, white smoke came out, and the fire erupted.

Matsushima, flagship of the Japanese Combined Fleet

Soon, Jingyuan, come to the end of the repair, re-into the fight. Japanese warships Akagi, Biri, Xijing Maru were wounded, the flagship "Matsushima" situation is not optimistic, "Yoshino", "Fuso" were also injured, and see the North Ocean Fleet reassembled, ITO Youheng convenient about 17:40 ordered to withdraw from the battlefield.

The Beiyang Fleet gave chase and returned Lushun . The battle of the Yellow Sea, which lasted more than five hours, was over. Results of the naval battle: the Beiyang Fleet lost five warships "Zhiyuan", "Jingyuan", "Chaoyong", "Yangwei" and "Guangjia" (" Guangjia "ran away from the battlefield and was self-destructed a few days later), with more than 1,000 casualties. The Japanese fleet "Matsushima", "Yoshino", "Biori", "Akagi", "Xikyomaru" 5 ships were heavily damaged, and more than 600 officers and soldiers were killed or injured. Although the Beiyang naval forces suffered heavy losses in this battle, they were not completely defeated. However, in order to preserve his strength, Li Hongzhang ordered the Beiyang fleet to hide in Weihai Port Inside, do not patrol the sea to meet the enemy. Japan captured the Yellow Sea Mastery of the sea .

The Yellow Sea naval battle began at 12:50 on September 17, 1894, and lasted for more than 5 hours until 5:30 p.m., which was rare in the Far East Theater in the history of modern world naval warfare.

The second stage

from September 17th, 1894 Until November 22nd. During this period, the war was carried out on the Liaodong Peninsula Battle of Yalu River Defense and The Battle of the Golden Journey .

The Qing Court estimated that the Japanese would take advantage of the victory to invade the Liaodong Peninsula, and ordered Li Hongzhang to quickly seek to defend the battle. Li Hongzhang, based on reports from various countries that the Japanese will attack Beijing with a large plan and Shenyang with a vague plan, proposed that the only way to protect the Bohai Sea is to strengthen the fence of Gyeonggi Province, and Shenyang to protect the fundamental of East Province; Then gather troops thick, and then plan a large scale, thinking that the restoration of the Korean land "strategic policy ^[25] . The Qing Court concentrated its forces to strengthen the defense of Liaodong area and appointed Song Qing, the governor of Sichuan, as the deputy in charge of the Beiyang military affairs and the president of the former enemy armies. Quickly raise 30 battalions; More than 81 battalions and 5 posts will be assembled on the right bank of the Yalu River near Jiulian City, including Ming Jun, Yi Jun, Sheng Jun, Fengjun and Jing border Army, Lu Yu Defense Army, Ren Zi Tiger Yong, Sheng Zi Lian Army and Ji Zi Lian Army, Qi Zi Lian Army, Zhen border army, etc. 30,400 Qing army ^[26] Dividing the left and right wings of the defense line, forming the Yalu River defense line stretching tens of miles from Sudian and Changdian River estuary in the east to Dadonggou and Dagu Mountain in the west; While the Qing government stationed heavy troops in the Yalu River defense line, it also successively deployed troops from all over the country to enrich the second line of defense from Shanhaiguan to Mukden and Yingkou.

The Battle of the Yalu River began on October 24, and was the first defense battle of the Qing army in the face of Japanese attacks. The Qing army deployed on the north bank of the Yalu River totaled about 28,000 troops. Appointment by the Qing Dynasty Song Qing For the president of the armies, control the armies. The Japanese attacking force was Yutomo Yamamoto The First Army under the command of the general, including Katsuraro Lieutenant General's Third Division and Nozu Micumi Lieutenant General's Fifth Division, 30,000 men. Although Song Qing bore the name of controlling all the armies, the Qing armies were actually not subject to dispatch, and Pyongyang Fresh defeats, low morale, many generals have no resolve to fight the enemy. The Japanese were highly motivated and ambitious, and the Japanese were released by spies Kotaro Munekata drafted Open advice to the heroes of the 18 provinces "Call to arms, launched a political offensive against the Manchu Dynasty, threatened to attack Beijing directly, let Qing dynasty emperor "Face bound begging for surrender."

The Japanese landed at Huayuankou

The Japanese are ahead of Chiu Lien Upstream of the Anping river mouth swim across the river successfully. That night, the Japanese army Tiger Mountain A pontoon bridge was erected in the middle stream of the nearby Yalu River, but the Qing army was unaware of it. At 6 o 'clock in the morning of October 25, the Japanese army crossed the pontoon bridge and launched an attack on the Qing army position at Hushan. The Qing Army garrison Makinsu , Nie Shicheng The force insisted on resistance, because of the potential alone, heavy casualties, forced to withdraw from the position. The Japanese occupied Tiger Mountain. Other Qing army departments heard of the fall of Hushan and fled without fighting. On the 26th, the Japanese captured the city of Jiulian without firing a single shot Anton County (present) Danton ). The line of defense along the Yalu River, which was manned by nearly 30,000 Qing troops, collapsed.

In late October 1894, when the Japanese army crossed the Yalu River defense line and occupied Jiulian City, Andong County, Dandong Valley, Phoenix City, Kuandian and Xiuyan, Song Qing was ordered to lead the Yi Army and Ming Army to return to Lushun, and left the border army of Yiketanga Town to garrison the horse Ji and Caohe City area. The Zhili prefect Nie Shicheng led the Luyu Defense Army, Sheng Army, Fengjun and Renyu Huyong to guard Motianling and block the Japanese. The two armies of Nie Shicheng and Iktanga also gathered 20 battalions at Tongyuan Fort and planned to counterattack Phoenix in two ways. One route was led by Iktanga and others, from Tongyuan Fort south; The other route Shoushan command town border army marching team, Yongshan command horse team, detour to 叆 Yangbian gate to attack the northeast of Phoenix.

Lushun massacre

The Battle of the Golden Journey It also begins on October 24 and runs until November 22 Lushunkou It was a crucial battle between China and Japan during the Sino-Japanese War. On the same day that the Japanese First Army attacked the Qing lines on the Yalu River, Oyama rock The 25,000 men of the Second Army under the command of the general, under the cover of the Japanese ships, began to land at the Garden Gate on the road behind Lushun. Because Li Hongzhang was determined to protect the port of Lushun, the Qing army did not set up a defense here ^[27] . The Japanese landing activity lasted 12 days, the Qing army actually sat idly by, only the local farmers spontaneously resisted the Japanese army, temporarily delaying the Japanese action. November 6th The Japanese defeated the Qing Army Continuous cis , Xu Bangdao Such a ministry, the occupation of Golden State (now Liaoning Dalian City Jinzhou District ). On the 7th, the Japanese attacked Dalian Bay in three ways, and Dalian Garrison Zhao Huaiye Hearing the news and fleeing, the Japanese army won Dalian Bay without fighting. After ten days of rest in Dalian Bay, the Japanese army began to advance towards Lushun. Lushun area Qing army has seven leaders, Taoist Gong Zhaoyu It is the general office of the former enemy Camp Affairs Office, known as the "hidden commander", and has a total of 33 battalions with about 13,000 people. On the 14th, The Japanese army sent two letters of surrender to Lushun Garrison through the Qing prisoners, which were severely rejected ^[28] . The 18th The Japanese forward march into Tucheng son, Xu Bangdao's arch guard tenacious resistance ^[29] The next day, Gong Zhaowan ignored all the troops and fled to Yantai by torpedo boat. 19th , Huang Shilin , Zhao Huaiye , David Wei Three leaders have fled. November 21, 1894 The Japanese army launched a general attack on Lushun, and the next day, Lushun fell into the hands of the Japanese. After the Japanese army captured Lushun, it was made Lushun massacre The massacre of Chinese residents for four days is estimated to have killed more than 20,000 people.

With the gradual retreat of the Qing army, in the Qing Court, the Lord and the faction have gained the upper hand and carried out surrender activities. After the fall of Lushunkou, the Japanese Navy in Bohai Gulf Gained important base areas, and from then on opened the gateway to the North Ocean, Beiyang Fleet Deep inside Weihaiwei Harbor, the war situation is turning sharply downward.

The third stage

The Battle of Weihaiwei Yes defend Beiyang Navy Defensive warfare in base areas, too Beiyang Fleet The last fight. The Japanese Oimoto Battalion's operational deployment to the Shandong Peninsula was the "sea and land attack" Beiyang Fleet. Li Hongzhang After the completion of the construction of the forts, that is, the four battalions of Sui and Gong were dispatched to garrison the northern and southern forts respectively. At the same time, the North Ocean guards were stationed on Liugong Island, and 248 mines were laid in the east and west sides of the harbor. The entire Shandong Peninsula has about 40 battalions of infantry, 8 battalions of cavalry, and 2 battalions of mines. ^[30] There are also 26 ships of the Beiyang Navy in Weihaiwei Port.

Wax figures of historical figures in the Sino-Japanese War Museum in Liugong Island, Weihai

January 20, 1895 The Japanese Second Army under the command of Senior General Oyama, including Sakuma Sama Lieutenant General's 2nd Division and The black wood is in shape The Lieutenant General's Sixth Division, totalling 25,000 men, began to move under the cover of the Japanese ships A surname Longshu Island landing, at the same time, the Japanese combined fleet of the 1st guerrilla shelling in Dengzhou, Shandong governor Li Bingheng because he did not know exactly where the Japanese to land, had to divide the troops, "always guard" ^{[32] 31 -} , On the 23rd, The Japanese army has landed at Rongcheng. On the 26th, The Japanese 2nd Division and the 6th Division respectively set out from Rongcheng, each from the north and south, separate to the direction of Baichi Cliff, in the battle, the Qing army Zhao Bukou fort sank a Japanese ship ^[33] . Thirty days The Japanese concentrated forces to attack Weihai southern fortress. The Qing army stationed at the southern fort was only six battalions of 3,000 men. Battalion officer Zhou Jien Guard Motianling position tenacious resistance, and finally was annihilated. Commander of the Japanese left wing Oji Yasumi The Major General was killed by Qing artillery, the only Japanese general killed in the First Sino-Japanese War, and four Japanese squadrons of the left wing were forced to retreat to Feng Jiawo ^[34] . Due to the disparity in strength, the southern fort was eventually captured by the Japanese. February 3rd The Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis. Weihai land was occupied by Japan, Ding Ruchang sat in command Liugong Island Become an island. Commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet ITO Youhyung Had written Ding Ruchang persuade to surrender, was refused by Ding Ruchang. 5th Early morning, flagship Dingyuan Warship The mine ran aground and was still used as a "water cannon". 10th Dingyuan ran out of ammunition, Liu Buchen Suicide. 11th Ding Ruchang was promoted in Yangyuan and Weihai Business Office Niu Chang Hanbo Under the duress of the main surrender generals, he refused to surrender himself. Foreign hoa Niu Chang Hanbo And push the town far pipe belt Yang Yonglin Come forward to preside over surrender matters, Yang Yonglin finally committed suicide. 12th Drafted by American foreign soldier Haowei surrender, faked Ding Ruchang In the name of Guang C pipe belt Cheng Piguang Delivered to the Japanese flagship. On the 14th, Niu Chang and Yidong Youheng signed the "Weihai surrender Agreement", which stipulated that the ships in Weihai Port, Liugong Island battery and all armory materials on the island were handed over to the Japanese army. February 17, 1895 The Japanese landed on Liugong Island, the Weihaiwei Naval Base fell, Beiyang Fleet The whole army was wiped out.

The Battle of Liaodong It lasted a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Qing army's Yalu River defense line, even occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan , Haicheng Etc. Governor of the two rivers of the Qing Dynasty Liu Kunyi He supervised the military affairs of the Eastern expedition as imperial minister, granted full powers to command the military inside and outside the pass, and appointed the governor of Hunan Wu Dacheng And the governor of Sichuan Song Qing In order to help manage, in order to recover the decline, in the city around the deployment of Fengjun, Sheng Zi Lian Army, Xi Zi Army, Renzi Army, etc., the total strength of 27 battalions, in addition to the infantry battalion, there are 5 battalions of horses, 1 battalion of artillery, about 8,000 people ^[35] . From January 17, 1895 The Qing army launched four battles to recover the sea city, but were repelled by the Japanese due to poor command ^{[37] 36 -} . February 28th The Japanese took advantage of the victory to pursue and attacked from Haicheng. On March 4th Storm and capture Cattle farm , The 7th Take it without a fight Yingkou , 9th storm Ranch terrace . ^[38] In just ten days, the Qing army of more than 60,000 battalions withdrew Liao River The East Coast is in full retreat.

result

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EDITOR

Negotiate and conclude a treaty

The main and faction (post-party) figures who held the power of the court Empress dowager and Li Hongzhang From the beginning of the war, it was not intended to continue the war. Battle of Pyongyang and Yellow Sea Campaign After successive failures, at the end of September 1894, Empress Dowager Cixi Reinstatement of the one she deposed in 1884 Prince Gong Yi Xin direct Yamen of the prime minister . Following a previous policy of subjugation to foreign powers, yi obeying himself in early October asked England to join the United States and Russia in the mediation of the Sino-Japanese war. As the United States, Germany, and Russia had their own plans, the British offer of mediation on October 6 came to nothing.

In early November, the Japanese invaded Liaodong, sending the war into China. The Qing government was very afraid that its "Longxing land" had been ravaged by war, and turned to Tian Bei, the American Minister to China, to mediate. At this time, the United States government believed that the time had come to blackmail the Qing government and expressed its willingness to mediate. Eager for peace, Li Hongzhang, with the consent of Prince Gong, sent a German to serve as Tientsin Commissioner of customs the Dzhulin I went to Japan as my own representative to negotiate the terms of peace. But Japan refused to negotiate with him, and at the same time, through the Americans, asked the Qing government to send "plenipotentiary commissioners with formal qualifications."

then Lushun Already lost, the Empress Dowager Cixi was afraid that the Japanese would invade Beijing and Tianjin, so she ignored it Guangxu Emperor Against the opposition of others, Yi Xin first instructed Tian Bei to secretly dredge the Japanese, and then officially sent the Ministry of Household attendants on January 14, 1895 Zhang Yinhuan Governor of Hunan Shao Youlian As a plenipotentiary minister, he hired Secretary of State Costa as an adviser and went to Japan to ask for peace while the Japanese were onslaught Weihai Port . Because of the military victory, Japan felt that the opportunity to make the unconditional surrender of the Qing government had not yet come, so on the pretext of "lack of full power", the two peace representatives of the Qing government were insulted and expelled.

Although Japan won successive battles on the battlefield, its national strength was limited after all, and the huge consumption brought by the war further increased the burden of the ordinary Japanese people. Since the end of 1894, peasant riots and social unrest broke out in many places in Japan. So the Japanese prime minister ITO Hirobumi The request for peace talks was made to the Qing government on February 2. However, the Japanese side designated Li Hongzhang as a plenipotentiary representative, and proposed to the Qing government that it must cede territory and pay reparations as the conditions for "negotiating peace", otherwise there was no need to send representatives to Japan. The Qing government was very afraid of the continuation of the war and was determined to stop at any cost in order to obtain an armistice. Therefore, in March 1895, according to the will of Japan, Li Hongzhang was reassigned as first and plenipotentiary Minister, with former U.S. Secretary of State James Costal as adviser, and went to Japan Maguan (now Shimonoseki ) with Japanese Prime Minister Hirobumi ITO and Foreign Minister Luo Munemitsu To negotiate. On March 20, the two sides met in Chunfan Tower and officially opened the peace talks.

Shimonoseki Treaty signing site

then The North Ocean Navy Although the whole army was destroyed, the battle in Liaodong was still raging. Li Hongzhang demanded an armistice before negotiating peace, and the Japanese side proposed four harsh conditions, including the occupation of Tianjin and other places, forcing Li Hongzhang to withdraw his request for an armistice. After the meeting on March 24, Li Hongzhang was suddenly arrested on his way back to the embassy ronin Stab wounds. Japan, fearing an excuse for interference by a third country, automatically declared a truce, and the two sides signed a truce treaty on the 30th, a truce period of 21 days, and the truce scope was limited to Mukden, Zhili, and Shandong. By this time, the Japanese army had taken over Penghu The armistice excluded this area and maintained Japanese military pressure here.

With a victorious attitude, the Japanese representative continued to threaten and blackmail. American consultant Costal tried to encourage Li Hongzhang to accept the conditions as soon as possible in order to profit from it. On April 1, the Japanese side proposed very harsh terms for peace negotiations, and Li Hongzhang begged for lower conditions. On April 10, ITO Hirobumi proposed Japan's final amendment, with very harsh conditions, and said to Li Hongzhang: "Nakado saw my outline, but there are only two sentences to allow and not allow." Li Hongzhang asked, "Are you not allowed to argue?" Mr ITO replied: "Debate, but not reduce." Li Hongzhang begged and pleaded for relief from the extortion, but they were refused. ^[39] On April 14, the Qing government telegraphed Li Hongzhang to comply with the agreement. On April 17, Li Hongzhang, on behalf of the Qing Government, signed the "Humiliating" treaty with Japan. Treaty of Shimonoseki ".

Treaty content

The Treaty of Shimonoseki (also known as the Treaty of Spring) consists of 11 articles, with "additional treaties" and "Special Articles for negotiation" attached. The main contents of the treaty are:

China recognises North Korea's "complete independence"; In effect, it recognized Japanese control over Korea;
China will Liaodong Peninsula , Taiwan Island And all dependent islands (including Diaoyu Island ), Penghu Islands Ceded to Japan;
China "compensated" Japan 200 million taels of silver for military expenditure; After the increase of 30 million tael "redemption fee";
Open to the public Shashi Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou are four places Treaty port The Japanese Government may send consular officers to station at the above ports, and Japanese steamers may enter the above ports to pick up passengers and load cargo;
Japanese subjects may at any time engage in the manufacture of all kinds of arts and crafts in the cities of China's treaty ports, ship and import all kinds of machinery at any time, exempt their products from all miscellaneous duties, and enjoy the convenience of warehousing inventory in the interior;
The Japanese army temporarily occupied Weihaiwei, and the Chinese government paid the annual occupation fee Cupin silver Five hundred thousand taels, Japan will not withdraw the occupying forces until the last payment of the Qing Dynasty;
Upon approval of the exchange, the two countries shall return all prisoners of war, the Chinese Government shall not dispose of those who surrender to the enemy, shall immediately release those spies in custody who have worked for the Japanese army, and shall grant amnesty to all traitors who have worked for the Japanese army during the war, without prosecution.

Treaty hazard

The Treaty of Shimonoseki is the successor of the Treaty of Shimonoseki Treaty of Nanking The worst ever Unequal treaty It has brought serious harm to modern Chinese society, and it is imperialism that has transformed China into a country semi-colonial , Semi-feudal society An important step.

The signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki has an important impact on China. The first is the ceding of large areas of territory such as Taiwan, which further undermined the integrity of China's sovereignty and stimulated Great powers The national crisis deepened with the ambition to carve up China.

The second is huge reparations, which increases the burden on the Chinese people. At the same time, it accelerated Japanese militarism The development of... As a result, the Qing Dynasty borrowed heavily and the foreign powers took control of China's economic lifeline. Treaty port The opening of China to the outside world enabled imperialist forces of aggression to penetrate deep into the mainland of China.

Allowing investment to set up factories in China, other powers, citing the "equal benefit" clause, rushed to set up factories in China, which seriously hindered Chinese national capitalism The development of...

The Treaty of Shimonoseki reflected imperialism Capital export An aggressive demand to divide the world. The aggression of foreign capitalism against China has entered a new stage, Chinese society semi-colonial The degree of assimilation has greatly deepened.

Tripartite intervention

Six days after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed, Russian Empire Due to Japanese occupation Liaodong Peninsula To prevent it from asserting its power in northeast China, Japan united France and Germany to intervene, and the result was that on May 4 of the same year, Japan announced that it would abandon the Liaodong Peninsula, but asked China to "redeem" it with 30 million taels of silver. After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan extorted a total of 233 million taels of silver from China.

However, The three countries intervened in Liaoning It was still a disaster for Japan, which crushed its attempt to seize Manchuria (northeast China) through its victory in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. It also enabled Russia to strengthen its power in the Far East and contained Japan's expansion in Korea. In order to realize the second step of Japan's "continental policy" (annexation of Korea) and the third step (march into Manchuria and Mongolia), Japan reorganized its army and prepared for war, and decided to launch a war against the Russian Empire ten years later.

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EDITOR

China

The defeat of the Sino-Japanese War marked a period of more than thirty years in the Qing Dynasty Westernization movement The achievements of modernization came to naught, breaking the Chinese people's pursuit of national rejuvenation since modern times. The loss of territory, the loss of sovereignty, the facilitation of the foreign powers to export capital, set off a wave of partition, marking the invasion of foreign powers into China entered a new stage, greatly deepened China's semi-colonialism, and China's international status declined sharply. The Sino-Japanese War led directly to the upsurge of the Chinese people's movement to save the nation from extinction, and the bourgeoisie set it off Reform and reform Movement and democratic revolutionary movement, the Chinese people's spontaneous struggle against aggression upsurge, such as The Boxer Movement .

The Far East

Japan received huge reparations and strategic areas such as Taiwan, which not only promoted its own country capitalism It also facilitated Japan's further aggression and expansion in the Far East, making Japan the only emerging capitalist power in Asia. In addition, in order to counter Russia, 湔雪 the shame of the interference of the three countries, on the one hand, Japan put forward" to undergo self-imposed hardships and work with a strong will to succeed "Slogan, re-open the ten-year military expansion plan; On the other hand contributed to" Anglo-japanese alliance The formation of the East Asian region began a new round of hegemony.

The First Sino-Japanese War marked a thousand years of conflict between China and Korea Suzerain-vassal relationship Officially ended, Korea was nominally independent, but actually under Japanese control. After Russian forces entered Korea, the Japanese and Russian rivalry in Korea became increasingly fierce, and finally triggered the year 1904 Russo-japanese War .

For the situation in the Far East," Treaty of Shimonoseki It set off a wave of imperialist partitioning of China and intensified the competition of imperialist powers in the Far East. The intervention of the three countries in the Huan-Liao incident clearly reflected that the powers colluded with each other and fought each other on the issue of invading China.

Cause of failure

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EDITOR

Lack of foresight

Late 19th century, mainly Capitalist country Having completed the transition to the imperialist stage, Capital export It was of particular importance and led to a more intense struggle for colonies. Lenin Analysis: The imperialist powers "In addition to the periodic re-division of the already divided world, the struggle for semi-independent states will inevitably become particularly tense." As a result, semi-colonial and semi-feudal China with vast territory and abundant resources became a piece of fat in the eyes of imperialist powers. Since the Opium War, imperialist aggression against China has never stopped, but in 1884 Sino-french War After about a decade of relative calm as the great powers were busy fighting each other, the Qing government's nerves were a little relaxed, and while people were congratulating themselves on the "friendliness" of the Western powers, a neighbor to the east was looking at them.

After the "Meiji Restoration" in Japan in the 1860s, capitalism developed rapidly, and feudalism Bushido The spirit came together and was produced militarism It is very expansionary and predatory.

Invading and defeating China was the established national policy of modern Japan. 1855. Japanese reformist politician Matsushady Yoshida He argued, Once the warships have a little more artillery, it is easy to expand eyi ... Give instructions Ryukyu To make them perform hajj together; Censure North Korea and make it pay tribute; We conquered South Manchuria, conquered Taiwan and Luzon, occupied the whole of China, and conquered India." Yoshida had this idea for his disciples, who later became Japanese politicians ITO Hirobumi ( Prime minister ), Yamamoto Aritomo ( senate It had a profound impact and became the mainstream thought of Japanese politicians. At the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, Japan established its mainland policy, and in 1887, the Japanese General Staff formulated the "Qing Expedition Strategy", which decided to complete the preparation for the war against China before 1892, and the direction of attack was Korea. Liaodong Peninsula , Shandong Peninsula, Penghu Islands , Taiwan, Zhoushan Islands . Seven years later, Japan launched a war of aggression in accordance with this timetable and road map, and achieved almost all its objectives.

Western cartoons about the Sino-Japanese War

In the past few decades, Japan has consistently followed the above national policies, made full preparations in all aspects, and implemented the "Military Expansion Record" eight times before and after. In the years before the Sino-Japanese war, average annual military spending amounted to 31% of total revenue. In 1887, the emperor ordered 300,000 yuan to be squeezed out of the royal family's funds as a supplement to the navy, and under the emperor's inspiration, the country's wealthy donated more than 1 million yuan a year. Not only increased military spending, but also greatly boosted morale. While expanding its army, Japan sent a large number of spies to work in China and Korea, which included Korea and China's Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula before the Sino-Japanese war The Bohai Sea Every Knoll, every road along the way.

At that time, some wise men in the Qing Dynasty, such as Governor of the two Rivers Shen Baozhen Governor of Taiwan Liu Mingchuan Wait to see" Japanese However, the understanding of Japan by the imperial court and most of the political leaders remains at the stage of "a small country" and "does not take Japanese people seriously." At the critical moment when Japan was expanding its armaments and the danger of war was becoming increasingly imminent, the Qing Dynasty, on the contrary, relaxed its national defense construction, cut down its military budget on the grounds of financial constraints, stopped buying warships from 1888, and stopped allocating naval equipment and ammunition funds in 1891.

Strategic reason

Before the Japanese wartime headquarters provoked this war, they formulated the "general operational policy" of the Navy and the army. Its strategic goal was to conduct a decisive battle with the Qing army in the Zhili Plain of China, defeat the Qing army, and press the Qing Dynasty to submit. It is believed that the key to achieving this goal is the victory or defeat of naval operations. To this end, a two-stage operation plan was put forward: first, a part of the army was sent into Korea to contain the Qing army; The navy sought a decisive battle with the main force of the Chinese navy to quickly seize the Yellow Sea. Subsequent operations would depend on the Navy's victory or defeat: if the Navy won and gained control of the Yellow Sea, the army would take control Bohai Gulf Landing and carrying out the decisive battle of Zhili Plain; In the event of a decisive battle at sea, the fleet will take control Korean Strait Assist the main army to occupy the whole of Korea; If the fleet fails in a decisive battle and sea control is returned to China, the main force of the army will be used to defend the mainland, and the navy will guard the mainland coast. And to strive for the realization of the first case as the basic strategic policy. ^[1]

Western cartoons about the Sino-Japanese War

On the Chinese side, there was no clear strategic policy or operational plan before the war. Because the ruling clique fought the war, had different opinions and hampered each other, neither a special combat command organization was formed in advance, nor an overall strategic guidance. At first, he placed his hopes on the "mediation" of Russia, Britain and other countries, and then hastily declared war when the end of the land and sea battle had begun, and ordered Li Hongzhang, minister of the North Ocean, to "severely order the dispatch of all troops, and quickly suppress", and "when Japanese ships enter the mouth of the river and the coast, they will be attacked headlong and wiped out". ^[14] In fact, it is to implement the operational policy of defending by sea and attacking by land. In terms of strategic planning, Japan has already taken the lead.

In terms of naval warfare, in modern wars, master Mastery of the sea It's very important. The so-called sea control power is simply to enable one side to sail freely in a certain sea area, so that the enemy cannot sail freely. The ability to control the sea depends on the strength of the navy and the right strategy. The maritime control of the Sino-Japanese War was mainly in the Yellow Sea. The Yellow Sea is related to three peninsulas, namely Korean peninsula , Liaodong Peninsula The sea traffic of the Shandong Peninsula, so the sea control of the Yellow Sea is crucial.

The main battlefield of the Sino-Japanese War was on the Korean and Chinese sides, and the Japanese army was fighting across the sea, and the supply lines were very long and had to be transported by sea. Although China is fighting on the inside, disrupting and cutting off the enemy's sea traffic is an important measure to overcome the enemy and win. Therefore, it was not only necessary, but also possible at that time, to concentrate the main force of the navy, to seek favorable opportunities to take the initiative and, if necessary, to conduct a decisive battle to contain the enemy navy. If the strategy is correct and the command is proper, it should be able to achieve certain victories and achieve great results.

Inferiority of strength

Fighting for sea control on both sides Yellow Sea battle In the middle of the war, the Qing Army met the Japanese army with inferior forces (two Qing warships over 3,000 tons, 10 Qing warships under 3,000 tons, eight Japanese warships over 3,000 tons, and four Japanese warships under 3,000 tons). Limited by the technical conditions at the time of the warship's manufacture, the effective firing range of the Hokkaido warship did not exceed 3,000 meters, while the Japanese warship Yoshino, equipped with a new range finder, Effective range It can reach 5,000 meters. The Japanese were also equipped with new rapid-fire guns.

In the design of the Beiyang ships, due to the lack of gun power, they emphasized the head of the ship to the enemy, relied on Angle collision to impact the enemy ship, and the gun layout was mainly to play the front to the enemy fire. But the bow to the enemy's horizontal array is not conducive to maneuvering. In addition The North Ocean Navy Each ship is older, equipped with Steam engine Insufficient horsepower and poor maintenance, so the fleet average speed is only 10.2 knots, and the Japanese fleet capital ship is relatively new, the use of convenient mobility column is more suitable for firepower, speed is faster, the Japanese fleet maneuvering ability is stronger than the North Ocean naval division. The north ocean water division fell into the dilemma of beating but not walking away. In the field, they were destroyed. In the naval battle, the four ships of Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Super Yong, and Yangwei sunk by the Beiyang Naval Division were almost all sunk or heavily sunk by the Japanese first guerrilla force composed of four new fast ships with high fire speed and high speed, such as Yoshino, Waves speed, and Akijin Zhou.

From the perspective of the army, it is believed that although the total number of Qing Army is estimated to be about one million, this figure contains moisture, excluding non-combat troops and green battalions that actually lost combat capability, the actual combat capability is about 300,000. ^[3] In addition, the Qing Court also counted the number of defense troops and brave training in the provinces in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), a total of about 360,000, and no more than a million. ^{[40 and 41]} During the First Sino-Japanese War, the number of troops mobilized by the Qing Court was estimated by the scholar Liao Zonglin to be about 500 battalions. ^[2] That translates to about 250,000 people. ^[3] As for the actual number of people put into the battlefield, it may not be as good as the Japanese army. Before the First Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese Army had seven divisions of about 70,000 men. During the war, reserves were mobilized, totalling 240,000 men and more than 150,000 men. ^[3] The Qing Army was also at a disadvantage compared with the Japanese Army in terms of military quality, weapons and equipment, which became part of the reason why the former suffered several times more casualties than the latter in the Sino-Japanese War. ^[3] (Exact casualty statistics are disputed ^[3] )

partisanship

Inside the Qing Court

In the later period of the Qing Dynasty, the relationship between the Qing school headed by Weng Tonghe, the teacher of Guangxu Emperor, and the Westernization school headed by Li Hongzhang was deteriorating.

Li Hongzhang Although there is a prime minister, but the Qing government at that time did not have a prime minister, the highest organ under the emperor is the military. Li Hongzhang had the false title of prime minister, but he was only the minister of Beiyang and the governor of Zhili, and his permanent residence was Tianjin and Baoding, and he was not allowed to go to Beijing without being summoned by the emperor. ^[42]

The Qing school was a very powerful force on the political stage at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Headed by Weng Tonghe, the official secretary of the Ministry of Household, he was in charge of the military Aircraft Department and the Imperial Academy, also known as the Imperial Party, with great power. The princes of the Military Aircraft Department showed great respect to Weng Tonghe, and the Guangxu Emperor "would ask Weng Tonghe for every matter, and rely on him with great care". ^[43]

Before declaring war on Japan, Zhang Jian, an important member of the Imperial Party who was edited by the Imperial Academy, suggested to Weng Tonghe that Li Hongzhang should be transferred to the front line of Weihai, and that the Minister of Hunan would take over Li Hongzhang as the acting governor of Zhili, "so as to restrict him by dividing the Huai dynasty". Due to the suspicion of Li Hongzhang and Huai army, the Xiang army was transferred to the north to divide Huai army, so as to consolidate Jinggi Province, and prevent internal change, which became the consistent point of view of the Imperial Party, and the suppression of Huai Chongxiang has become the consistent idea of the Imperial Party. ^[44] In the early stage of the Sino-Japanese War, it directly led to the phenomenon that Huai Army fought against all the Japanese army alone, and Li Hongzhang had certain resistance emotions. As a protege of Weng Tonghe, Emperor Guangxu was deeply influenced by his thought and took the opinions of the Qingliuyan official as his principle. The Guangxu Emperor considered Li Hongzhang timid and timid, and considered him too cautious in his war against Japan. Therefore, on July 16, 1894, Emperor Guangxu issued a decree ordering Li Hongzhang to send all the troops in Beiyang to the front line and prepare for battle: ^[42] Everything will be arranged for the invasion...... If you hesitate to move forward, act slowly, and delay the aircraft, the minister is definitely asking!" ^[45]

From the Korean battlefield to the battle of Fengdao, the Huai Army and the North Ocean naval forces won less and lost more, which attracted a wave of scolding in the Qing Court, scolding Ye Zhichao and Ding Ruchang, the commander of the Huai Army in North Korea, calling it a "remnant Ding defeated leaf"; And once again accused Li Hongzhang of "cowardice". But the irony is that on August 23, 1894, when the Qing school heard that a Japanese ship had appeared in the Bohai Sea, it immediately panicked. Emperor Guangxu ordered: "The Beiyang pass, Dagu gate, the navy ships should travel back and forward here, strictly guard, not far away, do not let a ship (Japanese ships) break in, if there is trouble, Ding Ruchang will be severely punished!" ^[46] The North Ocean naval forces, who were still patrolling outside the Bohai Sea, were thus locked in the Bohai Bay. ^[42]

In order to attack the Beiyang military group, the officials of the Qing school of the Imperial Party did not hesitate to attack Li Hongzhang and his subordinate Beiyang generals by exaggerating facts and even fabricating slander.

On August 9, 1894 (September 8), Zhang Zhongxin, the official historian of Jiangnan Road, reported various suspicious activities of the North Ocean, including that "Li Jingfang, the son of Li Hongzhang, sold 3,000 meters of stone to Japan in Shanghai through Zhang Honglu, the alternative road, and Japan ordered 30,000 stones of Kaiping coal, because of the war, the agent did not intend to sell it to Japan." Li Hongzhang, however, said that the purchase contract is set in the first and still make the deal, and promote the quick, said puzzled. Especially in, Zhang fold refers to Li Jingfang used to make Japan, and the palace relatives were also very close, had recognized the Meiji emperor's daughter as his adopted daughter, and was hired as his daughter-in-law; It also opened a foreign bank with a capital of 8 million yuan in Japan, and Sheng Xuanhuai of Jin Customs Road at that time also had shares, and it was still trading as usual; Before and after, it seems that the crime of the enemy is not false."

In order to attack Li Hongzhang, even the "story" of Li Hongzhang's son Li Jingfang making his son the Emperor's son-in-law in Japan could be written in the memorial, so much so that Weng Tong, the Emperor's leader, commented on it after reading the memorial: "The words are very strange." ^[47]

In order to limit Li Hongzhang's power during the Sino-Japanese War, Qing school petition Guangxu Emperor Transferred and Li Hongzhang conflict Li Bingheng served as governor of Shandong. ^[42] Li Bingheng, a native of Liaoning, who was close friends with Weng Tonghe and also belonged to the Qingliuyan Official, fought against Li Hongzhang everywhere during the Sino-Japanese War, refusing to send reinforcements on a variety of bizarre excuses, so that Liugong Island became an isolated island, and finally fell after a tragic resistance.

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Sino-japanese War Museum

It broke out in 1894 Sino-japanese War of 1894-1895 It is a major event in the modern history of China and even the world. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was started by Japan Unjust war . ^[1]

from Sino-french War The nine years from the end of the Sino-Japanese War to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War were the best period for China in the second half of the nineteenth century. During this period, there was no domestic chaos, the international environment in the Far East was relaxed, and China and the Western countries were at peace. The westernization movement with the goal of "enriching the country and strengthening the army" has achieved remarkable results after 30 years. This is manifested in: Zuo Zongtang Victory in the battle to reclaim Xinjiang; Feng Zicai Defeated the French in the battles of Zhennan Pass and Lang Son; Liu Yongfu the Black Flag Force The French army was founded repeatedly; And Japanese soldiers working with North Korea Civilized Party People make coup has failed and so on. At that time, China was no weaker than Japan. "Asia is now in the hands of three great powers - Russia, Great Britain and China," commented a British pundit. In the second half of the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty waged five foreign wars and signed several unequal treaties, 1885 Sino-french New Testament It's the only peace that didn't involve a cession. At that time, the environment should be said to be quite favorable to the self-improvement of the Qing Dynasty.

The ship was captured by the Japanese and returned to Japan after repairs

Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Far East was basically dominated by Russia and Britain, while China and Japan suffered from different situations Unequal treaty The restriction of... The victory of the Sino-Japanese War made Japan become a great power in Asia and completely rid itself of it semi-colonial The status of. China's international standing has plummeted, wealth has flowed out, and the country has weakened. The defeat of the First Sino-Japanese War shook Chinese society as never before. The "Japanese pirates" who had always been looked down upon by China completely wiped out the Beiyang naval forces, extracted huge sums of money and cut off the territory. In government and in public, self-confidence has been lost. At this point, the Qing Dynasty's independent finances were bankrupt, relying on borrowing from Western powers to survive.

During the First World War, Japan became the upstart of Asia. War reparations of 230 million taels of silver; The value of trophies, including naval vessels, is about 100 million yen. At the time, the annual revenue of the Japanese government was only 80 million yen. Japanese Foreign Minister at the time Luo Munemitsu He said happily: "Before this compensation, I did not expect to have several hundred million yuan, and the total income was only 80 million yen." So, when I think of the 350 million yuan that is now rolling in, both the government and the private sector feel incredibly rich." Japan's first taste of aggression greatly stimulated its desire to expand its territory.

Two years have passed since the Sino-Japanese War. In the past 100 years, Chinese intellectuals have been reflecting on this war, which had a tremendous impact on many aspects of China's politics, economy, ideology and culture. There are countless related research results, which have provided some useful enlightenment for the contemporary Chinese people from many levels. In 2014, the three countries involved in the war were China, Korea and Japan (although the Sino-Japanese War was a war between China and Japan, the war was triggered by the Korean issue, and the Chenghuanyi Battle and the Pyongyang Battle were fought on the Korean territory, not to mention Japan forced the Korean government to sign an offensive and defensive alliance after the outbreak of the war. The relations between China and Japan and between North Korea and Japan have become complicated and strained, and diplomatic exchanges between China and Japan and between North Korea and Japan have come to a halt. Some right-wing Japanese politicians even continued to make bellicose remarks, and for a time, the dark cloud of war seemed to be looming over East Asia again. In this context, reflecting on the war of more than a hundred years ago is undoubtedly of urgent practical significance.

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The Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
Historical process		Related event
backdrop		Westernization movement , Japan's Meiji Restoration , Ganghwa Island incident , Treaty of Jianghua , None-wu Mutiny , Treaty of Charleston , Kashin coup d 'etat , Special article of China-Japan Tianjin Conference , Treaty of Seoul , The Palmun Island incident , Nagasaki incident · Donghak Party Chaos · The first afternoon changes
warfare		Battle of Toshima , Yellow Sea battle , Battle of Pyongyang , Lushun massacre , The Battle of Weihaiwei
Main ship	Japanese Combined Fleet	Protection cruiser Matsushima, protection cruiser Itsushima, protection cruiser Yoshino
	The North Ocean Navy	Dingyuan warship · Zhenyuan warship · length · Laiyuan · Chih Yuen · Jingyuan · Ji Yuan
Main character	China	Empress Dowager Cixi , Guangxu Emperor , Li Hongzhang , Ding Ruchang , Yuan Shikai , Lin Taizeng , Liu Buchen
	Japan	Meiji Emperor , ITO Hirobumi , Luo Munemitsu , ITO Yuhan , Yutomo Yamamoto , Oyama rock
follow-up		Treaty of Shimonoseki , The three countries intervened in Liaoning , Letter on the bus , B nothing happened , The Uyghui-Wei War · B did not Guangzhou uprising · B did not reform · The Russian pavilion moved , Sino-russian secret treaty · Establishment of the Korean Empire · Japan-Korea Unification Treaty · Japan-south Korea integration , The Japanese occupation of Korea , Taiwan during the Japanese occupation · Taiwan anti-Japanese Movement · Hundred Days' Reform · ITO Hirobumi's assassination · Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty

Film and television works

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type	name	Shooting country	Release time
movie	The Sino-Japanese Naval Battle of 1894	China	The year 2012
	Jia Wu Fengyun	China	The year 1962
	The Emperor Empress and the Nissin War	Japan	The year 1958
teleplay	The North Ocean Navy	China	The year 1992
	Move towards republicanism	China	The year 2003
	Taiwan 1895	China	The year 2008
	Nozomo Sakagami (Part I)	Japan	The year 2009
	The men of the Ironclad	China	The year 2013
documentary	The truth of the Sino-Japanese affair	China	The year 2014

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