Domestic trade refers to domestic trade, in Domestic trading company Buy the goods and then supply To another larger trading company, and finally the big trading company directly to the buyer Trading And then small trading companies eat the middle.

Chinese name: Domestic trade
Foreign name: Domestic trade

unscramble: Domestic trade
nature: economy
Domestic trade process: First of all, the supply and demand side is determined

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Characteristic introduction

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The most common trading company is the "seam" company, which is the earliest Bag company . Domestic trade, relative to the distinction between domestic and foreign trade should be subject to the customs, such as out of the customs, is foreign trade.

in Domestic transport Doesn't mean you can't get out of customs Bonded area , export processing zones or Bonded warehouse You need to declare.

Domestic trade process

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I. Determination of supply and demand parties

1, understand the full name of the supply and demand party, registration place, contact number, Enterprise legal person , registered capital amount, business reputation and other necessary information and materials

2. Understand the production and operation of the supply and demand side, and investigate whether it has the supply/purchase ability

Ii. Transaction negotiation

1. After further negotiation with both parties, determine the price of the goods, quantity requirements, mode of transportation, rights and obligations of the supply and demand parties

2. Draft intentionality agreement

3. Confirmation by both parties

4, enterprise internal audit

5. Develop supervision plans

3. Sign the contract

Determine the mode of cooperation with both parties, the mode of payment, various rights and obligations, the validity period of the contract, Liability for breach

Iv. Transportation

1, according to the actual situation of trade, choose the appropriate mode of transport.

2, compare the price, credit to select the appropriate transport unit

3. Sign Contract of carriage of goods

4. Important items can be covered by insurance companies

5. Capital demand analysis

1. Correctly reflect the price, payment method and tax rate

2, a comprehensive and correct reflection of fixed costs

3. Calculate the total cost and after-tax profit, and put forward the capital demand plan

6. Settlement methods and financial supervision

1, timely reconciliation, accounting, ensure receivable, Accounts payable Correctness of

2. Implement financial supervision

3. Make accounts in time according to the actual time of each expense

Status quo problem

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Status of domestic trade promotion policies

Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, the Chinese government has gradually liberalized the operation and management of domestic trade. At present, the main work of the Ministry of Commerce and domestic trade administrative departments around the country is to promote the healthy development of domestic trade. The promotion policies formulated mainly include the following six aspects:

1. Promoting domestic trade Diversification of investment subjects

Before 1978, the main body of the circulation of materials, commerce and grain industries was basically state-owned enterprises, and the main body of investment was the central government and local governments, and the proportion of collective nature was not large. Supply and marketing cooperative Although it is Collective economy But its operation and management are basically no different from state business. After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, the state encourages and supports the collective economy, Joint-stock economy , Individual economy The channels of domestic trade investment and financing have been greatly increased and broadened, and the domestic trade and investment system has basically completed the transformation from the planned mode to the market mode, and the investment body has undergone fundamental changes, developing from the government as a single investment body to a diversified investment body.

The change of domestic trade and investment system has basically formed a situation of coexistence of various forms of ownership in China's materials, commerce, grain, supply and marketing systems. in State-owned capital There are advances and retreats Strategic adjustment Most of the state-owned domestic trade smes have withdrawn from the market, while large and medium-sized state-owned circulation enterprises are proceeding Modern enterprise system The reform, reorganization and merger formed a number of relatively powerful enterprise groups. Joint-stock enterprises will become the main form of realization of state-owned enterprises. Individual commerce A large number of private enterprises have emerged, and many have developed into large-scale enterprises with considerable assets, and gradually become the main force of investment in the domestic trade circulation industry. The vigorous development of private economy has brought prosperity and vitality to China's circulation industry.

(2) Increase investment in domestic trade infrastructure

Although the investment mechanism of China's domestic trade is becoming more and more market-oriented, the government still makes necessary investments in the infrastructure related to the development of domestic trade. Mainly invest in related to the national economy and people's livelihood, safeguard national economic security, can produce positive external effects Public goods Such as grain storage, disaster relief material storage, as well as large agricultural and sideline product circulation facilities, socialization Logistics distribution center , public information network and E-commerce platform Let's wait. The government's guided investment in circulation facilities has attracted rapid growth in private investment.

Even government-funded infrastructure is increasingly market-driven. For example, further reform and improvement of the national reserve sugar, meat system, while maintaining the national reserve sugar focus on regulating the market, will State reserve meat The focus of regulation was changed from protecting big cities and holidays to emergency disaster relief, and new measures were implemented in accordance with the principle of market-oriented operation. A number of national live animal reserve bases have been announced; To the whole society to openly collect qualified national storage sugar and national storage meat storage points.

In addition to direct investment in infrastructure, other major financial assistance methods and means are (1) equity participation. It is mainly used in large and medium-sized joint-stock enterprises to promote the institutional innovation and development of state-owned domestic trade enterprises Management mechanism Shift. (2) Financial subsidies. right Urban suburb Commercial renovation projects and service industries in need of support shall take the form of direct subsidies. (3) Reward: Reward leading enterprises' demonstration and science and technology projects, and the establishment and operation of commercial facilities in remote and ethnic minority areas.

3. Attracting foreign investment and continuously opening up the domestic trade sector

The business field of our country began to open to the outside world in 1992; Since 1999, the pilot opening of the retail industry has been extended from coastal areas to all provincial capitals and central cities, and foreign investors are allowed to enter the wholesale sector of the municipality. On December 11, 2001, China officially joined the WTO, and foreign capital entered China in stages according to the quantity and geographical restrictions; Since December 2004, all restrictions on foreign investment in the retail sector have been lifted. International famous business groups enter our country, not only provide funds for the commercial development of our country, but also bring us advanced marketing concepts, management experience and advanced technology in circulation, and bring all kinds of advanced Mode of operation Has promoted our country's circulation modernization. Multinational companies set up procurement centers in our country, which promotes the development of our manufacturing industry to a certain extent.

4. Promoting the transformation of state-owned domestic trade enterprises Management mechanism , establish Modern enterprise system

Under the guidance of the national pilot policy, the reform of the domestic trade industry has made great progress. Restructuring PROCESS FOCUSES ON GUIDING DOMESTIC TRADE ENTERPRISES TO LEARN AND INTRODUCE THE ADVANCED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES, EXPLORE THE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MODE SUITABLE FOR OUR DOMESTIC TRADE CONDITIONS ACCORDING TO OUR DOMESTIC TRADE DEVELOPMENT REALITY.

At present Wholly state-owned The transformation of commercial enterprises has basically been completed, with state-owned holding enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises Three parts of the world . In the retail sector, state-owned companies are exiting faster. But generally speaking, in the field of domestic trade, state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises still occupy a certain proportion. Large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises to Reform of property rights system As the core, establish Modern enterprise system The reform of China is going on in depth, and this reform includes Enterprise organization form and Management mechanism The transformation, it is the foundation of business management. Many domestic trade enterprises have boldly explored and established a distinctive, relatively scientific and reasonable management system in practice. Changsha Apollo Corporation Three replacements are implemented in the transformation: replacement of employee identity, Equity replacement And mechanism replacement. After the identity replacement, the employee becomes the master (shareholder); After the replacement of property rights, the sole proprietorship of the state becomes a state-owned holding stock; Under the condition of shareholding system and cooperative system, the replacement of the mechanism has been completed, which provides a prerequisite for the reform of enterprise management.

(5) Promote asset restructuring in the domestic trade industry and cultivate large domestic trade enterprise groups

Since 2000, domestic trade enterprises began to reorganize assets, combine strong and strong, and become bigger and stronger, and a number of business groups appeared. It is formed by the merger of four major business groups including Shanghai Materials, Shanghai 100, Hualian and Shanghai Friendship Bailian Group With a registered capital of 1 billion yuan, total assets of 28 billion yuan, and annual sales revenue of nearly 70 billion yuan, it has six major listed companies and more than 4,000 operating outlets in more than 20 provinces and autonomous regions across the country, basically covering all forms of business in the field of commerce and trade. In April 2004 Beijing Tourism Group , Quanjude Group and New Yansa Holding Company merged into "Beijing Capital Tourism Group Limited company ", the famous trademark of the enterprise shall be retained as a brand after reorganization Beijing Tourism Group The total assets under control will exceed 15 billion yuan, the total annual operating income will be nearly 10 billion yuan, and the annual profit will exceed 600 million yuan. In addition, Beijing Wumart Group plans to spend three years to invest in the transformation of 1,000 state-owned enterprises in Tianjin Commercial network . There's also in the reorganization Equity purchase The form, such as Shandong Sanlian successful acquisition" Zheng Baiwen In 2003, the company's shares were listed again.

In order to further deepen the reform of circulation enterprises under the new situation and accelerate the cultivation of large companies and groups with international competitiveness in the circulation field, in 2004, the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the "Outline of Reform and Development of Circulation Industry" to provide guidance to large circulation enterprises Merger and reorganization Relevant provisions have been made on issues that may be involved.

The main practice of promoting the development of domestic trade

(1) Incorporating the development of domestic circulation into local economic development strategies

In recent years, many places in the formulation of local economic development strategy to promote the development of domestic circulation as a key content, the more typical is Shanghai and Shanghai Dalian City .

Shanghai is a leading metropolis in China's comprehensive competitiveness. Since the 1990s, Shanghai has established the development strategy of "one leader, four centers" and the industrial policy of "three, two, one". As an important part of the tertiary industry, the domestic trade circulation industry has entered different stages of development with the urban economic growth. Marked by large-scale chain operation, in the early 1990s, when the per capita GDP exceeded $1,500, it began to develop chain supermarkets. In the mid and late 1990s, when the per capita GDP reached 3,000 US dollars, the scale of chain business was further promoted; At the beginning of the 21st century, Shanghai's per capita GDP reached $4,500, and chain operations extended to more formats. According to the strategic plan for Shanghai's urban development, Shanghai will be built into an international economic, financial, trade and shipping center by 2015. To adapt to this strategy, the main contents of domestic trade work are: developing and improving the commercial function of the city; Meet" Yangtze River Delta Metropolitan area Regional market The requirements of integration promotion: strengthen the gathering and radiation functions of circulation; Adjust and improve the functional layout of urban consumer service industry; Actively promote the opening up and interactive development of business; Further support and promote the development of small and medium-sized commercial enterprises; We will vigorously promote commercial technology application and innovation.

Dalian is the window to the northeast. In its economic development plan, the Dalian Municipal government takes the promotion of domestic trade development as an important content and proposes to seize it Revitalize the old industrial bases in northeast China This opportunity to carry out large-scale industrial joint. To realize the goal of "you enter my retail market, I enter your sales network" in the opening of business, make Dalian products more enter the global purchasing and sales network of international chain groups, participate in the international circulation, and drive large-scale production with the circulation, actively support the mutual extension and mutual penetration of business and trade industry and related industries, and promote the combination of business and industry, business and agriculture, and business travel. We will promote production through circulation, promote circulation through production, and constantly open up new areas of production, operation and service. At present, the international well-known chain business group Wal-Mart, Carrefour , Parkson The company has set up shop in Dalian, and its regional headquarters and procurement center are also located in Dalian.

(2) Implement a reasonable urban commercial layout

Most cities in our country can base City size Planning three-level commercial centers with population and economic development to make the distribution of retail formats balanced and reasonable. The commercial layout of larger cities is generally composed of three business circles, such as the central business district, regional business center and community business. The larger the city scale and the higher the degree of economic development of the big city, the more distinctive the characteristics of this hierarchical business district. The agglomeration effect and radiation effect of the central business district are obvious, and a number of large stores, famous stores, specialty stores and specialty stores are concentrated mainly in large department stores, which have modern facilities, rich commodities and large passenger flow. Regional commercial centers are several levels outside the city's central business district Business circle . The business district is not limited to the limitations of geographical and administrative blocks, but is an economic geographical concept composed of the regional scope of the consumer groups of services. The regional commercial center is mainly served by large and medium-sized department stores, large comprehensive supermarkets, professional markets for building materials, lighting, clothing, flowers, storage markets, wholesale and retail markets for daily necessities, wholesale and retail markets for agricultural products and other commercial facilities. It serves the economic zone Permanent resident , Group consumption Units and some consumers outside the area. Community commerce It mainly serves the residents of the community, the radiation is limited, by a variety of small shops as the main body, operating life services to meet the daily needs of nearby residents.

In recent years, there has been a new trend in the development of commercial districts in many big cities: in the function development of urban commercial districts, the single function of pure commercial districts has developed to the compound function of commercial and business districts. The construction of urban business district pays more attention to humanistic connotation and green environmental protection, and strives to reflect the value concept of people-oriented and sustainable development.

3. Vigorously promote modern circulation organizations such as chain operation

Beijing and Shanghai have developed the fastest and are in a leading position in the country. Shanghai has implemented the transformation of tens of thousands of small commercial retail stores in the style of chain convenience stores, and adopted the method of taking shares. Each store is equipped with a computer and a telephone, and the information is sent to the distribution center when the goods are needed. The distribution center delivers the goods according to their requirements and time, and has achieved remarkable social benefits. Improve the satisfaction of residents. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Commerce With Beijing National Development and Reform Commission Jointly formulated the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the development of chain Operation", the joint document solves the problem of "unified tax payment" long called for by chain enterprises, and stipulates that the headquarters of chain enterprises can uniformly handle the annual inspection procedures online and pay uniformly Enterprise income tax . In the development of small and medium-sized supermarket chains in districts (counties), Beijing also supports policies and gives loans. Supermarket Fa, Wumart and other large chain enterprises in the urban and suburban rapid distribution, rapid development, in their development to absorb the society Capital fund mainly Personal investment And solved the employment of some urban personnel, arranged a certain number of migrant workers in Beijing.

4. Explore rural markets and improve the circulation of agricultural products

In promoting domestic trade in rural areas, local governments have mainly done the following: First, to help the rural masses develop the rural economy, do everything possible to increase their income and increase their purchasing power. The second is to focus on the life and production needs of the majority of farmers, and organize commercial enterprises to provide marketable products that the farmers need and can afford Agricultural means of production And daily industrial products, while doing a good job in accordance with national policies to purchase agricultural products. The third is to deepen the reform of the rural market circulation system, do a good job in county and township circulation, and form a circulation network in various forms. Implement in some places Integration of production, supply and marketing , Company plus farmer The new production and circulation mode of agricultural products, such as company plus base, improve the marketization degree of agricultural product production and sales, and increase the scientific and technological content and added value of agricultural products. Fourth, according to the characteristics of "one place production and national consumption" of agricultural products and fresh commodities, which are not easy to store, keep and transport, the transportation time should be shortened as much as possible and the circulation links should be reduced. Fifth, establish a wholesale market system for agricultural and sideline products. The wholesale market of agricultural and sideline products is an important facility for the circulation of agricultural and sideline products, and its outlets and scale have developed considerably in recent years.

3. Major problems in domestic trade promotion

China has long practiced the state monopoly of foreign trade. In the era of planned economy, due to the special status of foreign trade, the state in Right of import and export , quota Many concessions were granted in respect of, licenses, loans and so on. Only since the 1990s, with the deepening of the reform of the foreign trade system, the pattern of foreign trade monopoly has gradually changed. However, in general, the traditional phenomenon of "heavy foreign trade, light domestic trade" has not been broken. Compared with foreign trade promotion work, China's domestic trade promotion work lags behind, the outstanding performance is:

(1) The government's own management and promotion system is still not unified

At present, in the domestic market, the market circulation management of important commodities such as grain, cotton, oil, tobacco, medicine and salt has not been unified, but dispersed in various departments, industry and commerce, quality supervision, agriculture, health and other departments are participating in the management and promotion of market circulation. From the functional point of view, the Ministry of Commerce is responsible for managing and promoting the circulation of the domestic market, but in fact, its powers are limited, it faces very big legal problems, and it lacks effective means. The degree of local follow-up to the reform of the central administrative system is not the same, and the domestic trade management and promotion institutions present a relatively chaotic situation.

(2) Lack of unified, authoritative and professional domestic trade promotion institutions

For a long time, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Exclusively responsible for our country Foreign trade promotion The work has played a great role in the promotion of foreign trade, and has formed a relatively high authority and professionalism in the long process of development. Although due to the reform of administrative system, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade At present, its functional orientation and institutional nature are relatively vague, but it still undertakes a lot of foreign trade affairs and promotion work. In contrast, the domestic trade field lacks such a unified, authoritative and professional promotion agency.

(3) The lack of systematic policies and regulations

The legislation on foreign trade and economic cooperation already has a sound foundation, and the legal framework with the Foreign Trade Law as the basic Law and various other specialized laws as supplements is basically sound. In contrast, domestic trade legislation is relatively backward, can not adapt to the needs of the domestic market changes, so far only one" Auction law "And a few laws and regulations such as the Regulations on the Targeted Slaughter of Pigs.

(4) Financial assistance is almost blank

China's foreign trade has the central foreign trade development fund, there are small and medium-sized enterprises international market development fund, although the capital is limited, but it is better than nothing. In 2004, for example, about 5 billion yuan was spent through the Central Foreign Trade Development Fund alone, and other expenditures included China Council for the Promotion of International Trade There are also hundreds of millions of yuan in overseas trade exhibitions and other institutional expenditures. However, there is no such financial support fund for domestic trade promotion.

(5) Trade associations and other intermediary organizations are underdeveloped and play a limited role

On the whole, most of the industry associations in the field of domestic trade in China are still government-led business associations, the system has not been straightened out, the operating funds can not be fully guaranteed, still with the color of administrative management, the lack of service for enterprises, the awareness of safeguarding the interests of enterprises; The field of domestic trade still lacks a higher level of engagement Market planning Intermediary organizations, consulting and evaluation, and business agents; Some intermediary institutions rely on the original management channels, stick to the rules, can not provide services and carry out business according to the needs of market economy development; The lack of self-discipline and norms, providing false information, exceeding power and violations of rules occurred.

(6) Lack of circulation promotion and services for small and medium-sized enterprises

traditionalized Planned economic system and Administrative management system Restriction, China's small and medium-sized enterprises are divided according to ownership and industry multihead Management system. At present, there is no unified management promotion organization for small and medium-sized enterprises in our country. At the central level, there is a small and medium-sized Enterprise department established in 1998 under the former State Economic and Trade Commission, but mainly manages state-owned small and medium-sized industrial enterprises, which is now under the National Development and Reform Commission. There is a township enterprise bureau established by the Ministry of Agriculture to administer township enterprises; Administration for industry and Commerce To administer private enterprises and individual industrial and commercial enterprises; The Ministry of Science and Technology manages small and medium-sized enterprises in science and technology; The Federation of Industry and Commerce manages the small and medium-sized enterprises within its own system; Industry offices manage small and medium-sized enterprises in their respective industries. Although all aspects are concerned about the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, it is precisely the domestic circulation link that small and medium-sized enterprises need the most support, and there is still no unified promotion plan and specific support and promotion policies.

Data statistics

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On February 29, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics released the Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2023. The total retail sales of consumer goods in 2023 were 47,149.5 billion yuan, an increase of 7.2% over the previous year. Retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas were 40.749 trillion yuan, up by 7.1%; Retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas reached 640.5 billion yuan, up by 8.0 percent. Grouped by consumption types, the retail sales of goods were 41,860.5 billion yuan, up by 5.8%; The revenue of catering industry reached 5,289 billion yuan, up by 20.4 percent. Retail sales of services increased by 20.0 percent over the previous year. ^[1]

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