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Nuzhen nationality, another name Zhu Li Zhen, privet, female straight, today called
Manchu
From more than 3,000 years ago
careful
,
[1]
Han to Jin period
Yilou
The Southern and Northern Dynasties were called
Beji
From Sui to Tang Dynasty
The Black waters Mohe
During the Liao Dynasty, it was called "Nuzhen" and "female straight" (avoid
辽兴宗
Jarvinaya).
[2]
The period of the basic formation of the national form is about the Tang Dynasty. A "Jurchen" first appeared in the early Tang Dynasty. As the old saying goes, "If there are tens of thousands of Nuzhen soldiers, they cannot be defeated."
[3-4]
Liao Dynasty
Nuzhenyou
Shengnuzhen
,
Cougar true
A point of... In 1115, Emperor Taizu
A good fight
Unified Jurchen ministries, in
Hoeryeongbu
(
Harbin
Acheng
) Establish
Jin Dynasty
. Jin Dynasty Extinction
liao
, disappear
The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907)
, occupy
Central plains
Later,
Zhenyuan
In the first year (1153), the capital was moved
Yenching
The implementation of the "south migration north migration" policy, the Jurchen people initially migrated to the Yanshan area. Later settle in
North China
, while
The Han Chinese
Gradually moving north. Settle in
Central Plains
The Jurchens, in
The Han nationality
And under the influence of the surrounding environment, gradually integrated with the Han.
[3]
The Nuzhen division in the early Ming Dynasty
Jianzhou Jurchen
,
The Jurchen of the Haixi
,
Donghai Jurchen
Three major parts.
[5]
Emperor Taizu of Qing
Nurhachi
Unify the Jurchen ministries. In 1616, Nurhachi was born
Xinbin county
Two rivers
lateral
Hetuala
The city is called the Khan Jianguo, and the country's title is"
Daikin
", Shi said
Later Jin Dynasty
. In 1635,
Emperor Taizong of Qing
Huang Taiji
in
Shengjing
(Shenyang) changed the ethnic name Jurchen to Manchu. In 1636,
Huang Taiji
Change the national title Dajin to Daqing. It was founded by the Manchus in 1644
Qing Dynasty
Enter and host
Central Plains
It became the second ethnic unity dynasty in Chinese history.
[6]
- Chinese name
- Jurchen
- Foreign name
- Jurchen
- alias
- Straight for women , ligustrum
- origin
- careful , Yilou , Beji , The Black waters Mohe
- Today's name
- Manchu
- Belong to
- The Tunguskas
- territory
- Northeast region
- Political power
- Jin Dynasty , Later Jin Dynasty , the Qing Dynasty
- People and things
- A good fight , Nurhachi Etc.
catalogue
- 1Clan name
- 2history
- ▪The original Jurchen
- ▪Liao Dynasty
- ▪Founding of the Jin Dynasty
- ▪Yuan Dynasty
- ▪Ming Dynasty
- ▪Rise of the later Jin Dynasty
- ▪Qing Dynasty
- 3culture
- ▪literature
- ▪Text
- ▪religion
- ▪Music and dance
- 4economy
"Golden History · Century" records: "The first gold, out
Mohe, an ancient nationality in northeast China
A surname. The nationality of Mohe
Beji
. Bejigu
careful
A surname.
Yuan and Wei Dynasties
At that time, there were seven chapters of Mohe: Sui called Mohe; In the early Tang Dynasty, there were
The Black waters Mohe
,
Mohe nationality is Mohe nationality
" People in the Song Dynasty said that the Nuzhen nationality "was born Zhu Lizhen, Pan language." Mistaken for a jurchen ". It can be seen that Juri is really a Han name. To avoid Liao Xingzong
Jerut
Really taboo, changed to female straight, also write female quality. A member of the Jurchen ethnic group, it first appeared in the 7th century. The Nuzhen nationality in Yuan Dynasty literature, there are female straight,
Water dada
,
The wild man
,
supplimania
,
bone
Other names. Mongolian called the Jurchen Altan, called the golden emperor Altan Khan, it is all the Jurchen ethnic name.
[7]
Ming Dynasty
Vinh Lac
The first year (1403) was the emperor of the Ming Dynasty
Zhu Di
Send someone to
Amur River
,
Wusuli River
The valley beckons the Nuzhen people. Nuzhen, the original "Zhulizhen", and also "Zhulituo", "Zhuer Tueti", "Zhuer Tueti", "Xerchayi", the Manchu language called"
Zhu Shen
","
many
". The middle and late Ming Dynasty people called it
Tartar
,
mantark
,
North Rupp
And so on, its troops are called rupps. Later Jin Dynasty
Tincture
On October 13, 1635, Emperor Taiji issued an order to change the ethnic name Jurchen to Manchuria, and from then on, the name of Manchuria officially appeared.
[8]
Ying Ge Ling
is
Neolithic period
A site where ancient humans lived. The ancient peoples of Northeast China chose this land to multiply and live.
[10]
Found at Yinggeling site
crockery
,
Stone implement
and
Bone object
. The stone tools come with
Stone axe
,
Stone hoe
,
arrowhead
Etc., are made by beating, grinding and pressing; At the same time, a dental knife, a dental cone,
Clam knife
,
Net weight
,
Birch bark
Ware and wait.
The early careful 楛 target 砮 [9]
The early careful 楛 target 砮 [9]
From the unearthed historical relics, the net pendant is
careful
The tools of people's fishing life, the arrowhead is the tool of Sushen people's hunting, the small pottery pig is the proof of Sushen people's domesticating livestock, and the antler hoe is the sign of the origin of Sushen people's primitive agriculture. It shows that the Sushen people were a specific historical period in which they were gradually transitioning from fishing and hunting to primitive agriculture and animal husbandry.
[9]
Han Si Jun
The area had a large number before the middle Ming Dynasty
Mohe nationality is Mohe nationality
And its kindred jurchen distribution. According to legend, the ancestor of the Jurchen nationality
Finish writing
, millet dust
Mohe, an ancient nationality in northeast China
There are brother Agudi, brother Pauoli.
In the Tang Dynasty
View of chastity
During the years, due to the separation of the Mohe clan at the end of millet, Hanpu, more than sixty years old, from
Korea
Old residence
Wang's Koryo
subjugated
Silla
Run away from the old place. His brother, who believed in Buddhism, stayed in Goryeo, only to follow him out of Bolive. Go to the Wanyan department, just happened to meet people competing for property, armoury unceasingly, letter to intervene, calm the situation. As a reward, the Wanyan department gave him a green cow. In order to gain a firm foothold here, he used the green cow as a betrothal gift and married the daughter of a 60-year-old woman in Wanyan. After the marriage, two boys and a girl were born, and he and his children naturally became Wanyan people.
After the establishment of Wang's Gaoli regime, he actively expanded and occupied the Chinese territory in the northern part of the peninsula.
Changbai Mountain
Euligu Ridge (present-day Korea), the native land of Jurchen in the east
North Hamgyong Province
The area around Hamgyong Mountain became a difficult place for soldiers to fight, and residents moved to take refuge. Agunay, the eldest of three brothers of the Jurchen tribe living in the northern part of the peninsula, migrated
Liaodong Peninsula
Old Sanbao live migration near the sea area of Ye lazy, second letter Pu came
Mudanjiang River
coastal
Shengnuzhen
Wanyan Bugan lives near the water.
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, Somu Mohe, the southern branch of Mohe nationality, was conquered by Goguryeo and ruled the Han four counties in the northern part of the peninsula in the heyday of Goguryeo, while Somu Mohe were mostly mercenaries of Goguryeo Kingdom. Therefore, Somu Mohe was often confused with Goguryeo and Goryeo (the short name of Goguryeo is different from the later Wang Goryeo) in later generations.
Liao Dynasty
The Nuzhen nationality has a wide distribution range: from the south
The Yalu River
,
Changbai Mountain
The area, north to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, east
Sea of Japan
. inhabit
Hamju
(present-day Liaoning)
Open up a field
Between the northeast and the Shumei River (today's Songhua River), to
Huifa River
The basin centered is called "huiba" (huiba); Living in the north of Songhua River, Ningjiang Prefecture (now Jilin Fuyu Shitou city) northeast, until the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang called "birth Nuzhen"; In the
Wusuli River
Near to the east
The East China Sea
(
Sea of Japan
) is called"
Donghai Jurchen
".
Jurchen samurai [10]
Jurchen samurai [10]
The Khitan's policy toward the Jurchens is to implement"
Divide and rule
". They put Qiangzong
Surname of the greatest surname
Cheat into
Liaodong Peninsula
Incorporated into the Khitan nationality, called "Hesu Pavilion", and also called Hor Su pavilion, Hesu Gun, which is the meaning of "fence" in the Jurchen language. These people are"
Cougar true
". The other part of the Songhua River (Songhua River north section) in the north, Ningjiang prefecture (Jilin Province
Fuyu county
In the east, these people are "born female Zhen". Black water Mohe descendants are the main body of Nuzhen. Later, the Wanyan section of the Jin Dynasty was established, which was a branch of Shengnu Zhen and a direct descendant of the Black River Mohe.
Wanyan lived in the upper reaches of the Yalu River
Tumen River
In the river basin, the Nuzhen people are composed of the Jurizens of this area, related to the pearl-gathering inhabitants. Wanyan, as a Mohe branch of the Black River, moved from the bank of the meandering river to
Ashe
Of the shore.
Wonyan's
It is the royal family of the Nuzhen. The Nuzhen migrated from the Changbai Mountains to the middle reaches of the Heilongjiang River, and the Wanyan section settled in
Wanda Mountain
. Wanda Mountain, according to legend, is the place where the Jurchen king of Wanyan, the main peak in the north bank of the middle reaches of the Heilongjiang River in Russia.
The Liao Dynasty also set up a number of royal palaces for the purpose of ruling Nuzhen by Nuzhen. Northern Nuzhen is distributed in
Liao River
In the middle reaches, Liao set up the Northern Nuzhen Palace and the Northern Nuzhen Army and horses under its jurisdiction. Southern Nuzhen: Distributed in the Liaodong Peninsula, Liao set up the Southern Nuzhen State palace, the Southern Nuzhen Tanghe Department under the jurisdiction; Yalu River Jurchen: Distributed in the Yalu River area, Liao Yalu River Jurchen palace jurisdiction; Changbai Mountain Nuzhen Department: Distributed in the area of Changbai Mountain, Liao set up Changbai Mountain Nuzhen palace jurisdiction; Bulumao; Distribute in
Hairan Giang
River basin, Liao set up Pu Mau Tuo part of the royal mansion jurisdiction.
Subject article:
Jin Dynasty
In the 11th century, in
Northeast Asia
The land lives from
The Black waters Mohe
The Nuchens left behind from the Tunguska ethnic group. In the 11th century he became a minister to the Khitan (Liao Dynasty). Hunting still plays an important role in Jurchen's social economy. In some tribes, it is even the main method of production. From March to May in spring and from July to October in autumn, they hunt all kinds of wild animals in the mountains and make skins. Horses were the main means of transportation and were necessary for hunting. Rich domestic horses, thousands flock. The average household has more than ten horses.
[11]
A good fight
A good fight
Shengnu Zhen is divided into dozens of tribes, of which Wanyan is larger. At the time of Wanyan Hanpu, Nuzhen had already entered the late patriarchal clan society. At the beginning of the 11th century, Wanyan Suike moved to Haigushui again, and the society underwent significant changes. He began to smelt iron, cultivate arboreal art, build houses and boats, and settled there
Press the tiger water
(Southeast of Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province
Ashe
).
[12]
After his son Shi Lu became the chief, he conquered the nearby tribes and formed a tribal alliance. Son of Shi Lu
Unguunai
Many tribes were incorporated. The huge military tribal alliance of the Jurchen was formed during the Wanyan Ugunai period, but the alliance was not united and very consolidated. Since then, the main struggle has been around the league chief and the minister of State.
[13]
The Nuzhen people engaged in hunting and external warfare needed bows and arrows as tools and weapons. The iron smelting industry of the family is mainly used for the manufacture of weapons and armor, and even imported agricultural utensils and iron POTS are melted and cast. The development of iron smelting industry not only promoted the improvement of social productive forces, but also greatly enhanced the ability to fight foreign wars.
[11]
Liao Tianqing third year (1113), Ugunai grandson
A good fight
Following the establishment, Wanyan Aguda unified the various departments of the Jurchen, leading the Han nationality in Northeast China at that time, the Bohai nationality,
Khitan
,
Shiwei group
The Tieli people and the Wujia people fought against Liao together. He also reached an agreement with the Northern Song Dynasty to attack the Liao army from the North and the south, and planned to help the Northern Song recover
Sixteen states of Yan Yun
. The sea traffic between Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty became more and more frequent.
In the first year (1115), Wanyan Aguda unified the various departments of the Jurchen, expelled the Khitan rule and established the Jin Dynasty. The title of the country is "Dajin". Some say it comes from the birthplace of Jinshui.
Ashe
It is also said that it is not bad for taking gold. At first, Jurchen maintained the hunting lifestyle of modern northeastern China, combining fishing, hunting, farming, and animal husbandry.
[14]
Apart from that, he maintained a military lifestyle in the city. He was eventually allowed to intermarry with other races. The Jin rulers were also influenced by Confucian culture. After the founding of the state, the King began to
Liao Wujing
For strategic objectives
The battle of Jin's destruction of Liao
In a short period of time, they captured the northern capital of the Liao Dynasty
Shanghai
. Then with the Han
Song Dynasty
Set up
Alliance at sea
Together against the Liao Dynasty.
Tianhui three years (1125), after successfully destroying the Liao Dynasty gained most of the Liao Dynasty's land, due to
Sixteen states of Yan Yun
In the ZhangJue incident, the alliance between the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty broke down. The Jin invaded the Song and established Qi, Chu and other puppet states in the northern part of the Song Dynasty. Later, these northern lands were incorporated into King's Road State system.
In the fourth year of Tianhui (1126), the Jin captured Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, and briefly pushed the Song army south of the Yangtze River. The armies of the two countries often confronted each other along the Huai River.
In the busy war years, Aguta still paid great attention to agricultural production, and made a lot of efforts in the handicraft industry and commerce in the Heilongjiang valley. He even created it
Jurchen script
. The Jin Dynasty adopted the official system of Song and Liao. At the local level, the state and county systems are different
Try to exercise restraint
Parallel. Menganmok is a tribal alliance organization of the Jurchen people at the end of the clan society.
After the 29th year of the Great Ding Dynasty (1189), the Jin Dynasty faced the Mongols in the north and the Song Dynasty in the south
Sadayou
Three years (1215) had to put the capital
Central capital of Jin
(Modern Beijing) moved to Kaifeng.
In 1234, the Mongols destroyed the Jin Dynasty. After the collapse of the Jin Dynasty, the Nuzhen people were still scattered in the Kanto, divided into Jianzhou, Haixi, savage and other departments.
[15]
In the Yuan Dynasty implemented "If the female straight, Khitan born in the northwest can not speak Chinese, with the Mongols; Under the policy of "women growing up in the Han Dynasty and with the Han people", these jurchens, who accounted for about three-fifths of the total population of Jin women, were not regarded as jurchens.
[16]
jurchens
jurchens
After the death of Jin, Nu Zhen became
Mongol Khanate
Of the ruled peoples.
Kublai Khan
After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the Jurchen were residents under the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty. The management of the Jurchen by the Mongol Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty reflects the political and economic relations between the Jurchen and the Mongols. First of all, the Mongolian nobles set up a set of administrative institutions in the Jurchen area, including roads, houses and colleges, and "set up officials and herdsmen to rule according to the customs".
In 1235 (ie, before the age of Yi, the second year after the death of Jin), Kaiyuan (located in the east of today's Dongning County) and Nanjing (located in today's Jilin Province) were established in the north of Tumen River
Yanji City
After 20,000 houses in the east, they set up many roads, houses and offices in other Jurchens residential areas to manage the various branches of Jurchens. In the twenty-third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1286), the governor's office of Liaodong Road was changed to Kaiyuan Road, and the Nuzhen people were all included in Kaiyuan Road. in
Liaoyang
After the establishment of Shenyang Road,
Kaiyuan road
Only the Jurchens north of Shenyang Road (north of today's Tieling City in Liaoning Province) were governed, while the Jurchens in the south were governed by Shenyang and Liaoyang roads respectively. In order to disperse, in the backward stage of water, such as "rule according to the custom".
Before Emperor Qingyuan Year (1312), the northeast area of Kaiyuan Road was set up as Shuida Road, which was under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province. Shuida Road is the main distribution area of Nuzhen in the Yuan Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty has set up many prefectures in its territory. In addition to the above-mentioned Taowen and other five military and civilian homes and two Tuntian homes in water Dada and Zhaozhou, in the Heilongjiang mouth of the slave son dry place
East Marshal's office
It is located on the other side of the Amgon River in Tring; In the lower Heilongjiang
The wild man
Killeimi and other places in the thousands of households, the government is located in the Anuyi River and Heilongjiang confluence of the Haler sub-place; In the present
Wusuli River
The river basin is set up Azokur (Ussuri River ancient name) thousand households; It was found in the Primorsky region of present-day Russia
Walvis Sea
(now
Sea of Japan
), Mutaha, Yalan thousand house.
Through the above-mentioned institutions and officials, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty imposed taxes, signed military service, and issued bans in the Jurchen area to implement comprehensive political rule. The taxes the Yuan Dynasty levied on the Jurchen were in kind, including grain, cloth, skins of various wild animals and Haidong green. However, due to the difference in the main production of the various branches, the kind of payment also has its own emphasis. Mongolian nobles signed army service among the Jurchen people, mainly around the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. First seen in the Fourth year of the Middle Dynasty (1263). That year, the Yuan Dynasty ordered Yili not Flower in the "female straight, Shuida and Kilebin jointly signed garrison Army" 3,000 people, transferred to the tower box to take it.
The prohibition issued by the Yuan Dynasty in the Jurchen area included the prohibition of slaughter, alcohol, bow arrows (hunting), and the production of gold and silver. Most of these bans were issued to prevent Jurchen resistance. This is not only reflected in the fact that these prohibitions were issued at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, but were lifted successively with the consolidation of the Yuan Dynasty's rule throughout the country, especially the latter two prohibitions. Because hunting and the production of gold and silver are normal social production, and hunting is also a traditional social production department to meet the needs of food and clothing, the imperial decree prohibits it, apparently because these two kinds of production are closely related to "strong soldiers" and the manufacture of weapons.
Hongwu twenty years (1387), the Ming Taizu
Feng Sheng
To the West Coast for the general. As the last resistance force of the former Yuan in the non-Mongol areas, Naha found it difficult to maintain, so chose to surrender, and the Ming Dynasty opened the road to Liaodong.
[18]
After Naha came out to the Ming, the Ming army entered the Songhua River on both sides of the north and south, and the Nuzhen and other departments under the rule of the original Yuan successively "surrendered the territory".
[19]
jurchens [17]
jurchens [17]
In 1388, the Ming Dynasty took back the Liaodong territory held by Goryeo and demarcated it on the Yalu River, and also prevented Goryeo from controlling the Jurchen.
Koryo 禑 Wang
The above defense was rejected by Ming Taizu.
[20]
In the early years of Yongle, Huri changed to ten thousand households
Achout
Ten thousand households in Ordoli
Timur the Mighty
See one after another in Ming Dynasty. In this case, the Joseon dynasty, which had replaced Goryeo, wanted to recall Timur, but the Ming did not agree.
[21]
Ming Dynasty Chengzu
Set up Jianzhou guard and Jianzhou left guard military and civilian command department, respectively with two people to command.
[22]
Later, Man Brother Timur also followed Ming Chengzu personally invaded Arutai.
[22]
With the arrival of Ahate, Timur and others in the Ming court, more and more people belonged to the Nuzhen leaders. The Ming Dynasty then adopted the method of "building by all and dividing its strength", and successively set up 384 sanitation, 24 schools, 7 ground stations, 7 stations, and 1 village. The imperial court was established on top of it
Noel Gandos
Under the jurisdiction of the Wei Institute, in the early period, the Jurchens of the Haixi,
A surname
Also lost ha
He served as a town eunuch and guided the area, but was formally abolished in the ninth year of Xuande (1434) due to long-term abandonment.
[23]
After Yongle, the departments of Haixi Jurchen and Jianzhou Jurchen were forced to move south. After several migrations, Jianzhou Nuzhen gradually stabilized and settled in Yingzong Orthodoxy
Hun River
Upriver.
[24]
Orthodox seven years (1442),
Jian Zhouwei
,
Jianzhou left guard
Jianzhou Youwei formed a powerful tribe under the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The emergence of "Jianzhou Sanwei" marked the formation of the main part of Manchu. Under the banner of the Nuzhen, not only the various departments of the Nuzhen, but also the ancestors of the Hezhen, Oroqen and Xibe also adopted the name of the Nuzhen.
Orthodox fourteen years (1449), Mongol Wara Department Taiji
Also before
Attacked the Ming Dynasty, defeated the Ming army at Mu Bao, and captured his own soldiers
Emperor Yingzong of Ming
.
[25]
Some Jianzhou and Haixi guards took the opportunity to attack Liaodong in coordination with Yexian's military operations. However, a large number of Nuzhen guards were attacked by Yexian, and many female Zhen hereditary leaders lost their hereditary credentials because they were pillaged by Yexian's troops, and they could only pay tribute in the name of Zhongshu She people later, and the rewards they could get were much less than before. Since then, the prestige of the Jurchen began to decline in the Ming Dynasty, and the Jurchen departments gradually lost control. Some leaders even dared to openly challenge the Ming Dynasty and plunder the Liaodong region.
[26]
It was also around this time that the Jurchen script was completely lost, and Jurchen mainly used Mongolian as the written language, while a small number of them used Chinese.
[27]
At that time, Jurchen had roughly formed three major parts of Jianzhou, Haixi and Savage. Jianzhou and Haixi gradually moved south from Mudan River basin to Liaodong and settled there.
[22]
In the face of the development of the Nuzhen forces, the Ming Dynasty felt a great threat. In order to strengthen its control over the Nuzhen and consolidate its rule, it resorted to "dividing its branches, separating its power, fighting and killing each other to ensure the security of China".
[28]
As a result, the various departments of the Jurchen "have their own male heads and are not unified",
[29]
They held each other in check, and fell into a state of division and strife. This has brought heavy disasters to the various departments of the Jurchen, and unification has become the popular desire.
[30]
For more than three hundred years since the Yuan Dynasty, the Nuzhen people had been subjected to oppression and exploitation under the Yuan and Ming monarchs, due to their confusion and division. The Ming emperors and civil and military officials despised the Jurchen, calling it "Dongyi", arbitrarily bullied and exploited in every way.
[31]
Wanli eleven years (1583), born
Jianzhou left guard
The commander of the family
Nurhachi
Because his ancestors and father were mistakenly killed by the Ming Dynasty, he started his army with the "thirteen deputy relics" left by his ancestors, and began the road of founding Khan after him.
[32]
Nurhachi
Nurhachi
Wanli 17th year (1589), the Ming court granted Nurhaci the capital of the police, seeking to promote the left governor, after the grant
General Dragon Tiger
. Unlike many of the former female Zhen leaders who blindly submitted to or chose direct confrontation with the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi at first still relied on the official positions granted by the Ming Court to develop his own power, surfacing as ministers, secretly claiming power, making good use of the situation, and gradually unifying the Jurchen in general and subjuging the neighboring Mongols.
[33]
During Nurhachi was created
Eight-flag system
The establishment of the eight-flag system to unite the masses marked a decisive victory in the grand cause of the unification of the various departments of the Jurchen.
[34]
He also ordered his scholars
Erdeni
A surname
Kagai
According to the Mongolian alphabet to create new characters to spell
The Manchu script
,
[35]
It gradually solved the inconvenience caused by the fact that the written communication between Jurchens at that time could only be in Mongolian or Chinese.
In the first year of the Mandate of Heaven (1616), Nurhachi decided that the time was ripe, so in
Hetuala
Sweat, build"
Later Jin Dynasty
", Jianyuan destiny. Three Years of the Mandate of Heaven (1618), published by Nurhachi
Seven resentments
Officially sworn division Faming, then successively conquered
Open up a field
,
Tieling City
,
Liaoyang
And moved its capital to Shenyang. After the later Jin entered the Liaoshen area, on the one hand, he ordered the adoption of the returned Han people, on the other hand, he carried out the bad policies such as shaving the hair, moving a large number of people, checking the grain, and sending out special agents, which aroused the resistance of the Han people in the Liaodong area. Some of them fled, while others resorted to poison, assault and murder against the Nuzhen people, which brought certain troubles to the later Jin's rule in the Liaoshen area.
[35]
In response, Nurhachi took strong measures to suppress, many Han people were killed, and the rest were reduced to slaves and organized into the fields.
[36]
In the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1626), Nurhachi was in
The Battle of Ningyuan
Died shortly after the defeat, successor
Huang Taiji
The original treatment of some Han people was restored, and at the same time, the status of Han people was significantly improved, and the contradiction between Jurchen and Han people in the later Jin Dynasty was eased.
[37]
Huang Taiji also incorporated the Han and Mongols who belonged to the later Jin into the Eight Banners system, creating the Han Army and the Han Army
Mongolian eight Banners
.
[38]
Like Manchurians, they were also called flag men.
In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Huangtaiji changed his clan name from Zhushen to Manchuria.
[7]
[39]
In the first year of Chongde (1636), he changed the title of the kingdom to Da Qing, removed the title of Han and declared himself emperor, and changed the title of Yuan.
Chongde
He honored his father Nurhachi as Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Huangtaiji, he led his army several times to attack Beijing and other places by way of Mongolia, but he was eventually defeated by the Ming Dynasty
Guan Ning Jin defense line
The barrier has always been unable to effectively control the area within the customs.
[40]
The first year of Shunzhi (1644),
Wu Sanguui
with
Li Zicheng
The peasant army fought fiercely against
Shanhai Pass
. Wu Sangui to "wood silk", "ceding land" as the condition to the later Jin for aid, Durgon led the Manchu Qing army into the pass to fight, and officially moved the capital to Beijing, the conquest of the country, began
Qing Dynasty
Nearly 300 years of rule.
In the first year of Kangxi (1662), Shizu Fu was collapsing. Saint patriarch
Hyun Yeop
Succession, open the Qing Dynasty
Kangxi
,
Emperor Yongzheng
,
Qianlong
Three generations of prosperity, history called"
Kangqian prosperous age
". In safeguarding the unification of the motherland and fighting against foreign aggression, the achievements of the early Qing Dynasty cannot be denied. From the early years of Kangxi to
Opium Wars
Previously, by pacification"
San Francisco
and
The Ministry of Dzunggar
The division of the aristocracy, and the unification
Taiwan
Such as the civil war, realized the unity of the country; In particular, through successive wars of self-defence against foreign aggression, China has consolidated its frontiers; According to the different conditions of different regions, a series of local administrative system reforms were carried out, including the large-scale "return to the land" carried out by the Yongzheng Dynasty in the southwest provinces and the system set up by the Qianlong Dynasty
Minister resident in Tibet
,
General Ili
A system of local administration that is directly under the jurisdiction of the central government and adapted to the characteristics of each region has been established. Thus, in
Opium Wars
The former unified multi-ethnic China not only had a clear territorial scope, but also a complete and stable local administrative system, which played a key role in consolidating and establishing China's unity and territorial sovereignty. This is a great historical achievement jointly established by all ethnic groups in China, and at the same time, as the ruling nation, the Manchu, in the historical position of organization and commander, has also made an indelible contribution.
[41]
Daoguang County
Twenty-two years (1840) Opium War broke out, the Qing Dynasty began to be invaded by the powers, gradually reduced to
Semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
The people's discontent increased, the country went from bad to worse, and various ethnic uprisings arose, especially
Xianfeng
,
Tongzhi
annual
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
and
Nian uprising
Greatly shaken the foundation of Manchu rule. Although in
Xianfeng
,
Tongzhi
,
Guang Xu
Three dynasties, part of the Manchu ruling class and Han ministers attempted to pass
Westernization movement
,
Hundred Days' Reform
And Boxer after the New Deal (commonly known as
New policy in the late Qing Dynasty
And other means have tried to strengthen, but unfortunately all ended in failure. Xuantong three years (1911),
Xinhai Revolution
Eruption,
Qing government
After being overthrown, the Manchu people changed their name to "Manchu" and became a member of the big family of the Chinese nation after liberation. Today, the Manchu people are still mainly concentrated in northeast China and North China, scattered throughout the country.
After entering the Central Plains, a large number of Han books were robbed, and a group of Han literati came to submit them, which enabled the development of Nuzhen culture. The Nuzhen nobility learned the Han Chinese language and various cultural knowledge from childhood, and the court also adopted it
Rhythmical prose
Write edicts and memorials. The poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties is also the main form of the court literature of Jin Dynasty. Jurchen nobility
Venereal spine
Can poetry good painting, he in the "thinking poems" have "new poems light like goose yellow wine, return to think thick like the Yalu river" such quite interesting lines.
Subject article:
Jurchen script
Jurchens did not have writing at first, and they were barely literate in the early days of the Khitan regime's control
Khitan language
Writing. From a bone to play ancestors
Po Rashu
(Emperor Jin Suzong) began to learn the Khitan language, and Aguta himself knew the Khitan language. After the defeat of the Liao Dynasty, Wanyan Aguda mastered Khitan and Chinese, and made his children learn Khitan. After the establishment of the Jin dynasty, the internal and external documents were almost all in Khitan, but this was quite far from the Jin Jurchen language, so A Guta ordered the officials who had learned Khitan and Chinese characters
Make a complete face of Xiyin
He Ye Lu tried to produce Nuzhen characters based on Khitan characters and Chinese characters, and issued an imperial decree in the third year of Tianfu (1119), which is the later Nuzhen characters.
Wanyan 亶
With reference to the creation of Qidan character, another kind of Nuzhen character was promulgated, which was called Nuzhen small character in later generations. When the decree says: "The people mandate, female straight, Khitan, Han, each with the character, Bohai people with the Han."
[42]
Jin Dynasty Jurchen text
Jin Dynasty Jurchen text
At this time, the Jurchen characters began to be used in official documents, while the small characters were still to be revised and did not come into use until the fifth year of imperial rule (1145). By this time, the Nuzhen size characters, together with the Khitan and Chinese, were in parallel with the Jin State; The writing test of Jurchen and Khitan characters began in the Hailing Dynasty. The emperor issued Nuzhen classics and selected noble children at various levels to gather in Zhongdu (today's Beijing) for centralized teaching and training, and in the thirteenth year of Dading (1173) established the Jurchen Jinshi Policy and poetry association test system, and set up the Jurchen national School and Zhulu School.
[42]
During the reign of Emperor Aizong, Nuzhen small characters were passed down
Korean peninsula
After the death of Jin, there are still upper-class people proficient in Nuzhen literature in the Nuzhen departments who only stayed in the Northeast. When communicating with the Ming government, the Jurchens responded with the Jurchens characters. The Ming Court set up the Siyi Hall and the later Huizong Hall, and assigned special personnel to learn Nuzhen characters to meet the needs of communication, which is evidenced by the existing Nuzhen Translation compiled by the two halls. In the mid-15th century,
Mongolian culture
The influence on the Jurgen intensified, and the jurgen gradually learned
Mongolian
Wen, and in order to write their own language, Nuzhen wen finally ceased to be passed on.
[42]
The main purpose of creating Nuzhen characters in Jin Dynasty was to declare the image of the nation state, so it was mainly used in the writing of official documents after it was made. It was not until the 12th century in the middle and late Jin Dynasty that these two sets of characters were used to transform Chinese classics into Nuzhen. After the collapse of the Jin Dynasty by the Mongols in 1234, this script continued to be used in various parts of Northeast China today, and the Jin script was the communication medium through the Gusi departments in Northeast China, so it can be inferred that the actual use of the Nuzhen script should be more than 400 years. Until the rise of Jurchen in the mid-15th century,
Nurhachi
The creation of no circle point Manchu gradually ceased to use. The total number of Nuzhen characters handed down to the present day is not large, and most of them are large characters (there are different views on this). There are books, inscriptions, bronze mirrors, seals, inscriptions and so on.
[42]
-
shamanism
The Jurchens, like other peoples in the world, have experienced it
Primitive religion
This is the worship of natural forces and natural objects reappeared in the early Jurchens, which is a form of expression for polytheism
shamanism
. The ancient ethnic minorities living in the northeast are mostly faithful
The way of heaven
Advocate that all things have spirit, in all kinds of gods, especially respect the God of heaven, where the event will be sacrificed to heaven. "Fast" before and after the worship. There is also the custom of looking at the moon and offering sacrifices to the seven stars. This is the origin of shamanism. After the establishment of the Jin regime, shamanism did not disappear, but continued to spread in the upper Beijing area. From the Jurchen custom and handed down the worship of the heaven custom, developed into the emperor's ritual, more complete.
[44] 43 -
-
Buddhism
After the establishment of Jin regime, under the influence of Liuhe and Khitan people, the Jurchen people quickly accepted Buddhist ideas, believed in them very earnestly, and worshiped them religiously, thus Buddhism developed.
[44]
[46]
Jurchen samurai [45]
Jurchen samurai [45]
in
Kim Tae-jong
In October 1123, there was already Qingyuan Temple, the earliest temple of Jin Shangjing, and soon after, Emperor Taizong converted to Buddhism. In the Jin Xizong period, Buddhism gradually attracted the attention of the Nuzhen rulers. Buddhist temples were built extensively inside and outside the Jin Shang capital, and sutra lecturing activities were increasing. The upper nobles and ordinary people of Nuzhen all believed in Buddhism, and "although they respected their families, they mostly gave up men and women as monks and nuns". Jin Buddhism and Han people are the same, the man is called monk, the woman is called Ni. The monks and nuns are strictly hierarchical, with differences in title, dress, and people, and they have great power. In the Beijing monk, said national master, Shuaifu said monk record, monk is, county said all gang, county said Wena. The same as the Southern Song Dynasty. In the capital of the national division, such as five, wearing red robes, the hall of questioning and lecturing, with the southern Dynasty and so on; Sanglu, Sangzheng will choose its path of high, limited to three years for one term, the term is completed, choose another high person; The monks in the county government, they are equipped with slaves, monks or nuns have transgressions, crimes, etc., by them to deal with, but also three years a change. The relationship between the royal family and the monastery remained very close.
Hai Ling King
His mother, the Empress Dowager Du Shan, actively supported Buddhist activities.
[44]
[46]
In the fifteenth year of Yongle (1417), the Ming Dynasty set up the monk Division in Jianzhou Wei, with the female monk Tamerma Class as the capital. During the Yongle period, Ming also built Yongning Temple in the location of Nuer Kandu, indicating
Donghai Jurchen
There are also Buddhists.
-
Taoism
Taoism was also well developed during the Jin Dynasty, and its activities and followers were basically equal to Buddhism. Many landlords and intellectuals in the north fled to the mysterious gate because of their frustration, and finally developed into the prosperity of Taoism in the north and founded many new Taoist sects. The Jin rulers were superstitious and managed Taoism like Buddhism, and Taoist temples were set up in various places. The main sects that arose in Jinshangjing area were Taiyi Religion and Dadao Religion.
[44]
[46]
The song and dance music of the Jin Dynasty was also influenced by the Central Plains, and some Musical Instruments were commonly used, such as xiao, pipa, sheng and drum. Court musicians and singing girls can also perform music such as Liu Yong's "Looking at the Tide".
In the 11th century AD in the middle of Liao Dynasty, the Nuzhen people moved to the Hushui River (today's Ashe River) to breed and thrive. Young men and women sang on the way to find a mate, producing "Love Song of Nuzhen" and "Partridge Song";
[47]
After the founding of the Jin Dynasty (1115), "Zhen Pengpeng Song" entered the Central Plains and became a popular song and dance followed by Han officials and people. It was called "Pour La" in the Yuan Dynasty, "Bounce" and "Touch song" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and changed to "Duet Duet" after the founding of the People's Republic.
[47]
After seizing the power of the Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen forced the population of the Central Plains to relocate to
Heilongjiang basin
. After the arrival of more people, agricultural production technology has developed, such as the Songhua River
Zhaozhou
In the Cold Mountain area, not only grain and vegetables are planted, but also Uighur beans, watermelon, red peony, peach and plum trees are transplanted from other places.
jurchens [48]
jurchens [48]
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Jurzhen established the policy of developing agriculture, advocating not forgetting the difficulties of farming, collecting seeds wherever they went, and persuading farmers with light corvee and low taxes, especially
Kim Tae-jong
After the victory of the war against the Song Dynasty, the main policy of restoring production was to reward agriculture and mulberry. "At this time, the ministers will be on duty, the upper and lower levels of peace, sufficient household supplies, granaries surplus", "the world is under peace, four people live in peace", known as "well-off".
[49]
Jin Dynasty is a link between the past and the future in the history of agricultural development in Northeast China, and occupies an important page. Jin Dynasty Jurchen rise, to its land as the "mainland", said
Shanghai
(now the south of Acheng City, Heilongjiang Province), as the center of unprecedented development and development of agriculture in the northeast border area, became a vast agricultural economic development zone, south of Xianping (now the north of Kaiyuan, Liaoning Province), Tokyo (now Liaoyang), Beijing (now the west of Ningcheng City, Inner Mongolia) more developed areas of agriculture.
[49]
Animal husbandry has long played an important role in the social production of Nuzhen tribes. With the emergence and use of iron and the growth of social productivity, agriculture continued to develop and become the main sector of social production, but animal husbandry still occupies an important position, and from the irregular migration of nomads to higher settled animal husbandry development. Shengnyuzhen had a very prosperous animal husbandry before the founding of the People's Republic, the "Golden History · Century" records: the grains, the sesame industry often seized the Lalin River and Muzong's horses, and tied the departments, so the two often had wars.
Liao Shengzong Dynasty and the fourth year (986) of the campaign against the Nuzhen gained more than 100,000 born mouth, more than 200,000 horses and other things. In the sixth year of Taiping (1025), Huang Panyi entered the Jurchen Realm and captured countless people, horses, oxen and pigs. Jin occupied the grassland areas where the Khitan people were active, which increased the role of animal husbandry in society, and paid great attention to the development of animal husbandry.
[49]
The Jin soldiers plundered carpenters and shipbuilders from the Central Plains, and the craftsmen from the Central Plains extensively used the process and style of the Central Plains architecture. Mining, smelting also has a higher level of technology. The production technology of mining caves, iron smelting furnaces, gold and silver products, ceramic firing, and iron farm implements all exceeded that of the Liao Dynasty, but the quality was still inferior to that of the Central Plains. If the cast copper is mostly copper mirrors, the process is generally rough, but there are also such fine products as the double dragon pattern copper mirror unearthed in Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province.
The development level of the Nuzhen tribal alliance was initially to unite the scattered clans and tribes close to each other, resulting in numerous local minor alliances; secondly, to assemble the scattered and unsustainable minor alliances into large alliances; and finally, to unify the Wanyan Department as the core, into a consolidated and lasting huge alliance, so that the country would soon be born. In the Jurchen military tribal alliance, there were aristocratic councils and people's assemblies composed of clan nobles.
[50]
In the clan tribe of the Jurchen clan society, there appeared the family soldiers and tribal soldiers of the private family - Meng An and Mo Ke. It began as a non-permanent army and later developed into a permanent army. In the Jurchen society, there was no private land ownership at that time, but the family ownership system had emerged, and the highest authority of land ownership was concentrated in the monarch, the representative of the state, which was also a form of land transformation from public ownership to private ownership. With the development of society, Bo Jin and Bo Ji Lie became the general officials and senior officials of the country, known as officials and grand officials in history.
By the end of the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi established the Eight banners system. The eight-flag system originated from the long-running cow recording of Jurchen. In the twenty-ninth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1601), Nurhachi reformed the cattle record system, and he set up the cattle record successively as a cattle record of three hundred digits, and the flag was divided into yellow, white, red and blue four colors. In the forty-third year of Wanli, "the four colors are set into eight colors, and the eight flags of Eight Gu Mountains (eight flags)" are yellow, white, red, blue, yellow, white, red, and blue.
[34]
Monogamy
It was the main form of marriage in the Ming Dynasty, but it had emerged
Polygamy
, also remains
Communal marriage
. Tribal leaders and wealthy families lived with many wives. Like the chief of State Guard
Li Manju
There were three wives: Ordoli, Guryanha and the Fire Tingwen. The remaining group marriage system is mainly in some remote areas
Donghai Jurchen
Tribe. "If you marry your sister, then your sister is a concubine"; In the tribe adjacent to the bitter wood, it is popular for friends to go home, "feed the beautiful wife, go and return." Of course, there are also remnants of group marriage in Jianzhou and Haixi Jurchen societies, such as
Jianzhou Jurchen
People marry "do not choose the race", there is the father's death of his son's wife and his stepmother, brother's death of his brother's wife and his sister-in-law;
The Jurchen of the Haixi
Haddabe
After the death of Chief Wang Tai, his son Kanggulu took his stepmother Sister Wen as his wife. In addition, the Jurchen society is widely popular
Marry at an early age
"Marry at the age of ten." Later, Haixi Jurchen changed to marriage at the age of 17 or 18, and Jianzhou Jurchen until
Huang Taiji
The Times only stipulated that a woman who married before the age of 12 was "guilty". Marriage is preceded by "engagement" (engagement). After marriage, the male family needs to receive dowry from the female family, such as armor, cows and horses, slaves and maidservants, and there have been some poor families who have not received enough dowry for 10 years and can not get married.
The funeral died, Jianzhou woman really stopped at home, killed the cow as a sacrifice, 3 days later choose the sun to bury it. During the burial, there is a tendency to bury the clothes worn by the deceased and the horse, and bury the skin of the horse after killing it. Tree burial (wind burial) is popular in Haixi Jurchen, where the body is placed on a tree, and the buried horse skin, tail and feet, as well as bows and arrows used in life are hung on the tree. The East China Sea Nuzhen tribal burial customs are relatively primitive, in addition to tree burial, after the death of the bitter people's parents, to their stomach, the body will be exposed to the sun, in and out of the back, the food will be sacrificed, three years later "abandoned". Killeimi men and women die of old age, "router its belly burn, with ash bone clip in the wood plant"; Drowned victims are harpooned and buried in sealskin. Signal variable seal; Bitten by a tiger bear, "naked its body as a bear tiger", people shoot the body with an arrow, bury it with an arrow, indicating the change of the tiger bear.
The economic relations between the Jurchen and the Mongols are mainly reflected in the contacts between the Mongolian nobility and the Jurchen. First of all, in order to strengthen the management of the Nuzhen people, the Yuan rulers restored the old post road of the Liao and Jin dynasties in their residential areas, so that the Nuzhen people in the Heilongjiang estuary could reach Mongolia in the west and Dadu in the Yuan (today's Beijing) in the south. Secondly, Mongolian aristocrats advocated farming in the Nuzhen area and assisted farming, which promoted the agricultural development of the Nuzhen society. In addition to the previously mentioned Zhaozhou and Shuida Tuntian Wanhu mansion, there are many jurchen moved to Binzhou,
Liao River
,
Khanh Woon
Such a special work, the Yuan Dynasty issued farm tools, cattle. For example, in the 28th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1291), Yuan Shizu "gave an edict to the Mongols and 30,000 cattle, livestock and field tools in Kaiyuan, Nanjing, and Shuida." All in all, from the perspective of the Mongolian nobility, although the above was to consolidate the rule of the Jurchen, it also objectively promoted the communication between the Jurchen and the Mongolian and other ethnic groups and the development of the Jurchen social agriculture, ensuring the stability of the life of the Jurchen.
Changbai Mountain Tianchi
Changbai Mountain Tianchi
The articles exported by the Jurchen were grain, cloth, fur goods such as green rat skin, Haidong green, and pearls paid to the Yuan Dynasty every year. The native products exported by the Jurchen people not only satisfied the luxury and enjoyment of the Mongolian nobles, but also enriched the life needs of the Mongolian sergeants and general herdsmen.
There was another side to the relationship between the Jurchens and the Mongols, namely, the ethnic oppression and economic plunder of the Jurchens, which forced many revolts. In the time of Yuan Shizu, "NV Straight" and Shui Dada took advantage of the opportunity of Naiyan's rebellion to "link" with Naiyan and resist the rule of Mongolian nobles. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were Nuzhen people living in Liaodong who locked fire slaves and raised troops, claiming to be the "descendants of the Great Jin". Although they were suppressed by the Mongolian nobles, they impacted the rule of the Yuan Dynasty and accelerated the demise of the Yuan Dynasty.
Many Jurchens and Goryeo people have lived together for a long time, and there has been a close relationship. The Jurchen people learned from the Goryeo advanced production technology and easily obtained production and living materials such as farm cattle and iron, and the Goryeo people exchanged leather goods and other goods needed for living from the Jurchen people. There are two main areas of mixed residence: one is in the Helan Province (today's North and South Hamgyong areas of North Korea), until the early Ming Dynasty, here is the main place for "female straight, Tatars (that is, water Dada), and Gaoli" to live together. Second, the areas east of today's Liaohe River, such as Shenzhou (today's Shenyang City), Liaohe, Qingyun and other places, or the same place to live, or the same place to camp. Jurchens also had contacts with residents of Koryo, mainly those living in Helan Province. During the war between Mongolia and Goryeo, he often entered the northern border of the state of Goryeo to "plunder", sometimes as many as 3,000 people (known as Dongjin Bing in Korean history). When the Mongol nobles conquered Goryeo, Goryeo became a vassal state of the Mongol Khanate, and the Mongol nobles ordered that the Jurchens should not "invade the people of Goryeo" or "plunder the territory of Goryeo", so that the communication between the Jurchens and the people of Goryeo returned to normal. Later, natural disasters occurred in the Jurchen area, and the Yuan Dynasty either borrowed grain from the state of Goryeo, or ordered the king of Goryeo to transport millet for relief.
In addition to the Manchu, the direct descendants of the Nuzhen, there are: Gansu Province
Jingchuan county
There is still a village of Nuzhen descendants on the north bank of the Jinghe River. There are about 3000 people in the village, most of whom are named Wanyan. The villagers all claim to be descendants of the Jurchens. To this day, traditional Nuzhen customs are still preserved, such as every New Year festival to collectively go to the Wanyan ancestral hall to worship and jump
Shamanic dance
Let's wait.
According to Zhang Huaiqun, chairman of the Gansu Provincial People's Political Consultative Conference, and Wanyan Bin, president of the Wanyan Manchu Association in Jingchuan County, according to research conducted more than 800 years ago
Jin Xizong
During the period, the Jingchuan area was Zong Bi's territory.
Wanyan Zongbi
After death,
Hai Ling King
Killed Wanyan Zongbi's son
Wanyan Haeng
. Heng's family moved to JiudingMeihua Mountain. The last emperor of the Jin Dynasty
Wan Yan Chenglin
The tomb is there, too.
Henan has a total of more than 5,000 Nuzhen descendants surnamed Wanyan, distributed in five townships and nine villages such as Mapu, Laozhuang, Taiqing, Jiatan, Yanghukou, a total of more than 750 households, nearly 3,000 people. There are more than 2,000 people in Wanyan Village, Ruzhou City, and Wanmen Village, Xuchang County, who moved in from Luyi.
The Nuzhen descendants of Luyi were originally the Wanyan family, later renamed the Wanyan family. According to the Genealogy of the Wan Family, they migrated from Feidong, Anhui Province during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Zong Bi's descendants Wanyan Pei followed him
Zhu Yuanzhang
In the northern and southern wars, he was awarded the title of "Nuzhen General" because of his achievements in the war, and the fief was in Luzhou (now Anhui Feidong, the existing Wanyan Pai Fang Village). During the reign of Wanli in the Ming dynasty, Wanyan Pei's 10th grandson, Wanyan, went to Beijing from Feidong to catch the examination, became an official in Henan, and settled in Luyi.
There are descendants of the Nuzhen nationality in Taiwan, in Fuxing Township of Changhua County, "Huicuo Zhuang", is the only "born Nuzhen nationality" in Taiwan, the residents of Fuxing Township of Changhua County, "Huicuo", confirmed by the Taiwan Provincial Literature Commission, are from the northeast near Jilin, the Jin Dynasty began to move south, and finally to Taiwan reclamation. Ninety percent of the four to five hundred families in Huicuo Village, Fuxing Township, are Huicuo.
[51]
So outsiders called "Mucuo village", or "Mucuo village". "Sticky cuo" is the descendants of the golden Taizu Wanyan Aguda. The ancestor of sticky surname is sticky Han, Dr. Wang Deyi, a professor at Taiwan University, said: After the Nuzhen tribe entered the Central Plains, they gradually Sinicized and changed their family names, but the branch of "Wanyan Sticky" took the name surname, which is the origin of sticky surname. This Nu Zhen ethnic group originally lived near Jilin in Northeast China, and moved to Yiyang in Henan Province during the Jin Dynasty and Laiyang in Shandong Province in the eighth generation. In order to escape the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, one of them moved to Yakou Town, Jinjiang County, Quanzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province, and lived next to the ancestral clan of Shi Lang, a famous general in the early Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the Mu and Shi ethnic groups intermarried until the 18th century, when the Qing Court encouraged the relocation of Taiwan. Sticky surname twenty-two generations of descendants sticky Calyx, led some of the people moved east to the southwest coast of Lugang, Taiwan, at that time a desolate, later descendants reproduce, sticky surname more, on the village residents' names, named sticky Cuo, now divided into "top sticky" and "Xiagui" two villages.
According to Dr. Wang Yongyi, a professor at Chiayi University, who has studied the Nuzhen ethnic group for a long time, he said: Of course, there are also many non-sticky Nuzhen descendants in Taiwan, who also consider themselves non-Manchu Nuzhen descendants, and non-Manchu Xibe descendants.
[52]
