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Tujia
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Tujia: Bifzivkar
It is an ethnic group with a long history and has an ethnic language, which belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language group of the Chinese-Tibetan family, and is close to the Yi language branch.
The Tujia are mainly distributed in Wuling Mountain area in the border area of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou. The Tujia in Hunan Province are mainly distributed in Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing, Guzhang and other counties in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Cili and Sangzhi in Zhangjiajie City, and Shimen in Changde City. Hubei Province is mainly distributed in Laifeng, Hefeng, Xianfeng, Xuan 'en, Jianshi, Badong, Enshi, Lichuan and other counties in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and Changyang and Wufeng counties in Yichang City. Chongqing is mainly distributed in the southeast of Chongqing in Qianjiang, Youyang, Shizhu, Xiushan, Pengshui and other districts and counties; Guizhou Province is mainly distributed in Yanhe, Yinjiang, Sinan, Jiangkou, Dejiang and other counties in northeast Guizhou.
Adopted by the State People's Affairs Committee in October 1956
National identity
The Tujia were identified as a single ethnic group. According to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
According to statistics, the population of the Tujia in China is 9,587,732.
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- Chinese name
- Tujia
- Population number
- 9,587,700 (Year 2021)
- plot
- Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou
- build
- Stilted building
- species
- Tujia language
- Tuten
- White tiger
- self-styled
- Bidzka [2]
catalogue
The Tujia call themselves "Bizka", "Mikika" or "Beijinka", which means "indigenous people".
Historically, the ancestors of the Tujia were called "man" or "Yi". Before the Song Dynasty, the Tujia who lived in the Wuling area, together with other ethnic minorities, were called "Wuling Man" or "Wuxi Man". After the Song Dynasty, the Tujia were individually called "Tuding", "Turen", "Tumin" or "Tuman". With the increase of Han immigrants, "Tu", "guest" and "Miao" were often used to distinguish the three ethnic groups of Tujia, Han and Miao in Wuling.
"Tujia", as an ethnic name, appeared in a later period. The Annals of Xianfeng County in the period of the Republic of China referred to the "family of Zhi Shu" as "Tujia" and the local Han immigrants as "Hakka".
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There are different opinions about the origin of the Tujia.
One is the descendants of the ancient Ba people. From the records of the Ten Ways and the poems of Liu Changqing and Liu Yuxi in the Tang Dynasty, which reflect the customs of Hunan, it can be seen that "Ba people" have indeed widely entered the northeast, West and Yuan river basins of Hunan. Today, the Tujia in Xiangxi call themselves "Bizka" (" Bizka "), and some place names in the area where Ba people live and activity in history are similar to "Bizka"; The names and clan names of the Ba people are also similar to the pronunciation of "Bizi"; Both the Ba and Tujia have stories and myths about tigers; The Bai people worship the white tiger god the same as the Tujia people; The Ba people share some of the same surnames as the Tujia.
One is said to be a part of the "Wuman" that moved from Guizhou to western Hunan in ancient times. Dwring the Zang牁, according to the story of Xizhou Bronze Column, "I originally came to dwring the Zang牁 tradition. I was the first person to dwring the Zang牁 family since my six sons were separated and I came to Wuxi to get together. The Tujia are believed to be from Guizhou. There have always been "Bizi" people in Guizhou, such as the Republic of China "Dading County Annals" volume five said: "Bizi is the name of Bailuo, because the name of its land is Biji, and the long-standing myth is Bijie." Yuan Dynasty's "Jingshi Dadian recruiting arrest general Record" "Eight fan Shun Yuan Zhuman" article also said that there is a "Biji" family between Guiyang and Huishui today. "Bi Ji", "Bi Ji", immediately "bizi", and the Tujia claim close. According to historical records, after the Middle Tang Dynasty, "Wuman" in the area of "Yue 嶲" once entered Guizhou. "The army is deployed, invading thousands of miles." Some of the local aborigines were conquered by them, which is the origin of the name "Bailuo", and some fought with them for a long time, and finally were forced to move to western Hunan and Yunnan. The name "Tujia" refers to the newly invaded "Wuman". The Tujia language is close to the southwest Yi people, which is also a proof that the Tujia came from Guizhou.
One is that from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Five Dynasties (around 910), Peng 瑊 led the descendants of all the artisans who moved from Jiangxi to western Hunan. Some of them settled down in Yuanling, and moved from Yuanling Lianhua Pond to the western Hunan and Hubei Mountains in the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), cutting through the thorns, cutting through the mountains and breeding.
It was formed by the native ancestors who had settled in the border area of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou since ancient times, and merged with the ancestors of some other tribes, especially the native people of Xiangxi who constituted the main body of Tujia. The main evidence is as follows: Firstly, from the cultural sites excavated in the west of Hunan, it can be seen that there was human habitation in the west of Hunan as early as 4000 BC; Second, the Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "local people", the Miao people are called "Baika", which means "neighbor people", and the Han people are called "paka", which means "outsiders"
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This language phenomenon shows that the Tujia and Miao are the ancient inhabitants of western Hunan. Third, from the lyrics of the Tujia sorcerer "Tulao Si" singing ancestor worship and waving hand dance, the legendary Tujia ancestors migrated around the Youshui valley, without crossing large rivers and traveling long distances.
With the development of The Times, the Tujia multi-source theory is recognized by most people, namely the ancient Ba people
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The main source of the two branches of Linjunman and Banlu-man is the integration of the local natives and the Han, Puren, Chu, Wuman and other ethnic groups that entered the area. It can be concluded that since the late Tang and five dynasties, Tujia, a stable people's community, gradually formed into a single nation. After the founding of New China, the Party and the government organized five surveys, and in October 1956, the ethnic composition of the Tujia was determined. On January 3, 1957, the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee telegraphed the Hunan Provincial Party Committee and the United Front Work Departments of Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou Provincial Party Committees, confirming that the Tujia were a single ethnic group.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Tujia people were recruited and transferred to the southeast coastal area together with the Han, Zhuang, Miao, Yao, She, Gelao, Hui and other ethnic groups to fight against the invasion of the Japanese invaders. In the Jiaxing Wang Jiangjing and other battles, the "Tujia and Miao soldiers" of Yongshun and Baojing repeatedly made war achievements and were rated as "the first in the Southeast war", which fully embodies the patriotism of the Tujia people and people of all ethnic groups to resist foreign aggression.
In 1733, in the eleventh year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, the Tujia people in Hefeng revolted one after another because they could not bear the cruel rule of Tu Si, forcing Tu Si to commit suicide. From 1795 to 1797, the Miao people's anti-feudal uprisings broke out in East Guizhou and West Hunan, and were warmly responded by the Tujia people. During the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, under the influence and promotion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolutionary movement that shook the whole country, the Tujia people in Guizhou, together with Miao, Dong, Kelao, Han and other ethnic groups, held high the banner of honor and organized the red, white and Yellow army uprising, which dealt a heavy blow to the decadent Qing Dynasty and demonstrated the revolutionary struggle spirit of the Tujia people.
From 1851, Tujia people in Western Hunan formed secret associations. The "啯 Lu" in the southeast of Sichuan was once active in western Hubei. The "Red Money Clubs" and "black money clubs" in Laifeng and other places also rose successively. Echoing the revolutionary movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, they fought against the ruling class everywhere. Around 1861, in the area of Longshan, "Brother will" Dasheng. The anti-feudal struggle of these secret societies continued to expand and became a force in the revolutionary movement of the Heavenly Kingdom. In the same year, the Taiping Army passed through the Tujia area, won the support and cooperation of the Tujia people, and launched a vigorous anti-feudal struggle in western Hunan and Hubei. In 1884, the people of all ethnic groups in Xizi, unable to withstand the exploitation and oppression of the Catholic reactionary forces, revolted angrily and killed a bishop and two priests who had done many evil things, which shook the whole west Hubei. In 1897, under the influence of the national anti-imperialist struggle, the people of all ethnic groups in Lihualing, Lichuan, and other places rose up one after another to drive out the imperialist running dogs, burn down churches, protest the imperialist use of religion to enslve the people of all ethnic groups, and vigorously combat the imperialist aggression in the Tujia area.
During the Revolution of 1911, Deng Yulin, Mou Hongxun, Xi Zhengming, Xiang Naiqi and other outstanding figures of the Tujia family responded positively and made important contributions to the success of the revolution of 1911. During the period of the Republic of China, the Tujia area rose up the "God soldier movement", put forward the slogan of "destroy soldiers, eliminate donations, eliminate taxes", organized farmers to resist the corrupt officials and fight against donations and taxes.
After the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, under the leadership of the Party, the peasant movement in western Hunan and Hubei Tujia region was in full swing and developed vigorously. In 1926, farmers of all ethnic groups in Laifeng and other places armed themselves with local spears, broadswords and atractoirs to oppose excessive and miscellaneous taxes and fight landlords and local tyrants. Later, farmers' associations were established in Sangzhi, Luxi and other counties to suppress bullies and landlords and severely combat feudal forces. In the 1925-1927 Northern Expedition War, many Tujia children joined the 20th Army of the National Revolutionary Army led by Comrade He Long. Under the influence of the Great Revolution, the revolutionary consciousness of the people of all ethnic groups in Wuling area has been greatly improved, the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle has been deepened, and the scale of the peasant movement has been continuously expanded.
From 1927 to 1935, the Tujia people participated in the struggle led by the Communist Party of China to establish the Western Hunan and Hubei revolutionary base area. In January 1928, He Long and other comrades went to Western Hunan and Hubei to carry out armed struggle, often guerrilla in Sangzhi, Hefeng, Xianfeng, Enshi, Jianshi and other places. In May 1930, the Second Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was formed, the Honghu base area in Hubei Province and the West Hunan Province base area were united, and the Special Committee of the Communist Party of China was established. The Soviet government was established in Sangzhi, Hefeng, Wufeng, Jianshi and some parts of Longshan, Xuan 'en, Dayong, Yongshun and other counties. After July of the same year, the Second Red Army went east to Honghu. The guerrillas and Red Guards in Hefeng, Sangzhi and other places were combined into the Red Army Guard regiment and left behind the counties in the western Hunan-Hubei border region. From 1931 to 1933, the Red Army Guard regiments persisted in guerrilla warfare in Sangzhi, Dayong, Hefeng, Enshi, Xianfeng, Xuan 'en, Wufeng and other places. In the summer of 1933, the Red Army Guard Regiment joined the Second Red Army and continued to operate on the border of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou.
In October 1934, the Second Red Army led by comrades He Long and Guan Xiangying and the Sixth Red Army led by Comrade Ren Bishi met at the junction of northeast Guizhou and southeast Chongqing, and mobilized the masses in Sangzhi, Dayong, Yongshun, Longshan and other counties to deepen the agrarian revolution, expand their armed forces, and cooperate with the Central Red Army's Long March.
In 1935, many outstanding children of the Tujia family joined the Second Red Front Army and went north on the Long March to the anti-Japanese front. During the Anti-Japanese War, Tujia people carried out a vigorous anti-Japanese national salvation movement under the leadership of the CPC Special Committee of Xiangxi and Western Hubei. In 1941, the heroic people of Basiba in Xianfeng County, unable to bear the suffering of the Kuomintang Party, more than 60 people rushed into the office of the Kuomintang Party chief with knives, killing the chief and four Baoding people. In 1943, the Tujia, Miao and Han people in Yongshun, Longshan, Dayong, Sangzhi and other counties broke out a large-scale struggle against corrupt officials. After the rebels captured Yongshun and other counties, the insurrection team grew rapidly, and the insurrection team in Yongshun, Dayong and Sangzhi counties alone reached more than 20,000 people. In 1944, the Tujia people in Yanghe Township of Hefeng County, in order to oppose the Kuomintang's excessive and miscellaneous taxes and seize the Dingraf, more than 100 people armed with spears, sabers and other weapons, killed the personnel of the puppet township office and burned documents, which shocked the Kuomintang government.
During the War of Liberation, the indigenous people organized guerrilla groups and cooperated closely with the People's Liberation Army to attack Laifeng and Hefeng in western Hubei, eliminating the reactionary local armed forces and the Kuomintang army, and destroying the dark rule of the Kuomintang in Western Hunan and Hubei
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As early as the Zhou Dynasty, the Tujia area began to be built administrally, and Ba was given the title of son state. After the destruction of Ba in Qin Dynasty and the unification of the six states, Ba County, South County and Qianzhong County were set up in the residence of the Ba people. From the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the central government implemented the rule policy of appointing local chiefs to manage the Tujia area, which was called the jimo policy in history. In the Tang Dynasty, under the policy of "tree its chief, to the town to appease", "mixed side Jing, Chu, Ba, Qian, Wu Zhong" and other barbary have annexed.
From the Yuan Dynasty, the feudal dynasty began to establish the chieftain system in the Tujia area, which was gradually perfected in the Ming Dynasty. The chieftain system is a kind of military and political organization. The chieftain and chieftain officers appointed by the central dynasty carried out the feudal hereditary system. Chieftain was the political ruler and possessed a certain amount of armed forces. They were also the largest feudal lords in their respective regions, and the natives and the chieftains had a personal subordination relationship. From the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, the central government set up dozens of toast in the Tujia area, with Yongshun Toast, Baojing Toast, Sangzhi Toast, Rongmei Toast, loose hair toast, Shi Nan toast, Zhongjian Toast, Youyang Toast, Stone pillar toast, Sizhou Toast and Sinan Toast having a greater influence.
Since the fifth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, the Qing government carried out "return to the land" in the Tujia area, that is, abolish the rule of the land officials and appoint the Liuguan to govern, which was basically completed by the end of Qianlong. After the transformation, the central government implemented the same political system to the Tujia area as the Central Plains, setting up Yongshun Prefecture in western Hunan, with jurisdiction over six counties of Yongshun, Xuan 'en, Xianfeng, Laifeng, Lichuan, Jianshi, Hefeng Prefecture and Changle County, and setting up Youyang Zhili Prefecture (having jurisdiction over Youyang and Xiushan) and Shizhu Zhili Office in southeast Chongqing; In the northeast of Guizhou, Sinan Prefecture (under the jurisdiction of Yinjiang, Anhua, and the river Compression Committee) and Tongren Prefecture were established. Below the county level, the Bao-jia system was used to replace the original grass-roots organization "flag" of the Tujia family.
On September 20, 1957, with the approval of The State Council, the former Xiangxi Miao Autonomous Prefecture (established in 1952) was changed into Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. In May 1980, Laifeng Tujia Autonomous County and Hefeng Tujia Autonomous County were established successively. On November 7, 1983, Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County was established, and on November 11, Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County was established. On December 1, 1983, West Hubei Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established (it was renamed Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in April 1993). On November 10, 1984, Pengshui Tujia Autonomous County was established; on November 13, Qianjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County was established; on November 18, Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County was established; on December 8, Changyang Tujia Autonomous County was established; and on December 12, Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County was established. On November 20, 1987, Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County and Yanhe Tujia Autonomous County were established
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The Tujia had early contact with the Han nationality in history. According to historical records, the five dynasties Liang Kaiping four years (910), Tujia people are mainly agricultural production, and like fishing and hunting, do not do business. When producing, men and women work the same, logging and burning she (that is, slash-and-burn), sowing cereals, no fertilization, no irrigation, when the land is exhausted, and then transferred to other places, separate reclamation, low agricultural output.
Under the influence of the Han, smelting and handicraft industries have developed considerably. In the fifth year of Tianfu (940), Pengshichou, the upper ruler of the Tujia clan, made an alliance with Ma Xifan, king of Chu, in Huixiping, Xizhou (now Yongshun), and cast a copper column as a record. The copper column weighs more than five thousand pounds, one foot high and two feet high, about three or four feet around, six hollow edges, copper bright and shining, the lettering is very exquisite. Whether the copper column comes from the Tujia is not completely certain, but the Tujia accepted the influence of the advanced production technology of the Han nationality is certain.
With the gradual development of agricultural production, the commercial trade between the Tujia and the Han and Miao nationalities also developed. In the five Dynasties, Xizhou people bought Chinese products, and Han people bought local specialties and exchanged what they needed. At this time, the production relations in Tujia area were mainly feudal Lord economy. Pengshishao was the feudal Lord of three hundred households of Food Town. Under the rule of feudal lords, most of the fertile fields were occupied by "land officials", "house officials" and "people". The feudal lords brutally exploited and exploited the peasants (serfs) through the form of labor rent and land rent in kind. In particular, the feudal rulers cruelly exploited the working people under their jurisdiction and paid tribute to the feudal dynasties with part of the exploited property in order to keep close relations with the central dynasties and obtain more "returns" to consolidate their feudal rule. In the Ming Dynasty, such "tribute" and "return" were more frequent and the scale was expanding day by day. With the exchange of "tribute" and "return", the folk trade also had a great development, and a large number of Han merchants and farmers moved in, which greatly promoted the economic development of Tujia area and gradually approached the level of local Han nationality.
With the development of productive forces and the different economic and cultural influences of feudal landlords in Han areas, the Tujia's economic development showed an unbalanced phenomenon. At the beginning of the 12th century, the Tujia area in western Hubei was sparsely populated, and a few rich families owned a lot of land. In order to meet the needs of their luxurious life, they lured the Han farmers to move to reclaim the land, and stipulated that all Han people who committed to the land should provide labor instead of the whole family. The land cultivated and the houses built may be bought and sold; If the client dies, his wife and daughter can remarry; Payment by contract, not extortion and so on. These regulations have played a certain role in promoting the economic development of Tujia area objectively. The migration of Han farmers not only brought advanced production tools, but also brought rich production experience. At this time, the phenomenon of land trading had appeared in the Tujia area of western Hubei Province, and the landlord economy gradually developed and coexisted with the feudal Lord economy, while the feudal Lord economy was still dominant in the Tujia area of western Hunan Province.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the farmers of the soil family had made extensive use of various advanced farm tools imported from the Han region, such as iron plow, iron sickle, iron rake, etc., and also learned to make and use "centipede cart", "flushing barrel", "water mill", "water treadle", "water roller" and so on. Under the influence of the landlord economy in the Han area, land trading was prevalent in Tujia area, and the feudal lords began to use the exploited wealth to buy land or occupy private fields, and gradually transformed to the landlord economy. A large number of Han businessmen and farmers moved in, and many Han businessmen "accumulated millions of capital, bought fields and married relatives" and became landlords. "The county belongs to the giant ethnic group, and there are many tourists from here." The chieftains used their possession of a large amount of land and political privileges to brutally oppress and exploit the peasants of the Tujia, Miao, Han and other ethnic groups. Besides the exploitation of land rent, the peasants also had to undertake various duties and pay tribute. There are many kinds of excessive and miscellaneous taxes, such as "fire pit money" and "hoe money". The Tujia people live a miserable life.
During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the "return to the countryside" was implemented, which completely broke the prohibition of "Han people not entering Dong, not leaving the country", and a large number of Han refugees entered the Tujia area, and the folk exchanges became increasingly frequent. At the same time, the Qing government forced the implementation of Han culture, which greatly changed the mode of production and lifestyle of the Tujia people, further promoted the rapid development of landlord economy, and played a positive role in the political, economic and cultural development of the Tujia area. After 1840, due to the invasion of Britain, the United States and other imperialists, a large number of foreign goods flooded the market. At the same time, they plundered a large number of cheap tung oil, tea, medicine and other local products, and planted a large number of opium in Tujia area, which destroyed the natural economy of Tujia area's self-sufficiency, made the rural area increasingly bankrupt, and the majority of farmers have lost their land. Before liberation, in areas inhabited by the Tujia people, landowners of the Tujia people accounted for 5-7% of the total population and held 40-50% of the total land, with some owning as much as 70%. The poor and farm peasants account for about 60% of the total population and only occupy about 10% of the land. The middle peasants account for 25-30% of the total population and 27-35% of the land. The rest of the land was occupied by rich farmers and small land renters. In the period of Kuomintang rule, the Tujia area landlords, bureaucrats, bandits in a triad, raided homes and villages, killed people and set fires, sent troops to capture the ding, and levied taxes, making the Tujia people into a miserable life, generally lacking food for six months every year. The folk song of "fire stove when cotton-padded jacket, fern root when grain and grass, bamboo piece when lamp, barefoot when shoes run" is a portrait of the poor life of the Tujia people before liberation.
In the early days of the founding of New China, there were only a few simple handmade workshops in the Tujia area, which were mainly engaged in bamboo and wood products, daily pottery, food processing and the production of sulfur and coal. After more than 50 years of development, especially since 1978, Tujia area has gradually formed a modern industrial system with cigarettes, chemicals, energy, building materials and other pillar industries, industrial products are increasingly rich, industrial output value has increased significantly, many industrial products have won the "provincial excellence", "ministerial excellence" title, and some products have also entered the international market
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In the past, the Tujia people believed in multiple gods, such as nature worship, totem worship, ancestor worship, king worship, etc., witchcraft and sorcery were especially fierce, and the introduction of Taoism, Buddhism and Christianity also had a certain impact on the belief of the Tujia people.
Every time the Tujia go hunting, they will sacrifice hunting gods. Longshan, Laifeng, Yongshun and other places called the hunting god "Meishan Niang", "Yunxiao Niang" or "Mei Chang", Changyang, Wufeng, Hefeng area is dedicated to Zhang Wulang. The God of the Hunter is in the hall, where the hunter goes into the mountain to hunt, the hunter must first worship the God of the hunter, pray for protection and peace, get more prey, and make a vow: "Big wealth, big thanks, small wealth, small thanks." There are many land temples in the Tujia area, offering sacrifices to the "mountain God land" in charge of the grain on the slope, the "home land" in charge of poultry and livestock, and the "Meishan Land" to assist in hunting and protect safety.
The white tiger plays an important role in the hearts of the Tujia people. The Tujia claim to be "after the white tiger", with the white tiger as the ancestral god, always and everywhere do not forget to worship. Each family's shrine is dedicated to a carved wooden white tiger all year round. At the time of marriage, the man should lay a tiger blanket on the generous table in the main hall to symbolize the sacrifice of the tiger ancestor. In the sacrificial "skipping drum", there are many imitating the movements of tigers washing their faces, wagging their tails, walking and hunting.
Tujia every New Year festival will be the first big ancestor worship, the first day, fifteen also to carry out small sacrifices. Visit the graves of ancestors during the Qingming Festival. Around the middle of July is the half of the month, also known as the Day of the Dead, to worship ancestors or sacrifice ancestors at home, there is a folk "year small month half big" said.
In Tujia area, it is more common to worship the king of the earth. Before liberation, Xiangxi Tujia regarded Duke Peng, grand official and Tian Haohan as earth king gods. On every festival, sacrifice is required. In particular, from the first day of the first month to the fifteenth day of the first month, the "waving hands" held in the "waving hands" hall or the "social day" worship is very solemn. Yongshun, Longshan there are "eight days temple", legend says that the eight days of God is the Lord Peng Duke praise general, after death rose to the gods of the earth officer, earth general. There are Qin, Tian, and three earth Kings in the west of Hubei, and several earth Kings of faith Ran, Ma, Tian, and Yang in the area of Chongqing and Guizhou.
Due to the increasing influence of the Han nationality, the majority of Tujia areas built ancestral halls, and gradually increased the number of families, and only the more remote shanzhai preserved the remains of the Lord or king temple sacrifice. Tujia people believe in ghosts, witchcraft activities are extremely popular. The Tujia language called the wizard "Tima", the Chinese is called "Tu teacher", all the Tujia village sacrifice, vow, vow, marriage, death and birth, resolving disputes, difficult divination and ceremony of the hand waving activities, all invite Tima to preside over. Taoism and Buddhism were introduced to the Tujia region earlier. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wudou rice religion was popular in the "South county Man of Ba County". Taoism and Tujia's original religious belief, which is based on ancestor worship, infiltrate each other and become mixed.
Christianity came much later, had less impact, was not large, and was strongly opposed by the Tujia people because of its use as an instrument of aggression
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Steamed rice
The Tujia like to drink alcohol, which is commonly made of glutinous rice, sorghum and sweet wine. Shasa wine, generally put Xue Qu and miscellaneous grains in the altar sealed, less than half a year, more than two or three years, long into wine. When the guests arrive, take the middle of the hall case, to the fine bamboo festival as a rod, insert the altar bottom, the hall set the case, on both sides of the chicken, duck, fish, meat, etc., each set a pair of chopsticks, and do not sit, by the housewife opened the altar, the host invited guests to take turns to drink, after the chopsticks and eat, do not think that each other, suck while eating, sing while dancing, singing and dancing
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In terms of clothing, the Tujia are still simple, like loose.
Women's blouse low collar right skirt, collar inlaid with three lace (commonly known as "three tendons"), front edge and cuff stick three small edge railing; Under the "eight skirts", the skirt pleats more and straight, and then changed to trouser legs inlaid with three colorful lace; The girl's white coat is a black cloth jacket, the spring and autumn season to wear more white, coat black coat, color like crow magpie, called "crow magpie clothes." Hair in a bun, wearing a hat or cloth wrapped around the head, like wearing ears, neck, hands, foot rings and other silver ornaments.
Men's coat is "pipa front", and then gradually wear a short shirt and no collar full front short shirt; Loincloth belt; Pant fat, pant leg is large and short, all are blue, blue cloth color, more play gaiters; Head wrap green silk or five or six feet long white cloth, in a "human" shape; Wear partial ear straw shoes, full ear straw shoes, cloth shoes or cleats.
With the development of The Times, the Tujia dress in many places has become similar to that of the Han nationality, and only in grand gatherings and festivals, or remote mountain villages, you can see the traditional Tujia dress
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The traditional houses of Tujia mainly include four types: thatched house, adobe tile house, wooden frame slab house and stilt house, in addition to SLATE house and rock cave.
The structure of residential buildings is divided into main room, side room and department eaves: main room is mostly three, the middle one is the hall room, the front has "swallow mouth"; The two rooms perpendicular to and in front of the two ends of the main room are wing rooms; Behind the main house for the department eaves, also known as drag eaves. The family is rich to build a quadrangle house, the front of the quadrangle house is called the gate house, the middle is the courtyard.
Tujia people live together, and the folk houses form their own communities.
Tujia's residence is generally a two-bedroom, there is also a one-bedroom, which is the side of the stilted building. The foundation of the stilt building is lower than the foundation of the main house, and a dozen wooden columns are erected on the foundation, and the wooden columns are paved with wooden planks (floors), and the wooden boards are the walls, generally two to three layers. There are balconies in front of the stilted building and corridors on both sides. Balconies and corridors are suspended in rows of columns, the end of the suspended column has a conical sculpture, called hanging into the melon. The railing of the balcony and corridor is mostly composed of wooden strips, and the rich families carve dragons and phoeniths on the railing, and elaborate carvings on the Windows and doors. The eaves of the balcony are eaves wing horns, and the eaves are sealed with long plank nails. The stilted buildings of the Tujia family in western Hubei are named corner stilted buildings because they have balconies in front of them and corridors on both sides. The stilted building integrates the art of architecture, painting and sculpture, and is an outstanding representative of Tujia architectural sculpture art
[3]
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The Tujia people attach great importance to etiquette. In the past, after a woman became pregnant, she would ask a teacher to perform the Dharma to "settle the fetus" and exorcise evil spirits. Childbirth, generally please "midwife", to worship the fertility goddess Bashan mother-in-law. After the baby was born, the father embraced the "annunciation chicken" to the mother-in-law's home annunciation, the boy with the rooster, the girl with the hen. Three days later, my mother-in-law's family and friends came to congratulate me with gifts, that is, "play three dynasties". On the day of the full moon, the mother-in-law's home will send clothes, "put feet" for the baby, and formally put on clothes, called "full moon wine" or "wish rice wine". In contemporary times, in fact, the Tujia in many places have combined "playing three dynasties" and "Full moon wine" (rice wine), collectively known as "playing three dynasties".
[3]
.
The Tujia language belongs to the Tibetan-Burman language family of the Chinese-Tibetan family, which is close to the Yi language branch and is divided into southern dialects and northern dialects.
Except the Tujia in Tanxi Township, Luxi County, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, speak the southern dialect, the other Tujia speak the northern dialect.
Tujia does not have its own ethnic script, and has long used Chinese.
The vast majority of Tujia people speak Chinese, some of them also speak Miao language, only some Tujia people in Yongshun, Longshan, Laifeng and other counties in the Youshui basin can speak Tujia
[3]
.
Waving dance is a popular ancient dance of the Tujia people, including hunting dance, farming dance, life dance, military dance, etc. It has a clear rhythm, beautiful image, simple dance posture, remarkable national characteristics and strong life atmosphere, and is deeply loved by the Tujia people. According to the size of the wave dance can be divided into big wave and small wave. During the Spring Festival every year, Tujia villages prepare offerings, worship the gods, "men and women together, lightly advance and retreat", singing and dancing. Up to now, the waving dance has gradually faded away from the ritual process and developed into a pure entertainment dance
[3]
.
The waving song accompanying the waving dance, commonly known as "Shaba song", is the creation epic of the Tujia people, consisting of two parts: the sacrificial song and the accompanying dance song. The song describes the origin of human beings, traces the origin of ethnic groups and migration history, praises the achievements and heroic deeds of ancestors, and expresses the love for life and the pursuit of ideals of the Tujia people. The song has numerous length, magnificent momentum, moving poetry, free and lively, dramatic, and has been widely read among the people for a long time.
The folk song "Zhuzhi Ci" originated from the ancient Ba people's hoof song, which was first spread in the Three Gorges area and the west Hunan Province. In the middle of Tang Dynasty, the poet Liu Yuxi absorbed the nourishment of Tujia folk songs to create, and after the transformation and processing of Song Dynasty literati, formed a clear and unique style. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many Tujia literati used bamboo ci style to create a large number of works reflecting the local customs of Tujia area, which became a model of mutual benefit and common development of Tujia and Han cultures.
The Tujia percussion music "hitting the rink" is famous for its unique charm and rich Qupai, which is mostly used in folk festive activities. Nowadays, it has been endowed with new era content and has been widely used in building new houses, sending new recruits, welcoming model workers, celebrating harvest and various national festivals. Changyang Wind and percussion music is especially represented. It consists of suona or soil flute played in concert with percussion instruments such as drums, gongs, cymbals, etc. It is divided into seven types, such as hall key, major key, guest key, dish key, flute key, funeral key and comprehensive key used on different occasions
[3]
.
Dancing "Maogusi" is an ancient Tujia folk drama of offering sacrifices to the gods, which is composed of songs, dances and words. Performers are covered with straw, thatch, and leaves, dressed as a family of grandparents and grandchildren, and their movements are rough and funny, or they march forward and backward, bend their knees and shake their bodies, or jump from side to side, tremble, or shake their heads and shrug their shoulders, and from beginning to end, they speak strange dialects and sing local songs.
Nuo drama is a ceremony to meet the gods and expel the pestilence ghosts in the old days, also known as the ground play, Nuo Tong play, Nuo wish play, and also Nuo wish, the host family has something to ask for that is to make a wish to God, and the wish has been returned by the wizard on behalf of the host family to God. During the performance, three or five people wore wooden masks, one lead singer, and everyone joined it, singing and dancing with the accompaniment of gongs and drums, although the action is dull but witty, the song is monotonous but also the word rough and straight. Tujia Nuo Opera, known as "the living fossil of Chinese drama"
[3]
.
Tujia's traditional crafts include dyeing, weaving, embroidery, carving, painting, paper cutting, etc. "Xilankap" is the most typical.
Tujia women are good at spinning muslin, self-woven and self-dyed "native cloth", "soil brocade" durable, woven "soil flower blanket", Tujia language called "Xilankapu", with dark brocade thread as the warp, various colors of thick silk, cotton, plush thread as the weft, hand-picked weaving.
Xilankap weavers delicate, colorful, novel patterns, as many as hundreds of kinds, generally divided into three types: one is natural scenery, animals, household appliances, flowers and herbs; The second is the geometric figure, the most common is the "swastika" figure, single eight hooks, double eight hooks and so on; The third is the text pattern, such as happiness, happiness, longevity and so on. The overall effect is simple and elegant, distinct levels, vivid, dazzling, is one of the three famous Chinese brocade
[3]
.
Stewed chicken and duck with stone ears
Is between the lunar New Year festival (over catch year), Lantern Festival, February community day, flower Festival, March cold food Festival, Qingming Festival, April eight cow king's Day, May Dragon Boat Festival, June six to the king's day, July Qiqiao Festival, daughter will, half the month, August 15 Mid-Autumn Festival, September nine Double ninth Festival, October first "cold clothes Festival" and so on, are more important festivals.
Among the many festivals, the "past year" is the most distinctive, and now only some areas retain this custom. After the year, also called Suiyi year, that is, every month big lunar month twenty-nine New Year, month small lunar month twenty-eight New Year, because the Chinese New Year one day earlier than the Han, so the name. At that time, every family will kill pigs, cook mung bean flour, cook rice wine or drink
[3]
.
In the history of Tujia marriage is relatively free, both men and women through free love, with the consent of both parents, by the soil teacher (wizard) testimony, you can become husband and wife.
In Enshi Stone Kiln, big peak and other places, there is the custom of "daughter club", that is, every year on the twelfth day of the seventh lunar month, young men and women through the "daughter club", singing and dancing, love each other, and become lifelong partners.
After their return, the Tujia were forced to carry out arranged marriages arranged by their parents' orders and the words of matchmakers. The Tujia family practiced monogamy, and before liberation there were the customs of cousin-uncle marriage and house-filling marriage. Uncle cousin marriage, that is, the daughter of the aunt will marry the son of the uncle, also known as "also bone species"; Brother dead brother to receive sister-in-law, brother dead brother to receive sister-in-law, called "bed." But these customs have ceased to exist in modern times.
After liberation, the people's government promulgated a new marriage law, and the Tujia people truly enjoyed the happiness of independent marriage. Tujia's marriage rituals roughly include "proof", "proposal", "red geng", "fixed marriage" (commonly known as "Maoxiang"), "look at the period", "pro-welcome" and other procedures, similar to the Han ancient "six rites". The more characteristic marriage ceremony is to accompany ten sisters, accompany ten brothers and cry to marry.
The day before the wedding, the couple held a grand bar mitzvah. The third volume of the Annals of Changyang County in Qing Dynasty records: "The ancient crown marriage is two things, and Changyi is one. A day or two before marriage, the female family hair hairpin, said "head". Set a feast for Taoist girls, and ask nine young girls to join the girls and ten, saying 'accompany the ten sisters'; Men's family life word, relatives and friends together for the gold plaque, drum music guide, on the hall to congratulate, said 'he number', do not call word also. There are two (feasts) in a day, and in the first, there are nine children and ten of the groom, and they say, 'Accompany ten brothers,' and they say, 'sit with ten friends.'"
The activities of "accompanying ten sisters" and "accompanying ten brothers" still exist in the whole Tujia area. Tujia brides get married in the fashion of "crying marriage", some in more than half a month before the marriage began to cry, some to cry for more than a month, at least three or five days. Crying marriage songs include "crying parents", "crying elder brother and sister-in-law", "crying uncle", "crying sisters", "Crying matchmaker", "crying hair", "crying flowers", "crying father and mother", "crying ancestors", "crying on the sedan chair" and so on
[3]
.
The Tujia used to cremate people. During the funeral procession, ask the teacher to recite the sutras and the Taoist priest to open the way. The dead were sacrificed to God by the earth teacher, the head of the cow belonged to the earth teacher exclusively, and the poor often borrowed the cow as a sacrifice. Later, due to the influence of the Han nationality, they were changed to earth burial, and the procedure was divided into encoffining, funeral, funeral, burial, and other parts.
In the Tujia area north of Qingjiang River Basin, there is a unique ancient burial custom song and dance "dancing drum", also known as "dancing Sarho". In the cottage, no matter who the old man died, he would ask the master to come home to play the funeral drum. That night, the suona played loudly, gongs and drums were loud, and firecrackers were non-stop. When the funeral drum sounded, the people in the neighboring villages came together to mourn.
"Drumming" is a dance in front of the coffin in which the drummer beats the drum, the singer calls the song, and the dancer picks up the song. In general, two or more even-numbered dancers dance in pairs in front of the coffin, and at the climax of the dance, there may be as few as 100 people and as many as thousands of people come to dance or watch. Dancers alternate until dawn.
The form of "beating the drum" is divided into "waiting for the corpse", "shaking the funeral", "crying the funeral", "wearing the funeral", "practicing the funeral", "withdrawing the funeral" and other sections, and the basic movements are "tiger holding the head", "rhino full moon", "Phoenix spreading its wings", "Yan Son containing mud", "Tiger coming down the mountain" and so on. There are two kinds of dance: Wen dance (Wen funeral) and Wu dance (Wu funeral). The most characteristic of "literary mourning" is "crying mourning", and "Wu mourning" is a dancing method combined with folk martial arts.
The lyrics of "Beating Drums" are very rich in content, some praise the Tujia ancestors to open up the territory and recall the national history; Some reflect the totem worship of the ancestors, fishing and hunting activities, agricultural production, and love life; And songs about the lives of the dead, and so on
[3]
.
There are many taboos in the Tujia family, covering almost all aspects of production and life, including farming, festivals, weddings, funerals, childbearing, eating and living, sacrificial activities and so on. For example:
When the age of farming, "the first month taboo head, the twelfth month taboo tail." On New Year's Eve, women do not grind treadmills, do not comb their hair, laundry, afraid of next year's rain to wash off the soil; The 29th of the twelfth month to the first day of the first month, women avoid needle and thread, so as not to plow the teeth of the harrow nail cattle feet and rice, corn long worm; Avoid soup and rice to prevent rain from washing away crops. On the day of beginning of spring, avoid picking well water; On the first day of autumn, avoid picking vegetables. Spring ploughing begins, must see the day, avoid sheep under the seed, after the seed to the minor heat Festival, every dragon day does not move; Let's wait.
In terms of daily words and deeds, girls and pregnant women can not sit on the threshold of the hall, adult men and women should not sit on a bench; Do not use foot fire pit and tripod, so as not to blaspheme; You should not step on the stove with your feet and dry your feet at the door of the stove, which is considered disrespectful to the kitchen god. Do not carry empty buckets, backpacks and hoes into the house; It is not allowed to hang a dustpan upside down in the main room. During festivals, happy events, and going out to do business, it is forbidden to speak ominous words, and it is necessary to speak more auspicious words. During the New Year, cats are forbidden to enter the house, commonly known as "pigs come poor, dogs come rich, cats come to wear filial clothing"; Worship funeral, also avoid the sound of cats, cats are strictly prohibited
[3]
.
According to 2010
The sixth national census
According to statistics, the population of Tujia is 8,533,912.
[1]
According to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
According to statistics, the population of the Tujia in China is 9,587,732.
[7]
Chen Nengkuan
(1923-2016), born in Jiangya Town, Cili County, Zhangjiajie City, Tujia, metal physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Liao Hansheng
(1911-2006), a Tujia (whose father was Han), was a native of Sangzhi, Hunan Province. General of the People's Liberation Army, awarded Lieutenant General in 1955. Vice Chairman of the Sixth and Seventh Standing Committees of the National People's Congress.
Huang Yongyu
(1924 -- June 2023), Tujia, born in Fenghuang County, Hunan Province, a Chinese painter, is now a professor at the Central Academy of Fine Arts, and once served as the director of the printmaking department. In 1946, he married Zhang Meixi.
[8]
Li Junsheng (1963-present), born in Zhangjiajie, the founder of sand and stone painting,
Chinese Artists Association
Members, enjoy the special allowance of The State Council experts,
Senior craft Artist
.
Yan Yinliang (1854-1933), male, Tujia, Guizhou Yinjiang, the character of Bi Cen, the name Bi cheng, other names Shengguang, Shengan, Yangpo mountain people, Yangpo Shi. A famous calligrapher and educator. Imperial garden of Qing Dynasty
The Summer Palace
The plaque is the title.
White zayang
(1587-1631) Female, Tujia, Youyang, Chongqing
Houxi Town
People, the forty-seventh year of the Ming Wanli (1619), the Ming army outside the pass and the later Jin Army decisive battle, Liaodong emergency.
Minting
Mobilized Youyang troops to help Liao fight against Jin, Bai Zaixiang to help Liao Pingshe outstanding battle,
Apocalypse Emperor
Gao assigns her the command of Han Soil officers and soldiers, Gao seal
First class lady
.
Ran Shaobo (1901-1935), named Yun, Shao Wen, styled Qichang, literary name Longxiang, was a Tujia, deputy commander of the Independent Division of East Guizhou of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. He was born in Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Guizhou Province.
Luo Chengxiang
(1865-1926) male, Tujia family, ancestral home of Chongqing Youyang Longchi village, Qing Dynasty Guangxu 21 years (1895) B No examinations, is the "only Chongqing champion" and "the only Tujia champion" in Chinese history.
Wang Bo Mountain
(1875-1957) Male, Tujia, Chongqing Youyang Longtan town. Kuomintang elder, Sun Yat-sen presidential secretary, former
Sichuan Provincial People's Government
Counselor.
Zhang Chaoyi (birth and death unknown) male, Tujia, Chongqing Youyang, original
North China
Secretary of the Military Commission.
Wang Jianhong
(1901-1924) Female, Tujia, Chongqing Youyang Longtan Town, the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries
Qu Qiubai
The lady.
Liu Ren
(1909-1973) Male, Tujia, Chongqing Youyang Longtan Town. The original
North China Bureau of the CPC Central Committee
Secretary of the Secretariat and Second Secretary of the CPC Beijing Municipal Committee.
Yang Minggui (1938 - present) male, Tujia, Chongqing Youyang, outstanding
Chinese painter
Executive director of China Finger Painting Research Association.
Xu Tingze (1928 - present) was born in Zhuoshui Town, Qianjiang District, Chongqing. He joined the Army of the Kuomintang Government in 1945. He was a platoon leader at a radio station. On June 1, 1963, he flew F-86 fighters from Hsinchu, Taiwan to Longtian Uprising in Fujian Province.
Wan Tao
(1904-1932) was born in Qianjiang County, Sichuan Province (now Qianjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County). Original name Wan Shikai, No. Tie Min. Founder of Western Hunan Red Army and Soviet Area.
Xiang Da (1900-1966) Tujia, Hunan
Xupu (Xupu)
The man. Chinese historian. Word Jueming, pen name Fang Hui, sometimes signed
Buddha Yesha
. He died on 24 November 1966.
Xiang Jingyu
(1895-1928), Tujia, Hunan Xupu people. His original name was Junxian.
Yang Noon
(1941-present), Tujia,
Longshan in Hunan Province
The man. He served as the Secretary of Hunan Provincial Party Committee, chairman of the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress, and deputy chairman of the Financial and Economic Committee of the National People's Congress.
Dai Bingguo
(1941-present), Tujia, Yinjiang, Guizhou Province. Be appointed as
State councilor
, Member of the Leading Party Group of The State Council,
Central Leading Group for Foreign Affairs
Chief of staff, Central
National security work
Head of the Leadership Team office.
Yang Xia (1977-present), born in Baojing County, Hunan Province, weightlifter, 2004 Olympic champion.
Xu Qing
(1969-present), Tujia, famous actor.
A Duo
(1980-present), a native of Tujia, Xiangxi, Hunan Province. Original name
Fu Ying
, famous singer.
Yellow Moya
(1986-present), a Tujia (his grandmother is Tujia), a famous writer from Xiangxi, Hunan Province.
Wang Jiashan
His original name: Wang Yang (1987-present), born in Yuchi Town, Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County, Chongqing. Famous director.
Liu Leyan
(1992-present), Tujia, a famous female artist in Taiwan, was born in Xuan 'en County, Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province.
[6]
Standing left
(1988-present), a native of Tujia, Xiangxi, Hunan Province. 2013 Happy Boy ranked eighth in China.
Ning Huanyu
(1993-present), Tujia, Tongren, Guizhou. 2013 Happy Boy fourth place in China.
Li Xun
(1899-1929) character Junhou, Changyang County town Bay, Tujia.
Ye Yucui
(1911-1992), female,
Tujia
.
Chinese master of arts and crafts
. Li Shaminzi (1993-present), female, Tujia, famous host.
Peng Xincheng
(1989-present), Tujia, Xiangxi, Hunan, famous soldier.
