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Zhang Xiluo
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Political scientist Patriotic democrat educator
unfoldTwo entries with the same name
Zhang Xiluo
(1889 - July 18, 1973), written Xi Ruo, since the name Yun, Dali County, Shaanxi Chaoyi town. Early entry
China Tongmeng Association
, Join
Xinhai Revolution
. Leave for the United States
Columbia University
He received a bachelor's degree in 1917 and a master's degree in political science in 1919. After returning to China, he served as Director of Beijing International Publishing Exchange Bureau and Director of Higher Education Department of Graduate School (Ministry of Education).
Central University
,
Tsinghua University
and
Southwest Associated University
Professor and Chairman of the Department of Political Science of the United Nations General Assembly and Tsinghua University; After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Xiluo successively served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Tsinghua University Council, Vice Chairman of the Higher Education Committee of the North China People's Government, a deputy to the first and second National People's Congress, a member of the Central People's Government, a standing member of the First, second and third National Committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and Director of the Committee for Foreign Cultural Relations. President of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs; At the first session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, he was a proposer of the name of the "People's Republic of China".
Although Zhang Xiruo was a famous scholar, he did not write many books in his life, such as The Theory of Sovereignty and the Examination of Social Contract. He has published papers such as "An Examination of Social Contract", "On Sovereignty", "The Source of the French Declaration of Human Rights", "Rousseau and Human Rights", "Evolution of Natural Law", "Overall Westernization and China Standard", and sometimes comments and political opinions. After his death, his writings were compiled into a book
Zhang Xiruo's collected works
It was published by Tsinghua University Press in 1989.
[1]
- Chinese name
- Zhang Xiluo
- alias
- The word Xi if, from the Yun
- nationality
- China
- Ethnic group
- The Han nationality
- Date of birth
- In 1889 ( self-ugliness Years)
- Date of death
- July 18, 1973
- Graduate School
- Columbia University
- Major achievement
-
One of the founders of modern Chinese education
President of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs
It is the proposer of the name of the People's Republic of China - Place of Birth
- Shaanxi Dali
- Representative works
- On Sovereignty , Social contract theory Examination, etc
Zhang Xiruo (center) poses with Xu Zhimo (right) and Jin Yuelin [2]
At the age of 18, Zhang Xiluo went to one of the first modern schools in Shaanxi Province
Hong Dao College
Study, and
Wu Mi
He's a classmate. On account of reading
Zou Rong
's
The revolutionary Army
He was determined to join the revolution. During a student uprising, 19-year-old Zhang Xiruo led the drive away of two vicious Japanese teachers and was forced to leave to attend China's new public School in Shanghai. In Shanghai, Zhang Xiruo met
Yu Youren
Yang Xitang, joined the Tongmenghui, and Song Jiaoren, Huang Xing are very familiar. Yang Xitang saw that this young man was promising, so he betrothed his eldest daughter Yang Jingren to him. Early participation
China Tongmeng Association
Have attended
Xinhai Revolution
.
On the eve of the Xinhai Revolution,
Ibemak
Send Zhang Xi-Ruo to Japan to buy arms, ready to justify. The weapons haven't come back yet,
Wuchang Uprising
It broke out. Soon after, Zhang Xiruo went to Japan again, shipped the ordnance back to Shaanxi, and became a hero of the Xinhai Revolution in Shaanxi. This memory of participating in the Xinhai Revolution was published by Zhang Xiruo in Shanghai in 1947.
Wen Hui Bao
He said that the people's state replaced the Manchu Dynasty, but the difference was that the emperor changed the president and the Shangshu servant became a minister. Later, Zhang Xi-Ruo contrasted his detention with his treatment under the Kuomintang: the Qing army carried him away in a sedan chair, while Chiang did not allow him to speak, concluding that "the reactionaries have fallen worse from generation to generation."
Leave for the United States
Columbia University
I planned to study civil engineering, but my interest in mathematics was not strong, so I studied political science. There are other students at Columbia
Hu Shi
,
Tao Xingzhi
,
Song Ziwen
,
Sunke
,
Jiang Menglin
Zhang Xiluo also met famous logicians here
Jin Yuelin
. He received a master's degree in political science from Columbia University in 1920. In those years, friends often went to the Jin's house to play, and gradually formed a "Saturday party", everyone drank tea and chatted together. The Zhang family's decades-long habit is to have afternoon tea at 4 p.m. every day and entertain friends and visitors. Li Funing, a writer of Western languages, recalled that there was no bread during the Anti-Japanese War, and the afternoon tea in Zhang Zhai was replaced by steamed bread, and there was no butter, so yellow noodle sauce was used instead.
[1]
In 1925, he returned to China and successively served as Director of the International Publications Exchange Bureau of the Ministry of Education, Director of the Higher Education Department, and professor of Central University.
In August 1929, he was recruited as a professor in the political Science Department of the Law School of Tsinghua University.
In June 1932, Zhang Xiruo was there
Tsinghua University
Graduation ceremony
On behalf of the Professor association, he addressed the students and put forward three opinions: "Struggle, continue learning, and endure hard work".
In November 1936, he was in
Independent Review
(Founded by Hu Shi) published the article "Jicha should not consider itself special", which directly angered the most powerful figures in Beiping at that time
Song Zheyuan
It was shut down for several months.
After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Zhang Xizruo also moved west with the school and took up the post
Southwest Associated University
Head, Department of Political Science; During the Anti-Japanese War, he participated in democratic activities and criticized the Kuomintang dictatorship.
On March 1, 1941, Zhang Xi-ruo delivered a speech at the first session of the Second National Political Participation Council, sharply criticizing the corruption and authoritarian rule of the Kuomintang government authorities, which angered Chiang. However, he did not pay any attention, and after speaking, he stormed out. Later, the National Participation Council also sent him a meeting notice and round-trip expenses, he immediately called back: "No politics to discuss, travel expenses returned." He never participated in the National Assembly again.
In 1946, Zhang Xi-Ruo was invited to join
Southwest Associated University
Speaking on the Great lawn in front of the library, he lashed out at the reactionary authorities, saying: "The political disease in China now is that the political power is monopolized by some ignorant, very stupid, extremely corrupt, extremely reactionary and very authoritarian political groups."
In 1947,
Tsinghua Weekly
Asked Zhang Xi Ruo to write an inscription for the 36th anniversary of the school, he wrote with a brush: "Knowledge should be focused on the big picture, otherwise it is profound and small skills."
In 1949, he attended the first Plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served successively
Central people's government
Member, Deputy Director of the Political and Legal Affairs Committee of the Government Administration Council, Minister of Education, Director of the Foreign Cultural Liaison Committee, President of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs, etc. He was a deputy to the 1st to 4th National People's Congress and a member of the Standing Committee of the 1st to 4th CPPCC National Committee.
On June 21, 1949, at the first meeting of the Preparatory meeting of the New Political Consultative Conference, when discussing the name of the new China, Mr. Zhang Xiruo, a famous patriotic democrat, proposed to take "the People's Republic of China" as the name of the country. On September 27, the first Plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference adopted the name of New China proposed by Mr. Zhang Xiluo, and wrote this name into the"
Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
".
Zhang Xiluo
In September 1952, Zhang Xiruoji
Ma Xulun
Later, he served as the second Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China and made great achievements in the development of education. A lot of work has been done in implementing the Party's educational policy, carrying out patriotic education, civic education, labor education, improving the curriculum and academic system, promoting Mandarin, and formulating
Code of Practice for Pupils
Let's wait.
In September 1954, he attended
The First National People's Congress
After the first meeting, he was elected to the second and third National People's Congress.
On May 1, 1957, during the rectification movement, he spoke to the then
Work of the Party and the government
Put forward: "eager for success, quick success, negate the past, superstitious future" evaluation. On July 13, the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee invited all democratic parties and patriots without party affiliation to a discussion to help rectification. Zhang Xi-Ruo at the meeting analyzed the party in the work produced
subjectivism
,
sectarianism
and
bureaucracy
The root of.
1958年1月28日第十四次最高国务会议上毛曾引用他的说法，虽然不满意，又认为“张奚若是个好人”。
He died in Beijing on July 18, 1973, at the age of 84.
张奚若（3排右3）与毛泽东等合影
In 1936, he published an article in the Independent Review, denouncing the ambiguous attitude of the local authorities suspected of blackmail and self-respect, and the Independent Review was immediately suspended.
During the Anti-Japanese War, he was one of the four people (the other three were Qian Duansheng, Luo Longji and Zhou Binglin) who Chiang Kai-shek was most afraid of standing up for questioning.
在重庆谈判时期，他与钱端升、朱自清、吴之椿、闻一多等联大十位教授联名致电蒋介石和毛泽东，要求停止内战、实现国内和平。
In 1946, he gave a speech on the theme of "Abolishing one-party dictatorship, abolishing individual dictatorship", which caused a huge response.
In 1948, along with Zhu Ziqing and Wu Han, he signed a statement supporting the refusal to buy cheap flour from the United States and the return of purchase permits, and actively participated in the "anti-civil war, anti-hunger, and anti-persecution" movement.
[1]
Throughout his life, Zhang Xiruo has always taken the welfare of all the people as the central goal, maintained a righteous and honest style, integrated with scholars and scholars, focused on the general situation, and made contributions to social services.
Portrait of Mr. Zhang Xi-Ruo
Zhang Xiluo believes that learning is not so simple, research should be encouraged, failure should be tolerated, and the practice of quick success must be opposed. "Scholarship is about investing, giving time to a group of people to do research, even if only a few of them can actually contribute," he said. He is very strict in teaching requirements, so his classes have a characteristic: "good in class, not good in class." In class, he praised and criticized the people and events involved, and the voice of the lecture was also sometimes high and sometimes low; But after class, students have to read reference books according to his requirements, which is a heavy homework. Because he does not advocate reading more textbooks, but pays special attention to reading the original works of thinkers, such as
Plato
The Republic,
Rousseau
The Social Contract is a must read.
If Zhang Xi did not write easily, there were not many works left, but his published articles such as "An Examination of Social Contract", "The Theory of Sovereignty", "Rousseau and Human Rights", and "Evolution of Natural Law" had a great social impact at that time. jurist
Wang Tieya
Recalling the feeling of reading Zhang Xi-Ruo's article on the Source of the French Declaration of Human Rights in 1931, he said, "That is really a rare good article", even after decades, its value is still very precious.
Please get rid of Chiang Kai-shek
Zhang Xiluo is in Kunming
At the beginning of his speech, he said: "At present, the political power in China is monopolized by some ignorant, very stupid, extremely corrupt, extremely reactionary and very authoritarian political groups." Zhang Xi-Ruo went on to say: "In the newspaper on the road often see the term 'red bandits', if the Communist Party can be called' red bandits', I think the Kuomintang can be called 'white bandits'." In fact, the word 'white' is too good, too clean, they are simply 'black bandits'!" He also made a remark to the Kuomintang government: "Say all the good things, and do the bad things." Therefore, a bright future for China can only be achieved by abolishing the one-party dictatorship of the Kuomintang
Chiang Kai-shek
A personal dictatorship. He said, "For the sake of the country and for the sake of Chiang Kai-shek himself, Chiang should step down." If I have a chance to see Mr. Jiang, I will tell him to resign. It was a polite remark. To put it bluntly, he is asked to go away!"
[3]
As a member of the National Council, in numerous meetings of the National Council, Zhang Xi Ruohe
Qian Duansheng
,
Rolonki
,
Zhou Binglin
Together, Chiang Kai-shek became the most afraid of standing up for questioning. In Mr. Cho's words, "These four professors, although they have different political positions, all hate corruption, dictatorship, strive for democracy, and are familiar with Western democratic procedures." There is an old Chinese saying that "when a scholar meets a soldier, it is hard to explain the reason", but it is not completely applicable in the national political participation meeting attended by Zhang Xiruo and Qian Duansheng.
Zhang Xi-Ruo's second famous denunciation of the Nationalist government and Chiang Kai-shek was in 1939. During a meeting of the National Political Participation Council of the Republic of China, which Chiang Kai-shek also attended, Zhang Xi-Ruo made a speech in front of Chiang Kai-shek criticizing the corruption and dictatorship of the Kuomintang, and said many fierce words.
Embarrassed, Chiang Kai-shek interrupted his speech and said, "Suggestions are welcome, but don't be too harsh!" In a rage, Mr. Zhang Xi-ruo swept his arms and left, never to attend the political council again.
When the next meeting of the political participation Committee was held, the national government did not forget him and sent him the travel expenses and notice for the meeting, and Mr. Zhang Xiluo immediately replied with a letter: "There is no political participation, the travel expenses are returned."
[2]
Name a country
On June 15, 1949, the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee of the New CPPCC was held in Beijing, and Zhang Xiruo attended the meeting as a professor of democracy. In the course of the discussion of the various groups, the issue of the national title of New China was quite heated. The term "People's Democratic Republic of China" has been proposed, while the term "People's Republic of China" has been proposed.
After much deliberation, Zhang decided that it would be better to use the name "People's Republic of China". "We are," said Zhang
The people's democratic dictatorship
The concept of the regime and the people has already expressed the meaning of democracy; there is no need to repeat the word 'democracy'."
After repeated discussions, the delegates agreed that Zhang's proposal was good and agreed that the name of New China would be the People's Republic of China.
Don't study politics to become an official
Zhang Xiluo
At the beginning of the semester of the Southwest United University, he poured cold water on the freshmen, if you came to the political science department to become an official, you are looking for the wrong place. If you want to be a scholar, I can honestly tell you that four years will not produce a scholar. You study for a few years, you can get some basic knowledge and reading methods, and you can continue to study after graduation.
Zhang Xiruo repeatedly told students that studying political science should not be for the sake of becoming an official, but should aspire to be a social reformer as the best policy, aspire to be a decent political scholar as the middle policy, if these two can not be, they should be an ordinary person, and seek an official as the worst policy. He also said that political science should learn more about society, speak out for justice, and adhere to the purpose of serving the society. Zhang Xiruo's famous sentence is that knowledge should be focused on the far distance, or profound is also a small skill.
[2]
