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State power means control
State sovereignty
the
Political organization
And what it holds
political
Power to safeguard against society
dominion
And management. State power is
nation
The embodiment of the state is usually understood through the lens of state power.
- Chinese name
- State power
- connotative
- Refers to the possession of national sovereignty Political organization and
- outline
- State power is relative autonomy
- morphology
- city-state nation
State power has relative autonomy. In different historical periods, the degree of autonomy is also different. The impact on autonomy includes
Social crisis
,
Social structure
,
Administrative power
.
The discussion on the nature of political power is a classical problem in political science. Early political scholars such as
Plato
,
Aristotle
Others believe that the essence of government is the supreme good. By the Middle Ages,
Oh, Agustin
He regarded the regime as a "secular city" and believed that there was no good in the secular world. That perception has carried over
Machiavelli
And from Locke to
Paine
State power becomes a necessary evil.
Marxism
From the perspective of class, the essence of political power is discussed, and the essence of the state is
Rank
The essence of state power is the product of irreconcilable conflicts of class interests.
The Sumerians
established
city-state
States are generally regarded as the initial form of states, and later numerous
Mediterranean
The nation imitates, among which there is no other
Ancient Greek
the
Athens
The most distinctive, but practical
Roman Republic
Most typically, the other city-states were monarchs or
aristocracy
Such as in ancient Greece
Sparta
And North African
Carthage
Let's wait.
The ancient Greeks believed that man could not be governed by others, but only by the gods of the city. Adult men with certain property had citizenship and could participate in the political life of the city-state. The public life of a city-state is an obligation, not a reward. Only by participating in the management of the affairs of the city can one become a real man.
The politics of the city-state was the discussion of affairs in public meetings in public squares where every citizen had an equal say. This assembly is also the legislative body of the city. At the assembly, citizens exercise power through persuasion. But this approach can be manipulated by politicians into the tyranny of the majority. The creation, or passage, of public office
Direct election
, or by lottery. The allocation of public office is achieved through the rotation of the administration.
Most ancient societies were
Absolute monarchy
Countries, usually accept
The divine right of Kings
However, the nature and scope of its power are different in different times and places.
authority
nation
Roman Empire
It is the representative of the authoritative state, and the central concept of its regime is authority, emphasizing the interests of the polis over the interests of individuals. Any political decision must be traced back to the source of authority.
curia
Represents this authority, which is used to give legitimacy to the regime.
The authority of the state is eternal, and the system of power is constantly changing.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, a large number of feudal states appeared in Europe
feudalism
The Kingdom of... These feudal countries closely combined private interests with public interests, and public power fully served the demands of private interests. Due to the long years of warfare, the royal power declined, the power of the Lord greatly increased, forming the feudal system of the Middle Ages in Europe.
The main feature of feudal countries is that the king, nobles and knights take military service as the main condition, and the land and administrative judicial power are divided into layers by contract, forming the relationship between Lord and vassal.
To some extent ancient Japan and India, China was also often regarded as a feudal state in the pre-Qin era.
theocracy
The state originated in places such as the Middle East, Persia, and North Africa, Egypt, and was founded on religious authority
regime
The monarch was regarded as the embodiment of God, not just his messenger, but also had the power to integrate politics. Its theocracy is widely regarded as another origin of the state, and many of the early aboriginal states that later emerged in the Americas and Africa were similar.
Autocratic state of ancient China
Political system
Be the Emperor
Autocratic system
. Such state forms are adopted
Centralized system
State power institutions present a pyramidal distribution; The monarch held supreme power most of the time and passed it
Hereditary system
To maintain;
bureaucracy
Clear division of labor; Subjects generally had little or no private sphere, and East Asian countries were educated in Confucianism and generally accepted the idea of "loyalty to the king".
The monarchs of autocratic countries have absolute power in form, but they are restricted by traditional etiquette in thought and bureaucracy in power operation.
absolutism
In the late Middle Ages in Europe, the influence of the Church in secular affairs was diminishing and the power of the monarchy was increasing. Louis XIII of France, of England
Henry VII
All established centralized administrative systems. At the same time, the power of the aristocracy declined, and the status of the citizens and intellectuals rose.
Civic stratum
Directly or indirectly influencing public policy through bureaucracies and hierarchical councils. The idea of sovereignty was born. The monarch rules society with absolute authority, France
Louis XIV
Also called"
I am the state.
". Specifically, the so-called absolutist countries mean that in these countries, the monarchy has absolute power, the monarch has exclusive power, the legislative, administrative, judicial, military and other powers are concentrated in one, and the monarch, as the embodiment of sovereignty, is above
Above the law
And become the source of legitimacy for all laws. In this way, the monarchical power is basically free from any constraints and acts on its own. At the same time monarchs relied on rationalization
bureaucracy
And the military establishment, to enforce their own unification of civil society
despotism
Rule.
Sudan
After the rise of Islam, by
caliph
The country derived from the system, inheriting the ancient
Theocracy
, in order to
sharia
The creation of many Sudanese states.
From an economic perspective,
capitalism
State practice
Market economy
. The production and sale of goods and services are entirely free market
Free price mechanism
Rather than being guided by the state, as in the case of a planned economy. from
Cold war
From the perspective of the camp, the capitalist countries refer to the Western camp countries led by the United States and the enemy of the Soviet Union.
Early capitalist countries when
despotism
The monarch gradually became a virtual monarch or was replaced by a revolution
Representative system
and
Separation of powers
To ensure the realization of people's democracy in populous countries, and at the same time to combine people's democracy with meritocracy to avoid the tyranny of the majority. This led to the formation of the early capitalist state, which was regarded as the ideal form of capitalist state power.
Early capitalist countries are constitutionally and legally clear
Private sphere
and
Public domain
The distinction. At the same time the party gradually matured into a parliamentary struggle and
elect
It became a political force that controlled the entire state power. People do that by joining political parties
Political participation
.
By 1870,
capitalism
The foundation of this country
Classical liberalism
Meet with
nationalism
The challenges of resource and market plunder also confronted early capitalist states
Constitutional crisis
. The outbreak of World War and Germany
totalitarianism
The rise of the early capitalist countries completely destroyed the liberal ideals.
The late capitalist state is the late capitalist state
Welfare state
, or
State capitalism
. To make up for the free market
Effective demand
Insufficient, the state power comprehensively interferes with the market society. A typical example is the United States in the 1930s
Roosevelt's New Deal
1948
British Labour Party
A welfare state was proclaimed.
State power aims at the welfare of the people. Civil rights were expanded.
Separation of powers
Due to the complexity of social management and
Administrative function
The deepening and generalization of the administrative power is weakened, and the executive power is increasingly expanded, from a parliament-centered power structure to an executive-centered power structure, which is also known as administrative centralized democracy.
Socialist country
The power of state power and government is generally very strong. Economic order
Public ownership
As the main body. The Communist Party practiced as these
One-party system
state
The ruling party
.
The mutual influence of state power and society resulted in the adoption
citizenship
To limit the power of the state. They also influence government decisions through political parties and interest groups. And the complexity and specialization of social management, formed
Elite group
Control over government decisions; Citizens pass
Mass media
Etc.
Public opinion
Free and open discussion of government policies to monitor the legitimacy of state power and align government policies with public opinion.
There are various models in political science that explain state power.
Liberals insist
Finite state
Mode. It believed that the rights of citizens should be determined by the Constitution, and opposed the expansion of the powers of the state government departments and interference in social and economic affairs. Its ideal model is early
capitalism
The state, adhering to the free and spontaneous free-market order, is considered the most reasonable, the least easily suppressed, and the most easily accepted system by the people.
Friedman
"The best government is the government that governs least."
In his theory of public choice, Buchanan proposed"
Government failure
Due to the lack of competition and pressure from the government, government officials pursue personal influence rather than public interests, so excessive government intervention in economic activities will reduce the efficiency of market resource allocation.
pluralism
According to
State sovereignty
It is pluralistic, and countries cannot monopolize sovereignty. The state is only a group of human beings, not substantially different from any other group. Most state decisions are the result of consultations between the state and various interest groups. Pluralists advocate the realization of state power through parliamentary and multi-party politics
multihead
Control, so as to achieve democracy.
Charles Lindblom
consider
industrialist
In fact, the political decision-making power is controlled by the industrialists
Bull politics
Government officials were more deferential to industrialists as the main leaders. So much for politics by business and
Property relation
To control the economy in a non-democratic way
privatization
It does not necessarily lead to democracy.
elitism
In any society, there are rulers and ruled. A few rulers monopolize political power and enjoy the benefits of that power. This type of state opposes democracy as a means of limiting power to a powerful few or giving it to a limited number of people
Democratic form
But take
Two-party system
Rule by rotation. America is an elitist country.
Elitists believe that unions, trade associations,
Mass movement
It's a minority rule. Because few people have time to actively engage in work, control rests with a few activists, and the less active accept their authority as agents. This is called"
The iron law of oligarchy
". Thus, elitists argue
Representative democracy
But a modern version of an authoritarian system. Therefore, they believe that democracy is not an end but a means, and that democracy is achieved by citizens through elections
Political decision
The system of rights.
