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South Opera, is China
The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907)
From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, that is, from the 12th to the 14th century, 200 years in China
Southern region
The earliest rising Han nationality
Traditional Chinese opera
. Southern opera
A surname
and
The names of tunes to which Qu is composed
It is an early form of dramatic expression with song and dance stories as the main body. After the emergence of the southern opera, it soon spread to the north and south and evolved into
Sea salt chamber
,
Yuyao opera
,
Kunshan opera
,
Yiyang opera
"
Four sound cavities
", affecting the Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties.
[2]
The South Opera is in
Rap literature
On the basis of the formation. The southern opera tells a long story in the form of a series of Qupai, which synthesizes the numerous stories of the time
Art form
, for example
Song Zaju opera
,
Puppet show
,
vaudeville
,
Earn money by singing
Et al.
Modes of classical Chinese opera
Etc.
[2]
. Southern opera has a variety of different names, the south called"
An ancient Chinese opera
There are also names such as Wenzhou opera, Yongjia Opera, Uighur Voice Cough, and Nanqu opera, which are also called "legends" in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Legends of Ming and Qing Dynasties
").
For its music
Southern opera
On the other hand, it is an important
Han Chinese opera
Sound cavity system
, for many that followed
Voice opera
For example
Sea salt chamber
,
Yuyao opera
,
Kunshan opera
,
Yiyang opera
The foundation of the rise and development of various since Ming and Qing dynasties
Local opera
The prosperity provides abundant nutrition in China
Opera art
In the history of development, it is of great significance.
- Chinese name
- Southern opera
- alias
- An ancient Chinese opera , Legend , Wenzhou opera , Yongjia Opera
- categorize
- Traditional Chinese opera
- Generation time
- From the end of Northern Song Dynasty to the end of Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of Ming Dynasty
- Place of production
- Zhejiang (Province) Wenzhou
- Distribution area
- South China ( Zhejiang (Province) , Jiangsu (Province) , Jiangxi (Province) )
- Representative play
- " The Story of Pipa "," Moon worship pavilion "
catalogue
After the emergence of the southern opera, it soon spread to the north and south and evolved into
Sea salt chamber
,
Yuyao opera
,
Kunshan opera
,
Yiyang opera
Wait for"
The four major dialects of Southern opera
".
[2]
South Opera "Moon Worship Pavilion"
In 1268 (four years of Xian Chun), there was more
Imperial student
Huang Kedao
Wang Huan
An ancient Chinese opera
Popular in the city. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Southern opera had expanded to
Jiangxi (Province)
Nam Phong
And so on, yuan
Liu Xun
"
Shuiyun village draft
Volume 4 of the Biography of Poet Wu Yongzhang says: "To
Hamchun
(1265 ~ 1275), the Yongjia opera appeared, poured the youth into it, and then the lewd Waxing, the Zhengyin ceased." It can be seen that at that time, the opera was quite popular with the people, but the literati excluded it from the "right Yin".
In Song Dynasty, the city prospered, the economy developed, and the citizen class rose
Vacher
It has provided favorable conditions for the development of many folk arts. After crossing from the south, the Song Dynasty made its capital Lin 'an.
Civil and military officials
They moved south.
Wenzhou
It was the most prosperous commercial city in the Southern Song Dynasty except Hangzhou.
Emperor Gaozong of Song
At the beginning of Nandu, in order to avoid Jin Bing, he had floated to Wenzhou to"
State government
For the palace "(
"
Annals of Wenzhou Prefecture
"
), even put
The Imperial Temple
Also moved to Wenzhou (
"
History of the Song Dynasty
"
). The northern gentry and civilians came to Wenzhou one after another, and the population of Wenzhou increased by half in a short time. city
Consumer population
Increasing day by day, further boost Wenzhou
Commercial economy
The development of... At the same time, all kinds of artists are also coming, and all kinds of folk arts gather here, influencing each other and promoting each other. A new style of art
Southern opera
An ancient Chinese opera
It is gestation and germination in such soil.
Southern opera
Because it is on the basis of the mature development of other tricks, but also can take advantage of the advantages, so it can come behind; In addition, since there were many places for other chi arts to communicate with the Southern Opera in their performances, Chi arts actors could also master the emerging Southern opera skillfully. When the Southern opera was popular with the audience, they changed their ways and became Southern opera actors. The rapid expansion of the performance team also promoted the multiplication of southern opera in the southeast.
Southern opera sings in the southern tone, divided into the four voices, unlike the northern song into the three voices, the rhyme is also more relaxed, and the system is with
Northern melody
Zju is different. In the early stage of the southern opera, although there is a certain convention, but has not formed a strict palace tune organization, you can make a more free choice according to the needs of the plot. Nanqu is gentle and graceful
Musical style
It is suitable for singing the story of love, which is very different from the lofty vigor of Northern song and suitable for the expression of mighty and bold spirit. With instrumental accompaniment, the northern opera is mainly composed of strings, while the southern opera is mainly composed of wind music, drums and plates.
There can only be one singer in a drama show, and any role in the southern opera can sing, and there are solo singers, duets, singing, singing together, and backstage to render the atmosphere
Accompaniment to the tune of a Chinese opera
Chorus. The flexible and changeable form of singing can not only adjust the actors' work and rest, activate the atmosphere on the field, but also contribute to the performance of various roles
Thought and feeling
It is conducive to the characterization of characters with different identities and personalities. In terms of structure, it takes "out" as the unit, the characters go up and down the field, out and back in, called an "out". A play is often dozens of long, and the performance time takes a day or even several days. southerly
Climatic condition
It provides convenience for all-night performances.
Southern opera
According to today's search,
Song and Yuan southern opera
There are more than two hundred and thirty kinds of records, among which there are 19 kinds of manuscripts and 130 kinds of lost songs. From the existing repertoire, the theme of love, marriage and family disputes accounts for the largest part, while the hero theme of gold and iron horses is extremely rare. Obviously, the characteristics of Nanqu music affect and restrict the writer's choice of creation.
Early Southern opera
Zhang Xie No.1
","
The son of a nobleman has taken the wrong position
","
Xiao Suntu
"Was included in"
Yongle Grand Festival
"Was preserved, and is collectively known as"
Yongle Grand Festival three kinds of drama
". Among them, "Zhang Xie Champion" is the Southern Song Dynasty
Jiushan Mountain in Wenzhou
It was created by the talent of the book club, and its story is from
A style of songs in the palace
In the transplant. It is the only fully preserved Southern Song opera,
Very precious
.
After the Yuan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, a unified situation was formed. With the political and military forces of the North entering the south, the influence of the northern Zaju also rapidly expanded to the south of the Yangtze River, and the southern drama Circle with the southern opera centered in Hangzhou, Zaju won the favor of the southern audience with its fresh content and concise form. Compared with the highly literary drama, the southern opera is obviously dwarfed. The southern opera declined for a time. But it didn't last long. The southern opera, which is rooted in the southern people, still has a wide audience. At the same time, due to the convergence of the two operas in the north and the south, the mutual exchange was promoted.
Dramatist such as
Xiao Dexiang
And so began to pay attention to and involved in the creation of southern opera, "there are southern operas, popular streets." There are also southern operas "(
"
Ghost book
"
); Deng Jude, a native of Dadu (Beijing), compiled the opera and wrote it in
mostly
Longfu Temple (
qing
Zhang Dafu
Music of Han Shan
Actors such as Longlou Jing, Red Chi show "specialized production of South opera", after furong show, "not under the two beauty, and can drama, especially outstanding" (
yuan
Natting Chi
"
brothel
"
); Shen Hefu created the way of "North and South combination", so that the hardness of the north and the softness of the South can be compatible and enriched the expression of the music.
cyrtomite
Yang Zi and others participated in the improvement of the singing of the southern opera. In addition, the form of southern opera is more flexible and free, unlike northern opera, which is limited by one singer and only 40 percent of a copy, so it is easy to adapt and transplant the works of Zju and learn from the literary techniques of Zju.
With the improvement of the southern opera in the art, the superiority of the singing form was gradually revealed, and people's interest also shifted from the drama to the southern opera. Therefore, in the late Yuan Dynasty, he turned to "pro-south and sparse north, the author Weixing" ("
Narrate of Southern Ci
"), like Gaoming (
Takazesato
), Shi Hui and other well-known literati and writers also participated in the creation and adaptation of the Southern opera, resulting in the"
The Story of Pipa
","
Moon worship pavilion
"And a number of famous works, marking
Yuan Dynasty southern Opera
After the drama went into a prosperous period.
[1]
Compared with the drama and legend, the southern opera has the following characteristics:
Singing, dancing,
The spoken part of a Chinese opera
Coe Fan in a furnace, perform a complete story. Due to the twists and turns of the story, the script is generally long, several times as long as the drama. The length of a south opera can reach more than fifty, and the short one is twenty or thirty. As...
Yongle Grand Festival three kinds of drama
In ","
Zhang Xie No.1
"Fifty-three long,"
The son of a nobleman has taken the wrong position
The shortest, only fourteen. Generally, there are four "titles" before the first sentence, which summarizes the general idea of the plot. In many cases, the South Opera can be long or short according to the needs of the plot, and has greater flexibility.
Southern opera uses southern tunes, rhythms,
Modes of classical Chinese opera
There are no strict regulations, no restrictions on palace tone, and can be used at any time
anamorphosis
. Musical Instruments to
clappers
Main. The delicate and euphemistic characteristics of Nanqu make it more suitable for singing the story of love and tenderness. Generally adopt
The pentatonic scale
.
Wenzhou
After the formation of the southern opera, it spread throughout the southeast coast, because of the differences in local folk singing, and gradually formed different Nanqu tunes, such as
Sea salt chamber
,
Yuyao opera
,
Yiyang opera
,
Kunshan opera
.
The roles of the southern opera are mainly born, Dan, net, end, ugly, outside, stick and other seven, singing methods are relatively free, rich in changes, there is no provision of a lead singer, according to the needs of various roles can sing, and created
solo
, duet, rotation, chorus, etc
Singing form
. This way of singing is much more reasonable than the form of a single lead singer in the drama, and is more conducive to expressing the complex story content and
character
. In the use of Qupai, the South opera has formed some fixed habits.
The South Opera not only uses the South opera, but also absorbs it
Northern melody
The Qu card, created"
North south sleeve
"The form. The application of the south-north combination has enriched the music of the southern opera and has a great influence on its south-north combination.
The musical structure of the southern opera is based on the script in general, and the main characters are divided into two stages, each beginning and ending by itself, which is called "out" or "fold". A play can be as long as dozens of plays, and the use of Qu cards and sets is more flexible and free. First from the end of the introduction of the plot, called "the end of the opening". Since the second play, the main play begins, the main and secondary characters appear again and again, and various sizes of hot and cold scenes match each other, and the drama contradictions gradually unfold until the climax is formed. The last one
End of a performance
The next poem, which comments on the nature of the whole play, is the end.
Southern opera
Such as the absorption of lyrics and tunes of singing and Qupai; The combination of lyric and narrative singing and the method of connecting Qupai to absorb Zhugong tunes and sing to earn; The absorption of speech, singing, comical, comical
Army play
, drama and
school
; The absorption of singing and dancing,
Jumping bamboo
Let's wait. Its singing, its chanting,
Kofang
The performing arts, such as dance, were also influenced by the drama and other arts, and gradually developed to
Mature stage
, both
wholeness
Harmonious and consistent, and can play their own strengths, and gradually form a complete performing arts system and procedures.
The voice of the South opera began in
Han folk songs
On the basis of the formation. The original southern opera was a folk opera of the Han nationality with songs and dances, which was linked to a number of folk songs, and only after entering the city did it "integrate the small skills of the village with the ancient law department" (Xu Wei's words, the ancient law Department refers to the Tang and Song Daqu) and was widely absorbed
Traditional music
The beneficial components, to maturity.
Wang Guowei
Statistics of more than 260 songs in Southern opera, 190 from Tang and Song Ci, 24 from Daqu, 13 from Jin Zhugong tune, 10 from Southern Song singing, 13 identical with the Yuan opera, other 17, it can be seen that Ci tune plays an important role in southern opera. These songs are very popular,
Opera in Kunshan Province
, Gaoqiang,
Liyuan Opera
Some of the more ancient voice and opera, have retained the southern opera music legacy.
China Ming Dynasty Nanqu system Haiyan cavity, Yuyao cavity, Kunshan cavity, Yiyang cavity name
The four major dialects of Southern opera
. The development of Chinese opera voice has a long history, and Haiyan cavity is the first of the four major southern opera voices.
Xu Wei
Published in 1559, the 38th year of Jiajing
Narrate of Southern Ci
The circulation area of the four voice tunes made such a record: "Today's singers called Yiyang tune, it came from Jiangxi, two Beijing, Hunan, Fujian, and widely used; Called Yuyao cavity, out of Kuaiji, often, run, pool, too, Yang, Xu use it; Called the sea salt cavity, Jia, lake, temperature, Taiwan with it; But Kunshan tune stops in Wuzhong, beautiful and distant, beyond the three tune above, listening to the most swinging people." It can be seen that the four major sound cavities have been formed before Jiajing, and in
Areas south of the Yangtze River
It was widely sung in the region.
Kunshan dialect is
Sea salt
The revitalization of the cavity after the decline, so there is "the old singing south, all said the sea salt, today the sea salt is weak and said Kunshan", the revitalization of Kunshan cavity, really depends on
Grinding tempering
The work, euphemism and delicate, beautiful long, to
Wanli of Ming
When, it is already "four songs, must zong Wumen". Yiyang cavity in the cavity of the Ming generation, has been circulating in the Han folk, has a strong vitality. Especially to the end of the Ming Dynasty, more to gain the audience's love, by attachment
Kunqu opera
The repertoire "Retune the song", to the independent creation of the repertoire, and gradually rival Kunshan opera.
The Southern opera was performed during the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1119 to 1125)
Zhejiang Province
After the appearance of Wenzhou area, due to its flexible form of performance, a play can be long or short, according to the content, unlike the limited drama
Fold a wedge in four
; In vocal music
Northern and southern music
In addition, it can absorb the minor tunes of local Han folk music more flexibly, so the singing and singing music also appears
Rich and colorful
It is very popular with the audience, so after its formation, with the local dialect,
Folk music
The combination, and through the creation of artists produced a new tune, the Ming Dynasty after the spread of southern opera to all over the formation of a total of five systems, that is, the opera history books contained in the five tones. These five major voice are: Zhejiang Haiyan cavity, Yuyao cavity, Jiangxi Yiyang cavity, Jiangsu Kunshan cavity and Minyue cavity
Tidal cavity
.
① The singing voice of the southern opera is called Nanqu, the tune belongs to the pentatonic scale, more smooth, has its usual characteristic tone, forming the characteristics of the singing voice of the southern opera. The rhymes used in the singing are basically southern
Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces
One voice is the standard, there is a flat up into the difference, each set of music is not limited to a rhyme. The rhythm is regular and comfortable, with fewer words and more cavities. Its beat form, divided
Fragmented slab
,
adagio
In addition to being the same as the northern melody, Allegro also uses a slower beat, the complimentary plate (8/4 beat or 4/2 beat). Expressing the inner feelings of the characters is more profound and delicate. In addition, the early south song, as Xu Wei said, is a "rare rhythm" of the "one's heart" class, in the Ming Dynasty, the later period of the plate is strict, the formation of the number of plates and the position of the lower plate are customized fixed plate.
(2) The music structure was originally a folk song style, lively and free in form, and gradually developed into a qupai set structure. every
divertimento
Cards can be divided into introductions,
overbending
(middle main part) and epilogue 3 parts. Although it has a certain set of procedures, but in practical use is quite flexible, and create
medley
and
North south sleeve
The new methods to deal with the form and structure of the melody enrich and expand the original melody
Expressive force
.
The Southern Opera is right
Modes of classical Chinese opera
Although the use of more free; However, as a cycle structure, it is still necessary to consider the harmony and unity of the front and back connection in pitch, range and tune. Therefore, all kinds of qupai need to have certain belonging and categories, to provide convenience for the preparation of new tunes and actors singing. Therefore, the use of southern opera is relatively free, each set is not limited to one palace tune, which is in
Opera music
In the process of development is a kind of progress.
All kinds of roles in southern opera can be sung; In addition to solo singing, there are duet singing, chorus singing and "chorus". The solo song is used to express the inner feelings of the characters; Antithetical singing and simultaneous singing are used to communicate the thoughts and emotions between characters and promote the development of dramatic contradictions, and "chorus" is used to highlight the meaning. Accentuating the atmosphere and rendering the environment, these are enhanced
theatricality
An important technique. In the exchange between the North and the South, the south absorbed some of the North
Singing skill
In singing art has greatly improved.
(5) In the early stage, the singing of southern opera was mainly composed of folk songs. This kind of folk song often uses a plate to control the rhythm and set off the singing. Later, flute, drum, board as the main accompaniment instruments, such as the Ming Dynasty
Shen Defu
"
Listen to the song miscellaneous words
"Said:" Southern music does not rely on strings for rhythm." As for the addition of the sheng,
pipa
Three strings and so on for singing accompaniment, may be the Ming Dynasty after the situation.
The role of the South opera, usually living, Dan, net, ugly, end, outside, paste and other seven. Among them, Sheng and Dan are the main characters, and the other roles are supporting roles.
Student: The male protagonist in the play, usually plays the scholar, scholar, champion and so on.
Dan: A heroine in a play, usually a young woman.
Net: net capital has positive net sum
subpurgation
In the South opera, there is only a secondary net. Secondary purification originated in the Tang Dynasty
Army play
As a result, the characters he plays generally have the characteristics of clowning.
Ugly: The character played in the play is roughly the same as the net character, and is also a kind of character.
End: End also has
Positive end
and
Minor terminal
The South opera also has only the second end. The second is used as the opening act in the play, and the second is the secondary male character. The latter is opposite to the latter, and the latter is derived from the Cang Uighur in the army drama of the Tang Dynasty, so it also has the characteristics of buffoonery.
Wai: In the South Opera, the role of an elderly man, or an elderly woman.
Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there are 238 kinds of famous southern operas, and about 130 kinds of residual texts and lost songs have been circulated, but only 19 complete plays have been circulated.
The early southern opera works mainly focus on love, marriage and family life, and the main ones are "Love, marriage and family life."
Yongle Grand Festival three kinds of drama
". Includes three plays:
Zhang Xie No.1
","
Xiao Suntu
"And"
The son of a nobleman has taken the wrong position
". Among them, "Zhang Xie Champion" is the most complete existing early southern opera script, created 800 years ago in Wenzhou during the Southern Song Dynasty.
Nine Hills Book Club
In the opening words of "Full Court Fang", he wrote: "This book will win the title." intercession
Dong Ou
Grand event, Zhugong song out of reason."
Popular in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties
荆钗记
", "Liu Zhiyuan White Rabbit", "Liu Zhiyuan White Rabbit"
Moon worship pavilion
"And"
Kill the Dog
Collectively"
Four southern operas
It is a representative work of southern opera in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties.
"
The Story of Pipa
"Is the peak of the development of southern opera, by Wenzhou
Ruian
people
Takazesato
From the Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Dynasty, according to the Southern Song Dynasty"
Zhao Zhennu
CAI Erlang was compiled and written. "
The Story of Pipa
In China
History of theatre
It is known as the "ancestor of lyrics and music", which is the bridge between the Southern Opera era and the legendary era
Opera of Ming dynasty
The impact of creation is profound. Other southern operas with complete copies: "The Story of the East Window", "The Story of the Kiln", "The Story of the Kiln"
Liu Xibe Jin Hairpin
".
"Zhang Xie Champion" wrote the scholar Zhang Xie was in trouble when he was stolen, got the help of Wang poor woman, became husband and wife, and later went to the Beijing exam champion, ungrateful, did not recognize the poor woman, and wanted to kill her. Fortunately, the poor girl only injured one arm, and was adopted by the prime minister Wang Deyong, and finally reunited with Zhang Xie. This is a book condemning the scholar's unfaithful marriage and change of drama, and"
Zhao Zhennu
", "Wang Kui" the same theme. But both condemn
Unfaithful lover
And want to ensure that the poor woman has a complete ending, can only take a conciliatory approach, the tragic consciousness fails to run through the end. This set a precedent for some writers in the late Yuan Dynasty to change the ending of the early tragic works of Southern opera to happy reunion.
"Zhang Xie Zhuangyuan" with the southern popular lyrics and folk songs singing, the opening of the first to rap Zhugong introduced, there are many stray outside the plot
buffoonery
Interspersed, these belong to the early characteristics of southern opera. Its plot is divided into two clues, which is the common practice of southern opera and legendary plays
Double wire structure
The prototype of... The character of the play, quite desirable, such as writing Zhang Xie's attitude towards poor women constantly changing, from the development of dependence on hardship to abandonment and even killing, layers of depth, quite detailed.
"
The son of a nobleman has taken the wrong position
", edited by Gu Hang Cairen. write
Jin State
Henan province Tongzhi son Wanyan Shouma and wandering artist Wang Jinbang love story. Wanyan Shouma defied his father's life, disdained fame and career, followed the troupe "Chongzhou bumped house", and finally made his father agree to the marriage. The conflict between him and his father reflected the contradiction between the feudal orthodoxy and the freedom and equality of the citizens. According to...
Ghost book
"Recorded, Yuan
Li Zifu
,
Zhao Wenyin
There is a drama of the same name, and the Southern Opera is adapted from the drama.
"
Xiao Suntu
"Ancient Hang CAI people edited, but also based on the same name of the drama adaptation. This is a public case drama, exposing the confusion of the government and the lawlessness of the officials, and finally being exonerated by the famous duke. The melodies of the drama appear in the system of "North and south combined set", which shows that the southern opera has paid attention to absorbing the music of the drama to enrich itself.
First, linguistic value. Compared with poetry, opera is often closer to spoken language. The Southern opera originated from the folk, the writers of the operas were mostly members of the book club, and the audience was mostly from the public class. This makes its language to a large extent influenced by the local dialect, and has the characteristics of colloquial. This is for us to study
regionalism
The Chinese dialects provide valuable materials, but also for the writing of the history of Chinese vocabulary retains a large number of easy to understand colloquial, colloquial, proverb, slang and so on.
Second,
Social history
Learning value. During the Song Dynasty, cities prospered,
Economic development
. The southern migration of the Song Dynasty, the emergence of national and class contradictions, and the urgent needs of the people all promoted the formation and development of opera. It is in this background that the southern opera was conceived and gradually matured. The texts of the Southern Opera reflect the social and historical situation at that time to a large extent, for example, in the plays "Zhao Virgin" and "Wang Kui", the author strongly criticized
Feudal system
The alienation of human nature of the lower literati and the persecution and disaster it brings to the good women express the dissatisfaction and resistance of the toiling masses to the dark society. In addition, from
folklore
From the perspective of Nan Opera, the dress habits, festival ceremonies,
Folk belief
And the plot of folk witchcraft and so on have precious research value.
Third, the value of music. According to records, the southern opera uses the southern melody, is not restricted by the palace tune, can change rhyme at any time, and mostly adopts the pentatonic scale. After the formation of the southern opera in Wenzhou, it spread widely in the southeast coastal areas. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it had multiplied into sea salt,
Yuyao
,
Yiyang
,
Kunshan
Such as four major voice as well as Fujian
Quanzhou
,
Xinghua
The South opera tunes of other places; His feet are seven kinds, such as life, Dan, Jing, end, ugly, outside and paste, and he has created singing forms such as solo, duet, rotation and chorus. In the use of Qupai, the South opera formed some fixed connecting habits, creating the form of "north and south together".
[2]
Southern opera was popular in China during the Song and Yuan dynasties
Southern region
The traditional opera art of Han nationality sung with the southern opera. Folk name
An ancient Chinese opera
, or called the South opera, referred to as the South opera. Because it originated in Wenzhou (Yongjia) area of Zhejiang Province, it is also known as Wenzhou opera or Yongjia opera.
Historically, there have been two different sayings:
(1) Wei Tan, "After Xuanhe (1119-1125), at the time of Nandu (1127)";
(3) According to modern research, the southern opera should have originated in
The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907)
During the period of Xuanhe,
Flourish in
After the south crossing
The Southern Song Dynasty
Times. This is more credible, because the Southern Song dynasty was biased to Lin 'an (Hangzhou), which provided various conditions for the prosperity of Southern opera.
(a) At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, politics was extremely corrupt, outside the Jin soldiers repeatedly invaded, inside the farmers have revolts, panic everywhere, the people are displaced, and Wenzhou is far from the southeast of Zhejiang, not killed by soldiers.
(2) Wenzhou "controls the mountains and the sea, and benefits both water and land", known as a foreign trade treaty port, with
Bureau for foreign Shipping
, kiln industry,
Shipbuilding industry
The copper and silk industries are especially famous.
(3) With the development of commerce and economic prosperity,
Civic stratum
They grew bigger and bigger and needed more and more culture and entertainment. Wenzhou area has long had a "Shang Song and dance" (" Shang Song and Dance ")
Sui Shu · Geography
") tradition, folk and spread the "vulgar song lithic words", "She fire" more prosperous. All these are called the soil for the production of southern opera.
(1) The Song Dynasty chamber crossed the south, built the capital Lin 'an, the northern population moved to the south on a large scale, only
Liangzhe
The population of the region increased by a third. Lin 'an and the southeast coastal cities, the rapid development of commerce, gathered a large number of officials, gentry merchants,
artisan
From a different Angle than a small trader, yeah
Cultural life
More extensive demands were made.
(II) At this time,
National contradiction
and
Class contradiction
One after another, intricate, so, vast
Masses of the people
They are pressing for better opera forms that reflect real life and express their wishes. In major cities, especially Lin 'an, there are many
Tile bar
As a fixed entertainment place, there are many "road" artists who perform anywhere and anytime, which are all kinds of north and south
Performing arts
Creating opportunities for competition and communication.
(3) With
Vacher
The prosperity of skills, a number of low-level literati and rudimentary artists, was established
Book club
Such as Wushu Book Club,
Ancient Hang Book Meeting
Etc., writing scripts specifically for the troupe. The actors of "Gongnan Opera" are also active on the stage.
(4) Therefore, the southern opera from the Wenzhou area into Lin 'an and other cities, constantly absorb a variety of artistic nourishment, enrich themselves, emerged a lot of good or relatively good new opera, to meet the requirements of the masses at that time, it is increasingly mature and developed.
(1) Around the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Opera began as a small play of Han folk song and dance.
(2) During the Southern Song Dynasty, Southern opera entered Lin 'an and other cities to absorb various artistic nourishment, such as
Song Zaju opera
,
A style of songs in the palace
,
Earn money by singing
,
Big picture play
Etc., developed into a drama. Today's "Zhang Xie Champion" is the southern opera works at this stage.
(3) From the early to the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the southern opera prose and
Northern Zaju
Mutual exchange and mutual influence made the South opera improve again. The current edition of
The son of a nobleman has taken the wrong position
"And"
Xiao Suntu
", are the southern opera works at this stage.
(4) At the end of the first yuan and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the southern opera had a more prominent development, while the northern drama showed a trend of decline. "
The Story of Pipa
"And" Jing, Liu, worship, kill "and other famous plays of southern opera, appeared one after another.
2 This new development later became the Nan Opera system of the Ming Dynasty
Four sound cavities
(Sea salt chamber,
Yuyao opera
Yiyang Cavity,
Kunshan opera
The rise of) has laid a solid foundation.
According to the compilation of approachable, there are about 180 southern opera plays that can be examined, but they are handed down from generation to generation
Script of southern opera
It is less than one tenth of the total number of known South opera plays. They draw on a wide range of topics, including current events, history, folklore, Buddhist and Taoist stories.
(1) In terms of its ideological content:
2 Expose the evil of the evil forces, there is Zujie;
3 Complaints of feudal oppression, there is "Cold Pavilion";
5 Describe the family changes in the chaos, there is "White Rabbit".
(2) Among them, the "unfaithful" play and the "disorderly separation" play are the most prominent. Because, in the Song and Yuan dynasties, the war was frequent, which caused the separation of the bones and flesh, and caused
Moral concept
and
Social atmosphere
The changes produced the new
Social contradiction
It was also concerned by many southern opera writers at that time.
(3) In addition, there are some propaganda of feudal morality,
fatalism
The Southern opera works, such as"
Triadic notation
", "Huang Xiaozi" and so on.
(a) The length is longer, with "field" as the basic organizational unit, one scene after another, until the end of the play.
(3) The southern opera is the main, and the northern Opera is used in between.
(4) For each play, the Qupai is not limited to one palace key, and the lyrics are not limited to a rhyme.
(5) All the roles on the stage can be sung, including solo singing, duet singing, rotation singing and chorus.
(6) The role is divided into seven colors: Sheng, Dan, net, end, ugly, stick and outer color, mainly Sheng and Dan.
(7) Accompanying instruments, including at least drums, flutes and clappers.
In October 2023, the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project protection Units was announced, and the Southern opera project passed the evaluation.
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