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Maonan
It is one of the mountainous ethnic groups with a small population in China, and its national language is Maonan, which belongs to the Dong Shui branch of the Zhuang-Dong language group of the Chinese-Tibetan language family.
The Maonan people mainly live in the upper south, Central South and lower South mountains of Huanjiang County, Guangxi, the Kapu River and Liudong River valley area of Pingtang County and Dushan County in Guizhou, and the rest are scattered in Shuiyuan, Musun, Chuanshan, Luoyang, Sien and other townships in Huanjiang County, as well as the surrounding Hechi, Nandan, Yishan, Du 'an and Huishui County (city) in Guizhou.
According to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
According to statistics, the population of Maonan in China is 124,092 people.
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- Chinese name
- Maonan
- species
- Maonan language
Maonan
The name "Maonan" comes from the place name, which was originally found in the Lingwai Dai Da, written by Zhou Qufei during the Chun Xi period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1174-1189), which said: "From Rong (prefecture) slightly southwest of Yizhou. In the belly of the group, there are Nandan state, Anhua three states and one town, Libo, Yinghe, Wudong, Maotan, Fushui." These places included the Maonan Autonomous County of Huanjiang in Guangxi and the adjacent Nandan County, and the adjacent Libo County in Guizhou Province. "Maotan" is also written "MAO Tan", at that time, the "three South" area was called "Maotan", that the people here "Maotan brute". Later Chinese ancient books and inscriptions also used homonyms such as "Maonan", "Maonan" and "Maonan" to record the names of the region and its administrative units. Such as the Yuan and Ming times called "MAO Tan group", "MAO Tan fort" and so on. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1795), Maonan people set up a "Tan Family Pedigree", in which the inscription began to appear "Maonan Miao place", "Maonan Jia", "Maonan place", which is the official appearance of the Maonan name.
In July 1956, after ethnic identification, Maonan was officially identified as a single ethnic group, called "Maonan". In June 1986, according to the opinions of the ethnic group, The State Council approved the change to "Maonan". The Maonan ethnic group in Guizhou call themselves "Ai-around", "Yintun", "Ai-tun", etc., which is also the meaning of "local people" and "one's own people". Other ethnic groups call them "偒僙" or "fejres 僙", etc. They were officially recognized as "Maonan" on July 27, 1990.
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According to the family tree of the Maonan nationality, Tan Sanxiao moved from Wuling County, Changde Prefecture, Hunan Province to the Miao area of Maonan during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (mid-16th century), and intermarried with the locals to breed and form a national community.
As for the origin of Maonan ethnic group, there are few historical records, and the genealogy records of local inscriptions are unknown. It is generally believed that Maonan nationality is related to Buyi nationality, Mulao nationality, Gelao nationality and other southern nationalities, which are developed from the Baiyue branch of Lingnan.
Maonan
In order to resist the oppression of the feudal ruling class, the Maonan people have constantly struggled. In the fourth year of Song Qingli (1044), the rebellion led by Xifan, a native of Sien County (now Huanjiang County, Guangxi), broke into Huanzhou and other places, and the struggle lasted for a year. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Liu Bingtou, Liu Tonglao and Liu Afu of Maonan nationality in Guizhou joined forces to resist the rule and exploitation of local Yang chiefdoms. During the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, when Shi Dakai returned to Guangxi, many Maonan people joined the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Army. During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, the Seventh Red Army moved north through the Maonan area and exerted considerable influence. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Maonan people responded to the call of the Party, and together with the Han and Zhuang people, organized the anti-Japanese people's guerrilla forces to defeat the Japanese invaders head on and persisted until the final victory of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
In October 1949, under the leadership of the Party, the Maonan ethnic people, together with the Han, Zhuang and other ethnic people, organized an armed force of more than 200 people, wiped out the seventh Kuomintang pseudo security Regiment that attempted to occupy the Maonan area, captured more than 100 enemies, captured more than 150 guns, and effectively cooperated with the People's Liberation Army to liberate the Maonan area. In the long-term common struggle, the relationship between the Maonan people and the Han and Zhuang people has become increasingly close
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Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Maonan area was basically in a kind of autonomous administrative system with the integration of government and nationality. Maonan people live in the same family name, and each family lives in a village with the same family name. Generally, one surname is a village Dong. In Pingtang County, Guizhou province, the Maonan nationality is dominated by Liu and Shi. In Huanjiang County, the Maonan ethnic group with Tan family name is the most, accounting for more than 70% of the total population. In addition, there are Wei, Qin, Yuan, Lu and other surnames. Villages are built on the side of the mountains, with dozens of families and as few as a dozen families establishing small villages, the largest of which is not more than 100 households. Maonan villages are called "Longban" (village) and "Xiaodong" (Dong). The number of households living in the "dragon office" is relatively large, with 20 to 50 or 60 households, and even as many as 100 to 200 households. "Xiaotong" as few as 3 to 5 households, more than 30 to 40 households, some in order to reclaim a mountain, a single family lived in the middle of the mountain or on the top of the mountain.
According to historical records, the Maonan area of Guangxi was Sien County in Yuan Dynasty, under the jurisdiction of Qingyuan Road. In the first year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1506), Sien County was changed into Hechi Prefecture. In Sien implementation of township, Li, Jia system, the county is divided into 4 townships 23 li 39 jia. Qing Dynasty, Sien County belongs to Qingyuan prefecture. The administrative structure and subordination of the past generations have been replaced. Xianfeng years, the county was divided into front, middle, left, right and back five groups, the group set a, the implementation of military and political integration of the "group a system", Maonan area is under the jurisdiction of the group. Under the "A" there are three "forehead", the "forehead" is set up "regiment general". The "forehead" is divided into "cards", and the "cards" have "card heads", which are generally governed by ten households. After the Revolution of 1911, the league Jia system of the Qing Dynasty was also used. After 1933, the system of township, village and Jia was implemented, and Maonan was divided into three townships: Upper South, Central South and Lower South. Shangnan Township has jurisdiction over Longsheng, Baolou, Puli, Gaoling, Yuhuan, Zhongle, Chai men and other villages 43. Zhongnan Township has jurisdiction over Xinfu, Shemo, Shangba, Renyi, Shangyi, Gangqiang, Changya (including Nanchang, Songyan), Xindong, Musdong and other villages 21 tun. Xisouth Township has jurisdiction over six Wei Street and Bochuan, Mengren, Jingyang, Fengxia, Jianin, Xinglong, Xiyuan, Houken, Subang and other villages 24 tun.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there was already a kind of social organization called "Long section" in the Maonan area of Huanjiang County, in which the public elected highly respected men as "village elders" (Maonan people in Guizhou called chiefs or village elders) to preside over internal public affairs, weddings, funerals and other activities. Until the period of the Republic of China Maonan inhabited Yuhuan, Xiacheng, Tangba, Bochuan and other villages still retained the remnants of this organization. The "village elder" presides over the development of village rules and conventions that everyone must abide by, called "long section" or "discussion of nuts" and "preservation of seedlings", in order to safeguard the common interests and security of the villages under their jurisdiction. The laws and regulations stipulated in the "Long Section" include those inscribed on tablets or written on wooden boards and placed in front of relevant villages and towns, and those that are orally read. For example, before spring ploughing in Guizhou, the Maonan people hold a "Baojia meeting" in the village as a unit to formulate a "seedling preservation law" to manage the local social order and production order. Also often held a "village old" joint meeting, by the "village old" cluster to negotiate the common affairs of the village, coordinate the relationship between the village, exchange the implementation of "penang rules" experience and gains and losses.
In addition to the old village, Maonan natural village also has the previously mentioned card head and school Dong, Wu Xianggong, Wen Xianggong. The "card head" is elected by the villagers or appointed by the government to promote grain, regardless of civil disputes, but there is something in the village and cave, and when the "carpenter" goes to mediate, he is also invited to listen. "School directors" are the elders in charge of running schools in Maonan villages and caves. Village, village, village, village, village must master martial arts, master a set of horse riding, archery skills, had to go to the county or prefecture to take the exam, only passed the title of martial prince. It is said that the examination of Wu Xianggong, the above sent people to send "paper", home to set off firecrackers to congratulate, the "paper" posted on the door. In this way, he was recognized as the prince of the village and cave. Wu Xianggong is responsible for running a boxing school and calling young people to learn martial arts to strengthen their health. In addition to the compulsory teaching of martial arts, if there is a foreign invasion, he will organize a group to resist. Sometimes on holidays, Wu Xianggong also led a team to perform martial arts to add to the fun.
On November 24, 1949, Sien County was liberated, and the Party and government organs of Sien County were formally established on January 1, 1950. After the founding of New China, the people of the Maonan region actively cooperated with the new regime, carried out the struggle against banditry and hegemony and land reform, established the people's government, abolished the feudal land ownership, realized that the tiller had his own land, and became the master of the country. On September 5, 1984, the People's Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region approved the establishment of two Maonan townships, Upper South and Lower South. On November 1, 1986, The State Council approved the abolition of Huanjiang County and the establishment of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County. On February 14, 1990, the fourth meeting of the Ninth People's Congress of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County passed the Regulations on the autonomy of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County. The formulation and implementation of this regulation is a major event in the political life of Maonan people in Huanjiang. In 1992, Guizhou Provincial People's Government approved the establishment of Kapumaonan Township in Pingtang County
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According to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
According to statistics, the population of Maonan in China is 124,092 people.
The Maonan people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, supplemented by breeding and sideline, mainly growing miscellaneous grains, and a few areas grow rice. Due to the lack of cultivated land, people cherish the soil as gold, pay attention to intensive cultivation, and implement rotation, intercropping and interplanting. Cattle are not only a good helper for Maonan people to cultivate land, transport fertilizer and pull firewood, but also raising beef cattle has become the main source of income for Maonan people's families.
Maonan
Until the founding of the People's Republic of China, the transportation in the Maonan area was inconvenient, food was insufficient, and it was difficult for people and animals to drink water and travel. Agricultural production conditions are still very poor, the iron tools used at that time are still relatively simple, the main use of hoes and foot plows to turn the soil in the field, the general use of grain shears to harvest rice, low efficiency, the yield is not high. Rice per mu yield of 200 ~ 300 jin, a few mud fields (commonly known as cold paddy fields) per mu yield of only about 100 jin, sweet potato per mu yield of 200 ~ 300 jin, corn per mu yield of only 100 ~ 200 jin. In addition, the people suffered from the cruel exploitation of landlords and rich peasants, and their lives were very difficult.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China and the people's government actively led the Maonan people to build reservoirs, mountain ponds and human drinking pools, and greatly engaged in the construction of farmland water conservancy. Five reservoirs with a capacity of more than 60,000 cubic meters have been built in the Maonan mountain area of the Huanjiang River, especially the Nanchuan reservoir with a capacity of 1.3 million cubic meters, so that the irrigation of the farmland in Maonan Mountain Township has been guaranteed. It also built more than 100 mountain pond water tanks, so that there are pools at the end of the village, and some places also use tap water. Guizhou Pingtang Kapu Maannan Township built 453 pools, water kilns, can store 16,282 cubic meters of water, but also laid 12.95 kilometers of human drinking pipes, some villages also use tap water. The effective solution of the problem of human drinking water storage has fundamentally improved the production and living conditions in Maonan area
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The Maonan people believe in many gods. Before the end of Ming Dynasty, Maonan people mainly believed in primitive religion. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Zhengshi Taoism was introduced into Maonan inhabited area. Later, Taoism occupied a major position in the convergence of Maonan culture, forming the so-called "martial education" mainly to worship God and perform god (vowing), the so-called "cultural education" mainly to celebrate the death of fasting, and the amphibious dojo cooperated by the two groups. Among the clergy engaged in religious activities, there are ghost teachers, Taoist priests, wizards, Mr. Ghost Valley, Dharma children, etc., who belong to different states, have a clear division of labor, and specialize in dharma affairs and receive certain remuneration. In charge of the worship of God, Maonan people called "Bo Tao", that is, "Wu education", also called "master" or "ghost teacher".
Vowing and vowing are the most important and common collective religious activities of Maonan people. Maonan all things must be willing to do first, generally a small wish to declare themselves in front of the gods. If you get what you want, you have to do what you want. In Maonan dialect, "vowing back" is called "fat set", which is a vowing activity to pray for peace, prosperity and good weather throughout the year. There are two kinds of votive activities: "Yellow Banquet" and "Red banquet". "Yellow Banquet" is a small sacrificial activity for a single family to pray to God, while "Red Banquet" is a larger scale and a variety of ceremonies. In addition to inviting the master to perform the divine dance, 18 animals such as chickens, ducks, cows, and pigs must be killed as sacrifices. If the current generation fails to do so, the next generation must pay back, the sacrifices used must be doubled, and the ritual time will be longer
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The food of Maonan is mainly rice and corn, supplemented by sorghum, millet, sweet potato and pumpkin. One of the biggest features of their food customs is "the use of acid". Like pickled sour meat, sour spiral snails, pickled vegetables, are the traditional dishes for guests. There are many acid foods, especially the most famous "Maonan three acids", that is, Maonan people call themselves "belly wake", "sofa", "urn simmering". "Belly wake" is to cut pork and beef into thin slices, mix with raw salt to marinate through, place two or three days after the water is dry, steam the right amount of fragrant glutinous rice into rice, and then put it in a dustpan to cool, rub evenly with the cut meat, and put it in the altar to press tightly sealed. The longer it marinates in the jar, the better it tastes. To greet guests with "belly awake" is a sign of the deep enthusiasm of Maonan people. "Suofa" is a kind of snail soup with special sour taste. The preparation method is to dry fry the washed snails with lard, to be fully cooked and fragrant, and then pour it into the jar sealed for three months before uncovering and eating. "Pot stewed" is a kind of salted sauerkraut pot. Used to pickle a variety of vegetables, such as radish, beans, cucumbers, ginger, peppers, etc., this sauerkraut can prevent melons, fruits and vegetables from going bad for a long time.
Maonan people in addition to rice cooked into rice, porridge, daily also like to use main grains or miscellaneous grains to make a variety of food, such as "Maonan rice", "glutinous rice cake", "sweet sweet potato" and so on. Drinking is a major hobby of Maonan people, all the weddings, funerals and guests home, drink. Almost every family uses their own rice, corn, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, etc. to brew white wine, the degree of wine is not high, generally about 20 degrees. Most of Maonan adult men smoke, but they smoke local dry tobacco and rarely use tobacco from other places.
The living room of Maonan people is columnar style. The gables inside and outside the columns are all framed by wood and stone, with three rooms wide, a hall in the middle and a wing room on both sides. The dry column is generally two layers, the upper layer lives people, the lower layer keeps livestock and stacked farm tools, firewood and other sundries, and there is a terrace outside the door. The structure is light and moisture-proof and robust.
Maonan live in Dashishan District, there are stones everywhere, so the foundation or gable is made of refined stone, and the stone steps made of long stone are called "Tujie" (meaning stone ladder) in Maonan dialect.
The columns of the dry column are also stone columns, even the threshold, the terrace, the cattle pen, the table, the stool, the water tank, the basin, etc., are also stone or carved, many families in these stone supplies are carved with flowers, birds, fish and insects patterns, both durable and beautiful. After the 1980s, the dry column-type buildings were gradually phased out, and the hard mountain purlin buildings and brick-concrete structures of the square box buildings were generally two floors, and there were also individual economically better buildings that were built with 3 to 5 floors
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Both men and women like to wear blue and blue front and front shirts, avoid wearing white clothes, only wear funeral. Men's clothing is called five-button, no lace. It is characterized by five bright copper buckle, so the Maonan language said "bone oni", meaning five buckle clothes. One for the collar, three for the right side, perpendicular to the collar, and one for the belly button, the lower side. The pocket is sewn into the right skirt without showing. Dressed in a black scarf, about eight feet long. From left to right, it is regularly wrapped around the head, one end of the turban has a cloth, exposing the top of the head, walking up, the cloth wobble, shaped like a small horn, so it is called a horn towel, Maonan called "hanging claw". You wear an eight-foot black belt around your waist. The two ends of the belt are set with red, green, yellow, blue and white wool to form a zigzag cloth. The colored cloth at both ends of the waist is exposed, and the trousers are wide, and the feet wear cloth shoes with white background and black face.
Maonan women wear more blue or blue right front jacket, the biggest feature of women's wear is the left cardigan coat and pants with three lines of black lace. Most of the clothes are cyan or blue cloth, with silver ornaments and top card flowers, dressed dignified and beautiful, simple and generous. The girls also tied a small rectangular waist, embroidered with beautiful patterns. With a silver bracelet, blue and white.
Bamboo flower hat
In addition to the commonly used silver bracelets, earrings, silver collars, there are silver kirin, silver rings, silver hairpins, hat ornaments, silver flutter flowers, silver hairpins, silver combs and so on.
With the progress and development of society, Maonan people's clothing is also updated and changed, the blue and blue native cloth dyed in the past is red, blue, black and purple a variety of colors of suits, leisure clothes, etc., some rich mountain village characteristics of the national dress, only in the festive festival to see the style
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Used by the Maonan people
Maonan language
It is generally considered to be a language of the Sino-Tibetan family. Due to the long-term interaction with Zhuang, Han and Buyi people, many of the Maonan people can speak Zhuang, Chinese or Buyi, and use Chinese to record their folk songs, folklore and historical stories in Chinese characters. In order to make up for the lack of writing, in history, the Maonan people also imitated the structure of Chinese phonetic characters, and used the pronunciation and meaning of Chinese characters to spell Maonan to form "local folk characters", which were used to record the epic, folk songs and religious scriptures of the nation
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Grammar of Maonan language
There are many modern political and economic words
Southwest mandarin
Loanwords, and the old Chinese loanwords are mostly ordinary words. In terms of speech, it is generally believed that there are eight tones (in fact, there are only six tones that can distinguish the meaning); It's in Maonan
Initial consonant of a Chinese syllable
The system (more than 80 initials) is more complex than Chinese (about 20 initials), Zhuang (about 30 initials) and so on. Most Maonan people speak Zhuang and Chinese, and have been educated in Chinese. Primary and middle schools in Maonan region use Chinese textbooks and are taught in Mandarin, but primary school teachers mostly use Maonan when discussing lesson plans. In Xia Nan Township, the central area where the Maonan people live, the daily language of government is usually Maonan. Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County government official language is Chinese southwest Mandarin. Another branch of the Maonan ethnic group (about one-third of the population) lives in Pingtang, southern Guizhou Province.
Dushan Mountain
Such as the county, the general "yellow language", so it is also called "yellow people" (see Lu Tianqiao
Grammar of Maonan Language
Florida, USA: Universal Press. 2008)
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The traditional life etiquette of Maonan people is also very characteristic. During pregnancy, the family will invite the master to sacrifice ghosts and gods to relieve the disaster, called "sacrifice solution", so that the pregnant woman can safely spend the pregnancy and the fetus is born smoothly. There are seven kinds of "ritual solution" : blood pan solution, blood Luo solution, falling well solution, halfway solution, seven well Guan, flat head killing solution, seven Ling Guan Dao. After the birth of the child, but also held a series of ceremonies, such as "three morning meeting", "selling cat month", "fat solid few" and so on. "Selling cat month" Maonan called "don't year cat", is held on the 33rd day after the birth of the child, is the mother's first visit after childbirth. To string which one, first to the other party notice, so that the other party is prepared, in order to return some gifts. The old man said: gift in return, after the child will not bite the corner of the coat and fingers. "Fat solid few" is second only to the wedding of a larger wedding banquet. It is mostly held when the child is five or six months old, and some children are held when they are one year old, rarely more than two years old. At that time, the relatives and friends of the main family will give gifts and bags to congratulate, and the relatives of the grandmother's family and the house will give suspenders, sheets and other things.
Maonan people are over 60 years old, if the body is weak and sick, the folk call it "falling horse". "Down the horse" is to find the fortune-teller to choose the auspicious day "horse", commonly known as "add food to make up for life", in the past, Maonan people believe that people are old and infirm, eat "100 meters" will restore health as soon as possible, prolong life. "Add food to supplement life" has two forms: one is the family economy is more well-off, by the children to prepare a few tables of food, invite relatives and friends to the home, to the elderly "send food to supplement life", and invite a master to hold "add food to supplement life" ceremony. This kind of activity is usually held on the Double Ninth Festival. The other is that the family economy is more difficult, can not afford to do the "food supplement life" ceremony, by the old man to rush to "ask for food supplement life". On the day of the race, the old man first prepared some scraps of money and went to the street to discuss rice along the stall. The old man came to the rice stall and asked the vendor, "May I ask you for a little rice?" The seller sees the old man to ask for rice, knowing that it is used for "adding grain to supplement life", and is willing to offer "grain". The old man himself grabbed a handful of rice, and then dropped a few scraps of money into the rice basket to show his appreciation. Ask for dozens of stalls, about three or four catties of rice can be. These rice, after going home specially for the elderly to eat until it is finished. So ask for rice only catch a wei, eat if the body has not recovered health, still want to do a banquet held "add food and life" ceremony, please relatives and friends to "send food and life". This custom reflects Maonan's fine tradition of respecting the old and caring for the young, which is still popular today
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The Maonan people have a good tradition of respecting teachers and worships literature. As early as the seventh year of Qingli in the Song Dynasty (1047), Sien County began to have Confucian instruction (government office). Ming Dynasty Wanli thirty-six years (1608) founded the Academy. After the 18th century, private schools were generally established in Maonan Township. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Shangnan Township had 8 schools.
Before and after the Revolution of 1911, with the wide spread of democratic ideas and cultural and scientific knowledge, schools and private schools were transformed into rural primary schools to meet the desire of more children to go to school. In the early 1930s, many Maonan families sent their children to Sien County, Qingyuan (now Yishan), Liuzhou, Guilin and other places to study in middle school or normal.
However, education in Maonan is still very backward. Until 1950, there were only 24 primary schools in the entire Lower South District, including two central schools with 1,229 students.
The myths and legends, folk stories, folk songs, riddles and jokes transmitted orally by the Maonan people are quite rich, which truly reflect the moral values, values and artistic accomplishment of the Maonan people.
There are more than 30 kinds of Maonan folk songs, more than 200 prose works, and more than 30,000 lines of verse lyrics. Like "The Legend of Pangu", "The Legend of Thirty-nine", "The upper teeth of water buffalo are laughing", "Taishi six officials", "Top card flower", "Seven female peaks", "Pangu Song", "December Song", "To eat bamboo shoots and other April", "Love Stone" and so on have been celebrated by Maonan people for generations
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The Maonan people hold some sports events in accordance with the weather and geographical conditions between agricultural festivals. The main sports items are with filling, with the top, playing top, playing cotton balls, bull, throwing sandbags, go three chess and so on. Among them, "Tongfill" and "Tongding" have also participated in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the national minority traditional sports games and won awards.
"Same filling" means two people against each other. To play this game, draw a circle on the ground with a diameter of about 3 meters. The size of the circle can be arbitrarily determined according to the size of the field. Draw a straight center line in the middle of the circle. During the game, the athlete's forearm is bent in front of his chest, his hands hold the elbow joint of the left and right upper arms, his feet are about 50 centimeters apart, and the body is squatted, and the athlete uses the whole body strength to rush the opponent. Out of the circle is the loser. The "same top" and "same fill" competition rules are similar, it is a two-meter long, straight about eight centimeters of the wooden pole, the middle of the wooden pole tied a red cloth (rope can also be). Each team of 3 or 4 people (there are also one-on-one), athletes waist a belt, no belt can use several layers of cloth cushion abdomen, the start of the game, A and B athletes face each other in the middle of the line of one meter, the red cloth (or rope) tied in the middle of the wooden bar is aligned with the middle line, the referee lifted the wooden bar, athletes each hand grip the end of the wooden bar, placed on their own belt or cutting cloth. Open left foot or front bow and back arrow. When the whistle blows, the two sides fight hard, and whoever is knocked down or pushed off the line loses. If there are many people, one person on the top will step on the palms of the crossed palms of the people below, forming a horse-riding shape, hands and shoulders against the wooden pole, and the whole team will work together to push the central overhang line of the wooden pole over the other side of the specified line.
Scrotum is a favorite sports activity of Maonan nationality in Kapu Township, Pingtang County, Guizhou Province. Similar but different from "same fill". The game is held on the flat ground, first drawing the middle line and the edge line, and then the two people in the middle line with their heads, or shoulder to shoulder, forming a "bullfight". "Guangxi General Annals" said: "With the first touch if the sheep" said this activity. The game was announced, the two men pushed hard, and the one who was pushed to the sideline lost
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Maonan
One sentence of seven words, one sentence of eight, called "bi", because there is a final note after two sentences "Lo hi", it is also called "Lo Hi" song.
A congratulatory song of five words, four sentences or eight sentences sung in the festival is called "joy".
A narrative song sung by a single person, narrating historical stories and ancestral sources, is composed of seven words as a sentence, four sentences as a single, composed of a number of songs into a group, and then composed of several pieces, one piece is less than ten sentences, and more than hundreds of sentences, which is called "platoon".
"Play" is a light and lively small tone nursery rhyme children's song, each sentence of five words, four sentences, belongs to the category of children's songs
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Dance of Maonan Nationality by Chen Yuxian
Guizhou Maonan dance is more diverse forms, monkey dance, torch dance, barrier door dance and so on
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The sculptures of the Maonan nationality are famous.
In the colorful stone carving art, the carving of the stone tomb is the most distinctive. Today, the ancient tombs on Fengteng Mountain in the southeast of Tangba village in Xiannan Township are typical representatives of Maonan stone carving. Here is the Maonan ancestral "cemetery", there are more than 700 tombs, Maonan ancestor Tan Sanxiao is buried here. These tombs are all made of large marble blocks, tombstones, arches, stone columns stand, engraved on them are round, dignified and neat regular script couplets, epitaphs and exquisite, beautiful and colorful story patterns. The stone tomb column holds a stone pavilion with heavy eaves, on which are carved the images of warriors leaping horses, Jiang Taigong fishing by the river, Confucian scholars studying hard at the cold window, and Thunder King and water God. Between the two tomb columns is a giant tombstone, the two sides of the monument engraved with large elegies, the united side carved phoenix, thrush, crane, bats, fish, sika deer, immortal peach, green pine, daffodils, elephants and other lifelike patterns, to symbolize auspicious, longevity, wealth, clean and other wishes and praise. Ancient tombs, like an ancient city with pavilions, are one of the art treasures of Maonan Mountain Township.
As a historical witness to the development of the Maonan ethnic group, the ancient tombs of the Maonan ethnic group have been approved as key cultural relics protection units at the autonomous region level
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Maonan
Maonan weaving bamboo ware, exquisite workmanship, durable. The most famous is the floral bamboo hat made of locally produced golden bamboo and black bamboo. Commonly known as "Maonan hat", also known as "top flower", meaning "flower under the hat". This kind of hat is delicate, beautiful and very practical, is a unique handicraft of Maonan nationality. The production method is: the bamboo is cut into only half a match stick so thin bamboo, woven with a fine beautiful pattern.
The bamboo MATS made by the Maonan people are also famous. Maonan mat with local rich "bubble bamboo" as the main raw material, first cut into thin strips with a knife, with manual preparation, toughness is particularly strong, smooth and cool
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Maonan and the neighboring Zhuang, Han have a common Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Hungry Ghost Festival, Double Ninth Festival, as well as their own unique temple festival - the dragon Festival. Even if they have a common festival with Zhuang and Han, they also have their own unique customs and habits, with distinct national colors.
The main activities of Maonan people in Guizhou during the Spring Festival are the "Torch Festival" on New Year's Eve. Guangxi Maonan people have the custom of "letting birds fly". Before the Spring Festival, Maonan people in Guangxi will be collected rattan leaves carefully woven hundred birds. The woven swallows, pheasants, cormorants, thrushes, etc. are vivid and exquisite works of art. On the early morning of New Year's Eve, the housewives filled the empty stomach of the hundred birds with fragrant glutinous, and some also mixed with rice beans or added sesame stuffing, and then steamed or cooked. After cooking, put the "hundred birds" through the ears, hanging on the whole sugarcane, evenly spaced out, hanging in front of the hall incense. The children smelled the scent of a hundred birds, and when they could not get cool, they begged their mother to give them one. So, the children with hot Baibird glutinous rice cake, show off the village crazy run, chasing each other play to compare whose birds are more beautiful, to see whose bird varieties, fragrant; Whose birds are delicate and want to fly.
When the lights are on, the housewives hang the sugarcane with birds across the hall in front of the Xianghuo Hall, so that the birds face the door and the tail wall, praying that the birds peck at pests and protect the crop harvest. The young mother of her newborn child made a special trip back to her mother's house to lead the bird for her child, expecting the children to be as cute as a hundred birds. This unique folk art exhibition embellishes life from New Year's Eve to the Lantern Festival. Yuanxiao this day, people cut off sweet sugar cane, and then cook hundreds of birds, dinner with hundreds of birds when rice, to juice greasy, this is the endless charm of "fly birds."
"Dragon Division Festival" is the largest folk festival of Maonan in Guangxi, held in the fifth lunar month. Before the early 20th century, people gathered in and outside the temple every year, so it is also called "Temple Festival" or "May Temple Festival". The date of the festival varies from village to village, with Tieao as the boundary, Shangnan and Zhongnan townships set in the first Hai day since the lunar summer solstice, and Xianan villages set in the first Chen day since the summer solstice. According to their own meteorological experience and religious ideas, the Maonan people believe that the rainfall is obviously different before and after the first day after the summer solstice every year, the rain is uniform and normal, and the rain is dry when it is rainy, which is prone to drought, which is caused by the uneven distribution of rain by the "dragon" in the sky. To ensure a year of good weather and peace, we must worship the gods and ancestors. During the Dragon Festival, men, women and children should wear festive costumes, and every family will steam five-color glutinous rice and steamed pork, and some will roast fragrant pigs. Back to the willow branches inserted in the central hall, the five-color glutinous rice pinch into small groups, densely stuck on the willow branches, in order to indicate the fruit, pray for grain harvest. Sacrifices to gods and ancestors were held in the Sanjie Gong Temple, and the whole village men and women, married women and relatives from far away came to participate, grand and warm. Sometimes they also dance Maonan Nuo dance. Nuo dance integrates song, dance, drama and mask. People wear wooden faces on their heads and dance with percussion accompaniment. Now it also carried out a series of folk cultural and sports activities, such as singing, kicking Arab Spring, climbing pole, with the top, with the stick and so on.
The Maonan ethnic group in Guizhou and Guangxi both celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival, but the content and meaning of the festival are different from those of the Han nationality, and the folk name is "Medicine Festival". Maonan people in the mountains, trees, lush vegetation, rich in Chinese herbs. They believe that the Chinese herbs collected on the Dragon Boat Festival are the most powerful. The herbs collected are boiled in a pot, and the children are bathed in herbal water, which can prevent various skin diseases. Every year to the Dragon Boat Festival, Maonan men and women have a clear division of labor, men go up the mountain to find herbs, women do glutinous rice cake at home. The raw material of this glutinous rice cake is made of local dog fart vine and rice (rice and glutinous rice mixture), and after straining the excessive water, it is made into a ball and cooked in a pot. It tastes delicious, and the old man said that eating this glutinous rice cake can prevent disease. Rich rich, this day also eat snake meal, buy flat head wind and mountain wind and other snakes, to the outside with a pot simmering, plus herbs. The old man said that if he ate snake meat and snake soup that day, he would not suffer from sores, rheumatism and other ringworm diseases. Each family also picked maple branches to stick in the front door to drive away all kinds of evil wind poison gas. Guizhou Maonan people also use this festival gathering to sing, young men and women from each village singing folk songs
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Maonan young men and women have the freedom to sing and love, but the marriage is mainly decided by their parents, from blind date, appointment to wedding are carried out under the guidance of their parents. The wedding ceremony of Maonan people is both complicated and unique, and there is something interesting.
Maonan wedding is divided into "female wedding" and "male wedding" two kinds. The "female wedding" is small in scale, the bride price is not much, the procedure is relatively simple, and it is an ordinary farm wedding. "Male wedding" large scale, send a wide range of gifts, the wedding team is relatively large, it contains in addition to the "female wedding" all procedures, there are many pomp, talk about the rich scene, rich families can afford.
There is a marriage custom of "not falling to the husband's home", after the wedding, the newlywed daughter-in-law will go back to her mother's home for a few days, and then be picked up by her husband's family, and only after giving birth to a child will she live in her husband's home for a long time
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After the death of Maonan people, the practice of earth burial, ask the master to "read the sutra funeral." In particular, the funeral of the elderly is generally very solemn, to hold a series of ceremonies before burial
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Yuan Fengchen (1931 ~ 1981) : a native of Huanjiang County, Guangxi. The poet. Member of the Communist Party of China. Joined the work in 1951, successively served as deputy secretary and secretary of Chuanshan District Working Committee of Huanjiang County, Huanjiang County People's Court assistant, judge, vice president, head of the county cultural center, deputy director of the county cultural Bureau. He is a member of the Guangxi Branch of Chinese Writers Association, a member of the Folk Literature Research Association of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, a member of the Guangxi Literary Federation, and a member of the ethnic Literature Committee of the Writers Association Guangxi Branch. His main works include the long narrative poem "Offering Right Side" (in cooperation with Meng Guorong) and the short poem "Brighter Future", "Today's Rice milling machine" and so on. He has sorted out more than 30 Maonan folk stories and more than 500 Maonan folk songs, and published a paper titled "Overview of the Concept of Maonan Folk Literature".
Tan Kesheng (1933 ~) : a native of Huanjiang, Guangxi. Professor of history. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1956. In 1957, after graduating from the Department of History of Central China Normal University, he remained as a teaching assistant, lecturer, associate professor, professor and head of the department of History. He is the author of a Brief History of the Hubei-Henan-Wan-Soviet Area, a History of the Hubei-Henan-Wan-Revolutionary Base Areas, and a Popular Reader of Modern Chinese History.
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