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Solar power station
Odejo solar power station in France
The French Odejo Solar Power Station is the first solar power station in the world to achieve solar power generation. Although the power generation was only 64 kilowatts, it laid the foundation for the later research and design of solar power plants.
- Chinese name
- Solar power station
- Substitute representation
- Odejo solar power station in France
- Application area
- Gansu (Province) , Shandong, Jiangsu (Province)
- assembly
- Solar cell Components, controllers
The earliest solar thermal power generation demonstration power station in China is the 70kW tower solar thermal power generation test project in Nanjing Jiangning District, which was completed in 2005 and successfully generated electricity. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, in
National 863 Program
With the support of the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other 10 units in Beijing Badaling began the construction of 1MW solar tower thermal power generation experiment project, which is the first solar tower thermal power generation technology application project in Asia. The plant was connected to the grid at the end of 2010 and has an annual generating capacity of 2.7 million KWH.
Local governments in Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, etc., have begun to prepare for the construction of solar thermal power generation projects and formulate corresponding plans. The largest domestic project is the Inner Mongolia 50 MW trough solar thermal power generation project, which is located in Balagong entrepreneurial Zone, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, and began bidding in June 2011. Major power groups have also begun to actively layout, carrying out preliminary work for solar thermal power generation across the country, and reserving a large amount of land for large-scale expansion in the future.
In 1982, the United States built a 10 million kilowatt tower solar thermal intermediate test power station. The United States plans to have solar power stations by 2000
[1]
The total installed capacity will reach 40 million kilowatts. In 2000 and 2020, the percentage of electricity produced in total energy will be 7 percent and 25 percent. Because the photothermal converter (condenser) needs to occupy a larger space for lighting and heating, the equipment is too large to the United States
California
Plan to build a 10,000 kilowatt power generation equipment, for example, light collection device up to 400,000 square meters, 2 million kilowatts, it needs to cover an area of 50 square kilometers. It is estimated that the efficiency of large solar power plants is only about 30%. In addition, solar power stations also need to deal with the night and cloudy days of electricity needs of the accumulator, and the required condenser cost is more expensive, poor power generation economy, therefore, affecting the widespread promotion and application.
Located in the Mojave Desert on the border of California and Nevada
Ivanpah Solar power Station
It is the largest solar power station in the world, covering 8 square kilometers. The plant opened in March 2017.
[2]
China's largest solar power station will be built in a desert west of Dunhuang city in Gansu province.
The 10-megawatt solar power plant is the third solar power demonstration project approved by the Chinese government, the other two being the 255-kilowatt Ordos project in Inner Mongolia and the 1-megawatt Chongming Island project in Shanghai.
And this will be in March 20, 2009 public tender of 10 megawatts, investment in only 500 million projects has attracted 50 photovoltaic companies in the country to compete. "There are five major state-owned power generation groups such as Huaneng and Huadian, as well as private companies such as Wuxi Suntech, and even foreign companies from Germany and Denmark."
Dunhuang project adoption
franchise
In the way, the NDRC has a series of policies to ensure the project's profitable prospects. "This project may be developed for the next step of the country
Photovoltaic power generation
Provide the basis for policy. Whoever gets the program will have a first-mover advantage in terms of policy and experience in the future." The industry said that the completion of this project may really activate the domestic market of photovoltaic power generation and change the pattern of its two ends outside.
principle
Solar power system
It mainly includes:
Solar cell module
, controller, battery,
inverter
, load, etc. Among them,
Solar cell module
The storage battery is the power supply system, the controller and inverter are the control and protection system, and the load is the system terminal.
1.
Solar cell module
The solar cell module is the core part of the power generation system, and its role is to directly convert the radiant energy of the sun into direct current for load use or storage in the battery for backup. Generally according to user needs, will several
Solar panel
Connected in a certain way, composed
Solar cell array
(array), and then equipped with an appropriate bracket and junction box to form a solar cell module.
2.
Charge controller
In the solar power generation system, the basic role of the charging controller is to provide the best charging current and voltage for the battery, quickly, smoothly and efficiently charge the battery, and reduce the loss during the charging process and extend the service life of the battery as far as possible; At the same time, protect the battery to avoid the occurrence of overcharge and overdischarge. Advanced controller can simultaneously record and display a variety of important system data, such as charging current, voltage, etc. Main functions of the controller are as follows:
(1) Overcharge protection to avoid damage to the battery due to high charging voltage.
(2) Overdischarge protection to avoid battery damage due to discharge to too low voltage.
(3) Anti-reverse function to avoid battery and
Solar panel
Because of the positive and negative electrode connection can not be used or even cause accidents.
(4) Lightning protection function to avoid damage to the entire system due to lightning strikes.
(5) Temperature compensation is mainly for places with large temperature differences to ensure that the battery is in the best charging effect.
(6) The timing function controls the working time of the load to avoid energy waste.
(7) Overcurrent protection When the load is too large or short circuit, automatically cut off the load to ensure the safe operation of the system.
(8) Overheat protection When the working temperature of the system is too high, it will automatically stop the power supply to the load, and automatically resume normal work after the fault is removed.
(9) Automatic identification voltage For different system operating voltages, automatic identification, no additional setting.
3.
Rechargeable battery
The function of the battery is to
Solar cell array
Direct current is emitted and stored for load use. In the photovoltaic power generation system, the battery is in a state of floating charge and discharge. During the day, the solar cell array charges the battery, while the array returns the load electricity, and the load electricity is all supplied by the battery at night. Therefore, the self-discharge of the battery is required to be small, and the charging efficiency is high, and factors such as price and convenience of use are also considered.
4.
inverter
The vast majority of electrical appliances, such as fluorescent lamps, television sets, refrigerators, electric fans and the vast majority of power machinery are working with alternating current, in order to work normally with such electrical appliances, solar power generation systems need to convert direct current into alternating current, with this function
Power electronic equipment
It's called an inverter. The inverter also has automatic voltage regulation function, which can improve the power supply quality of the photovoltaic power generation system.
Calculation method
The following takes 100W output power and 6 hours a day as an example to introduce the calculation method:
1. First of all, the watt-hours consumed per day (including the loss of the inverter) should be calculated: if the conversion efficiency of the inverter is 90%, when the output power is 100W, the actual output power should be 100W/90%=111W; If used for 5 hours per day, the power consumption is 111W*5 hours =555Wh.
Step 2 Calculate
Solar panel
According to the daily effective sunshine time of 6 hours, and taking into account the charging efficiency and loss during the charging process, the output power of the solar panel should be 555Wh/6h/70%=130W. 70% of this is the actual power used by solar panels during the charging process.
3. Choice of charging controller: 130W solar panel its maximum output current is 7.7A. Therefore, you should choose a charging controller with a charging current of at least 8A.
4. Battery selection: If 12V battery is used, the discharge depth is 50%, 555Wh/12V/50%=90Ah battery should be used; If a 24V battery is selected, the capacity of the battery should be 555Wh/24V/50%=45Ah.
Estimation and detection
Solar cell
Rated output power
with
Conversion efficiency
Generally speaking, the higher the conversion efficiency of the unit area of the battery module, the greater its output power. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is generally between 14 and 17%, and the output power of the cells per square centimeter is 14 to 16mW per square meter
Solar cell module
The output power is about 120WP.
Solar cell module
Special testing equipment is required for testing under standard conditions. Because the detection equipment is very expensive, the general detection method is: the use of tungsten iodide lamp or incandescent lamp, simulate sunlight, compare the sample for comparative testing, mainly detect its open circuit voltage and short circuit current, pay attention to control the temperature when testing, can not exceed 25℃.
Basic calculation formula
Power = voltage X current (W=UI) Power consumption = Power X time (Q=Wh)
Power generation needs attention
Solar photovoltaic power generation
Need to consider a variety of factors, only after mastering the accurate information, in order to determine the installation of the panel, the minimum power, specifications (solar panel daily effective power generation must be too much power consumption of the load) and battery capacity, performance and control mode. Make the product to achieve the best cost performance. If the estimation of relevant factors is wrong, it will directly affect the performance and cost of independent photovoltaic power generation system.
(1) Geographical location of the site.
Include: location, latitude, longitude, altitude, etc.
(2) Meteorological conditions of the installation site.
Including: monthly total solar radiation, direct radiation (or percentage of sunshine), annual average temperature, the longest continuous rainy days, maximum wind speed and hail, snow and other special meteorological conditions.
(3) Maximum load capacity.
Including: load daily working time and average power consumption, continuous rainy days need to work time.
(4) Load power characteristics
Since the output current of the solar array is DC, if the load is AC, it needs to be converted by the inverter to work normally, so that the energy loss of the solar energy supply load will increase, and the required solar cells will increase, resulting in the cost of the solar power supply system.
(5) AC load on the power requirements
Ac loads in addition need greater
Solar panel
In addition, the requirements for the inverter will also vary depending on the load. Generally speaking, pure resistive loads such as electric heating wires have low requirements for inverters, and ordinary modified wave inverters can be used. The TV and motor have relatively high requirements for power supply, and the inverter power and output characteristics are required to be high, and a high-power sine wave inverter is required to ensure that the load can work normally without interference. Different load requirements, the cost is also different.
(6) Use restrictions
Due to some countries and regions, there are specific environmental requirements for batteries, especially nickel-cadmium batteries are strictly restricted in Europe and the United States, and lead-acid batteries will also be restricted in transportation, which will lead to the increase in the cost of solar photovoltaic products.
General requirements of the product
(1) Waterproof, hail and wind proof.
normal
Solar panel
adopt
Tempered glass
Package, the outer frame is packaged with aluminum alloy, which can effectively resist hail attacks, and the installation is fixed with metal brackets, which can resist the wind of more than 10.
(2) Sun protection and anti-freezing.
Generally, there are ventilation and heat dissipation Windows to facilitate the heat dissipation of the battery. For particularly cold areas in winter, the battery uses anti-freezing colloidal batteries.
(3) Control protection
In order to maximize the service life of the panels and batteries, there are generally anti-backcharge, overcharge, overdischarge protection circuit control to avoid damage to the panels and batteries premature aging.
(4) Parts selection
Due to the different use environments of solar photovoltaic products, the temperature difference is large, so the working temperature range of the parts is required to be wide.
(5) Maintenance
The solar cell power generation system has no moving parts, is not easy to damage, and its maintenance is also very easy. However, it is also necessary to do regular maintenance, otherwise it may affect normal use and even shorten the service life.
Generally speaking, the inclination of the solar panel array should be more than 30 degrees, all dust can be washed by rain and clean itself, in the large area of wind and sand, should often remove dust, keep the surface of the array clean, so as not to affect the power generation. Dust can be wiped off when cleaning, when conditions can be cleaned with water, and then dry with a clean cloth. Do not wash and wipe with corrosive solvents or hard objects. Periodically check the tightness of all installed components. In case of abnormal weather such as hail, wind and rainstorm, protective measures should be taken in time. Often check the charge and discharge of the battery, and observe whether the electrode or connection has corrosion or poor contact at any time.
In some simple systems, the power consumption should be controlled according to the energy storage situation to prevent the battery from being damaged due to overdischarge. Any abnormal situation should be inspected and repaired immediately.
Application needs clear questions
1. Solar cell peak power
A common problem is that as long as there is sunlight, you can output rated power, 100WP peak power, if in ordinary lighting conditions, irradiation for 10 hours, you can generate 1000WH, that is, 1 KWH of electricity, in fact, the peak solar power WP is under standard conditions: Radiation intensity 1000W/m, atmospheric quality AM1.5, battery temperature 25℃ under the condition of solar cell output power. (This condition is about the same as the sun illumination conditions around noon on normal sunny days.) According to the lighting conditions in Guangdong, the standard illumination time is about 3.3~3.5 hours. In rainy days, solar cells can also produce a certain amount of energy, its power is about 5-15% of the rated power
2. Solar power loss
Commonly mistaken for:
Solar cell module
The daily output will be fully utilized by the load. In fact, there is a considerable loss of solar module installation, about 15~20%, charging, discharging process, the loss is about 20%, if there is an inverter, the loss is more than 10%, in general, the solar power utilization rate is about 50%. In short, all energy conversion processes must follow the law of conservation of energy, and it will never be created out of nothing, nor will it be used 100%.
3. How to reduce solar power loss
In general, in order to reduce the loss as much as possible, the following measures are often taken:
(1)
Solar cell module
Tilt, and light into a vertical Angle, the general Guangdong area tilt 35 to 40 degrees.
(2) All components of the solar cell open circuit voltage, short circuit current, working voltage, working current and other parameters
The number should be as consistent as possible, and the connecting cable should be as thick and short as possible.
(3) If the battery is used in series, the internal resistance of all units is as consistent as possible and as small as possible.
(4) In order to reduce the loss between the lines, if conditions permit, as far as possible to use a high voltage, low current scheme, so that the line to withstand the current as small as possible, thereby reducing the loss. In the design of the control circuit, as far as possible, the use of highly integrated and stable components.
Benefit comparison
With the increasingly poor resources of the earth, the investment cost of basic energy is increasing, and various safety and pollution risks are everywhere. Solar energy as a "inexhaustible, inexhaustible" safe, environmental protection of new energy more and more attention. In this way, solar lighting products along
Solar water heater
After the popularization should be born, here we are
Solar lamp
Compared with the effect of using mains lamps.
* Contrast one
Complex installation of mains lighting fixtures: there are complex operating procedures in the mains lighting project. First of all, cables must be laid, and a large number of basic projects such as the excavation of cable trenches, laying of hidden pipes, threading in tubes, and backfilling must be carried out here. Then for a long period of installation and commissioning, if any line has a problem, it is necessary to rework a large area. Moreover, terrain and route requirements are complex, and labor and auxiliary materials are costly.
Solar lamp
Easy to install:
Solar lamp
When installing, do not lay complex lines, just make a cement base, and then use
Stainless steel screw
Just fix it.
* Contrast two
High electricity costs for mains lighting fixtures: there are fixed high electricity costs in the work of mains lighting fixtures, which should be maintained or replaced continuously on lines and other configurations for a long time, and the maintenance cost is increasing year by year.
Solar lighting free electricity: Solar lighting is a one-time investment, long-term benefits, low maintenance costs.
* Contrast three
Mains lighting has safety hazards: mains lighting fixtures are due to construction quality and landscape engineering
The transformation of the process, aging of materials, abnormal power supply, and conflict of water and electric pipelines bring many security risks.
Solar lighting has no safety risks:
Solar lamp
Other advantages of ultra-low pressure products, safe and reliable operation of solar lighting: green environmental protection, for the development and promotion of noble ecological communities to add new selling points; Sustainably reduce property management costs and reduce owners' shared share of costs. In summary, the solar lighting safety without hidden dangers, energy saving without consumption, green environmental protection, easy installation, automatic control maintenance-free.
home
Photovoltaic power station
From the project - design - construction -
Grid-connected operation
The whole process, and with explanation. In view of how to effectively control costs and improve yields is the core concern of investors, the first phase of the construction cost of photovoltaic power plant investment project naturally becomes the focus. As a long-term operational investment project, the reliability of the overall photovoltaic power generation system for 25 years of stable operation should be paid more attention.
