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The Republic of Portugal
Portuguese
: Republica Portuguesa; The Portuguese Republic is the capital of Portugal
Lisbon
Located in Europe
The Iberian Peninsula
The southwest. It connects Spain to the east and north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south. It has a total area of 92,226 square kilometers and a coastline of 832 kilometers. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, mostly mountainous and hilly. The north is a Marine temperate broadleaf forest climate, the south is a subtropical Mediterranean climate. The country has 18 regions and 2 autonomous regions. As of June 2023, Portugal has a total population of 10.467 million,
Portuguese
The official language is
Portuguese
. About 80.2% of the population is Catholic.
[1]
Portugal is one of the oldest countries in Europe. In 1143, Portugal became an independent kingdom. In the 15th and 16th centuries, it established a large number of colonies in Africa, Asia and America and became a maritime power. Portugal was annexed by Spain in 1580 and freed from Spanish rule in 1640. At the end of the 18th century, the French Napoleonic army invaded Portugal, and in 1811, Portugal drove out the French army with the help of the British. It was a constitutional monarchy from 1820 to 1910. In October 1910, Portugal became a republic. In May 1926, a military government was established and the "New Deal" began. In 1932, Salazar became Prime minister and imposed a fascist dictatorship. On April 25, 1974, a group of middle and junior officers of the "Armed Forces Movement" overthrew the far-right regime, began the process of democratization, and gave up the Portuguese colonies in Africa, and Portugal officially became a Western democracy.
[1]
Portugal is
European Union
Moderately developed country
The industrial base is weak. Textile, shoemaking, wine-making and tourism are the pillar industries of the national economy.
[1]
Portugal has a stable political situation, good social security, complete infrastructure, a sound judicial system and a high degree of marketization.
[5]
2022, Portugal
Gross domestic product
It was 239.253 billion euros.
[1]
- Chinese name
- Portuguese Republic [1]
- Foreign name
-
The Portuguese Republic
[1]
(English)
República Portuguesa (in Portuguese) - Abbreviated form
- Portugal, Portugal
- continent
- Europe
- capital
- Lisbon [1]
- National Day
- June 10, 1580 [1]
- National song
- " Portuguese "
- Country code
- PRT
- Official language
- Portuguese [1]
- currency
- Euro [1]
- Time zone
- UTC
- Political system
- Semi-presidential system republique [12]
- National leader
- Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa [1] (President) , Montenegro [10] (Prime Minister)
- Population number
- 10.467 million (as of June 2023)
- Population density
- 112 people per square kilometer [1] [4] (as of November 2022)
- Major nationality
- Portuguese
- Major religion
- Catholicism [1]
- Land area
- 92226 km² [1]
- Water area ratio
- 0.5%
- Total GDP
- 239.253 billion euros [1] (2022)
- Per capita GDP
- 21,000 euros [1] (2022)
- International telephone area code
- 351
- International domain name abbreviation
- .pt
- Road access
- Keep to the right
- State structure
- Unitary system
- The national flower
- Lavender , dianthus
- Gini coefficient
- 0.337
- Founding day of the Republic
- October 5th [1]
- Climatic condition
- Mediterranean climate
- Time of establishing diplomatic relations
- February 8, 1979
- Leading institution
- University of Lisbon , University of Coimbra Etc.
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪climate
- ▪Natural resources
- 3Administrative division
- ▪Zoning details
- ▪Major city
- 4National symbol
- ▪flag
- ▪National anthem
- ▪National emblem
- ▪The national flower
- 5population
- 6political
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- 7economy
- ▪summarize
- ▪agriculture
- ▪Fishery industry
- ▪industry
- ▪Finance and finance
- ▪currency
- ▪Service industry
- ▪tourism
- ▪foreign trade
- ▪Outward investment
Portugal
Roman
It first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. Around 140 BC, the Romans conquered Portugal and divided it into
Roman Empire
A province called
Lusitania
The province ruled until the 5th century.
In the 5th century, Germanic tribes (including Svebi, Vandals, and Alans) invaded the Iberian Peninsula. Later these tribes were all
The Visigoths
Expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.
711. Muslims in North Africa
Moor
Invading the Iberian Peninsula, the Visigothic dynasty was destroyed, and only the Asturias Highlands in northern Portugal remained in the hands of the Catholic Gothic nobility. In Asturias, the Goths began the "Reconquista" campaign, which aimed to fight the Muslim regime in the south and regain control of the Iberian Peninsula.
In 1179, the area became the Kingdom of Portugal, with the reacquisition
Moslem
The occupied part of the expansion. The borders of modern continental Portugal were established by the King in 1270
Alfonso III
Finished in hand.
The 15th and 16th centuries were the heyday of Portugal, which had a large number of colonies in Africa, Asia and the United States and was a maritime power. During this period, Portugal was far ahead of the rest of Europe economically, politically and culturally.
The Portuguese colonial empire was established on August 21, 1415, when Henry the Navigator led a Portuguese fleet to conquer Ceuta, an Islamic trading center in North Africa. Then Portuguese navigators and explorers discovered it
The Azores
,
Cape Verde
Uninhabited islands such as Bioko Island, SAO Tome Island, Principe Island and Annobin Island.
In 1471, the northern Moroccan city of Tanquia, long contested by the Spanish, was finally taken by the Portuguese.
Bartolomeu Diaz
In 1510 Albuquerque conquered Goa in India and Malacca in Malaysia (1511).
After 1514, Portuguese navigators went to the Far East to China and Japan. In 1517, the Portuguese merchant and official Fernand Perez de Andrade arrived in Guangzhou, and his dealings with the Ming court are known as the beginning of modern Chinese contact with Europe. The Portuguese discovered it by accident in 1542
Japan
Later, many European merchants and missionaries were attracted to Japan (see
Nanman trade
). It was leased by the Portuguese in 1557
Macau
And began trading with China.
1522, Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan
Led by the Spanish fleet first circumnavigated the Earth.
In 1553, the Portuguese began to live in Macau. On December 1, 1887, Portugal and the Qing government signed the "Draft of the Sino-Portuguese Conference" and the "Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Rapprochement and Trade", and officially leased Macao through the procedures of diplomatic documents, which also became the first territory of European countries in East Asia (since 1553). On April 25, 1974, the Portuguese Revolution was successful, the Portuguese government implemented the policy of decolonization, recognized that Macao was illegally occupied by Portugal, and proposed for the first time to return Macao to China. Due to the lack of proper conditions for the handover at that time, the then Premier Zhou Enlai proposed to maintain the status quo of Macao for the time being.
However, as other European powers gained naval supremacy, Portugal's power declined. It was conquered by Spain in 1580 due to the succession of royal relatives, and was not freed from Spanish rule until 1640. The Portuguese colonies were attacked by both the Dutch and the English.
During the 17th century, a large number of Portuguese immigrants arrived
Brazil
In 1709, in order to prevent the loss of the population, John V ordered a ban on Portuguese immigration.
On the morning of November 1, 1755, Lisbon was struck by a magnitude 9 earthquake. The damage, combined with the ensuing tsunami and fire, flattened the city. The disaster was a shock the Portuguese economy could not withstand at the time. But at this time, the Portuguese Empire was still strong, and with the rise of the British Empire and the French Empire, the Portuguese Empire gradually declined, and by 1999 Portugal would be
Macau
The return of the Portuguese Empire to China ended more than 500 years of history.
In 1807,
Napoleon
He attacked Portugal and captured Lisbon on December 1 of the same year. It was only freed from French rule in 1812 with the help of the British. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family and most of the Lisbon nobility fled to Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
From 1808 to 1821, the city was the capital of Portugal, the only capital in Europe at that time not in the mainland of Europe.
Portugal - Brazil - United Kingdom of the Algarve
After the return of Joao VI, the first Constituent Assembly of Portugal attempted to revoke the privileges granted to Brazil by Joao VI and return Brazil to colonial status. The Brazilian people were already used to having their own king and government, and this further stimulated the sentiment of the Brazilian people to have their own king and government. Brazil cannot accept the abolition of its privileges and the return to colonization. Joao VI's son Pedro decided to stay and oppose this decision, and Joao VI acquiesced in his son's decision.
In December 1821, the Portuguese Parliament urged Pedro to return home on the grounds that he had completed his political education, and decreed that the provinces of Brazil would be directly governed by Lisbon. Pushed by the Brazilian independents, Pedro rejected the order of the Portuguese Parliament, established a new government headed by Jose Bonifacio de Andrada, and in May 1822 declared himself "the permanent protector of Brazil". The Portuguese Parliament therefore deposed him as Regent of Brazil. September 7, 1822, just arrived
Sao Paulo
Pedro learned of the resolution and drew his sword on the banks of the Ipiranga river and swore "Give me independence or give me death!" (Portuguese: Independencia ou Morte!) Officially declared the independence of Brazil.
On October 12, 1822, Pedro was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil
Pedro I
His coronation took place on December 1, 1822.
In October 1910, the revolution overthrew the monarchy and established the First Republic.
In May 1926, a military coup took place and Marshal Carmona came to power, establishing a military dictatorship.
Finance Minister Antonio Salazar organized the National League in 1931, rose to Prime Minister in 1932 in response to a financial crisis, and the following year created a new constitution, established his fascist new state system (Estado Novo, the Second Republic in Portuguese history), and became dictator. Salazar promoted the fascist dictatorship at home, and in 1936, he joined the German and Italian Fascists to help Franco's rebels attack the government of the Spanish Republic.
During World War II, they were nominally neutral and practically close to the Axis Powers. After the war, he joined NATO in April 1949 and accepted the Marshall Plan in June 1949. In 1951, a Military Assistance Agreement was signed with the United States, followed by various agreements allowing the United States to establish military bases in Portugal and its territories.
On April 25, 1974, something called
The Carnation Revolution
The Armed Forces Movement, a group of middle - and lower-ranking officers, overthrew the far-right regime that had lasted 42 years and began the process of democratization.
In 1986, Suarez became the first civilian president in 60 years.
On February 8, 1979, diplomatic relations were established with the People's Republic of China.
In 1986, he joined the European Community. It was one of the first countries to join the eurozone in 1999.
[1]
On December 20, 1999, according to the Agreement signed by China and Portugal in 1987,
Sino-portuguese Joint Statement on the question of Macao
To return the sovereignty of Macau to China.
Portugal is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, bordering Spain in the east and north, and the Atlantic Ocean in the west and south, with a total land area of 92,225.61 square kilometers. The continent is 218 km from east to west, 561 km from north to south, and has a coastline of 832 km.
[5]
Portugal
Topographic map of Portugal
Portugal's terrain is high in the north and low in the south, mostly mountainous and hilly. To the north is the Meseta Plateau; The average altitude of the central mountains is 800~1000 meters, and the Estrella peak is 1991 meters above sea level; The south and west are hilly and coastal plains respectively. The main rivers are the Tejo River, the Douro River (322 km) and the Montecu River.
Portugal is a narrow and narrow land in the north and south, spanning subtropical and temperate temperature zones, with a temperate Marine broadleaf forest climate in the north and a subtropical Mediterranean climate in the south. The average temperature ranges from 4 to 14 degrees Celsius in January, and from 15 to 28 degrees Celsius in August, the hottest month (average daily minimum and maximum temperature). Annual precipitation is 500~1000 mm, the driest month (July) precipitation 4 mm (average monthly precipitation), the wettest month (January) precipitation 104 mm.
[5]
Portugal's main natural resources include agriculture, fisheries, forests, minerals, renewable energy, etc., and most of the key strategic resources such as oil and natural gas rely on imports.
Forest resources
Portugal is among the most forested countries in Europe. According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment report, the total area of forest in Portugal in 2020 will be 3.312 million hectares, with a coverage rate of 36.15%. The most important forest resources are pine, cork, oak and eucalyptus. Portugal is the world's largest cork producer and exporter, known as the "kingdom of cork."
[5]
Mineral resources
With rich geological resources and a mining industry estimated at €340 billion, Portugal is one of the leading exporters of iron, copper, gold and tungsten, one of the leading producers of copper, tin, lithium and tungsten in the European Union, and an important producer of ornamental stones in the world. In 2020, Portugal's copper output is 145 million euros, zinc output is 170 million euros, lead output is 28.3 million euros, tungsten output is 12.45 million euros, tin output is 1.59 million euros; The value of special sand is 31.31 million euros, the value of kaolin is 6.71 million euros, the value of quartz is 830,000 euros, and the value of talc is 650,000 euros.
Portugal is the eighth largest lithium deposit country in the world and the largest in Europe, accounting for 0.3% of global lithium reserves. In 2021, Portugal will produce 900 tons of lithium, making it the seventh largest lithium producer in the world and the largest in Europe after Australia, Chile, China, Argentina, Brazil and Zimbabwe.
Subdivisions of Portugal
According to the Constitution of Portugal, the administrative districts of Portugal are divided into three levels: Distrito (administrative district), Concelho (municipal district) and Freguesia (civil district). The country has 18 administrative regions and two overseas autonomous regions of Madeira Islands and Azores Islands, 308 municipal districts and 3,092 civil districts.
[5]
|
Serial number
|
Region name
|
|---|---|
|
1
|
Aveiro District
|
|
2
|
Beja District
|
|
3
|
Braga District
|
|
4
|
Braganca District
|
|
5
|
Castelo Branco District
|
|
6
|
Coimbra District (Coimbra)
|
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7
|
Evora District
|
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8
|
Faro District (Faro)
|
|
9
|
District of Guada (Guarda)
|
|
10
|
Leiria District
|
|
11
|
Lisbourne District (Lisboa)
|
|
12
|
Portalegre District
|
|
13
|
Porto District
|
|
14
|
Santarem District
|
|
15
|
Setubal District
|
|
16
|
Viana do Castelo District
|
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17
|
Vila Real
|
|
18
|
Region of Viseu
|
Lisbon
Sights of Lisbon
The capital of Lisbon is located at 38°42' north latitude, 9°5' west longitude, south of the Iberian Peninsula at the mouth of the Tejo River, west of the Atlantic Ocean, in 1255, the Portuguese king Don Afonso III established the capital here. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, with the process of maritime discovery, the city continued to expand, and once became one of the most populous cities in Europe. In 1755, the city was almost destroyed by an earthquake, but was rebuilt under the leadership of the Prime Minister, the Marquis of Pombal.
[6]
Lisbon is the political, economic, financial, cultural and scientific and technological center of Portugal, the westernmost large city in continental Europe, one of the famous world cities in Southern Europe, one of the main port cities in Portugal, and the most concentrated place for higher education institutions in Portugal. Lisbon is a famous tourist city in Europe, and there are beautiful beaches along the western Atlantic coast. From 2017 to 2020, it was selected as the "World's Best Resort City" by the World Travel Awards (WTA) for four consecutive years, won the "European Green Capital" award in 2020, was selected as the "World's Best Tourist City" and "Europe's leading cruise destination", and received 1.35 million international tourists in 2020.
Unlike other major cities in the world, the administrative "Lisbon City" is confined to the historic city area, covering an area of 100 square kilometers, and its surrounding satellite towns are part of the Lisbon region.
Population 2.88 million (March 2023) (Lisbon region). Lisbon is the richest region in Portugal, with a per capita GDP far higher than the national per capita GDP level. Lisbon is a city of industrial development, the main industries are shipbuilding, cement, steel, plastics, cork, textile, paper and food processing. The south bank of the Tejo River became an important industrial center in Portugal.
[5]
Porto
Views of Porto
Porto City is located in the north of Portugal, is a port city facing the Atlantic Ocean, is the second largest city in Portugal, is also the most important industrial city in Portugal, an important port and railway hub, the main industrial categories are wine, cork processing, textiles, clothing, shoes, furniture manufacturing. Portugal's name and Porto wine are derived from the city. Its old town and the surrounding wine-producing areas are world cultural Heritage sites and are known as the "wine capital" of Portugal. In 2021, the population of the city of Porto is 231,900, and the population of the Porto region is about 1,737,400.
[5]
Flag of Portugal
Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 3:2. The flag surface is composed of two parts, left green and right red, the green part is a vertical rectangle, the red part is close to the square, its area is one and a half times that of the green part. In the middle of the red and green lines is a small coat of arms of Portugal. The green represents the hope of the nation, and the red represents the blood of those who died for the hope of the nation.
[2]
|
Original Portuguese
|
Analogous translation
|
|
First paragraph
|
|
|
Herois do mar, nobre povo, Nacao valente, imortal,Levantai hoje de novoO esplendor de Portugal! Entre as brumas da memoria, o Patria sente-se a vozDos teus egregios avos,Que ha-de guiar-te a vitoria!
|
Heroes of the sea, noble people, heroic and eternal nation, let this day once again be the glory of Portugal! In the memory of the dream of the motherland issued her roar: your great martyrs will lead you to victory!
|
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Phrasing repetition
|
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as armas, as armas! Sobre a terra, sobre o mar, as armas, as armas! Sobre a terra, sobre o Mar, as armas! Pela Patria lutarContra os canhoes marchar, marchar! (*)
|
Arm yourself! Arm yourself! Defend the territory! Defend the territorial waters! Arm yourself! Arm yourself! Fight for the motherland! March under fire! March! (*)
|
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The second paragraph
|
|
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Desfralda a invicta Bandeira, a luz viva do teu ceu! Desfralda a invicta bandeira, a luz viva do teu ceu! Brade a Europa a terra inteira:Portugal nao pereceuBeija o solo teu jucundoO Oceano, a rugir d'amor,E teu braco vencedorDeu mundos novos ao Mundo! A rugir d'amor, e teu braco vencedordeu mundos novos ao mundo!
|
Raise the banner of inviolability and fly in the lively and bright air! Let Europe shout from the earth that Portugal has not disappeared! Kiss your land! The ocean, the roar of love, and your victorious armies have built a new world upon earth!
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Phrasing repetition
|
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The third paragraph
|
|
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Saudai o Sol que despontaSobre um ridente porvir; Seja o eco de uma afrontaO sinal do ressurgir.Raios dessa aurora forteSao como beijos de mae,Que nos guardam, nos sustem,Contra as injurias da sorte.
|
Salute the rising sun in a cheerful vista; Let the echoes of the attack be a sign of rebirth! The light of the glorious dawn is a mother's kiss to sustain us, to sustain us against the trample of fate.
|
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Phrasing repetition
|
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Coat of arms of Portugal
The national flowers of Portugal are lavender and carnation.
As of June 2023, Portugal has a population of 10.467 million, mostly Portuguese. There are about 782,000 foreign legal residents, mainly from Portuguese-speaking and European countries such as Brazil, the United Kingdom, Cape Verde, India, Italy and Angola.
According to the latest data from the Portuguese Statistical Office in July 2021, the five most populous cities in the country are: Lisbon (544,900), Sintra (385,900), Gaia Nova Village (304,100), Porto (231,900) and Cascais (214,100).
According to the Portuguese Immigration Office, as of the end of 2019, the total number of Chinese immigrants in Portugal was 27,839, accounting for 4.7% of the 590,000 immigrants in Portugal. Overseas Chinese are mainly located in Lisbon and Porto. In recent years, the number of overseas Chinese in Portugal has not only continued to increase, but also increasingly integrated into the mainstream of Portuguese society.
[5]
Portugal is a unicameral parliamentary republic, with a semi-presidential system, including the president, parliament, cabinet government, and courts, and the president appoints and removes the head of government according to the decision of the Parliament.
The President is the Head of State for a term of five years and is the Supreme Commander of the Portuguese Armed Forces, appointing and removing the Chief of Staff and the generals of the armed Forces on the nomination of the Government. The president can dissolve parliament after listening to the opinions of all political parties and the Council of State, and can dismiss the government and the prime minister "if necessary." But the president is not directly involved in the day-to-day running of the country.
[5]
Portugal's current constitution was enacted in 1976 and has since undergone seven amendments. The latest revision was completed in 2005. The Constitution states that the president, Parliament, government and courts are the organs of state power; The President is the Supreme Commander of the armed Forces and appoints and removes the Chief of the General Staff and the generals of the armed forces on the nomination of the government. The president can dissolve parliament after hearing the opinions of all political parties and the Council of State, and can dismiss the government and the prime minister "if necessary."
[1]
Portugal has a unicameral system in which members are elected by universal suffrage for four-year terms. The current parliament was elected in March 2024, with the Social Democrat Jose Pedro Aguiar-Branco as its speaker. The four Deputy Speakers are: Teresa Morais (female, Social Democratic Party), Marcos Perestrello (Socialist Party), Diogo Pacheco de Amorim (Socialist Party), Diogo Pacheco de Amorim (Democratic Party) "Enough" party), Rodrigo Saraiva (Liberal Cause Party). The distribution of seats is as follows: 78 seats for the Social Democrats, 78 seats for the Socialists, 50 seats for the "Enough" party, 8 seats for the Liberal Cause Party, 5 seats for the Left Bloc, 4 seats for the Communist Party, 4 seats for the Liberal Party, 2 seats for the People's Party and 1 seat for the Party for People and Animals.
[1]
[13]
The Portuguese government is a national authority headed by the Prime Minister.
On March 10, 2024, the Portuguese parliamentary election was held, and the "Democratic Alliance" led by the Social Democrats won the election with 28.85% of the vote. The President of the Social Democratic Party, Luis Montenegro, was sworn in as Prime Minister of the 24th government of the Portuguese Republic on April 2, 2024. The main members of the Government are: Paulo Rangel, Minister of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Joaquin Miranda Sarmento, Minister of State and Minister of Finance; Antonio Letang Amaro, Minister of the Council of Government Ministers; Manuel Castro Almeida, Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister and Minister of Homeland Integration; Pedro Duarte, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs; Nuno Melo, Minister of Defense; Minister of Justice Rita Judice, Minister of Interior Margarida Blasco, Minister of Education, Science and Innovation FernandoAlexandre, Health Minister Ana PaulaMartins, Infrastructure and Housing Minister Miguel Pinto Luz, Economy Minister Pedro Reis, Mariado Rosario Palma Ramalho, Minister of Labour, Solidarity and Social Security; Mariada GracaCarvalho, Minister of Environment and Energy; Youth and Modernization Minister Margarida BalseiroLopes, Agriculture and Fisheries Minister Jose ManuelFernandes, Culture Minister Dalila Rodriguez.
[13]
The main government departments in Portugal are: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Finance, Assistant to the Prime Minister and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Ministry of Economy and Sea, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Labour, Solidarity and Social Security, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment and Climate Action, Ministry of Infrastructure and Housing, Ministry of Integration, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, etc.
[1]
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body and its president is elected by the judges. The President of the Supreme Court ranks fourth among the heads of state, behind the President, the Speaker of Parliament and the Prime Minister, and may act as Head of State if the first three leaders are absent or unable to perform their duties. The current President of the Supreme Court, Henrique Araujo, took office on 7 June 2021. The Prosecutor General of the Republic is the highest prosecutorial body, the Prosecutor General
Lucilia Gago
(Female) Lucilia Gago, who took office on 12 October 2018.
[1]
The main political parties are:
|
Party name
|
details
|
|---|---|
|
Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata)
|
The ruling party. It was founded in May 1974 as the People's Democratic Party and changed its current name in 1976. Its party membership is about 86,000. In the March 2024 parliamentary election, the Social Democrat-led "Democratic Alliance" won the general election, but did not gain a parliamentary majority. The current party president, Luis Montenegro.
|
|
Socialist Party (Partido Socialista)
|
The opposition party. It was re-established in April 1973 on the basis of the Portuguese Socialist Movement. The party has about 80,000 members. He won three consecutive elections in 2015, 2019 and 2022. In March 2024, he lost the general election and became the largest opposition party. General Secretary Pedro Nuno Santos.
|
|
"Enough" (Chega)
|
The opposition party. Founded in April 2019, it has about 52,000 party members. In October 2019, he won his first seat in the general election. In January 2022, he won 12 seats in the parliamentary elections. It won 50 seats in the parliamentary elections in March 2024. Chairman Andre Ventura.
|
|
Iniciativa Liberal Party
|
The opposition party. Formerly known as the "Freedom Cause Alliance" founded in September 2016, it was officially established in November 2017, with 4,000 registered party members. In March 2024, he won eight seats in the parliamentary elections. President Rui Rocha.
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Bloco de Esquerda (Left Bloc)
|
The opposition party. Established in March 1999. The party has about 10,000 members. Party leader Mariana Mortagua.
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Communist Party of Portugal (Partido Comunista Portugues)
|
The opposition party. Founded in 1921. It has 58,900 party members. General Secretary Paulo Raimundo
|
|
Reference materials:
[13]
|
|
Other political parties are: Partido Pessoa-Animais-Natureza, Liberal Party (Livre), People's Party (CDS-Partido Popular), Coalition Party (Alianca), Green Party (Partido Ecologista "Os") Verdes "), etc.
[1]
President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was born in Lisbon in 1948. In 1971, he received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Lisbon, followed by a Master of Laws and a Doctor of Political Laws. He has long taught at the University of Lisbon and is a visiting professor at the Catholic University of Portugal and the New University of Lisbon. He joined the Portuguese Social Democratic Party in 1974. He was elected to Parliament in 1975. From 1981 to 1983, he served as Assistant Secretary of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. He was Chairman of the Social Democratic Party from 1996 to 1999. He founded Express and Weekly newspapers and served as editor-in-chief. He was a television political commentator from 2000 to 2015. He was a member of the Council of State, the highest state advisory body of the President of Portugal, from 2006 to 2015. He ran for president in 2016 and won re-election in 2021 for a five-year term. Separated, one son and one daughter.
Prime Minister Luis Montenegro was born in Porto in 1973. He received his LLB and LLM degrees from the Catholic University of Portugal. From 1997 to 2001, he was a city councillor in Espinho. He was a national Member of Parliament from 2002 to 2018, including Chairman of the Parliamentary Group of the Social Democratic Party from 2011 to 2017. In May 2022, he was elected chairman of the Social Democratic Party with 72.8% of the vote. In November 2023, when Portuguese Prime Minister Costa resigned, President de Sousa announced early elections, the Social Democratic Party, the People's Party, the People's Monarchy Party formed a "democratic alliance" and eventually won the election. Montenegro officially took office as Prime Minister on 2 April 2024. Married with two children.
[11]
[13]
The EU is a moderately developed country with a weak industrial base. Textile, shoemaking, wine-making and tourism are the pillar industries of the national economy. Cork production accounts for more than half of the world's total output, and exports rank first in the world. Rich in mineral resources, mainly: tungsten, copper, pyrite, uranium, red iron, magnetite and marble, tungsten reserves for the first in Western Europe. The forest area is 3.47 million hectares, with a coverage rate of 39%.
In June 2021, the EU approved a €16.6 billion recovery fund for Portugal. In 2023, Portugal's economy grew by 2.3% year on year, one of the highest growth rates in the European Union. The annual inflation rate was 4.3% and the unemployment rate was 6.5%. In the first three quarters, exports totaled 58.41 billion euros, down 0.6% year-on-year, while imports totaled 78.372 billion euros, down 3.9% year-on-year.
[13]
According to the report on the attractiveness of foreign investment in European countries compiled by Ernst & Young, Portugal's ranking for foreign investment attractiveness in 2021 rose from 10th place in 2020 to eighth place. Among them, Portugal is increasingly attractive for technological investment, and it now has several research and development centers in the high-tech field, and one of the countries with the highest number of unicorns per capita. Portugal has a high quality of research in several scientific fields, a high quality of higher education in the technical and digital fields, a high number of highly qualified personnel, and government tax incentives to support research and development activities have increased by 91% since 2015. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report 2020 (Special Edition), Portugal ranks above average in infrastructure investment such as digital transformation, tax reform, investment in research and innovation incentives for businesses among 11 new priorities for economic transformation in 37 major economies around the world. According to the Doing Business 2020 Report (affected by the pandemic and not assessed in 2021), Portugal ranks 39th out of 190 countries and territories in the world for ease of doing business. According to the "Global Innovation Index 2022" released by the World Intellectual Property Organization, Portugal ranks 32nd out of 132 countries and regions in the overall index.
In the field of digitization, the 2021 edition of the Economic and Social Digitization Index (IDES) shows that Portugal ranks 16th out of the 27 member states of the European Union, up three places from 2020.
The main crops include olives, grapes, corn, oats and so on. It produces 7.3585 million liters of wine and 2.2895 million liters of olive oil.
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Portugal's agricultural industries include wine and olive oil.
Wine industry
According to the Portuguese Institute of Viticulture and Wine (IVV), part of the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, there are about 195,000 hectares of grapes grown throughout Portugal, with about 340 species. Wine production for the 2020/2021 season is 642 million litres. According to the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), Portugal is currently the 11th largest wine producer in the world and the fifth largest in Europe. Wine accounts for about 25% of Portugal's total agricultural output and employs nearly 200,000 people. Main varieties: The largest production is the table red and white wine, the Douro Valley and Alentejo red and white wine quality. Its main export destinations are France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Canada. Portugal's wine exports rank ninth in the world and fifth in Europe (after France, Italy, Spain and Germany). Portuguese wines have yet to enter the mainstream market in China.
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Olive oil industry
The area of olive tree cultivation in Portugal is about 352,400 hectares, mainly concentrated in the south-central, central and northern regions. According to the European Commission, Portugal is the eighth largest olive oil producer in the world and the fourth largest in Europe after Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia. Portugal's total olive oil production for the 2020/2021 season is expected to be 100,000 tonnes, down from 141,000 tonnes for the 2019/2020 season. Olive oil is a traditional export of Portugal. Portugal is the world's third-largest exporter of olive oil, after Spain and Italy, according to data from the Global Trade Observatory. Brazil, Spain and Italy are the main export destinations for Portuguese olive oil, accounting for 43.59%, 31.14% and 14.77% of total exports respectively, followed by France, Poland, Angola and the United States. Most of Portugal's exports are high quality olive oil.
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Portugal's long coastline and the surrounding waters rich in fish provide favorable conditions for the development of fisheries, the main fish including mackerel, mackerel, sardines, anchovies, tuna, cod, its products are sold all over the world. The amount of fish caught in 2021 will be 140,600 tons, with an output value of 335 million euros. More than 88% of the aquatic products are caught in the sea, mainly sardines, mackerel, bamboo pods, and freshwater fish are mainly trout. There are 14,900 registered fishermen.
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Portuguese industry includes extractive industry, processing industry, water, electricity, gas and air conditioning industries. The main industrial sectors are electricity, textiles, clothing, shoemaking, food, chemicals, papermaking, electronic instruments, ceramics, wine, cork and so on.
Cork processing industry
Portugal is the world's largest cork producer and exporter, known as the "kingdom of cork." Portugal's cork planting area is about 736,000 hectares, accounting for 23% of Portugal's forest area, accounting for 34% of the world's cork planting area, ranking first in the world. Portugal produces about 100,000 tons of cork annually, accounting for about half of the world's total output. Portugal's annual exports of softwood lumber and products account for about 60% of global trade.
Cork processing is the traditional characteristics of Portugal and one of the pillar industries of the national economy. At present, Portugal has about 600 cork production processing plants, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises, employing nearly 8,000 people. Traditionally, cork products are mainly used in the production of wine stoppers, with an annual output of about 400 million and sales accounting for two-thirds of the total volume of cork processed products in Portugal. In recent years, the environmental protection and aesthetic value of cork products has been continuously excavated, and the products have been enriched, and the building materials made of cork (such as cork flooring, thermal insulation materials, etc.) have accounted for 21% of the total products, followed by all kinds of daily crafts, coasters, insoles, etc. Mainly exported to the United States, France, Spain, Italy, Germany and other places. In 2020, China is the 10th largest destination for Portuguese softwood exports.
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Shoemaking industry
Portugal is a traditional shoe-making country in Europe, in the 1960s and 1970s, the Portuguese shoe industry developed rapidly, reaching its peak in the mid-1990s, when the number of employees was 60,000 and the output was nearly 110 million pairs. Since then, due to the rise of new shoemaking countries, the scale of Portugal's shoemaking industry has gradually declined. In recent years, with Portugal's focus on exploring overseas markets and strengthening product innovation capabilities, the scale of the industry has stabilized. The Portuguese shoe industry is mainly distributed in the north of Porto and the surrounding area. CHARLES and FOREVA are well-known domestic brands in Portugal, and the country also produces world-renowned brands such as Aerosoles, Hush Puppies and Ecco. The main export destinations are France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and so on. Among the export products, more than eight became leather shoes, and showed a trend of high-end development.
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Pharmaceutical industry
Portugal's biopharmaceutical has a certain position in Europe, and the more well-known biopharmaceutical enterprises include Bial, Biotecnol, Alfama and so on. Biopharmaceuticals are an intelligence-intensive industry. There are 16 biological research institutes in Portugal, with 1,500 researchers, and about 5,000 biological students are trained every year. The top five markets for Portuguese pharmaceutical exports are Ireland, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain. Portugal's drug exports to China are small.
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Mold manufacturing industry
Portugal is one of the world's leading mold producers, but affected by the 2008 financial crisis, the Portuguese mold industry has developed slowly in the past 10 years. Portugal mainly produces all kinds of automobile injection molds, the world's major automobile companies such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Ford, etc., are Portuguese mold enterprise customers. The second is the packaging mold, the world's well-known luggage companies such as Samsonite plastic bags, are made of Portuguese molds. In addition, home appliance molds, electronic and communication molds also have a certain proportion.
Portuguese mold manufacturing has obvious industrial agglomeration characteristics, 60% of the enterprises are located in the central Malline Grant, 20% is located in the north near Porto Oliveira de Zemez. Due to the high production cost, Portugal mainly produces complex and high-end injection molds with high technical content, and its customers are mainly internationally renowned enterprises. In recent years, Portugal has focused more on providing customers with complete solutions, gradually diversifying its products and beginning to expand into the downstream injection molding sector.
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Iron and steel industry
Portugal's steel production is low. According to the World Steel Association, the total output of the Portuguese steel industry in 2019 was 2.033 million tons, ranking 45th in the world. The top five companies in the Portuguese steel industry are: SN SEIXAL National Steel Company, SNMAIA National Steel company, LUSOSIDER ACOS PLANOS company, Portugal COLEP Company, FAPRICELA Wire Industry Company. The main steel products include: steel pipe, steel bar, steel plate, steel container, construction steel, automobile steel and so on.
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Automobile industry
Automobile and component manufacturing is a pillar industry of the Portuguese national economy. The late 1990s to 2002 is the golden development period of Portugal's vehicle production, production climbed all the way, 2002 vehicle production reached a record 251,000 vehicles. Since 2002, production has declined every year. Due to the financial crisis, the number dropped to 126,000 in 2009. Since then, production has gradually increased. At present, Portugal has four complete vehicle production companies: Volkswagen Europe, Peugeot Citroen, Mitsubishi Trucks and Toyota Motor.
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Textile industry
The textile and clothing industry is one of the most important industries in Portugal, accounting for 20% of Portuguese industrial employment and 9% of manufacturing income. Portugal's industrial output is 5.69%. There are about 6,000 textile and clothing companies in Portugal, most of which are small and medium-sized enterprises, only a small part of which have developed into large companies with upstream and downstream industrial chains. Major companies include Lasa Group, More Textile Group, Sampaio Filho Textile Company, Texteis Penedo Company, Sampedro Company, etc.
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aerospace
Portugal's aerospace industry is small, and according to data published by the Portuguese National Statistics Institute, the total value of Portuguese aerospace products in 2018 was 172 million euros. However, Portugal has a certain competitiveness in the production of parts for some aerospace equipment, such as cork products, monitoring system parts, drones and so on. Airbus has already purchased a shipment of Portuguese cork products to replace the plastic and rubber structures in the cockpit of the A380. Embraer has set up two factories in Portugal to produce parts for the KC-390 aircraft. Major Portuguese aerospace companies include OGMA, TAP Maintenance & Engineering, Tekever and FIBERSENSING.
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boats
Portugal's geographical position gives it a special advantage in developing the shipbuilding industry. The Portuguese Marine industry focuses on the use of innovative thinking and high technology, the production of small and medium-sized vessels, as well as ship repair. According to data released by the Portuguese National Statistics Institute, the total output value of ship manufacturing and maintenance in Portugal in 2018 was about 136 million euros. There are hundreds of companies related to the Marine industry in Portugal, most of which are small and medium-sized enterprises. Major companies include: West Sea Company (West Sea), Atlantic Eagle Shipbuilding Company (Atlantic Eagle Shipbuilding), Peniche Shipyard Company, etc.
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In 2023, Portugal achieved a fiscal surplus of 3.2 billion euros, or 1.2% of the total economy.
As of March 2024, Portugal's foreign exchange reserves were 34.4 billion euros. Remittances are one of the most important sources of income in Portugal, mainly from expatriates living in France, Switzerland, the United States, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Angola, Canada and Venezuela.
At the end of 2023, Portugal's total public debt was 263 billion euros, equivalent to 98.7 percent of GDP, the first time since 2009 that the ratio was below 100 percent.
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bank
The Central Bank of Portugal is the banking authority of Portugal and is part of the European System of Central Banks. Together with the Ministry of Finance, it acts as the monetary supervisory authority of Portugal and is responsible for the enactment of laws and regulations to strengthen the Portuguese financial system.
The main commercial banks in Portugal include: The General Depositary of Portugal (CGD) is the largest bank in Portugal and maintains the highest domestic market share in the field of banking in Portugal, which is wholly state-owned. There are also Banco Commercial de Portugal (BCP), Banco Novo de Portugal (Novo Banco) and Banco Investment de Portugal (BPI). Foreign banks in Portugal include: Banco Santander Totta of Spain, Banco Popular of Spain, BBVA of Spain (BBVA-Banco), Barclays of Spain, Bank of Argentina (Bilbao) VizcayaArgentina, Deutsche Bank, Banco ItauEuropa, Banco Bic Portugues, Spain's Banco Finantia, European Agricultural Bank Banco Rural Europa), etc.
On July 1, 2013, the Bank of China Lisbon Branch was officially opened, and began to provide various financial services such as savings and loans to Portuguese residents and enterprises.
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insurance
In 2020, the Portuguese insurance industry's total sales of about 9.9 billion euros, down 18.7% year-on-year, led to 11,500 direct employment. A total of 64 insurance companies will be operating in Portugal in 2020. There are more than 500 insurance related service companies, whose nature is more special, the main business and market share is less, and most of them carry out related business on the network.
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Insurance companies of Portugal
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Statistics for 2022
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Loyalty Insurance (Fidelidade-Companhia de Seguros, S.A.)
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In 2020, the total sales of 2.628 billion euros, the market share of 26.5%, ranking first, its business scope includes life insurance, non-life insurance.
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Generali Seguros (SA)
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In 2020, the total sales of 1.081 billion euros and the market share of 10.9%, ranking second, its business scope includes life and non-life insurance.
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Insurance of the West (Ocidental - Companhia Portuguesa de Seguros de Vida, S.A.)
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2020 sales of 705 million euros, market share of 7.1%, the main business is life insurance.
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Companhia de Seguros Allianz Portugal, S.A.
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With sales of 650 million euros in 2020 and a market share of 6.6%, it is the fourth largest insurance company with business scope including life and non-life insurance.
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BPI Life and Pension Insurance (BPI Vida e Pensoes - Companhia de Seguros, S.A.)
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2020 sales of 538 million euros, market share of 5.4%, business scope includes life insurance.
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Securities market
The Portuguese Stock Exchange is Euronext Lisbon, the pan-European stock exchange, which deals in stocks, futures, bonds, investment certificates and derivatives. There are two indexes of the Portuguese stock market, PSI 20 and PSI Geral, PSI 20 is a constituent stock, containing the 20 most important listed large companies in Portugal. The PSI 20 index, along with Belgium's BEL 20, France's CAC 40, and the Netherlands' AEX, is the main component of the pan-European securities group. Created in 1993, the PSI 20 index now comprises more than 80% of the total market capitalization of listed companies in sectors such as utilities, oil and gas, retail, banking, media and communications.
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Foreign exchange control
Portugal was one of the first countries to join the euro zone in 1999, implementing a freely convertible currency system, and there is no foreign exchange control of any kind in the country, and enterprises and individuals can freely hold and buy and sell foreign exchange. There are also no government restrictions on foreign exchange transfers by companies or individuals. Portugal also has no restrictions on the repatriation of profits or dividends from foreign companies.
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Credit card use
Credit cards are commonly used in Portugal, and most of the world's major credit cards such as Visa cards and Master cards can be circulated in Portugal. Atms are widely used, with 11.8 per 10,000 inhabitants and 5.4 bank branches per 10,000 inhabitants. According to data released by the Central Bank of Portugal, as of June 2020, there are 15,128 ATMs in Portugal, all of which support credit card transactions, of which 11,415 ATMs support cash access. There are 315,700 POS machines in Portugal.
Since April 2008, China UnionPay Card has officially opened to accept business in Portugal. The China UnionPay card can withdraw cash at nearly 200 banks (about 12,700 ATMs) across Portugal, with a coverage rate of almost 100%. Merchants that place or post stands, business card holders and signs with the "UnionPay" logo can accept UnionPay cards. In Portugal, ATM withdrawals cannot exceed 200 euros per transaction and 400 euros within 24 hours. Any ATM with the Mutibanco logo can accept UnionPay cards.
In April 2019, Banco Commercial de Portugal (BCP) officially issued UnionPay cards in Portugal, becoming the first local European financial institution to issue UnionPay cards.
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Portugal, one of the founding members of the euro, abandoned its local currency in favour of the euro when it was launched in 1999. According to the Bank of Portugal, on April 30, 2021, the exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar was 1:1.2082. According to the OECD, the reference exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar in 2018, 2019 and 2020 is 1:1.1806, 1:1.1198 and 1:1.1416 respectively.
Major world currencies such as the euro and the US dollar can be freely exchanged at any financial institution or exchange point in Portugal. At present, cross-border trade can be settled in RMB, and cross-border investment cannot be used in RMB.
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The service sector has developed rapidly since the 1990s. At the end of the last century, its proportion in the national economy and the national employment population basically reached the level of developed European countries. At present, the service sector employs more than 3 million people, accounting for more than 70% of the total employed population.
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Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings for Portugal. Tourists mainly come from Britain, Germany, Spain, France and other countries. The main tourist destinations are Lisbon, Porto, Algarve region, Madeira Islands and so on. In 2023, Portugal received 30 million tourists, an increase of 13.3%. Total tourism revenue reached a record high of €6 billion, up 20.1% year-on-year.
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In 2020, Portugal was named "Europe's Best Destination" at the World Travel Awards for the fourth year in a row, Lisbon was named "Europe's Best Destination", Porto was named "Europe's Best Resort City" and the Algarve region was named "Best Beach Destination" for the seventh time.
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In 2020, Portugal's total imports and exports of goods trade amounted to 121,694 million euros, down 13.00% year-on-year. Among them, exports of 53.786 billion euros, down 10.21%; Imports amounted to 67.909 billion euros, down 15.09% year-on-year; The deficit was 14.122 billion euros, down 29.65% from 2019. In 2020, Portugal's top five trading partners are Spain, Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands, with trade volume of 35.819 billion, 15.421 billion, 12.282 billion, 5.906 billion and 5.741 billion euros, respectively.
In terms of export products, vehicles and their parts are the most important export product of Portugal, accounting for 13.89% of its goods exports, down 17.02% year-on-year in 2020; Followed by motor, electrical, audio equipment and accessories, down 7.00%; Again, boilers, machinery, mechanical appliances and their parts, exports fell 2.10% year-on-year.
From the perspective of import types of goods trade, imports of vehicles and their parts accounted for 10.85% of goods imports, down 24.43% in 2020, ranking first; The second is the motor, electrical equipment and its parts; Sound recording and playback equipment and its parts and accessories, the import share of 9.80%; Third, boilers, machinery, machinery and parts, the import share of 9.30%.
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In the 1990s and early 2000s, Portugal invested heavily in Spain and Brazil. Since 2001, investment in EU member states has increased significantly. In 2023, Portugal's outward direct investment is 6.8 billion euros. By the end of 2023, Portugal's foreign direct investment stock of 64.4 billion euros, the main investment destinations are the Netherlands, Spain, Brazil, Angola, Luxembourg, the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, Mozambique, Denmark, Ireland and so on.
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Portugal's Official Development Assistance (ODA) is divided into unilateral aid and multilateral aid. Unilateral assistance is mainly targeted at Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, Timor-Leste and a small number of underdeveloped countries, with the vast majority being interest-free loans and a small part being special loans. Multilateral assistance is generally channelled through international institutions such as the United Nations (5%), the European Union (65%), the World Bank (17%) and regional development banks (10%). The main areas of Portugal's foreign assistance are education, health, industrial and agricultural production, infrastructure construction, debt relief and humanitarian assistance.
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In recent years, the Portuguese government has pursued economic diplomacy to attract foreign investment, mainly in the areas of wholesale and retail trade, finance and insurance, processing, electricity, natural gas and water, information and communication, scientific and technological consulting, construction, real estate, etc. The main sources of investment are Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Ireland and so on. In 2023, Portugal attracted 6.8 billion euros of foreign direct investment. By the end of 2023, the stock of foreign direct investment in Portugal reached 180.4 billion euros. (Source: Bank of Portugal, National Statistics Agency, Portuguese Investment Promotion Agency)
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Famous multinational companies such as Samsung, Siemens, Cisco, Adidas, Vodafone, Bosch and Volkswagen have established subsidiaries responsible for research and development or production and sales in Portugal. In 2014, IBM established a programming computing and consulting company in Portugal. In 2017, Mercedes-Benz opened a digital center in Portugal, and Panalpina Group established a software development center in Lisbon. In 2018, Google set up a partner center in Portugal, Volkswagen Group set up a software development center in Portugal, and COFCO set up a COFCO International Portugal Global Shared Service Center in Portugal. In 2021, Davidson Kempner Capital Management of the United States and Pioneer Point Partners of the United Kingdom will build a large data center in Sines.
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From 2007 to 2013, Portugal received 22.5 billion euros in aid from the EU, including 16.42 billion euros in structural funds, 2.722 billion euros in solidarity funds, 3.17 billion euros in rural development funds and 220 million euros in fisheries funds. In April 2011, in the wake of the sovereign debt crisis, Portugal's caretaker government requested financial assistance from the European Union. In May of the same year, the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund reached an agreement with Portugal to provide a total of 78 billion euros in aid loans over the next three years. In May 2014, Portugal completed the memorandum of assistance on schedule. In June 2021, the EU approved a €16.6 billion recovery fund for Portugal.
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The official language of Portugal is
Portuguese
. In Portugal, English is very popular, and there are many people who can speak French, Spanish and German. Portuguese is the sixth most widely spoken language in the world and the third most widely spoken in Europe, with about 270 million speakers. In November 2019, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) officially approved 5 May as World Portuguese Language Day, marking the first time that a non-official working language of the United Nations has its own language day.
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About 88.7% of Portugal's population is Catholic. In addition, there are Protestant, Orthodox, Islam, Judaism and so on. The vast majority of Portuguese people rank Christmas as the most important and favourite holiday.
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Portuguese people are cheerful, easygoing, optimistic, warm to people, more hospitable, relatively more etiquette. When Portuguese men and women meet each other or women, they will embrace and kiss, indicating intimacy and friendship. Men usually shake hands when they meet.
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The Portuguese put women first. Show this etiquette when taking the elevator, getting on and off the bus, and inviting guests to serve food. In formal social occasions, the Portuguese usually shake hands with guests. Masks and hugs are mainly used between relatives and friends, lovers, and old acquaintances. The bise is on both sides, first right and then left.
In Portuguese formal occasions, men wear a suit and tie. Women wear long skirts, skirts or suits.
The Portuguese use napkins when eating. Napkins can be placed on your lap, on the table, or on your chest. The Portuguese eat with a knife and fork. How many main courses are placed how many knives and forks, sometimes after eating each dish and then placed according to the situation. The fork is on the left of the plate, the knife is on the right of the plate, and when using it, pick it up from the outermost part. After eating, put the knife and fork together on the right side of the plate, indicating that there is no intention to eat again.
Cremation and burial are practiced in Portugal. The death of a person shall be based on a death certificate issued after verification by a medical doctor. Funeral services are held in the church.
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Portugal's food culture is developed, with a rich variety of delicious dishes based on seafood, the more famous dishes are green vegetable soup, paella, cod and so on. Most of Portugal has excellent water quality.
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The Portuguese diet consists mainly of rice, potatoes, bread, meat, seafood and fish. The Portuguese are known for their love of cod, which is said to be cooked in 365 different ways (that is, different for every day of the year). Portuguese wine has been exported since Roman times. The Romans associated their god Bacchus with Portugal. The country is still popular with many wine lovers and its wines have won several international awards.
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Holiday name
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date
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New Year's Day (Dia de Ano Novo)
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January 1st
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Good Friday (Sexta-Feira Santa)
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April 10th
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Easter (Pascoa)
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April 12th
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Liberation Day (Dia da Liberdade)
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April 25th
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International Workers' Day (Dia do Trabalhador)
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The first of May
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The National Day (Dia DE podcast, DE Camoes e dasComunidadesPortuguesas)
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June 10th
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Corpus Christi (Corpo de Deus)
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June 11th
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Assuncao de Nossa Senhora
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The 15th of August
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Republic Day (Implantacao da Republica)
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October 5th
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Halloween (Todosos Santos)
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November 1st
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Restoration of Independence Day (Restauracao da Independencia)
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December 1st
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Dia da ImaculadaConceicao
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December 8th
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Christmas (Natal)
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December 25th
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Saturday and Sunday are public holidays in Portugal.
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Portugal
The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, and the Secretary of Defense directs the armed forces through the General Staff and the staff of the various services. Chief of the General Staff Jose Nunes da Fonseca. The armed forces consist of the regular army and the national security forces. The military service system is a combination of conscripts, volunteers and contract soldiers. Service period: 4 months for conscripts, 8 to 10 months for volunteers, irregular contract soldiers, but at least one year. The total strength of the regular army is 40,000, including 22,000 in the army, 11,000 in the navy, and 7,000 in the air force. In addition, there are more than 200,000 paramilitary and reserve troops, including the Republican Guard and public security police.
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With a total mileage of more than 80,000 kilometers, land transport is the main mode of transportation in Portugal.
The Portuguese road network consists of motorways (AE), main roads (IP), auxiliary roads (IC), national roads (EN) and regional roads (ER). As of 2022, the total length of Portuguese highways is 15,056 km. Highway freight volume in the first three quarters of 2023 was 99 million tons.
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In 1949, the total length of railway in operation in Portugal reached a record (3,592 km), but the length has since been gradually reduced. The Portuguese railway network is extensive, running through the northern and southern towns in Portugal, and also running trains to Madrid and other places in Spain.
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By 2022, China has 3,621 km of railways in operation. In the first three quarters of 2023, 147 million passengers and 7.1 million tons of freight were transported.
There are 15 large airports, 38 small airports and 11 heliports in the country. Some of the continent's main international airports are in Lisbon, Porto and Faro, all of which are located on the coast. There are 9 airports in the Azores and 2 airports in Madeira. In the first three quarters of 2023, China's airports handled 52.2 million passengers.
The main airlines in Portugal include two international airlines, TAP AirPortugal and SATA. "Air Portugal" is responsible for domestic routes and a number of international routes to more than 30 countries around the world; "Air Azores" is a small airline that operates routes between Porto, Faro, Lisbon, major Spanish cities and major cities in Western Europe.
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Inland river transport total mileage of 210 kilometers, water transport mainly by sea.
Portugal has a long coastline and is well developed for maritime transport. Ports on the Portuguese mainland include: Leixoes port in the north, Viana do Castelo port; The central ports of Aveiro and Figueira da Foz; The port of Lisboa and Setubal in the Lisbon region; Port Sines in the Alentejo region; The ports of Faro and Portimao in the Algarve region, a total of 9 ports. There are eight ports in the Azores and three in Madeira.
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In the first three quarters of 2023, the domestic river transport volume was 17 million passengers and 63.6 million tons of cargo.
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Research and development activities in Portugal are mainly carried out in university laboratories, and there are only a handful of professional research institutes nationwide. Portugal has a certain research and development capacity in high-tech fields such as biotechnology, new materials, new energy and electronic information, which is close to the medium level of the EU. Many of the laboratories are well equipped and are among the best in Europe. Some of the traditional industrial sectors of the technology is quite distinctive, has a long international reputation, such as mold, wine, clothing, shoes, cork and marble processing. However, the overall research strength of Portugal can not be compared with other developed countries, and the scientific and technological achievements are mostly small technologies and processes.
According to the EU Innovation Assessment report published by the European Commission in 2020, Portugal ranks 12th among EU member states in terms of innovation, a record result. Portugal moved from the group of countries with "medium innovation" to the group of countries with "strong innovation", and for the second year in a row, it has taken a leading position in the field of "small and medium-sized enterprise innovation" (SME). Portugal is also above average in terms of the basic conditions for innovation, especially in terms of the attractiveness and internationalization of the research system, as well as broadband penetration.
In 2021, Portugal's budget for science and technology expenditure is 631 million euros, or 0.62% of the total government budget.
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12 years of compulsory education is implemented, including basic education (4 years of primary school, 2 years of preparatory secondary school, 3 years of junior high school) and secondary education (3 years, equivalent to our senior high school). Higher education is 4-5 years of college. The science and education budget accounts for about 4% of the total government budget. The main institutions of higher learning are the University of Lisbon, the University of Coimbra, the University of Porto, the Polytechnic University of Lisbon, the University of Minho, the University of Aveiro, the University of Evora and the National School of Administration. In 2021, Portugal will have 150,000 teachers in basic and secondary education and 39,000 teachers in higher education, and in 2022, the total number of registered students in Portugal will be 2.025 million.
Higher education is mainly divided into university education and technical education, and the academic system follows the Bologna Process (European higher education degree system) : the first cycle degree (bachelor's degree) lasts 6-8 semesters (3-4 years); The second cycle degree (Master's degree) lasts 3 to 4 semesters (1.5 to 2 years); The third cycle degree (doctoral degree) lasts 6 to 10 semesters (3 to 5 years). Disciplines such as medicine and engineering combine a first-cycle degree with a second-cycle degree, known as a comprehensive master's program, which lasts 10 to 12 semesters (5 to 6 years). In 2020, the Portuguese literacy rate (the proportion of the population over the age of 15 who can read and write) is 94.6%, 49.6% of the population has only completed basic education, 23.9% have completed all secondary education, and 21.2% have completed higher education. For the 2020-2021 academic year, the average tuition fee for an undergraduate or postgraduate student is €697 per year.
In 2020, there are 287 higher education institutions in Portugal, of which 161 are public and 123 are private. The more well-known universities are the University of Lisbon, the University of Coimbra, the University of Porto, the New University of Lisbon, the University of Evora, the Polytechnic University of Lisbon, the University of Minho, the Catholic University of Portugal, the University of Aveiro and the National School of Administration, etc., with 385,200 students and 35,300 teachers. In the 2021 budget, the education budget expenditure is 10.234 billion euros, accounting for 9.99% of the total government budget.
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According to Statistics Portugal, there were 5.4 doctors and 7.4 nurses per 1,000 people in Portugal in 2019. Portugal has about 36,000 hospital beds and a mortality rate of 10.9 per 1,000 people. The increase in mortality is mainly due to the ageing of the population, mainly due to circulatory diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, genitourinary diseases and AIDS infections. There are 2,924 pharmacies in the country.
According to data from the Portuguese Statistical Office, in 2019, the total expenditure on health care in Portugal accounted for 9.5% of GDP, and the per capita expenditure on health care in terms of purchasing power parity was 1,973 euros. Life expectancy in Portugal is 78.07 years for males and 83.67 years for females.
The Portuguese Ministry of Health is the national health management agency, and residents can enjoy free health care as long as they join the social insurance system. Portugal has signed a medical agreement with other countries in the EU, EU residents in Portugal's medical centers, only a small amount of medical fees, residents outside the EU in Portugal, need to purchase social insurance in advance to enjoy this preferential service. Due to low wages, a large number of doctors and nurses have fled Portugal in recent years, and the difficulty of seeing a doctor in public hospitals is more prominent. In the 2021 budget, the health budget expenditure is 12.849 billion euros, accounting for 12.55% of the total government budget.
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There are two types of hospitals in Portugal: public and private. Public hospitals have large scale, good equipment, strong technical force, a large number of patients, and a long time. Treatment in private hospitals takes less time. Every community in Portugal has a community hospital, but it provides only simple medical services for the registered population in the community. Drugstores can be found everywhere, usually hanging a green cross sign outside the store. Drugs must be purchased at a pharmacy and prescription drugs must be prescribed by a doctor. In some big cities, some pharmacies are open 24 hours a day. Medical and pharmaceutical prices are moderate.
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Portugal has abundant power resources and perfect power infrastructure, which can basically meet the economic and social needs of the country, and there is almost no power failure and power failure. According to the General Directorate of Energy and Geology of Portugal (DGEG), Portugal's total power generation in 2019 was 53,154 GWH; It exported 4,700 GWH of electricity, imported 8,099 GWH of electricity, and imported 3,399 GWH of net electricity. The power sector consumes 2,797 GWH of power generation, 4,947 GWH of power is lost in the process of transmission and transformation, and 48,810 GWH of power is ultimately consumed in the country.
In 2020, the total length of the Portuguese power grid will be 9,036 km, of which the 400 kV grid will be 2,711 km, the 220 kV grid will be 3,780 km, and the 150 kV grid will be 2,545 km. The Portuguese grid is connected to the Spanish grid to form a unified electricity market on the Iberian Peninsula.
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There are 1,910 periodicals in Portugal, 489 of which are online. Since the 1990s, all newspapers in Portugal have been privately owned.
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News Agency: Lusa is the national news agency, formed in 1987 by the merger of the Portuguese News Agency and the Portuguese Press Agency.
There are three most influential broadcasters in Portugal: Portuguese National Television (RTP), SIC Television (privately owned) and Independent Television.
Broadcasting media: mainly Portuguese radio, Revival radio (religious background), commercial radio and international radio.
Newspaper media: There are 23 national newspapers, 216 local newspapers and 1334 periodicals in Portugal. The main Portuguese newspapers are the semi-official "La Stampa" and "La Stampa"; The privately-owned Morning Post, Express, Public (weekly), Handelsblatt, Economic Times and the Sun. The more influential Chinese newspapers are the Puhua Newspaper and the Quan Daily News. The Portuguese people are very keen on football and sports, the main sports newspapers are "Ball", "Record" and "Match", the main sports weekly "Vision" and "Saturday".
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The Portuguese telecom market is relatively mature. Since 2007, the Portuguese government has actively encouraged the country's major operators to increase the construction of information infrastructure. Portugal's three major operators are at the forefront of the world in the construction of optical access networks (FTTX) and have basically completed the coverage of major cities and towns across the country. In the field of mobile communications, the Portuguese government has vigorously promoted the construction of LTE networks (that is, 4G) and actively explored the construction of 5G.
According to Statistics Portugal, broadband Internet access in Portugal exceeded 6.286 billion GB in 2019, a significant increase of 28.7% compared to 2018. At the end of 2019, the number of mobile Internet users in Portugal accounted for 82.5% of the total population, and more than 80% of Portuguese residents have Internet access at home.
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Portuguese Internet is very convenient, general hotels, restaurants, shopping malls will provide wireless Internet, can be used for free or charge 5 to 30 euros/day Internet charges.
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Due to its smaller population than other European countries, Portugal's sporting performance has always been mediocre. There are three major football clubs: Sporting Portugal, Porto and Benfica. These three clubs are known for nurturing athletes in a variety of sports, ranging from football, basketball, athletics, swimming, hockey and chess. In football alone, the three clubs have produced players Eusebio, Luis Figo, Rui Costa, Cristiano Ronaldo and coaches Jose Mourinho and Andre Villas-Boas.
Football is the most popular sport in Portugal, and Portuguese football is also steeped in a strong Latin flavor. Portugal first participated in the World Cup in 1966 and finished third. Among them, the Mozambican Eusebio, known as the "Black Panther", scored nine goals and became the top scorer at the World Cup. However, the strength of the Portuguese national team has only improved since the late 1990s, when the Portuguese national team was called the "golden generation". The Portuguese national team reached the semifinals of the 2000 European Championship, was the runner-up of the 2004 European Championship as the host country, finished fourth at the 2006 World Cup in Germany, and won the first European Championship in the history of the team in 2016. Their star player
Cristiano Ronaldo
Quintuple acquisition
Golden Ball Award (Golden Ball Award)
.
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There are no armed rebel groups in Portugal. Since 2016, there have been no terrorist attacks in Portugal, no terrorist attacks or kidnappings directly targeting Chinese companies or citizens. Portugal's social security situation is generally good. Portugal allows citizens to legally own guns. According to Portuguese statistics, there were 93 murder cases in Portugal in 2020, an increase of 4.5%. There were 576 attacks, down 12.9 percent year-on-year. There were 254 kidnapping cases, down 24.9 percent year-on-year. There were 8,976 robberies, down 17.8 percent year on year; There were 298,000 criminal cases. In 2020, the crime rate in Portugal was 29 per 1,000 people, down 11 percent from the previous year.
According to the Global Peace Index 2021 report published by the Institute for Global Economics and Peace, Portugal is one of the five safest countries in the world, ranking fourth out of 163 countries and territories in the security index, behind Iceland, New Zealand and Denmark, and second in the European Union.
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In the European Union, Portugal has a relatively low standard of living, with the standard of living index equating to only about 75% of the EU average. Grain (such as rice, noodles, etc.) prices are slightly higher than China's, fruit, meat and poultry prices are comparable to China's, but service industry charges are much higher than China's. Portugal's local retail industry is relatively developed, with Pingo Doce, Jumbo, Makro, Continente, Worten and other large chain supermarket groups, shopping is very convenient.
Prices of basic household goods in Lisbon, Portugal: rice about 0.91 euros/kg, flour about 0.46 euros/kg, olive oil about 6.50 euros/liter, eggs about 1.62 euros /12, milk about 0.75 euros/liter, chicken breast about 5.50 euros/kg, fresh pork about 3.81 euros/kg.
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Domestic water, electricity and oil prices
Portugal electricity price calculation is more complex, divided into seasons, time periods, uses of pricing, different regions of electricity prices are not the same. Domestic electricity is subject to a service charge, equipment usage fee, special consumption tax on electricity, and subsidized public broadcasting service charge, in addition to a 23% value-added tax. According to Eurostat data, the price of domestic electricity in Portugal in the first and second half of 2020 (the lowest tier of the ladder price) is 0.2024 euros/KWH and 0.2014 euros/KWH, respectively. The weak power supply is mainly the responsibility of the Portuguese electricity company EDP.
Portugal's water supply management is unique, with 18 regions having their own water supply companies, and a few large regions having several water supply companies. The price of water in each region is slightly different, and the price of household and personal water is divided into several files, which is more complicated to calculate. The water supply in the Lisbon region is mainly responsible for EPAL, and the latest price of domestic water released by the company on April 1, 2021 is: under 5 tons per month, the charge is 0.4166 euros/ton; 6 ~ 15 tons per month, 0.7790 euros/ton; 16 ~ 25 tons per month, 1.8334 euros/ton; Over 25 tons per month, 2.3333 euros/ton.
Natural gas is widely used in Portugal, and its price calculation is complicated. According to Eurostat data, the price of domestic gas in Portugal in the first and second half of 2020 (the lowest of the ladder gas prices) is 19.27 euros/gigajou and 19.12 euros/gigajou respectively. In May 2021, the price of 95 gasoline in Portugal is around 1.669 euros per liter, and the average price of diesel is around 1.504 euros per liter, with slightly different prices at different stations.
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Land and house prices
According to Statistics Portugal, the average price of land sold in Portugal in 2018 was 234.37 euros per square meter.
According to the National Statistics Institute of Portugal, the median rental price of apartments across the country as of 2020 is 5.61 euros/square meter, an increase of 5.5% year-on-year. Among them, the median rent for an apartment in Lisbon was 11.46 euros/m2, down 4.2% year-on-year; Cascais was €10.42 / m2, down 2.7% year-on-year; Oellas was 10.01 euros/m2, down 1.7% year-on-year; The Bolchart is 8.70 euros/m2, down 1.5% year-on-year; Loris was 7.58 euros/m2, an increase of 4.7% year-on-year.
The price of buying a property in Portugal varies greatly depending on the location and grade of the property. According to Statistics Portugal, the median house price in Portugal in the fourth quarter of 2020 was €1,942 / m2. Among them, Lisbon city is 3,377 euros/square meter, Porto city is 2,142 euros/square meter. Gaia City, a satellite city of Porto, is only 1,315 euros per square meter, and Braga City, the capital of the northern city of Braga, is only 1,032 euros per square meter.
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Wages in Portugal are among the lowest in the European Union. According to data published by Eurostat in March 2021, the average monthly net income of Portuguese workers in 2018 was 933 euros, making Portugal the seventh lowest income country in the European Union. According to the National Statistics Institute of Portugal, in the first quarter of 2021, the average monthly net income of Portuguese workers was 984 euros, with a large income gap between different industries: The average monthly net income of agriculture, forestry and fisheries workers is 757 euros, the average monthly net income of manufacturing, construction, energy and water workers is 908 euros, and the average monthly net income of service workers is 1,016 euros.
In January 2021, the Portuguese government raised the monthly minimum wage from €635 to €665. Portuguese social insurance is paid by both employers. Depending on the job, employee contributions range from 8% to 11%, and employer contributions range from 11% to 23.75%. Portugal's foreign Labour market is small. According to Statistics Portugal, there are about 148,000 foreign workers in Portugal in 2020; Foreign workers mainly come from Portuguese-speaking countries such as Brazil, as well as Eastern Europe, which has joined the European Union. Foreign labor is mainly concentrated in the manufacturing and processing industry, construction industry, retail industry and hotel and catering industry.
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According to the data released by the National Statistics Institute of Portugal, the total working population of Portugal in 2020 will be 5.232,700, accounting for 50.82% of the total population (labor participation rate). Portugal's unemployment rate has been high since the financial crisis, reaching 17 percent in 2013 and falling every year since. Portugal's unemployment rate fell to 6.5% in 2019, a 10-year low. Portugal's unemployment rate rose to 6.9% in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, Portugal has more workers than it needs.
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Portugal stands for developing friendly and cooperative relations with all countries in the world on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. Transatlantic relations, the European Union, the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries, Portuguese expatriates, globalization and multilateralism, and emerging market countries are the six main directions of Portugal's foreign policy. We firmly support the European integration process and maintain stability in the eurozone. We respect the EU's position on issues such as counter-terrorism and the influx of refugees in Europe. We attach importance to developing transatlantic relations. China has maintained active exchanges with Portuguese-speaking countries and actively promoted the development of the Community of Portuguese-speaking countries. China has vigorously pursued economic diplomacy, expanded cooperation with emerging markets in Asia, Africa, Latin America and other countries, and is a founding member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. China has established diplomatic relations with 194 countries and regions in the world, and has 133 diplomatic missions abroad. Among them, there are 76 embassies, 48 consulates and 9 delegations to international organizations.
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Relations with China
China and Portugal established diplomatic relations on February 8, 1979. In September of the same year, the two countries exchanged ambassadors. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties 44 years ago, the friendly cooperative relations between the two countries in politics, economy, trade, culture, science and technology, military and other fields have been developing continuously. In April 1987, the governments of China and Portugal reached an agreement on the settlement of the question of Macao left over from history through consultations on an equal footing and signed a joint statement on the question of Macao. China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao on 20 December 1999. During Premier Wen Jiabao's visit to Portugal in 2005, leaders of the two countries announced the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership.
In recent years, leaders of the two sides have exchanged frequent visits and promoted the further development of bilateral friendly cooperative relations.
The main Chinese visits are (in chronological order) : Vice President Han Zheng (2023). The main Portuguese visits are (in chronological order) : Speaker of the Parliament Gama (2009), President Silva (2014), Prime Minister Costa (visited China in 2016 and attended the Fifth Ministerial Meeting of the Forum for Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries), Speaker Rodriguez (2018), President de Sousa (paid a state visit to China and attended the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in 2019).
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In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Portugal was 8.704 billion U.S. dollars, down 3.2 percent year-on-year. Among them, China's exports to Portugal were 5.792 billion US dollars, down 2.7 percent year-on-year, and imports from Portugal were 2.912 billion US dollars, down 4.1 percent year-on-year. China's exports to Portugal are mainly motor and electrical equipment, machinery and appliances, toys, furniture, steel products and so on. The main imported commodities are: machinery, electrical equipment, cork and its products, pulp and waste paper, mineral products, etc.
In October 2018, the China-Portugal Joint Economic and Trade Committee held its 10th meeting. In 2023, China's direct investment in Portugal reached 386 million euros, a year-on-year increase of 34.52%, and the stock of direct investment reached 3.607 billion euros, a year-on-year increase of 12.02%. At the same time, Portugal's stock of direct investment in China reached 55 million euros, an increase of 10 percent year-on-year.
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Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Portugal, the exchanges between the two countries in culture, science and technology and education have gradually increased. There is a cultural agreement between the two countries, and an agreement on the establishment of cultural centers in each other was signed in 2016. In 2005, the two countries signed the Agreement on the Mutual Recognition of Higher Education diplomas and degree Certificates. Confucius Institutes have been set up at the University of Minho, the University of Lisbon, the University of Aveiro, the University of Coimbra and the University of Porto in Portugal. China and Portugal have signed the Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation between the two Governments and held the ninth session of the Joint Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation. In November 2017, the two countries officially established the "Blue Partnership". Knot has 8 pairs of sister cities: Wuxi - Cascais (1993.09), Zhuhai - Blanco Fort (1994.09), Shanghai - Porto (1995.04), Tongling - Leiria (2000.09), Beijing - Lisbon (2007.10), Penglai - Leiria (2015.05), Shenzhen - Porto (2016.10), Shenyang - Bula Plus (2020.10). In 2022, Dujiangyan and Taiyuan will establish friendly and cooperative relations with Ponti-Dilma and Viseu respectively.
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On December 29, 2000, the China-Portugal Friendship Association was established in Beijing. The NPC and the Portuguese Parliament have set up friendship groups in each other's countries.
In 2022, Dujiangyan and Taiyuan will establish friendly and cooperative relations with Ponti-Dilma and Viseu respectively.
Military-to-military exchanges between China and Portugal began in 1980. In 2006, Portuguese Defense Minister Amado visited China and signed an agreement on cooperation between the two defense Ministries. In 2009, the Chief of staff of the Portuguese Navy and the Air Force respectively led delegations to attend the series of activities marking the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Navy and the Air Force. In 2010, the Portuguese navy's sail training ship Sagres visited Shanghai. In 2011, General Ramalho, Chief of Staff of the Portuguese Army, visited China. In April 2013, the 13th Chinese naval escort taskforce, consisting of the frigate Huangshan, the frigate Hengyang and the frigate Qinghai Lake, visited Portugal. In 2014, General Xu Yaoyuan, Political commissar of the Armed Police, visited Portugal, and General Pinheiro, Chief of staff of the Portuguese Air Force, visited China. In 2015, Admiral Montero, Chief of the General Staff of the Portuguese Armed Forces, visited China and the 20th Chinese naval escort taskforce visited Portugal. In 2016, General Wang Guanzhong, deputy chief of the Joint Staff Department of the CMC, visited Portugal. In October 2017, the Chinese Navy's new training ship Qi Jiguang visited Portugal.
Relations with the European Union
The European Union is the basis of Portugal's external relations. Portugal actively supports and participates in the European integration process and supports the eastward expansion of the EU. It opposes the division of member states into different hierarchies and the excessive concentration of EU decision-making power in the hands of a few countries. In the second half of 2007, China successfully held the rotating presidency of the European Union, presided over the completion of the revision and signing of the Lisbon Treaty, which helped the EU out of the dilemma of "constitutional", promoted the formulation of the second three-year plan of the "Lisbon Strategy", further enhanced the economic vitality and competitiveness of the EU, and completed the eastern expansion of the Schengen Area to nine countries in Central and Eastern Europe. At the same time, we will maintain high-level exchanges with major EU countries such as Spain, France and Germany and promote economic, scientific and technological cooperation. Actively promote the EU energy strategic planning, and actively develop renewable energy; Attach importance to joint efforts with EU countries to combat illegal immigration and combat terrorism, and officially launch the electronic biometric fingerprint passport and visa system; Successfully facilitated the establishment of the headquarters of the European Maritime Safety Agency in Lisbon. In 2009, after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the EU was about to set up an External Action Service, and appropriately adjusted the extension of its foreign policy, focusing on developing relations with countries and regions outside the EU, so as to improve its influence and status in the EU. In September 2009, he began a two-year rotation as the EU Naval Commander. In June 2010, Portugal took over from Spain as commander of the European Union Force in Guinea-Bissau, which is responsible for reforming Guinea-Bissau's defence and security system and training its personnel. In 2011, the Portuguese Navy served as the European Union's anti-piracy commander in the Indian Ocean region. From 6 April to 6 August 2013, the Portuguese Navy again held the position.
After the outbreak of the European debt crisis, Portugal believes that strengthening economic governance on the basis of monetary union is conducive to ensuring the stability and integrated development of the EU. The debt crisis provides an opportunity for EU countries to improve cohesion, and member states have changed from fighting independently to responding jointly, which once again confirms the necessity and urgency of EU integration.
Relations with the United States
Portugal, a traditional ally of the United States and a member of NATO, has always prioritized relations with the United States. In 1995, Portugal and the United States signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement, allowing the United States to use the Azores air base of La Zysh. After the September 11 attacks, China firmly supported the US anti-terrorism military operations, and further strengthened military cooperation while maintaining political and economic relations with the US. In 2005, Portugal and the United States exchanged visits at the foreign minister level, re-signed the extradition treaty, and expressed their willingness to promote the establishment of a trilateral cooperation mechanism between Portugal, the United States and Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa. In 2007, China continued to strengthen substantive cooperation with the United States in the field of security and defense, and supported the establishment of the United States Africa Command. In September 2011, Portuguese Foreign Minister Portas held a bilateral meeting with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on the Middle East issue while attending the UN General Assembly in New York. In November, Portuguese President Anibal Cavaco Silva visited the United States and held talks with President Obama on the European debt crisis, the situation in Portugal and Palestinian membership in the United Nations. In May 2012, Portuguese Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho went to the United States to attend the NATO Chicago Summit. In January 2013, US Defense Secretary Panetta visited Portugal to explain the reduction of the US presence at the Lashish air base in Portugal, and to exchange views on further defense cooperation between the two sides.
Relations with Portuguese-speaking countries
Due to historical reasons, Portugal has ties with the five Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa (Mozambique,
Angola
Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, SAO Tome and Principe) have close ties. As the region with the largest concentration of Portuguese-speaking countries and the main supplier of oil and gas to Portugal, Africa has become increasingly important in Portuguese diplomacy. In recent years, in order to play its role as a bridge between Europe and Africa, Portugal has actively developed cooperation with the five countries in various fields. In recent years, China has exchanged frequent high-level visits with Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa and substantially increased its investment in energy, military, finance, trade and other fields. During the rotating EU Presidency in 2007, the EU and Africa advocated the convening of the second EU-Africa Summit, and the two sides established a new type of strategic dialogue on an equal basis. It also vigorously responds to the initiative of the "Union for the Mediterranean", attaches importance to communication and cooperation with the Maghreb countries in North Africa, maintains peace and stability in Southern Europe, and ensures the stability and diversification of energy supply and opens up export markets.
Attach importance to strengthening traditional relations with Brazil. Over the years, 9 billion euros have been invested in Brazil, with the participation of more than 600 companies. In the first half of 2012, Portugal's direct investment in Brazil exceeded 300 million euros. Portugal also made active use of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (Comunidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa, CPLP), Promote political, diplomatic, economic, trade and cultural cooperation among Portuguese-speaking countries.
Relations with Spain
After Portugal's "April 25" revolution in 1974, the relations between Portugal and Spain were strained for a time, but began to normalize by the end of 1975. In November 1977, the two countries signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression. The heads of government of the two countries meet regularly to exchange views on bilateral relations and other issues of common interest. In February 2003, Prime Ministers of Portugal and Spain held a bilateral meeting in Madrid. Portuguese Foreign Minister Acruz also visited Spain in the same month, and the two sides signed the Joint Statement on Cooperation in Maritime Security Affairs and Establishment of a Joint Mechanism for Rapid alarm. In February 2004, Portuguese Prime Minister Jose Manuel Barroso visited Spain and promised to set up a Portuguese cultural center in Spain in 2005, saying that Spain is a close neighbor and does not pose a threat to Portugal. In May of the same year, the new Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero visited Portugal and said that despite the differences between the two governments on the issue of the coalition troops in Iraq, the all-round friendly relations between the two countries would not be affected. In October 2005, the Speaker of the Portuguese Parliament visited Spain and called for closer border cooperation between Spain and Portugal. Portugal also hosted the Centennial Exhibition of the Portuguese Parliament in Spain (1903-2003). In November, the Portuguese-Spanish summit was held in Portugal, attended by the prime ministers of the two countries, and the two sides signed bilateral cooperation agreements on border cooperation, tourism, employment, the establishment of an Iberian electricity market, high-speed railways, and Marine surveying. Spain is Portugal's largest trading partner. In 2004, Portugal's imports from the West accounted for 29.3% of its total imports, and exports to the West accounted for 24.9% of its total exports, making the West the most important country in Portugal's foreign trade. On May 11, 2023 local time, the governments of Spain and Portugal issued a joint statement that the new Treaty of Friendship and cooperation officially entered into force, which will replace the treaty of friendship and cooperation signed by the two governments in 1977.
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Relations with Eastern Europe
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Portugal advocated that the West strengthen its aid to Russia to help Russia transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Portugal supports the improvement of relations between Russia and the EU and believes that Russia plays an important role in balancing international relations. Portugal is willing to establish all-round cooperation with Russia and strengthen bilateral trade and cultural relations on a sound political basis. In July 1994, Portuguese Prime Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva paid a working visit to Russia, during which the two governments signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation as well as six cooperation agreements on investment protection, culture, industrial technology, road transport and medical science. In 2001, Portuguese President Sampaio visited Russia and the two sides signed the Consular Agreement and the Protocol on Political Consultations at the Foreign Minister level. Between 1998 and 2003, Portuguese investment in Russia amounted to 462,000 euros per year, while Russian investment in Portugal amounted to 52,000 euros. Portugal's exports to Russia account for only 0.08% of Russia's imports. In November 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Portugal, the first visit by a Russian top leader. In May 2005, Portuguese Prime Minister Socrates attended the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Great Patriotic War in Russia. In October, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Culture and Minister of Economy of Portugal visited Russia and signed the agreement on the exchange program of university students between Portugal and Russia until 2009, as well as the agreement on information and tourism. Portugal's contacts with Eastern European countries have increased, and Portugal has expressed support for the request of Eastern European countries to join the EU and NATO, but believes that it should be based on stable security relations with Russia.
Relations with East Timor
East Timor
pre-Portuguese
colony
In 1951, the name was changed to the province of Portugal. In 1974, after the "April 25" incident in Portugal, the new Portuguese regime advocated decolonization and allowed East Timor to hold a referendum and exercise self-determination. In 1975, the three main East Timorese political parties, Fretilin, ZANU-PF and NLD, which had just been formed, were in civil strife due to a power struggle and the situation spiralized out of control. In December of the same year, Indonesia invaded East Timor, and in July of the following year declared Butung as its 27th province. From 1992 to 1999, under the auspices of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Foreign ministers of Portugal and Indonesia held 12 rounds of negotiations on the question of East Timor, and finally reached a consensus on the issue of national self-determination in East Timor. In August 1999, in a referendum supervised by the United Nations, 78.5% of East Timorese voted for independence. In December of the same year, Portuguese Foreign Minister Gama visited East Timor. In 2000, the President, Prime Minister and Speaker of the Portuguese Parliament successively paid visits to Timor-Leste. On May 20, 2002, the President and Prime Minister of Portugal attended the celebration of the founding of East Timor. Since 1999, in addition to providing substantial economic and humanitarian assistance to Timor-Leste, Portugal has also sent more than 1,000 peacekeeping troops and police officers and 100 teachers. Portugal is the largest donor to Timor-Leste by the international community. In 2002, the Portuguese Government carried out cooperation projects with the Government of Timor-Leste amounting to 80.485 million euros, including 9 million euros in assistance. The two countries have signed a cooperation plan for 2004-2006, under which Portugal will provide 50 million euros. In 2004, Portugal's assistance amounted to 20.568 million euros. In June of the same year, the last batch of 253 Portuguese peacekeepers from the United Nations in East Timor returned to Portugal. In June 2005, Prime Minister Alkatiri of Timor-Leste visited Portugal and Portugal agreed to send 30 police officers east to help train local security forces.
Located on the west coast of the Iberian Island, Portugal is one of the most popular European countries for tourists because of its calm climate, cheap travel costs and pleasant scenery. Portugal's geography is diverse, from the verdant peaks and vineyards of the north, the rolling farmlands and ancient villages of the centre, to the enchanting beaches of the Algarve on the southern coast. The Azores and Madeira islands, which belong to Portugal but are located in the Atlantic Ocean, are famous for their lush landscapes and gardens.
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Portugal is rich in medieval castles, unique and charming villages, sunny beaches, world-class surf, rich traditional cuisine, sentimental fado music and other tourism resources.
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Lisbon
Sights of Lisbon
Lisbon
It is the capital of Portugal, located in the west of Portugal, with the Sintra Mountains to the north and the Sintra Mountains to the south
The Tagus River
, distance
Atlantic
Less than 12 kilometers, it is the westernmost city on the European continent, and due to the influence of the Atlantic Current, it is warm for most of the year, and the plants are green all year round. The city of Lisbon is spread over seven lush hills, with the Tagus River flowing south to the sea. Rhys's alleys, shops, Gothic cathedrals, unique Bridges and colorful neighborhoods, as well as the traditional fado music that reverberates, certainly make the city full of charm.
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Coimbra
A view of Coimbra
Coimbra
Located on the Montagu River in central Portugal, it is a charming town. The history of the city of Coimbra is closely linked to the historical development of the university, which established the first university in the country and one of the oldest in Europe. Once the ancient capital of Portugal, it has many valuable historical sites and has a deep historical and cultural exploration. Handicrafts, baccalaureate and Fado music (traditional Portuguese art with sad tunes) are the three main specialties of Coimbra. It also has one of the most distinctive botanical gardens in Europe.
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The Azores
Views of the Azores
The Azores
It is a volcanic archipelago of nine volcanoes located in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km west of Lisbon. Each of the Azores islands has its own fascinating side, with world-class whale-watching programs, mineral hot springs, or quaint seaside towns. SAN Miguel Island is the largest island in the Azores, with the reputation of "green island"; At 2,351 meters above sea level, Picu is the highest mountain in Portugal.
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Aveiro
A view of Aveiro
Aveiro is a new city in north-central Portugal, located on the Atlantic coast of central Portugal, and is a transportation hub connecting central and northern Portugal. Aveiro is also a famous water city, known as the "Venice of Portugal" : beautiful Bridges connect the waterway canals, colorful gondolas and speedboats shuttle back and forth on the water, many shops left over from the 18th century on both sides of the waterway, the most comfortable is sitting on the gondola on summer nights, listening to the nocturna from both sides. In addition to these, Aveiro's rich historical sites, gorgeous beaches and delicious cuisine are also reasons for many tourists to visit.
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Evora
A view of Evora
Evora, a small town on the Alentejo Plain in western Portugal, has long been a magnet for tourists. Evora has a history of more than 2,000 years and was once a bustling city under Roman rule. Today the capital of the Alentejo, Evora is a well-preserved historic city with more than 4,000 architectural works of different artistic styles and schools from different periods, including Roman walls and temples.
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Porto
Views of Porto
Located at the mouth of the Douro River in northern Portugal, Porto is the wine distribution center of the upper reaches of the Douro River, and the quality and mellow Porto wine is known as the "first ambassador" of Portugal. At the heart of Porto is Piazza Ribera, where there are many cafes, restaurants and street vendors where visitors can order a cup of coffee and quietly enjoy the pleasant atmosphere accompanied by beautiful music. The most famous attraction here is the Ponte Louis I, the metal double-arch bridge that connects Porto to the New town of Gaia and is also an important wine cellar.
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Madeira Islands
Madeira Islands
Known as the "Pearl of the Atlantic", Madeira is an oasis in the North Atlantic on the northwest coast of Africa. This is not only a scenic and mild climate, but also the place where the local famous - Madeira wine is made. Funchal is the downpayment and largest city of Madeira, with many old churches, fortresses, tourist resorts, restaurants and the Lido boulevards with chic sea views.
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Novtra
The view of Sintra
Located on the outskirts of Lisbon, at the foot of the Nueva Tera mountains, this area of rolling hills, palaces, castles and villas are located in which the cultural landscape and natural scenery are blended together. Famous attractions such as Pena Palace and so on.
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Obidus
The view of Obidus
Obidus is situated on top of a hill in the central region of Portugal, surrounded by an ancient fortified city wall. In addition to the city walls, the main tourist attractions within the city are the magnificent Medieval castle and the historic center of Obidus. The city's labyrinth of cobblestone streets connects squares, cafes, shops and white houses decorated with flowers.
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Algav
The scenery of Algarve
Located in the southernmost tip of Portugal, Algarve's sunny Mediterranean climate and beaches, picturesque cities, rich historical sites, delicious cuisine and affordable travel make Algarve one of the most popular tourist destinations in Portugal. Here, visitors can enjoy peaceful olive groves, visit the outdoor traditional white village, or enjoy the sea breeze at the summer resort on the coastal cliffs.
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Portugal became a member of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee on 30 September 1980. By the end of the 38th session of the World Heritage Assembly on June 25, 2014, Portugal had a total of 15 World Heritage sites, including 14 cultural sites and 1 natural site; One of them is shared with Spain. It is tied for 17th place in the world in terms of heritage.
1. Town center of Port Hero, Azores (1983, World Heritage Site, located in the Autonomous Region of Azores)
4. Jerome Monastery and Belem Tower in Lisbon (1983, World Heritage Site)
9. Prehistoric Rock art Sites in Coa Valley and Secabelde (1998, expanded in 2010) : Prehistoric rock art sites in the Coa Valley, Portugal (1998) - Prehistoric rock art sites in Secabelde, Spain (2010, shared with Spain, World Heritage Site)
10. Guilin in Madeira (1999, located in Madeira, Autonomous Region, World Natural Heritage)
13. Landscape of Picu Island Vineyard Culture (2004, Azores, World Heritage Site)
Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications (2012, World Heritage Site) Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its fortifications
15. University of Coimbra-Alta and Sofia (2013, World Heritage Site)
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