Weisuo system

Yuan Dynasty The Ministry of Ministry Shangshu Zhang Chang First proposed garrison ^[1] . Hongwu In the seventeenth year (1384), a military guard was set up in all important military areas throughout the country ^[2] . The first guard has an army of 5,600 men ^[3] , which follows in order Sentodoko , Hundred households Institutes, general flags and small flags and other units, all health institutes are subordinate to Five military governor's palace , is also affiliated with The Ministry of War in feudal China If something is transferred, it will be returned if nothing happens garrison . The implementation of this law must be accompanied by a household registration system that can guarantee the number of troops to maintain the system of health operation .

In the Ming Dynasty, the military system of Weisuo absorbed Chinese history Station troops to open up farmland Experience is a kind of blending soldiers with peasants ^[4] Shou tun combined army building system. Zhu Yuanzhang said: "I raise millions of troops, do not cost the people a grain of rice." ^[5]

Military households, that is, households whose household registration type belongs to the military, initially came from two sources, one was the original military households of the Yuan Dynasty, and the other was the households of active soldiers. Yellow Book Make it up and establish it. Military households were hereditary, and the management was quite strict, and it was very difficult to get rid of the membership, generally unless the Ding A surname When someone in the family becomes a senior official or the emperor resigns, it is impossible to remove the military. Even so, the number of soldiers dwindled over time, Pang Shangpeng Claim: "Check the hidden account, equalize the amount of grain, reclamation of the most urgent" ^[6] So later there was a crime Be sent into exile Sayuri One's name on the army roll The method is called "Grace Army" or "eternal army".

The main obligation of military households is to send a small number of men to the guard as soldiers, called" Zheng Jun The other children are called "residual" or "military residual", and the soldiers go to the guard, at least one residual member must accompany them to help them live, because the military household is heavily burdened, so there are more fields, and the regular army is exempt from all duty, and the residual members in the camp and the one member of the origin can also be exempted from duty to protect their lives and provide for the regular army's life. Such as affects all folk secret religions Luo Sect The founder, Rothfu, was a garrison, and later replaced him before he left the army.

The distribution location of the army is mostly far away from the place of origin and scattered in order to prevent desertion, but the long journey coupled with the soil and water resistance pawns Caused a lot of pain. Each soldier has a house, land, and a fixed monthly grain, but the actual situation is often inadequate distribution, rations are given when marching, clothes must be prepared by themselves, and weapons are produced by the state with artisans. The sergeants in the camp are divided into two parts, the garrison and the camp, the proportion is variable, and the camp is fixed to hand over food to supply the garrison and the officials, its goal is to raise soldiers without wasting the state's financial resources, but Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty Since then, it has been a frequent occurrence that the Weishau officials occupy the fields in the military areas and the private soldiers cultivate them ^[7] This goal is increasingly difficult to achieve ^[8] .

Generally, the soldiers died, that is, to supplement the strong men in the family, but because of the difficult life of the soldiers, there were many deserters, Hongwu in the early years of desertion, to November Hongwu three years, a total of 47,986 people fled ^[9] Therefore, there are "root complement", "hook complement" and other methods. However, this is not only disturbing to the people but also disturbing to the officials, and some officers have used this to corrupt and persecute the people, causing great suffering in the township. And desertions are on the rise.

legitimacy In three years (1438), the number of fugitives reached 1,633,664 ^[10] That's when recruitment began ^[11] .

Zhengde Fourteen years, Official official documents Wang Qiong Shang Shu: "The world Dussiwei Institute Every precession to hook the officer's flag no less than 16,000 to 7,000, the total number of hooked troops, not two hundred to the guard. Since Hongwu, Yongle years sent out, to this thirty years, married a wife and children, live into the family business, all the same Military household I will not return." ^[12]

Jia Jing For eight years, Calyx cinnamomi The list of soldiers in the world was published, only 970,000 soldiers. In addition to the factors of life, the flight of the sergeant is also related to the decline of his social rank ^[13] . In the early Ming Dynasty, due to the need for force, more attention was paid to soldiers, and after a long period of peace, force was no longer important, and the status of soldiers was greatly reduced, coupled with the detention of criminals, so that the image of soldiers was even lower. During the period of Jiajing, the number of fugitives reached about 70% ^[14] . By the beginning of the 16th century, some outposts had 80% of their fugitives, and many frontier garrisons were left with only half of them ^[15] .

During the period of Jiajing, the border invasion was serious and troops were urgently needed, so the court changed its military resources Mercenary system ^[16] . Recruiting is different from garrison Not hereditary, relatively free to come and go. But because the recruitment system destroyed the concept of "separating the soldiers from the commanders" in the early defensive system, cabinet Military authority must be delegated to the generals, and the Ming Dynasty cannot fully control it Military power In particular Qi Jiguang 's" Qi Jia's Legion "More famous, centralization Gradually it became the power of individual officers.

Administered by the health Institute system All command the ministry A total of 5,600 soldiers are one guard and 1,120 are one, generally each guard has five thousand houses, left, right, middle, front and back; 112 people per person Momodoku ^[17] The hundred households set up 2 general flags (each with 50 people) and 10 small flags (each with 10 people). In addition, there is also a single place, directly under the command of the Department of the command of the thousand households, called Amulet A thousand households; There were also military institutions called "imperial" (with a small number of establishments), which were in charge of two or three thousand houses. In the twenty-third year of Hongwu (1390), there were 547 internal and external guards and 2,563 centers throughout the country.

The garrison army had fixed garrisons. The garrison was set up by the imperial court according to the defense and strategic needs of each region, or a number of prefectures, or a number of prefectures, or a thousand households, depending on the strategic importance of each region, and fixed garrison garrison. from Yunnan (Province) For your part, Yunnan all command division The number of guards under his command varied from period to period, with a maximum of 20 guards, 3 Kings, and 18 (guard) houses, a total of 133 thousand houses, and a guard of about 148,960 people. These health centers were spread all over the province, and most of the commanders and town governors were based in the city. Such as Yunnan Province Qujing, Lin 'an, Chuxiong and Menghua are the acropolis, Luliang, Pingyi and Yuezhou are also acropolis, Yiliang, Anning, Yimen, Yanglin, Wuding, Malong, Mumi and Fengwu are the thousand households of the city, and Tonghai is the imperial city. The rest of Cheng Jiang, Guangxi (now Luxi County Cities such as prefectures, states, and counties also have guards stationed in the city, responsible for city defense, the so-called "military defense." The dam area near the city is divided into thousands of households, hundred households, general flags, small flags, garrison reclamation, scattered for villages. There are also military households along the transportation line, and they set up fort army camps in the important places of post stations. Most of the outposts are in the mountains, and the troops are garrisoned.

All command the ministry , Department of Defense command , thousand households, Momodoku Official titles and their Official rank : The command of the division has the capital commander ( Principal and principal substances ), all command A surname ( Secondary grade ), all Direct lawful affairs ( Principal three grades ), whose subordinates have experience department experience ( Principal six kinds of substances ), metropolis ( Principal seven grades ), making a decision (six things), making a decision (seven things), A surname Let's wait. All command ambassadors, all command the same knowledge, All are in command of the matter And other senior officers don't inherit From the court Hereditary officer Move up or down One who passed the national examinations for martial arts People appointed. Wei has command envoy (Zhengsanpin), command Tongzhi (Zhengsanpin) Subordinate to the three grades ), direct legal affairs ( Principal four grades ), Wei Zhenfu ( Subordinate to five grades ), whose subordinates have experience ( Secondary seven grades ), the governor ( Normal eight grades ), official ( Subordinate to the nine grades of rank in the feudal system ), Ambassador Chang Deputy ambassador, etc. A thousand households owned by a thousand households ( Principal five grades ), Kochito (from Wupin), Suzhenfu (from Wupin) Subordinate to six grades ), whose subordinates were officials; Hundred households All hundred households (hexapin), general flag, small flag. Defend oneself commander The following officers are hereditary.