方术（术数和方技的统称）

① Ancient refers to the method of governing Tao.

" Chuang Tzu · The world ":" The world of the rule of more than one."

Sung Hyun Young Shu: "Fang, Tao also. Since Xuanxu has been down, up to Yao and Shun, there are many artistic ways to govern the Tao."

② besides Chinese website The novel of the same name "The Art of Magic", by Layman Cloth.

③ Also, square, refers to the method. Surgery. Exponential surgery.

Techniques, according to the Hanshu · Literary records "Cloud" Formula and technique Those who are born with, one of the king's officers also. From time immemorial Qibo Yu, the middle age has Bian Que, Qin He, cover the disease and the country, the original diagnosis to know the government. Hanxingyou A surname . Now its technology 晻, so on its book, the sequence of techniques for the four "and" Medical classics , Classical prescription The knowledge content of the four types of "living and living things", the so-called "technique", refers to the passage pharmaceutics , Science of health preservation Cultivate and seek the immortal Life science Technical knowledge The knowledge content of superstition and witchcraft enables people to achieve the purpose of eliminating illness and prolonging life, health and longevity, and can "discuss the disease and the country, the original diagnosis to know the government", which is an official position of ancient emperors.

numeracy , also known as "the number of tricks".

According to the "Han Shu, Art and Literature Annals, Mathematical Strategy" cloud" numeracy All are the posts of Ming Tang Xi and Shi Bu. historiographer After a long time of waste, the book can not exist, although there is a book but no person. The Book of Changes says: 'If you are not the person, the way is not empty.' Spring and Autumn Time Zi Shen Zheng has au stove, Jin has Bu Yan , Song You Ziwei . During the period of Six States, there was Duke Gan in Chu and Duke Gan in Wei A surname Husband. The Han Dynasty has the Tang capital, and the Shu gets rough 觕. There is a reason why it is easy, but there is no reason why it is difficult Old book There are six kinds of sequential numbers "and" Astronomy, calendar, five elements, achilleae, miscellaneous, Form method The knowledge content of six categories of "Xi and Shibu's position", the so-called "mathematics", refers to Yin-yang and five elements Give birth to the principle of restraint in order to formulate personnel and the number of the state.

"Formula" is different from "number". "

There are four categories (medical classics, classics, rooms, and immortals) which are all "living things".

The six categories of "number art" (astronomy, calendar, five elements, achilleae, miscellaneous, and form) are "the duties of Xi and Shi Bo."

But the two are inextricably linked.

Such as formula - Medical classics Huangdi's Inner Classic The relevant knowledge content of "living things" such as "Yin and Yang, five elements, and astronomy" in "Yin-Yang, five elements, and Astronomy" is integrated with the relevant content of "Yin and Yang, five elements, and astronomy" in numerology - Astronomy, calendar spectrum, five elements, and Achilleae millefolium.

" The Book of Changes · Copes have "life is easy", and "technique" is "life".

Li Jingwei , Deng Tietao Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine:" divination :

① A method of Taoist self-cultivation. General guidance on the use of stilts, vomiting and other measures to adjust the spirit and exercise the body.

" Plain question The ancient Theory of Innocence: 'He who knows, Dharma in Yin and Yang , and the number of skills. '

(2) refers to the qi number of the arts, that is, the principle of generating restraint by Yin and Yang and the five elements, accompanied by various superstitions, in order to formulate the qi number of personnel and the country."

Of the major religions in China, Taoism is the most important in practice. Since its main goal is immortality, there are many ways to achieve this goal Chinese culture It is called the formula.

The contents of the formula are many, the main ones are as follows:

Turning away the grain is a natural phenomenon in the practice, not the realm of the practice or the ability to practice, the main purpose is to purify the body, do not eat food and take the spirit instead.

Also known as taking bait, it means taking medicine and is also a cultivation method.

They believe that as long as you eat, you can live forever, and the medicine you take is the elixir of life.

These drugs are actually a mixture of minerals, including cinnabar Gold, silver, jade, etc., are sometimes refined into pills, and sometimes into liquids.

Also known as Daoyin, it is a method of health and fitness that was popularized as early as the 5th to 3rd century BC.

It is actually a sport similar to gymnastics and Qigong, and was adopted by the Taoists as a way to pursue immortality.

Taoism believes that guidance can not only go to illness, eliminate fatigue, but more importantly, it can remove the evil spirit in the body and preserve the healthy qi. In the actual operation process, there are special atlas to guide.

It's actually a method of breathing.

Taoism attaches great importance to the so-called qi, which is not only reflected in its religious theory, but also reflected in daily practice, sometimes called "taking qi, eating qi," aerophagia Refining gas, etc.

Promoting circulation of qi There are many ways, many factions. The general point is to breathe evenly, slowly, slender, inhale more and exhale less.

Sometimes it is also called exhalation, which means spitting out dirty air and inhaling fresh air.

Among the means of Taoist pursuit of longevity, there is a very important one Intraventricular surgery .

The so-called room technique is the art of sex, which is a Taoist approach to sexual health, Sex psychology and Sex skill The general term for.

In ancient China, it was used by Taoism as a means of longevity, and its content is very rich.

Because for thousands of years, China has been Confucianism Occupied a dominant position, so the art of the house has always been regarded as lewd and obscene Pornographic products .

It is also called Cunsi, which means that when cultivating, you close your eyes and meditate on a specific object until you reach a state where you can see it without using your eyes. Taoism believes that thinking can make people predict good and bad luck and become immortal. It is even believed that if one cultivates well, one can see one's internal organs very clearly.

The so-called Dan, is that Taoism believes that eating can become immortal things, and is divided into two kinds, one is the inner Dan, the other is the outer Dan.

Outer Dan is actually made of some minerals and plants Herbal medicine Etc., refined and made into Dan medicine pills, minerals generally include red sand, Hydragenum Minerals such as lead and gold and silver, herbs generally include Chinese herbal medicine Edible and medicinal plants, etc.

Taoist alchemy is often practiced by a small number of people in a very private place.

This method was very popular in China in the 4th to 9th centuries AD, forming a kind of Social atmosphere .

However, in fact, as a chemical material, its toxicity is very large, and many people died because of it.

It is not only the forerunner of modern chemistry, but also made great contributions to the later invention of medicine and gunpowder.

As the harm of the outer Dan gradually became known to people, Taoism later focused mainly on the cultivation of the inner Dan, that is, the use of their own bodies for refining Furnace pod And put their own energy As medicine, to practice cultivation. This method has many connections with modern qigong, but it is not entirely Qigong.

In ancient times, "Fang Shu" refers to the method of treating Tao.

" Chuang Tzu ":

"There are many doctors in the world."

Sung Hyun Young Thin:

"Fang, Tao Ya. Since Xuanxu has been down, up to Yao and Shun, there are many artistic ways to govern Dao."

The ancients called the healers" necromancer ", they are the embodiment of "gods".

The greatest characteristics of gods are:

One is like a normal person and can live forever, and the other is carefree and powerful.

"Fang Shi" later developed into "Taoists", or Taoists, who were characterized by their worship of gods.

Fairy tales can be traced back to the Warring States period, one from Jingchu culture From Yanqi culture.

The text about divine man, supreme man, real man and sage in Zhuangzi is the first vivid description of the divine image.

Such as:

" hail The mountain is inhabited by God, the skin is like ice and snow, and the mire is like a virgin. Inability to eat The five grains Breathe the wind, drink the dew, ride the cloud, and fly the dragon, and travel the four seas."

"As for man God, great Zeze can burn without heat, and Hehan 沍 can not be cold."

This kind of gods, saints do not eat fireworks, not afraid of fire and water infringement, clouds, come and go freely.

" The songs of Chu There are also vivid and romantic fugue stories.

" Lisao County "Imagine yourself ascending to heaven," before Wang Shu Make the pioneer, after Carduus Make Ben genus, Luan emperor for more than first caution Xi, Thunder division When I failed, I made the phoenix fly, and followed it day and night."

" Nine chapters "Yin said:" Driving Qingqiu Xi 骖 white chi, I and heavy China tour Xi Yao nursery. Ascend Kunlun Xi eat Yuying, and heaven and earth Xi longevity, with the sun and moon Xi light."

There is such a fairy fantasy, there must be serious pursuers, and the key is how to break through the limit of life and death, to achieve individual immortality, so there is the "immortal" way to appear.

There are many records about the formula in ancient times.

" Strategy of the warring States It is recorded that someone offered the immortal medicine to the King of Thorns.

" Han Feizi "Also refers to" guest Youjiao The King of Yan is the one who never dies." Fairy legends are popular, and fairy magic enthusiasts are mainly Vassal king The place where both prevail at the same time is the Yanqi area in the north. Yanqi land is near the sea, the sea and sky change, the island is confused and vague, and the danger and magic of navigation, all of which have aroused people's rich associative imagination. The State of Qi capital Linzi the Jixia Academy "In the Warring States period, talents gathered, a hundred schools of thought contended, and Huang Lao thought was very active." The learning of Huang Lao There have been in history Significant impact And gradually evolved into a faith, also from which developed one of the early Taoism Escape road Although it was suppressed later, the wind of the Qidong Channel remained unchanged for a long time." Jiaodong Peninsula Surrounded by the sea on three sides, surrounded by mountains, "the sea and the sky disappear, endless changes," the island is confused, fascinating, difficult and magical, exciting seafood Rich and colorful "Endearing." Especially magical Hai City ! Mountain city, it is more likely to cause people to yearn for and meditate on the immortal life "here since ancient times has a strong immortal legend atmosphere, yes Chinese mythology One of the two major sources of Yanqi culture, an important part of "Lizi · Tang Wen", said that there are big gullies in the east of Bohai Sea, named" Return to the ruins "Yes Daiyu , member Jiao, square pot, Liuzhou Penglai Five Xianshan, "its view on the stage are gold and jade, animals are pure woven, pearl fiber trees are clustered, China is taste, food is immortal." ... The last two mountains drifted away without trace, leaving only the square pot (abbot), Yingzhou, Penglai three mountains. According to the records of the Grand Historian, such as the Book of Zen, the Book of Xiao Wu, the Book of Qin Shihuang, etc., during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, King Wei of Qi, King Xuan of Qi, King Yan Zhao, and Emperor Qin Shihuang all sent men into the sea to seek the medicine of eternal life:

first

Think yourself! Preach! Yanzhao makes people into the sea for Penglai! Abbot! Win island. This three sacred mountain, its spread in the Bohai Sea, to the people do not return, and to the trouble, then the ship wind led away "cover the taste of the to, all the immortals and immortal medicine are in how" its animals and beasts are white, and gold and silver for the palace wide "not to, look Like clouds ; And to, Sanshen Mountain is under the water "coming, the wind is often led, the map is often led, the end can not be to the cloud" and to the Qin Shihuang and the world, to the sea, then the Fang Yan can not win "The first emperor from the main sea and fear not, so that people are still your children and men into the sea to seek" the ship in the sea, all to the wind is fresh, said not to, see how, "Book of Zen"

second

Li Shaojun speech in Wudi :/ Minister taste swim the sea, see an sheng, eat minister jujube, as big as melon "An sheng Xian, Tong Penglai, together see people, not hidden" "Xiao Wu this record"

The third

The Qi nationality Xu City Wait for the book, there are three sacred mountains on the sea, said Penglai! Abbot! Win Zhou, the immortal home "Please fast, and children and men and women to seek," then sent Xu city sent boys and women thousands of people, the sea of immortal "Qin Shi Huang this record" all these Enter the sea to seek the fairy The action of Jiaodong Peninsula has left a large number of relics and historical materials, but also left a large number of fairy mountains on the sea! Elixir! The fairy legend, and thus gave birth to the colorful fairy legend culture of Jiaodong Peninsula, and cultivated the unique fairy cultural psychological structure of the masses."

Jixia Huang Laodao Why did fairy art first emerge in Yanqi area? There are specific geographical reasons for this. in Jiaodong Peninsula To the north, Liaodong Peninsula At the southern end, there is an island made up of many islands Miaodao Islands . in Shandong (Province) province Penglai county Often can see the Temple Island archipelago appeared "mirage" mirage . Shen Kuo In his book Dream stream pen talk It says:" Tengchau In the sea there is a cloud, such as the palace, the tower, the battlements, the figures, the chariots and horses, and the crowns. Hai City '." This natural phenomenon is caused by the significant refraction (sometimes accompanied by) of light passing through layers of air of different densities Total reflection ), when this refraction occurs at a certain Geographical environment and Meteorological condition Under, often the distant scenery will be displayed in the air or on the ground, there will be a "mirage" strange fantasy. In the seaside of Penglai County, due to the local special geographical environment and meteorological conditions, you can often see the "Temple Island archipelago". mirage ". When this illusion is passed down from generation to generation and witnessed by many residents, who are still unable to understand the physical causes of the "mirage", it strikes a chord in their desire to live forever. Indeed, it was not a dream; the pavilions on the sea were entirely "real" and many people could be seen moving there. But when people walk to it, it shows Local time But it is ethereal, empty. This wonderful phenomenon made the ancient people living in this area think: what is the reason? Why do generations have the same stories? This is probably the "eternal" world, isn't it? So, how can one achieve immortality? The ancients used to believe that there was a kind of "immortal medicine", after taking it, you could live forever. Therefore, the sorcerers, who originally served as "intermediaries" between ghosts and gods and humans, claimed that they could pass gods, extract immortal elixiras, and fly to heaven after eating them, in order to adapt to people's illusory hope of longing for immortality. That's how the magic spread.

According to... Shih Chi According to the book, fairy magic has developed more vigorously since the Qin and Han Dynasties. First Emperor of Qin And after the world, many east patrol coastal, hoping to have something, dispatch Xu Fu Thousands of men and women went to the sea to seek fairy medicine. Xu Fu, also known as Xu City, was a Fang scholar in the Qin Dynasty. In order to cater to the superstition of the first emperor, he wrote that there were three sacred mountains on the sea and invited thousands of young men and women to enter the sea by building boats, but they never returned. Qin Shi Huang also sent Han end, Hou Gong, Shi Sheng and other immortal immortal medicine, the result was a lot of money and nothing. Although "Yanqi sea scholars can not pass on their skills, but the strange and impostable people have flourished since then, countless also." "Records of the Grand Historian" also said that this kind of formula "temple cooking is to cause things, cause things cinnabar Can be turned into gold, gold into thought Eating utensils Lengthen life, lengthen life and the sea Penglai fairy is visible, see it Offer sacrifices to Buddhism The Yellow Emperor is also immortal." Some people also say that "gold can be made, but the river can be blocked, the medicine of immortality can be obtained, and the immortal can be also." The practitioners concocted the Yellow Emperor's cast tripod, A surname The myth of ascension caused the emperor to say: "I am as sincere as the Yellow Emperor, and I look at my wife as if she were off 躧 ears." Emperor a good, up and down thousands of people to follow, "Qi people on the strange side of the strange words of God to tens of thousands", "since then, Fang Yan temple of the Mi." The Record of the Grand Historian says that Zou Yan At the same time, "Song Wuji, Zheng Boqiao, Chong Shang, Sienmen High, and finally all Yan people, for Fang Sin Dao All shapes are sold, depending on the things of ghosts and gods." Fairy magic and nobility to enjoy the extravagant hopes of eternal glory, so more popular among the elite. The fairy tales of the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period are still one kind Religious myth Is not an independent religion.

The origin of magic Primitive society the Wizard history . On account of Ancient society productivity and Scientific knowledge Limited, people believe that God dominates all personnel, the rulers of the earth are ordered by God, the natural The sun, moon and stars The variation of wind, rain and snow, mountains and rivers, birds and animals, insects and fish, etc., is regarded as a sign of disaster and auspice. According to legend, there are officials such as "Ming Tang Xi and Bu Shi" who specialize in observing astronomy, observing time changes, and disciplining good and evil divination To convey the will of heaven, and use sacrifices to eliminate disasters and pray for blessings. in Longshan culture There are a large number of burned animal bones used for divination, indicating that there was divination of fate at this time. Shang Oracle bones Among them, there are many Solar eclipse , Lunar eclipse And rain and snow and worship of the gods records. Zhou Dynasty It is believed that the way of heaven and human beings are related to each other, and human behavior can sense God, "the destiny of heaven" and "the king of man". Respect morality and protect the people ", you can "pray for eternal life." In Spring and Autumn, people combine the twelve stars in the sky Twenty-eight nights Corresponding to the position of the state and country on the earth, it is called" Dividing line "The variation of the stars compared with the good and bad luck of the state and the country, making a closer relationship between heaven and man."

Appeared during Yin and Zhou dynasties Yin-yang and five elements Thought, by the Warring States period widely popular. yin-yang The Book of Changes "And the five elements of" Hong Fan "are at this time Become a book . All medical instructions astrology All in Yin and Yang five Principle of conduct And deduce. The Qi nationality Zou Yan the Theory of five elements Attach STH to Social history Move up, propose" The five virtues begin and end Said, water, fire, wood, gold, earth and the end of the cycle of change to the Ming dynasty. Yanren Song Wuji Zhengbo overseas Chinese, Chong Shang, Sienmen Repair at higher levels Fang Sin Dao It boasts that it can free the soul from the body and can approach the ghosts and gods. So Yan, Qi Coastal area A batch of lectures appeared Magic arts the necromancer . They claimed that there were three sacred mountains in the Bohai Sea: Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou. montanic Imperial palace They are all built of gold and silver, inhabited by immortal gods, and hidden with strange medicines of immortality. King Qi Wei , King Xuan of Qi and Yan Zhao King Listening to these nonsense, many times sent people into the sea to look for, but the people who came back always said: Sanshen Mountain looked like a cloud, the ship sank to the bottom of the sea; Get close to it, and the wind blows it away.

First Emperor of Qin Patrol the seas, Shin necromancer Say, send Han end to ask elixir Went but did not return. Also sent Xu market (i.e Xu Fu Build great ships, and take five hundred virgins to seek them, but to no avail.

Emperor Wu of Han Good fairy magic, yearning for the yellow emperor's immortal ascension to heaven, Qi people therefore on the Shuyan God strange side of the amount of more than 10,000 people, famous Li Shaojun , A surname , Luan Tai , Gongsun Qing Et al. They either went to the sea to seek Penglai, or to wait for temple gods, in order to gain wealth and wealth, but all failed to work, and the deception was exposed. Emperor Wudi obeyed Tian Qianqiu In the fourth year of the expedition and the fourth year (89 BC), he heard about the matter of the scholars seeking the gods. However, he hoped to meet the real gods, and he still embraced the scholars. to Emperor Cheng of Han When, just in Precisely measure Please, let's go. Later due to Emperor Ai of Han He was often sick, and in order to seek good fortune, he recovered once again, but in one year he offered 37,000 sacrifices, to no avail. It has since declined.

After Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, some Fang scholars and Confucian scholars joined together and made prophecy (see divination ), with Yin-yang and five elements To explain Confucianist The Bible. Wang Mang Hoa Han Emperor Guangwu Use them all to become emperors. Emperor Guangwu officially "declared the Prophecy in the world" and became a legal classic, calling the prophecy "inner learning", and the original sutra was called "Inner learning". Foreign school ". The other part of the Buddhist scholars absorbed the theories of Huang, Lao and Futu, preached the fate of disaster, luck and evil, praying for luck and disaster, reincarnation and retribution, etc., and became the pioneers of Taoism. Emperor Shun of Han A surname Gong Chong To his teacher Huggi The "Book of God" obtained in Quyang - "Book of Peace and Qing Dynasty". The extant" Scripture of the Great Peace From this book evolved, the book praises the prophecy, and analyzes some Buddhist principles to Yin-yang and five elements explain statecraft . " Later Han Dynasty Be listed as... Hua Tuo , Zuo Ci , A surname Wait for 35 people's "magic biography" two chapters.

Use the variation of nature to speculate on the good fortune of personnel idealism In addition to the superstitious ideas attached to it, its observation, record and use of yin-yang and five elements to explain the variation of nature, but to a certain extent reflects Natural phenomenon And its change law; Some practitioners engaged in alchemy and fairy art, and also accumulated a lot of knowledge of chemistry and medicine. Therefore, the formula can be said to be" Scientific thinking A connection between the germ of religion, myth, and such fantasies." In ancient China, astronomy, calendar, medicine and chemistry were interwoven with and developed from within the formula. Therefore, for the ancient formula handed down, need Concrete analysis Its content, discard its dross, take its essence, and clarify its role in the process of scientific development, give a certain historical status.

Along with the emergence of the theory of immortals, witches used it to render gods and monsters, and some also used the budding science and technology at that time to render religion, thinking that to seek the magic of immortals, travel to the world. Such a person is called a Fang Shi, or a master of Fang Shu.

According to... Hanshu · Literary records "Records: The Han Dynasty divided the formula into four categories, that is, medical classics. The medical side. In the room. Immortals. " Later Han Dynasty · Biography of the Arts: including astronomy, medicine, immortals, divination, physiognomy , destiny, Dart armor And so on. The ancients called all arts arts, but what we are talking about here are the strange practices peddled by those who preach immortality and believe that food and sacrifice can become gods.

Ancient Chinese legend of the Fang scholar 篯 his "Pengzu". A surname . A surname . Vegetarian women, etc. The earliest prescriptions recorded in historical records are Zhou Ling King (from 545 to 571) A surname . Records of the Grand Historian Testimonial book ":

It is time to Yanghong to Zhou Ling king, princes Mo dynasty week, Zhou Li less, Yanghong is Ming ghosts and gods, set the shooting of the head, the head of the princes do not come. According to the strange things to the princes. The princes refused to obey, and Jin people killed A surname Zhou people's words from strange people from the Hong.

The so-called shooting beaver head, that is, the magic fishy magic of the Han Dynasty, shows that the Fangshi Yanghong is the left of the wizard.

In the Warring States period, the practitioners and witches, specializing in food and sacrifice, they only have the skills but no theory, compared with the other hundred schools of thought, obviously pale. At the end of the Warring States period, a local scholar was called Mounted guards , he will Yin-yang and five elements The principle of coexistence and coexistence is combined with the rise and fall of social dynasties, and the changes of social things are deduced. Zou Yan therefore obtained in the vassal, thus also inspired other Fang. "Shi Ji · Zen book" said: since Qi Wei. At the time of the announcement, the mounted derivative of the end of the discussion Five virtues Luck, and the Qin emperor and Qi people Report to Therefore, the emperor adopted it. while Song Wuji . A Chinese citizen. I appreciate it. Envy Siemens high finally all Yan people, for Fang Sin Dao The shape is disintegrated, depending on the things of ghosts and gods. An accompanying Yin and Yang Host phase Apparently in the vassal, and the Yanqi sea scholars can not pass its skills, but the strange impostor flattery of the disciples since the rise, countless also.

On account of First Emperor of Qin Fantasize about obtaining the medicine of immortality, so the sorcerer is very active. The first scholar to win the favor of Qin Shi Huang was Xu Shi (Fu). Records of the Grand Historian The First Emperor of Qin ": Qi people Xu City, etc., said that there are three sacred mountains in the sea, called Penglai, Abbot, Yingzhou, immortals live there. Fast and ask for it from children and men. So Xu city sent thousands of children and men, into the sea to seek immortals.

Xu city into the sea to seek God medicine, not for several years, Fei much, fear of retribution, said to the first emperor: Penglai medicine can be obtained, but often for the shark suffering, so not to. After Xu city and the favorite is Yan people Lu Sheng He Han End, Marquis, lithophyte Let's wait. They sought immortals for the First Emperor of Qin Sienmen And the high oath and the medicine of immortality, are lost. Lu Sheng into the sea also, to ghosts and gods, play the library, said: dead Qin Hu also. The first emperor was a general Meng Tian Send 300,000 troops to the north to attack Hu. Lu Sheng also said First Emperor of Qin In the square, the man is the master of the evil spirits, evil spirits, real people. Where the Lord dwells and men know it, it is evil to God. Real people, entry No, I don't. Into the fire 爇, Lingyun gas, and heaven and earth for a long time. Today, under the rule of the upper, not Stoic. May the house of the Lord not be known, and then the medicine of immortality may be obtained.

Qin Dynasty law cool, do not test every death. Because of seeking fairy medicine not, Fang Lu Sheng and other absconded. Emperor Qin Shihuang was furious and said:... Known to call a lot of literary scholars, want to xing peace, Fang scholars want to practice for strange medicine. This news Han and so on and not reported, Xu city and so on fee to tens of thousands, will not be drug rape and profit to tell the day. Lu Sheng has been waiting for a generous gift from me, but today he is slandering me in order to emphasize my immorality. Lu Sheng in Xianyang, I make people ask, or for d « talk to chaos

First Emperor of Qin Taking out his anger on all the living, he would pit more than 460 people who had violated the ban in Xianyang, so that the world would know about it and punish them later. His eldest son Fusu To explain to him that all the students are different from the Fang, Qin Shihuang more angry will be Fusu far away from the border, north supervision Mengtian in Kamigori .

After the First Emperor of Qin, Emperor Wudi of Han was the most favored scholar Liu Che . The first one he trusted was Fang Shi Li Shaojun . Records of the Grand Historian Xiao Wu Honji "Records, Li Shaojun temple stove, valley road, but the old see Han Wudi. The Emperor respects it. Li Shaojun said: the temple stove is to cause things, cause things and cinnabar Can be turned into gold, gold into thought Eating utensils Prolonging life, prolonging life and the sea gods can be seen, see it Offer sacrifices to Buddhism Then die, the yellow emperor is also. I tasted the sea. see An Wished Sheng Eat giant dates, as big as melons. An immortal, through Penglai, together to see people, not hidden.

Han Wudi believed Li Shaojun's words, so the ancestral temple stove, and send Fang to the sea to seek Penglai an period of life, and the matter of Dansha medicine for gold. after Li Shaojun Die of illness, Han Wudi dont say he died and said to go, and make yellow hammer, history of Kuanshu by its party, seeking Penglai an period of life. Then a man recommend her thin induced avoid word Thai party. The Qi nationality A surname To see the emperor with ghosts and gods, that can be the magic night to Wu Emperor has died of the king's wife and the appearance of the kitchen ghost, have to pay homage to General Wencheng, have tasted a lot; After rice cow with silk manuscripts, cloud cow belly is strange, Emperor Wudi after the execution of General Wencheng. gelatinize Eastern Palace people Luan Tai Lies taste the sea, have seen the immortals peace period, Sienmen Of the genus, gold accomplishability , elixir Can get, immortal can cause; Emperor Wu favored Luan big, worship General Five Li Luan big often down clothes, night temple to the following God, Luan big six seals, you vibration the world, and between the sea Yanqi, can not be stoved by yourself and say there is forbidden side, can be immortal.

Records of the Grand Historian Xiao Wu Honji "Contained, later Luan big to the magic not to be executed. There are all the people Gongsun Qing For Emperor Wudi to the East Lai Mountain Hou God. At this time, Emperor Wudi ordered to enter the sea to seek the gods necromancer Thousands of men, thousands of men, thousands of men, thousands of men, thousands of men. Gongsun Qing also said that the immortal good house, Emperor Wu made Chang 'an flax GUI view, Gan Quan The idea of benefiting and prolonging life So that Gongsun Qing set up and wait for God man. All the end of no test, Emperor Wudi began to despise the strange and impractical language. From the second year of Yuan Guang (133 BC) to send the Fang scholars to seek the gods, to the fourth year of the war (89 BC) to learn about the fang scholars waiting for the gods, in the middle of 45 years, by this time Emperor Wu of Han was 68 years old. He once said to the ministers from the sigh: to the fool, for the scholar deceived, the world has the immortal, all demon ears, diet medicine, little disease only. (" A lesson learned through capital "Vol. 22" Han Dynasty XIV ")

" Hanshu · Literary records A comment was made on the immortals and the practitioners who specialize in the art of immortals: Immortals, therefore, preserve the truth of life, and those who swim outside. Just to swing the meaning of peace of mind, with the realm of life and death, and not afraid to sleep in the chest. However, or for the purpose of the business, then the creation of the malpractice of the text Mi thought more, the reason why the number of non-holy king. Confucius said: Suo hidden strange, future generations have described how, I do not do.

Anyway, Fang Sin Dao The belief of the gods is the most basic belief and characteristic of Taoism in the future, and the techniques practiced by the practitioners, such as the man who is the Lord and the way, the temple and the valley. But the old formula, seeking the magic, waiting for God, Inspection of qi Daoism, Daoism, temple Tai One, night worship of God, fighting flag, massage, Zhi mushroom, heavy road to extend life, burning and so on, are also later Taoist belief in the Tao. It is a historical fact that Taoism originated from the fairy family, and Fang Xian Dao was the predecessor of Taoism.

Due to the lack of rapid development of the fairy way and the attacks of society, those who believe in and specialize in fairy theory and magic have to change their ways. This makes the fairy home has been assigned, the same origin and different, one is to imitate the Fang Xian Tao, the other is to follow the dependence The learning of Huang Lao Huang Lao Dao.

1. astrology .

Astrology originated very early, is a skill to observe the movement of the stars to predict the fate of the people, it is full of Chinese history Over the course of time, every dynasty and every emperor adopted astrology, the essence of which was "celestial and human sensing".

If you don't know astrology, you may not be able to understand historical events well.

Astrology comes from "divination", in Shang Dynasty There is a large number of records in ancient Chinese.

Some people believe that astrology is inherently wrong, but in the era of science is not yet developed, astrology can at least Social life In combination with the sky, this was a workable method at the time.

The use of "astrology" can also help to understand many historical events, such as the use of celestial evidence King Wu of Zhou The exact year of the death of Zhou.

2. Geomantic science .

Can, heaven also, Yougov, tunnel also, the name of heaven and earth.

Those who practice this art are called" Feng shui master To study the situation of residential bases or graveyards, also known as the method of graveyards.

And a fortune-teller. Look at the figure eight. Use The Book of Changes Yin-yang and five elements Deduce man's fate, in Old society It's very popular.

There also appeared" Computer fortune-telling In the West it is sometimes called" phrenology ". According to some, it was the poison of feudal superstition and was criticized and abandoned because it promoted fatalism and constrained people's thinking.

However, there is still a large market for geomancy, especially overseas, and it has a great influence among overseas Chinese and foreigners.

Public opinion should be viewed with caution.

3. Intraventricular surgery .

Room art in ancient China was very developed, is the Chinese people Sexual life Deep understanding.

Ban Khao " History of the Han Dynasty It says:

"In the room, the emotion is extreme, to the Tao."

Room technique appeared very early, but it was not until the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties that the system was basically formed Sexual life There is a lot of scientific content, focusing on harmonious sexual life, sexual health, contraception and pregnancy are also detailed discussion, and treatment Sexually transmitted disease (STD) The way.

It is said that there are many dross, such as "more communication and less leakage can prolong life" and so on.

You have to do it in the room, too Scientific analysis The attitude.

4. Alchemy.

Alchemy is the process of refining The elixir of life For the purpose of the magic, originated Qin and Han Dynasties Belongs to Taoism, the content is very complex, can be roughly divided into internal Dan and external Dan.

Inner Dan is the knowledge of exploring the mystery and vitality of human life, and later some evolved into internal Gong, and some evolved into Qigong.

This has been proven to be effective Fitness and health The way.

Weidan should be careful, Weidan is to use the changes of all things to make Dan medicine, such as a hundred herbs, Mineral drug The use of fire and water methods to prepare Dan medicine, or attempt to use Base metal Pb , Sn , Cu Made of precious, Fe, etc Medicated gold Medicine silver, the purpose of one is to get rich, the second is to live forever.

Alchemy gradually occupied an important position in the Tang and Song dynasties and was ubiquitous in social life. It's in science underdevelopment The Times of the era, with a strong feudal superstition, and even fundamentally, its purpose is impossible to achieve.

But alchemy has contributed to science in many ways.

It is the original form of chemistry, completed a large number of chemical experiments, realized the transformation of substances, made many scientific discoveries, both Theoretical system And a tradition of artisans.

Arts of necromancy

catalogue

paraphrase

Content introduction

category

Ward off a valley

ingestion

guide

Promoting circulation of qi

Intraventricular surgery

remember

alchemy

Daoshu Daoshu

Development history

origin

develop

Four sub-items