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Liu Xiu

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The founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, statesman and strategist
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synonymEmperor Guangwu of Han(Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty) generally refers to Liu Xiu (the first emperor of Eastern Han Dynasty, statesman and military strategist)
Liu Xiu (15 January 2005) [168] [175 ] - March 29, '57 [38] ) Zi Wen uncle, Nanyang County Caiyang county People (present Hubei Province Zaoyang City [173] Or Henan Province Nanyang county [171 ] ), Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang The ninth generation of grandchildren, The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) Founding Emperor (August 5, 25) [26] [128] - March 29, '57), An outstanding statesman and strategist in Chinese history. [165]
Liu Xiu's "beautiful Eyebrows" [5] Early entry The Imperial College (in feudal China) Learn. [166] Sinmang In the last years, the outbreak Red eyebrows , greenwood Uprising. Emperor three years (22 years), Liu Xiuzai Wancheng Raise an army against the rebellion. [169] February of the following year Green Forest Force Set up renew The regime, Liu Xiubei Emperor Gengshi Appoint as All too often , Partial general . In June of the same year, Wang Mang's army besieged Green Forest Force In Kunyang, Liu Xiu broke out of the siege and mobilized reinforcements, joined forces with the rebels inside the city, wiped out the main force of Wang Mang's army, and won Battle of Kunyang The victory. Elder brother Liu Yan After being killed by Emperor Gengshi, Liu Xiu disguised himself and was Emperor Gengshi He was named King Xiao and sent to Hebei to suppress and organize the rebel army such as Copper Horse, and his power increased greatly. Bronze Matty "Said. In June 25th, he broke with Emperor Gengshi, proclaimed himself Emperor at 鄗, re-established the Han regime and established the capital Luoyang , known as the Eastern Han Dynasty, Successively cut down Qingzhou Zhang Bu , Yuyang Peng Pet , Tianshui A surname , Yizhou Gong Sunshu And other powerful forces to break up armed forces and reunify China. In February 57, Liu Xiu died at the age of 63, posthumous title Guangwu, temple name Shizu, buried in Yuan mausoleum . [167]
During his reign, Liu Xiu rectified the bureaucratic system and carried it out Rei Watada , hit the local powerful, ease Land annexation ; Set up Cabinet system To strengthen imperial power and become Three provinces and six departments The prototype of [194 ] ; reformation Supervision system afterward State shepherd , install Prefectural official , Enhance centralization ; Diplomatically, Received the Japanese envoy and will hanzi introduction Japan [190 ] , Pacify Vietnam Side queen Independent movement [191 ] . During his reign, the people's livelihood was stable, the economy was revived, the taxes were light, the government was diligent and the people were loved, and thrift was advocated. Guangwu Zhongxing "The governance of the world. [164] Many historians have praised it, such as Wang Fuzhi "From three generations down, only Guangwu Yunguan hundred Kings That's right." [178] Mao Zedong He called it "the most learned, the most skilled, the most skilled in war emperor in history." [179]
Full name
Liu Xiu
word
A surname
Posthumous title
Emperor Guangmu
Temple number
A surname
Year number
Jianwu, Jianwu Yuan
age
The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
Ethnic group
The Han nationality
Place of Birth
Chenliu County Ji Yang [2] [159] [185-186]
Date of birth
January 13th, 5th BC [168] [175 ]
Date of death
March 29, '57
Place of death
Nangong Front Hall [38]
mausoleum
Yuan mausoleum
Place of burial
Luoyang [174]
Time in place
August 5 to March 29, '57 [26] [38] [128]
succeed
Liu Zhuang, Emperor Ming of Han
Major achievement
Rise against Wang Mang Established the Eastern Han Dynasty, reunified the country, and created a "Guangwu revival"
eigenname
Liu Xiu

catalogue

  1. 1biography
  2. ▪Early experience
  3. ▪Wancheng forces up
  4. ▪A fierce battle against the new Mang
  5. ▪Exofu Hebei
  6. ▪鄗 The city proclaimed itself emperor
  7. ▪Sweep the Guanzhong
  8. ▪Take Kanto
  9. ▪Pacify Longxi
  10. ▪Conquer Sichuan and Shu
  11. ▪Guangwu Zhongxing
  12. ▪Crown prince
  13. ▪Died in the south palace
  14. 2Administrative measures
  1. ▪political
  2. ▪Military affairs
  3. ▪economy
  4. ▪culture
  5. ▪nation
  6. ▪diplomacy
  7. 3Historical evaluation
  8. ▪The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
  9. ▪Wei and Jin Dynasties
  10. ▪Tang and Song dynasties
  11. ▪Yuan and Ming dynasties
  12. ▪Modern times
  13. 4Anecdotal allusion
  14. ▪The dragon flies white water
  1. ▪Naming source
  2. ▪A quiet mind is not a servant
  3. ▪Liu Yin Love
  4. ▪Lost in the east
  5. ▪Burning letters in public
  6. ▪Mount Tai's dedication
  7. ▪Linzi laboriously Geng Yan
  8. ▪Strengths make Dong Xuan
  9. ▪Pardon the dead
  10. ▪Friends are strict
  11. 5Interpersonal relationship
  12. ▪Family background
  13. ▪fellow
  14. ▪The reigning queen and concubine
  1. ▪Sons and daughters
  2. ▪A person who has rendered outstanding service
  3. 6memorialize
  4. ▪mausoleum
  5. ▪park
  6. ▪unit
  7. 7Historical data index
  8. 8Artistic image
  9. ▪Literary works
  10. ▪Film and television works

biography

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EDITOR

Early experience

Liu Xiu was Emperor Gao of Han Liu Bang The ninth grandchild, from Emperor Jing of Han Son Changsha king Liu Fa One vein, Liu Xiu's ancestors, because of the observance of" Mercy order "The principle and demoted from the rank. To his father Liu Qin This generation, it's just Ji Yang The magistrate is such a small official. [1]
Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu
The first year of the Western Han Dynasty Jianping December Jiazi day (January 15, 5 years ago) [168] [175 ] ), Liu Xiu was born in Chenliu County Ji Yang County (now Henan Lankao County [192] Another word for today Shandong (Province) Dongming county [186-187] ), his father was Ji Yang Order. History says that when Liu Xiu was born, there was a red light shining on the whole room. Liu Qin felt strange and immediately summoned Shi Chong LAN, a meritologist, and sent him to ask the diviner. cymbidium A surname Su Yong will go with you diviner Wang Changsun's residence. Wang Changsun, after divination, said to Su Yong and Chong LAN: "This is a good thing, need not say more." That year, in front of Liu Qin's house, where the sepium was planted, there were three grains growing, each with a stem and nine ears. They were one or two feet longer than ordinary grains, and they were good grains. Her father Liu Qin named her "Xiu". [2-4] About Liu Xiu's appearance, history records that he was seven feet three inches long, beautiful eyebrows, big mouth, unusual. [5]
The first three years of the Yuan Dynasty (3 years), his father Liu Qin Nanton County (in present Henan Province Xiang Cheng The magistrate died in office, [1] At the age of 9, Liu Xiu and his siblings became orphans, living without support, and were far away Namyang Caiyang county Speaking of today Hubei (Province) province Zaoyang City One said this Nanyang county, Henan Province, Wadian south [171 ] My uncle Liu Liang Raised to be ordinary civilians. [6]
Because Liu Xiu was diligent in farming, and his brother Liu Yan He often makes fun of Liu Xiu and compares him to him Liu Bang Brother of Liu Xi . [7] But on the other hand, Liu Xiu also hid fugitives, and the officials did not dare to ask. [130] Xin Dynasty Tembong During the years (14-19), Liu Xiu went to Chang 'an and enrolled The Imperial College (in feudal China) After the name of the scholar Xu Ziwezhi" A surname ", slightly understand the general meaning, and met Deng Yu , Zhu You Etc., the two were later included in the "Yuntai twenty-eight generals", is Liu Xiu entrepreneurial team. [7] [116]

Wancheng forces up

New end of green forest, red eyebrows uprising schematic
Liu Xiu is growing up at the right time Wang Mang Dehanli new At the time of... In the late years of Xinmang, the reform carried out by Xinmang blindly worshiped the ancient and was unrealistic, and touched the interests of the upper and lower powers and the common people. Coupled with constant natural disasters such as floods and droughts, the vast Central Plains is thousands of miles of bare land. The land is full of sorrow . Finally, in the year of Xinmang Tianfeng, Red eyebrows , Green forest, Bronze horse Such as dozens of small and large peasant armies have risen up, a large number of powerful landlords also began to take advantage of the trend. Suddenly, the collapse of the sea, the world chaos. [9]
Although Liu Xiu is a descendant of the royal family, his branch belongs to the distant branch of the Shu. The person of Liu Xiu and his elder brother Liu Yan Different, Liu Drailea does not do family business, leaning into bankruptcy, knot the world heroes, and Nanyang Many of the children want to take advantage of the chaos, want to plot big things; Liu Xiu, on the other hand, is a "multi-power strategy". [10] , with extreme caution. After careful consideration, Liu Xiu saw that the world was indeed in chaos, and decided to start the army. [11]
Earth Emperor Three years (22), Nanyang famine, Liu Yan His guests rob others, Liu Xiu in order to avoid officials, to Shinno brother-in-law Deng Chen Home hiding. [154] In the autumn of the same year, Liu Xiu arrived Wancheng Sell grain with locals Li Tong And his younger brother Li Yi Plotting to raise an army. Li Tong plans to be in the material officer Universal trial Knight Day, let Li Yi and Liu Xiu to Chung Ling (today's Zaoyang city, Hubei Province Wudian town ) Raise the army. [132] In October, Liu Drailson officially issued the slogan of "Restore the inheritance of ancestors, set the autumn of eternity", decided to revolt, and sent his own guests to inform Deng Chen uprising in Xinye, Liu Xiu, Li Tong, Li Yi uprising in Wancheng, he led seven to eight thousand people Chunling (a place name in Henan Province) Insurrection, self-proclaimed "Jotoku Ministry", united New city, Pinglin and so on Green Forest Force . [12] [131] In November, Liu Xiu led the guests from Wan Cheng to Chung Ling, where his elder brother Liu Drailea's congregation started the army. At first, when Liu Xiu set out to fight, the clan did not wish to follow him and ran away until they were relieved to see Liu Xiu wearing a crimson robe and a big crown, the clothing of generals at that time. Liu Zhi , Liu Liang And so on. [13] [133-134]

A fierce battle against the new Mang

The soldiers of the Liu Xiu brothers and the children of the Nanyang imperial family were called Chunling Army. At that time, the army was outnumbered and the weapons were poor, and even in the early days, Liu Xiu rode a bull into battle. After a fierce battle killed the new wild lieutenant, Liu Xiucai has a war horse. Soon he killed Huyang Lieutenant and occupied Spiny Yang . But then it happened Zhen Fu The new army led by Liang Qiuci and others was defeated in small Chang 'an, and Liu Xiu "fled with a single horse" and saved his sister on the way Liu Boji But sister Liu Yuan He refused to mount his horse so as not to drag Liu Xiu down, and was eventually killed by the new Army along with her three daughters. [135-136] After the defeat, Xinshi and Pinglin decided to abandon their support for Chung Ling's army, so Liu Xiu accompanied Liu Drailea and Li Tong to Yiqiu Troops to go down the river leader Wang Chang Finally, Xinshi, Pinglin, and Xiajiang joined forces with Chung Ling soldiers in the first month of the following year biwater , 淯 Yang And other places to defeat the new army, and kill Zhen Fu Liang Qiuci and other new Mang generals. [15] [137]
Emperor Guangwu of Han [14]
In February of the first year of Gengshi (23 years), the imperial family of the Western Han Dynasty Liu Xuan be Green Forest Force The chief generals proclaimed themselves emperor, Jianyuan." renew "Is for Emperor Gengshi . In response, Liu Yan And Nanyang Liu clan extremely dissatisfied, only forced in the allied forces, the Green Forest Army is large, and there are strong enemies in front, had to give up for the time being. Liu Drailea was named Drailea and Liu Xiu Drailea Partial general . [16] The establishment of the new regime, the reuse of the Han Dynasty flag, this move greatly shaken Xin Dynasty , Wang Mang At once A surname A surname , A surname Wang Xun A total of 420,000 elite soldiers from various states and counties pounced on Kunyanghe Wancheng The first line, trying to extinguish the new changing regime.
In May of the same year, Wang Yi and Wang Xun led their armies west to Luoyang and south Yingchuan (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province), and Yan Yu , Chen MAO The two joined forces and forced Liu Xiu's troops to withdraw from Yangguan (northwest of present-day Yuzhou in Henan Province) Kunyang County (Present Henan Province Pingdingshan City Ye County). The Han army of Kunyang was only 9,000 men, and they were afraid of being defeated, so they wanted to abandon the city and retreat to Jingzhou. Liu Xiu convinced the generals to hold Kunyang on the grounds that "the united forces can still win, and the scattered power is difficult to preserve". At this time, the Xinmang army had approached the north of the city, and Liu Xiu led 13 cavalry to leave the city by night Dingling county , Yanxian (a county in Henan Province) Reinforcements were mobilized, and 17,000 infantry and cavalry troops were sent to Kunyang. [17]
Diagram of the Battle of Kunyang
A surname They were so proud of their strength that they said, "If the army of a million is destroyed, we are slaughtering this city today, marching in blood, singing before and dancing after!" The Wangyi army launched an attack on the city of Kunyang, and dug tunnels to build cloud carts. Kunyang's defenders have no choice but to hold on to the city. At this time, the new army was tired and weakened. Liu Xiu led more than 10,000 men to Kunyang's aid on June 1. Liu Xiu personally led more than a thousand elite as the front, repeatedly lunged, killing dozens of new army. The generals said: "General Liu has seen the small enemy timid all his life, but now he sees the big enemy brave, which is very strange, and he has returned to the front." Please help the general!" The morale of the Han army was greatly boosted, and Liu Xiu continued to pursue, forcing the new army to retreat, and the troops also took advantage of the victory to attack the new army, beheading hundreds of thousands. Then Liu Xiu, with three thousand warriors, detoured behind the enemy, smuggled across Kunshui (Hui River in Ye County today), and launched a fierce attack on Wang Yi's base camp. Wang Yi still despise the enemy, ordered the battalions to hold their own, not to send troops without authorization, and Wang Xun rate and 10,000 people to fight, Wang Yi soldiers and horses in trouble, Wang Xun died in battle, all generals did not dare to help. The Kunyang garrison saw the Han army win outside the city and took advantage of the situation to attack. The new army was in chaos, fleeing for their lives, trampling on each other, and accumulating corpses all over the field. Then suddenly the wind blew and the rain poured down, 滍 water During the surge, more than ten thousand people in the new army waded into the water and were drowned 滍 because the water did not flow. [18]
The main force of the new dynasty's million-strong army fell under the city of Kunyang, Three auxiliary Vibrations, Sinmang The regime collapsed. renew In September of the first year (23), the Greenlin Army invaded Chang 'an. Wang Mang Died in the melee, the new dynasty fell.

Exofu Hebei

in Battle of Kunyang When Liu Xiu, who made the first contribution in the neutral position, went south without a stop to capture the city and land, Liu Xiu's elder brother Dasima Liu Yan be Emperor Gengshi Killed. Liu Xiu was killed for no reason, which was a great blow to Liu Xiu. But Liu Xiu can bear sadness, hide light and hide, bear the burden. In order not to be suspected by Emperor Gengshi, he hurried back to Wan Cheng, to apologize to Emperor Liu Xuan, will not personally contact Liu Yan. Although Kunyang's honor was attributed to Liu Xiu, he did not mention it, stating that his brother Drailea was at fault, and that he did not dare to mourn for Liu, "eating and smiling as usual". However, when he lived alone, he did not eat wine and meat, and there were often tears between the pillows. subordinate Feng Yi Advised him to enjoy the grief, Liu Xiu stopped: "You do not speak nonsense." [19] [138] Emperor Gengshi was ashamed to see Liu Xiu so humble when he killed him because he never obeyed the emperor. Therefore, Liu Xiu was not only not convicted, but was worshipped as a general and Wuxin Marquis. [19] Shortly after Liu Xiu returned to Wancheng and received the title of Marquis Wuxin, he married Xinye in Wancheng, whom he had longed for for many years The daughter of a rich family - Yin Lihua . [20]
Portrait of Emperor Guangwu
However, Liu Xiu knew that even if he let Emperor Gengshi not doubt himself for a while, he would have the same fate as his brother Liu Drailea, after all, his fame is far and wide. [20]
then Sinmang Although the dynasty was destroyed, the counties north of the Yellow River remained on the sidelines and did not submit renew The regime, Red Eyebrow Force in Shandong (Province) With rapid development and growing momentum, there are "Three Kings of Hebei", Copper Horse, You Lai, A surname , Gong Sunshu And so forth the separatist forces, Liu Ci He said to Liu Xuan, "Liu Xiu is the best person to go to Hebei to appeal." And it is only appropriate for Liu Xiu to go to Hebei." Besides, whether we can settle Hebei and decide the fate of the new regime. A nursery rhyme was popular in the south at that time: "Can't get, in Hebei." But Dassima Zhu Yunyu represent Green Forest Force The former generals strongly opposed Liu Xiu's trip to Hebei. When Liu Xuan killed Liu Yan It is Zhu Yunhe and Li Yi The reason why they did not let Liu Xiu go is very simple, not that he has no ability, but that his ability is too strong. Liu Xuan is very difficult, Zhu Tuna's opposition is also very reasonable, let him go, Liu Xiu power is strong, too dangerous, do not let him go, Hebei's enluring work is not good, more dangerous.
While Liu Xuan was hesitating, Feng Yi To give advice to Liu Xiu, we must find a way to curry favor with the left Prime Minister Cao Jing and his son Shang Shu Cao Xu, Liu Xiu followed Feng Yi's advice, "thick knot accept it", with Cao Xu's assistance, Liu Xiu was sent to Hebei, and thus had a place to use. [20] [139] In October of the first year of Gengshi (23), Emperor Liu Xuan sent Liu Xiuxing Dassima Crossing the Yellow River in the north, the town consoles Hebei County. On the way, Liu Xiu's bosom friend Deng Yu Stick plan to cross the north, catch up with Liu Xiu, Liu Xiu said Liu Xuan will be defeated, the chaos of the world, advised Liu Xiu "recruit heroes, work to please the people, set up the inheritance of the emperor, save the lives of the people, with the public and worry, the world is not sure!" Deng Yu's words are in line with Liu Xiu's heart. Shortly after Liu Xiu arrived in Hebei, Liu Lin, the son of the former Western Han Dynasty King Zhao Miao, embraced a man named Wang Lang People in... Handan He declared himself emperor, and Liu Jie, the son of King Guangyang, another imperial family of the former Western Han Dynasty in Hebei, also raised an army in response to Liu Lin. [21]
For a time, Liu Xiu's situation is quite difficult, and even has the heart to escape Hebei, fortunately Kamigani , Yuyang County The support of both counties, especially the Upper Valley Geng condition The son, the boy hero Geng Yan With pride, he said to Liu Xiu: "Yu Yang, the valley. tulip There are ten thousand horses enough for Handan to send soldiers and horses to these two counties." Liu Xiu happily pointed to Geng Yan and said, "I am the master of the North Road!"
Soon, Liu Xiu led the army in the Gengshi emperor sent a Shang Shu order Thank you And the true king Liu Yang With the assistance of, obtained The Battle of Nanluan They defeated Handan and killed Wang Lang and others. [22] It is worth mentioning that in order to promote the alliance with the king of Zhending Liu Yang, Liu Xiu personally went to the palace of Zhending and married Liu Yang's niece with grand etiquette Guo Shengtong At this time, it was less than a year before Liu Xiu married Yin Lihua in Wancheng. [23]

鄗 The city proclaimed itself emperor

Seeing Liu Xiu's growing strength in Hebei, Emperor Gengshi was greatly disturbed, and he sent an envoy to Hebei, giving Liu Xiu the title of Emperor King Xiao Make it hand over the troops and horses, back to Chang 'an to receive the reward, at the same time make Shangshu make Xiegong monitor the trend of Liu Xiu, and arrange Xiegong do Youzhou shepherd He took over Youzhou's army. Liu Xiu refused to accept the order on the grounds that Hebei was not level. [24] Soon, Liu Xiu instructed his generals Wu and Han and Zempen Take advantage of the opportunity to take over the defeat of your army Ye He killed him, and his troops and horses were also recruited by Liu Xiu. [126] In addition, Emperor Gengshi sent Mumiaozeng to Youzhou in Hebei, and the overseers Wei Shun and CAI Yun in Shanggu and other places were also killed by Wu Han and Geng Yan. Since then, Liu Xiu has publicly broken with the Changshi regime. [23]
Liu Thair You Zhou Tokenori tulip With the occupation of Hebei prefecture Bronze horse After fierce battles, they forced down hundreds of thousands of Tongma peasant troops, and integrated their strong men into the army, and their strength increased greatly. At that time, people in Guanzhong all called Liu Xiu of Hebei "Tongma Emperor". [25] At the same time, he also sent Deng Yu West into the Guanzhong, Pai Feng Yi attack Zhu Yunyu Such as the town of Luoyang. [127]
The beginning of the three years (25), Feng Yi, Kou Xun and other reports of victory outside Luoyang, the general will take the opportunity to propose Liu Xiu on the title, Liu Xiu refused, led the army back Jixian County Continue to pursue the Yulai army. After destroying him, he went south to Luoyang, on the way, his ministers repeatedly tried to advance, but were refused until Geng Chun Pointed out that Liu Xiu did not declare himself emperor will let the intellectuals who follow him disappointed centrifugal truth, Liu Xiucai deliberately listen to persuade. Go to 鄗 (now Hebei (Province) province Xingtai City Baixiang county Solid city store town), Liu xiu summoned Feng Yi, Feng Yi also strongly persuade, coincides with the Guanzhong Confucian scholars at this time Qiang Hua Liu Xiu's early years as a student in Imperial College inmate ) to dedicate the book Red snake tally ", there is "Liu Xiu sent troops to catch the road, four Yi gathered the dragon Dou wild, the fire is the main" prophecy, ministers as a basis, once again persuaded, Liu Xiu finally agreed. June has passed (August 5) [26] [128] ), Liu Xiu in 鄗 city Qianqiu Pavilion is the emperor, Jianyuan Jian Wu . [26] [128] In order to show the meaning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu still used the state title of "Han", which was called later Han (The late Tang Dynasty) The Five Dynasties Later, the Han Dynasty founded by Liu Xiu was also named after its capital Luoyang in the east The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) ) Liu Xiu was Emperor Guangwu for Emperor Shizu of Han. [23]
After Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, he arrived in August of the first year of Jianwu (25) Hayang He dispatched Wu Han and other generals to encircle Zhu Tuna, who defended Luoyang. Zhu Tuna was afraid that Liu Xiu would not let him go for killing his brother, and did not surrender for several months. Liu Xiu said that "big things do not avoid small complaints", sent to Zhu Tuna to ensure that if the surrender, it will never be liquidated, "official Jue can be guaranteed", Zhu Tuna then dropped, Liu Xiu fulfilled his promise, it was Pingdi general, Fugou Hou. In October, Liu Xiu entered Luoyang and made his capital there. [129]

Sweep the Guanzhong

Subject article: Eastern Han Unification War
Eastern Han army flat annihilation red eyebrow main diagram
Chang 'an was in great chaos at this time, Red Eyebrow Force Make a puppet emperor Liu Penzi Have established Jian Shi The regime, supported by 300,000 troops, marched into Guanzhong, renew Send all will and red eyebrow army battle, all defeated, very heavy casualties, three auxiliary vibration. Soon after, Gengshi asked Chimei to surrender and was awarded the title of King of Changsha, and was later hanged by Chimei. Liu Xiu smell green forest, red eyebrows two major rebel army fire, also sent Deng Yu West into the Guanzhong, to observe the change of time. During this period, three auxiliary hunger, people eat, the city is empty, white bones cover wild, red eyebrows hundreds of thousands of troops in Chang 'an, the day is short of food and grass, had to withdraw Chang 'an west go A surname In order to supplement the grain, the result is to cut up the long right A surname The defeat was just a severe winter, "every snow, the pit valley is full, Shi froze to death", hundreds of thousands of troops had to return to the east again to Chang 'an, and defeated Deng Yu's army stationed there, forcing it to withdraw from Chang 'an, but at this time the Red Eyebrows Army also suffered great consumption. See Deng Yu's west expedition unfavorable, Liu Xiu sent Feng Yi Go to Guanzhong, instead Deng Yu Command the western expedition. After Feng Yi to, Deng Yu joint Feng Yi department and red eyebrows fight again, the results were defeated again, Feng Yi only rate a few people abandon horses to walk to get away to camp, and Deng Yu is lost to Yiyang. Feng Yi gathered to disperse the subordinates, the wall clear, ready to fight again. Soon after, Feng Yijun and Chimei fought again at Xiaodi (now Mianchi (a county in Henan Province) Southwest), both sides poured out and fought until the sun went west. Before that, Feng Yi in advance to choose a strong man makeup Red Eyebrow Force Crouching on both sides of the road, at this time see both sides have failed, as the ambush killed out, red eyebrows Army was shocked and defeated by Feng Yi forced landing of more than 80,000 people. Crest battle The red eyebrow Army was hit hard again, and the food and grass were exhausted, and they had to turn to the southeast again, trying to supplement the food and people, and get out of the predicament. [27]
As early as Crest battle Before, Liu Xiu in view of Guanzhong great hunger, people eat each other A surname Heavy troops and Chen in the west situation, expected red eyebrows will move east or south, then sent to break the rape general Hou Jin Waitun Tan Yen (Mianchi East), Jianwei General Geng Yantun Yiyang (now Yiyang West), in the east and south directions to block the road to the east or south. Soon after, Liu Xiu learned that Feng Yi was trashing Chimei and that the main force of the Chimei Army was marching south to Yiyang, Liu Xiu personally led his army to the Yiyang line and met with Geng Yan and others to jointly stop Chimei from marching south. Liu Xiu himself led six armies and spread out the army on the Yiyang front, with the chief Sima Wu and Han elite troops in front, the middle army behind, and the valiant soldiers and armored warriors on the left and right sides. The soldiers of the Red Eyebrows Army were exhausted and starved of food and grass, and their morale was as low as a rock. After their defeat, they turned south from Guanzhong to Yiyang and ran head-on against Liu Xiu's heavy army, who were running out of food Red Eyebrow Force Unable to fight again, and there is Feng Yi's army behind, and it is impossible to return to Guanzhong. In a desperate situation, the Red Eyebrows Army, which still had more than 100,000 troops and horses, was forced to surrender at Yiyang, and presented Liu Xiu with the place they had obtained from Emperor Gengshi The imperial Seal And Emperor Gengshi's seven-foot sword. When Red Mei came down, the weapons and armour they handed over were piled up on the west side of Yiyang and on its side Xiong 'er Mountain (The name of the mountain, because it resembles Bear Ears, east of Yiyang) is as high. So far, since Xinmang Tembong In five years, the Red eyebrows Army in Shandong for more than ten years was strangled by Liu Xiu in a pool of blood. [27]

Take Kanto

Liu Xiu unified Kanto
In connection with Red Eyebrow Force At the same time of the fierce battle in Guanzhong, Liu Xiu also sent troops to the Kanto (that is, to the east of the Hangu Pass) General of the Tiger Teeth Gueyen The leading generals against the king of Liang Liu Yong The Eastern Expedition was carried out. Liu Yong, Western Han Dynasty King Xiao Liang Liu Wu The eighth generation of the Sun, his family on behalf of the king of Liang, according to the Liang land, so in the Liang land known reputation, great reputation. When Wang Mang was regent, his father was King Liang Liu Li He was killed by Wang Mang because of the Wai family of Emperor Lian Ping. Emperor Gengshi established Liu Yongfu as King of Liang, according to the old land. After the change of the beginning of the political chaos, Liu Yong then launched an army according to the state, with his brother Liu Fang as the auxiliary grand general, recruited the Peiren Zhou Jian and other heroes as his generals, captured Qi Yin, Shanyin, Pei, Chu, Huaiyang, Runan and other 28 cities, and sent ambassadors to pay homage Dong Xian For the wing Han general (later named the king of Haixi), Zhang Bu For the auxiliary Han general (and later the king of Qi), and a joint army, then concentrated on the East. renew After the defeat, Liu Yong called himself the Son of Heaven A surname Ascend the throne. For Liu Xiu, Liu Yong near the east Suiyang is the biggest threat to its military group, Liu Yong where Suiyang is close to Luoyang, always threatening the security of the capital Luoyang.
Since the second year of Jianwu (26 years), Liu Xiu has sent General of the Tiger Teeth Gueyen And Jianwei General Geng Yan respectively put down Liu Yonghe, who had conquered Suiyang Qingzhou The steps, especially Geng Yan With the King of Qi Zhang Bu The battle is extremely fierce, "the city is full of ditches, 90 miles of zombies." [28] . During this period, Liu Xiu also personally invaded the king of Haixi Dong Xian , to The Battle of Taocheng A resounding victory. At the beginning of the sixth year (30 years) of Jianwu, Kanto was basically decided by Liu Xiu. [27]

Pacify Longxi

Liu Xiuping Long battle diagram
From the first year of Jianwu (25 years) to the beginning of the sixth year of Jianwu (30 years), after nearly six years of eastern and western campaigns, Liu Xiu had basically controlled the vast Central Plains except Longyou and Bashu, and basically unified the east of China and the Northwest Longyou A surname Southwest Bashu Gong Sunshu Formed a strong position.
Jianwu six years (30 years) in April, Emperor Guangwu to Chang 'an Kui Xiao will send Jianwei General Geng Yan and other seven generals to attack Shu from Longxi. Kui Xiao objected, and sent his general Wang Yuan to lead troops in Longodi (northwest of today's Longxian County in Shaanxi Province) to stop the Han army from attacking. In April, the Han army attacked Longodi along the Weibei Plain, resulting in a great defeat. Wang Yuan followed and pursued, and after Ma Wu led the fine riding, the Han army was able to withdraw. Liu Xiu kept Geng Yan in Chixian County (now Binxian County, Shaanxi), Feng Yi kept Cotonet (now northeast of Xunyi County, Shaanxi), and Jiao Zun kept Yi County (now south of Longxian County, Shaanxi), and Wu Han moved west from Luoyang to gather troops in Chang 'an. Kui Xiao took advantage of the victory party to attack Cotoneaster, Wang Yuan took liver County, and were defeated. Dou Rong, who had been separated from Hexi, had joined Liu Xiu, and attacked Jincheng (northwest of present-day Lanzhou City in Gansu Province). He Feng, a powerful Qiang clan member, was cut down by the enemy. A prominent general, Mr. Ma Yuan, was a disciple of the Han Dynasty when Mr. Wang was convicted of opposing the Han Dynasty. Emperor Guangwu gave him a fine horse of five thousand yuan, consigned his relatives and Qiang clan leaders, and divided and disbanded Mr. Xiao from within. A letter to Liu Xiu expressed goodwill, an attempt to take this as a delaying measure, failed. He sent an envoy to Gongsun Shu. [23]
In the spring of the seventh year of Jianwu (31), Gongsun Shu made Wang Xiao King of Shuoning and sent troops to aid Long. In the autumn, Kwang-ching attacked Anding County (Gaoping County, today's Guyuan, Ningxia) and entered Yinjia (now east of Jingchuan, Gansu Province). Another troops attack Liver County, attempting to seize Guanzhong, Feng Yi, sacrifice Zun respectively defeated. In the spring of the following year, Laixi led two thousand troops, secretly from Fanshu and Huizhong, occupied Luyang, and threatened Jixian County, where Xiao was based. Xiao concentrated the elite counterattack slightly Yang months did not ke. Leap April, Liu Xiu use a strong city, soldiers tired of the opportunity to invade Gaoping first city, Dou Rong also rate Hexi step to ride tens of thousands of troops to meet. The Han army marched into Longshan by separate routes, and accepted 13 people, including the guard Niu Han of Wating and General Xiao. County 16, the army more than 100 thousand are down, slightly Yang encircling solution. A surname fled to the West with the rest of his people. The Han army occupied Tianshui County. At the time of the resumption of the peasant army, the capital Division was in uproar, and Liu Xiu rushed back to Luoyang. In November of the same year, when the Cenpeng River was flooding Xicheng, Wang Yuan, Xing Xun, and Zhou Zong arrived with 5,000 reinforcements from Shu and counterattacked from the high ground, but the Han army was caught off guard. Wang Yuan and others rushed into Xicheng and welcomed Wang Xiao into Ji. When the Han army supply difficulties, food has been exhausted, all departments were forced out of Longxi. Kui Xiao cleaned up the ruins and took over several counties in Longxi. Kui Xiao died in the first month of the ninth year. His younger son 隗纯 was proclaimed king. [23]
In August of the tenth year of Jianwu (34), Geng Yan and Kou Xun conquered the first city of Gaoping. In October, Laixi, Gaiyan break down the door, Wang Yuan fled to Gongsun Shu, 隗纯 and other surrender. Longxi is now peaceful. [163]

Conquer Sichuan and Shu

Pinglong after the war, Liu Xiu from the south, north two directions, yes Yizhou Gongsunshu launched an offensive.
In March 35, the eleventh year of the Jianwu Army, Wu Han led a Jingzhou army of 60,000 soldiers and 5,000 horses. They joined Cenpeng at Jingmen and proceeded west along the Yangtze River to Shu. Laixi, Gai Yan led all the troops from Longxi south to attack Hechi into Shu. On the southern route, Cen Peng's army went up Jiangxi Province, captured Jingmen, captured Cheng Xun, killed Ren Man, and retreated to Jiangzhou (the north bank of the North Jialing River in Chongqing, Sichuan), and Peng Sui drove straight from the Three Gorges to Jiangguan. Counties along the way, the army is pressing Jiangzhou . [23]
Diagram of the Eastern Han army attacking Shu
In June of the 11th year of Jianwu (35), the Northern Lu Laishun Army defeated Wang Yuan and Huan 'an Army, broke into Xiaoban (northwest of today's Chengxian County in Gansu Province) and Hechi, and advanced into Shuzhong. Gong Sunshu Send someone to assassinate Laixi County Liu Xiu is sent general Liu Shang Continue to lead the army south. The city of Jiangzhou had a lot of grain and was not easy to break, so Cen Peng then left troops to besiege it, and led his main force directly to Dian Jiang (present-day Hechuan, Sichuan) and conquered Pingqu (present-day east Hechuan, Sichuan). Cen Peng left Zang Palace at Pingqu, rejected Yancen, the main force of Shu troops, and led his army back to Jiangzhou, upstream Jiangxi, attacked Huangshi, traveled more than 2,000 miles, circumnavigating the middle reaches of the Minjiang River, captured Wuyang (now Pengshan Province of Sichuan), and attacked Guangdu (now south of Chengdu City in Sichuan, northeast bank of the Minjiang River). Gongsunshu sent an assassin to kill Cen Peng. Liu Xiuming Wu and Han Take 30,000 men to the front, take over Zempen Command. [23]
In January 36, in the 12th year of Jianwu, Wu Han defeated the Shu army at Yufujin (the crossing of the Minjiang River in present-day Meishan, Sichuan), besieged Wuyang, and wiped out more than 5,000 Shu reinforcements. West to break the Guangdu, approaching Chengdu. Wu Han eager to win, the rate of 20,000 steps to attack Chengdu, the army was defeated. Wu Han immediately changed tactics, by night secret retreat to Jinjiang River South bank and deputy General Liu Shang join forces, and force against the enemy, turning defeat into victory. After that, according to the tactics of Liu Xiu, Wu Han fought with the Shu army between Chengdu and Guangdu, and wiped out a large number of GongSunshu's effective forces Chengdu Outside the city. In November, Zang Gong attacked Kefan (northwest of present Peng County, Sichuan Province) and 郫 (present Pixian County, Sichuan Province) and joined forces with Wu and Han to besiege Chengdu. Gongsunshu recruited 5,000 dare to die soldiers Jiao Yancen command, ready for the decisive battle. Yancen defeated Wu Han at Shiqiao (now a southern suburb of Chengdu, Sichuan Province). Wu Han conceals the elite and seduces the enemy by showing weakness. Gongsunshu attacked rashly, the Shu army was defeated, and Gongsunshu was seriously wounded and died. Yancen saw that the tide was turning, and the Chengdu garrison dropped. [158]
From the first year of Jianwu to the twelfth year of Jianwu (36), it took Liu Xiu twelve years after he ascended the throne to finally put down the world, making China, which had been divided and fought for years since the end of Xinmang, once again unified. [158]

Guangwu Zhongxing

See also: Guangwu Zhongxing
From the end of the new chaos to the world once again unified, after nearly 20 years of time, the people suffered heavy casualties, war deaths and illness and hunger and countless dead, to Liu Xiu once again unified the world, the world population is "two out of ten".
In order to restore and develop the war-torn Central Plains as soon as possible, Liu Xiu was "aware of the exhaustion of the world and thought of being happy." Since the peace of Long and Shu, we did not watch and did not speak of the army again." [30] 29 -
Jianwu sixteen years (40 years) cochin woman Symptomatic side , Symptom II He rebelled, captured more than 60 cities, and became king himself, known in history as the "war queen" (Vietnamese: Tr ng V ng). Jianwu 18 years (42 years), Liu Xiu appointed Horse backing For General Fubo Pingding Lingnan, the Han army all the way, the first month of the following year, Ma Yuan killed the Queen Zheng side, the general Zheng II, and passed the first Luoyang. [172]
Jianwu 27 years (51 years), the hero of the Langling Marquis Zang Palace Yang Xu Marquis Ma Wu wrote: Please take the Xiongnu split, Northern Xiongnu When weak, send troops to destroy it, and establish "eternal stone work". Liu Xiu issued an edit saying: "There is no good governance in today's country, disasters continue, people do not protect themselves, and the desire to return to the far side of the matter!" It is better to live among the people." [31]
Liu Xiu diligent in political affairs, "every day to see the dynasty, the day is a strike, the number of public minister Lang will talk about the manager, the night is sleep." [32] The imperial edits on the release of slaves and the prohibition of maidservants and maidservants were issued many times, which greatly improved the problem that a large number of peasants who had lost their land since the end of the Western Han Dynasty had become slaves and maidservants, and also solved the problem of a large number of wasteland and insufficient population after the war. Implement light and thin tax, in order to reduce the poor to sell themselves as slaves and maidservants, often distribute food relief, reduce rental corvee labor, develop agricultural production, build water conservancy. He dismissed corrupt officials and strengthened the centralization of power. At the same time, Emperor Guangwu also vigorously dismissed officials and merged counties and counties, which greatly reduced the burden on the people. By the end of Liu Xiu's reign, the population had more than doubled to more than 20 million, and the economy had also been greatly developed Guangwu Zhongxing . However, Liu Xiu was not complacent, saying that "there is no good governance in today's country, disasters continue, people are terrified, and people do not protect themselves." [31] "Thirty years on the throne, the people are full of grievances." [140] Later, on the grounds of solar eclipse, he asked officials not to call themselves "holy" when writing things. [141]

Crown prince

Qing people painted the portrait of Emperor Guangwu in his later years
At that time, Nanyang County Xinye County Yin Lihua Beautiful and solemn, Liu Xiu had" A wife should be beautiful "The desire. In the following year after Kunyang War, Liu Xiu married Yin as he wished. [33] The following year, Liu Xiu remarried Liu Yang's niece in order to consolidate his alliance with King Liu Yang of Zhending Guo Shengtong And use it as the main room [156] , also spoil it. [34] Guo and Yin also bore five sons to Liu Xiu, and at the beginning of Liu Xiu's accession to the throne, he was a noble man.
In the second year of Jianwu (26), due to a small resignation of the Yin clan, the Guo clan was appointed empress, and his eldest son, Jiang, was appointed Crown Prince [35] . Liu Xiu therefore very feel ashamed of Yin, plus favor encounter. In the 17th year of Jianwu (41 years), Guangwu abolished the Guo family and established Yin family as the rear. [36]
In the 19th year of Jianwu (43), Liu Xiu again referred to the eldest son of Yin, Donghai Wang Yang Congmin, as a ruler, and the Crown Prince, in vain. Ye deposed Jiang as the king of Donghai and Yang as the Crown prince. Yangrenzi Village [37] The day after Emperor Ming of Han .

Died in the south palace

The day of Wuxu in February, 2002 (March 29, 57) [38] Liu Xiu died in the front hall of the Nangong Palace at the age of sixty-two. The will said: "I am not beneficial to the people, the future affairs are according to the Xiao Wen emperor system, must be frugal." Neither the governor nor the two thousand stone officials should leave the cities where they are, nor send officials or send condolence letters by post." [38]
Shortly after Liu Xiu's death, his son Liu Zhuang He succeeded to the throne and buried Liu Xiuyu in March of the same year Yuan mausoleum The temple number Shizu [39] Posthumous name said Guangwu emperor.
Encyclopedia x Mixed Knowledge: Illustrating the Eastern Han Regime

Administrative measures

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EDITOR

political

  • centralization
Bust of Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han
Liu Xiu in the name of giving preferential treatment to meritorious officials The title of nobility Fields, high officials, and remove their military and political power. Liu Xiu viewed the early Western Han Dynasty Sankung Weight, authority down, although the establishment of three public positions, and all administrative power to the set China Dynasty Under the direct command of the emperor Shangshudae It is known as" Cabinet system ".
The book desk is set up Order of a minister One man, Chichichiishi, The old man shoots the old man One person, Six Cao Shang Shu Each man had a rank of six hundred stones, and he was in charge of the government. The following are Cheng, Lang, Lingshi and other officials, and all government orders are reported directly to the Emperor Chen by the Shangshu desk, and the emperor decides. From then on, "everything in the world is Shangshu, and the decision of the Lord is the next three (Gong) Fu." [40] ; "Although the three princes are established, the affairs belong to the Taiwan Cabinet" [41] "Three public positions, only standby staff" [42] . Three provinces and six departments Hit the mark Shangshu Province Shang Shutai was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty. [193 ] And the Shangshu table is set under Six Cao Shang Shu Agency, is later" Three provinces and six departments This strengthened the imperial power, alleviated class contradictions, and laid a solid political foundation for the rule of Guangwu Zhongxing and Ming Zhang. [194 ] But in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful minister Dauga" Record the book As a result, the authority moved down again, and the Shangshutai transformed into a tool of the dictatorship of powerful ministers.
After the smooth transition of the Eastern Han regime, the local power was extremely powerful. State shepherd The conflict between the "system" and the need to strengthen the centralization of the rule eventually prompted Liu Xiu to "strike the state grazing in the eighteenth year of Jianwu (42). Prefectural official ", [182] The state pastoral system since the late Western Han Dynasty was abolished and the function of governor was restored. [181] and The reduction of its rank from 2,000 stone to 600 stone was a heavy blow to the local powerful forces. [183]
  • Rectify corrupt officials
In view of the corruption of official officials and extravagance and corruption of bureaucrats in the late Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu paid attention to rectify official officials, practiced frugality, rewarded honesty and selected competent local officials; And strict requirements on local officials, reward and punishment. Therefore, after rectification, the official atmosphere has changed. So there is "internal and external bandits, the people relax" [43] The praise of...
Liu Xiu was famous for his strict demands on official governance. The history shows that "the Son of Heaven was diligent in official governance and the customs were rather harsh". [144] "When Wang Mang was under the reign of light, the government was quite strict and fierce." [145] This also led to some high officials being punished for minor or innocent crimes, such as Dastu A surname He was dismissed from office for failing to report a dispute between Yin and Li officers in Henan Province [146] ; A surname Han Xin He was dismissed from office because of many outspoken comments, and finally committed suicide [147] ; A surname A surname He died in prison because of the Taicang Ling crime he recommended [148] ; A surname Song Hong He was dismissed from office for impeaching the upper Party chief without evidence [149] ; Big Monkey Zhu Fu was dismissed from office for "showing off his country. [150] Wait a minute. The draconian approach has its critics. [151]
  • Streamline local areas
Jianwu six years (30 years), Liu Xiuling Sibi Prefecture The real ministry of the pastoral, provincial officials, county country is not enough to place officials can be combined, on the big Situ, big commonplace two houses. Then Liu Xiu issued an edit: "The province will be divided into more than 400 counties, and the posts of officials will be reduced, one in ten." [44]
  • Be kind to meritorious officials
Liu Xiu was kind to the meritorious officials, and awarded more than 360 meritorious officials as rank generals, giving them honorable status, and only releasing their military power. And to attract large authorizers into the court. [45] In the sixth year (30 years) of Jianwu, Liu Xiu allowed the meritorious officials to return to their fiefdoms. At that time, Liu Xiu was strict with the three princes. If the meritorious officials held official positions in the court, they would inevitably make mistakes, so they would lose their titles and lands. In order to preserve their titles and lands, Liu Xiu let them return to the fiefdom and stay away from the court. [142-143]
  • Guard against relatives
Liu Xiu regrets the Western Han Dynasty power minister too sheng, Qi interference in the administration of the ills, during the reign of strict prevention of Qi, and even in the dynasty without power minister, foreign Yin, Guo two, as the position of no more than nine qing. As a result, Liu Xiu's power status in one dynasty could not reach half of that of Xu, Shi and Wang in the period of Emperor Xuan of Han. [180]

Military affairs

  • Unification war
See also: Eastern Han Unification War
In October of the first year of Jianwu (25 years), Liu Xiu declared himself emperor, adopted the suggestions of Lexi and Longshu to control Shu, west and east, and determined the strategic policy of first attacking Guandong and later Longshu, from near to far, and each attacking and unifying the whole country. [46]
From the second year of Jianwu (26 years) to the fifth year of Jianwu (29 years), Liu Xiu, on the one hand, ordered Laixi to go to Longxi to complete the strategy of linking up the long and controlling the Shu, and relieved the interference of the West. On the one hand, the main force was concentrated on Luoyang and Hanoi (county administration of Huailai, southwest of today's Wuzhi in Henan Province), and launched an offensive against the separate forces in the Kanto.
In the spring of Jianwu two years (26 years), Liu Yong retreated to Qiao County (now Bo County, Anhui Province) after the defeat of Suiyang.
In June of the third year of Jianwu, Liu Yong was killed. And destroy the red eyebrow Army in Yiyang, seize Chang 'an, and obtain the east and West two capitals.
In May 28 of the fourth year of Jianwu, General Zhu You and General Geng Yanyan of Jianwei visited Peng Gong. In February 29 of the fifth year of Jianwu, Peng Gong was killed by his servants, and Liu Xiu captured Yanji and the areas north of it.
In February, Jianwu six years (30 years), killed Dong Xian in Qu County and seized the East China Sea. The Kanto separatist forces were successively defeated by Liu Xiu.
In the 12th year of the Founding of the Army (36 years), Shu was destroyed. [47]
Unified war situation [115]
  • Military reform
Liu Xiu abrogation The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) The local military system of the time was abolished, and the local soldiers of the inland counties were abolished County chief It also eliminated the county's annual draft training Universal trial Local defense was replaced by professional military recruits. But here it is The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) In the later period, the state's history gradually gained weight, combined with military, government and financial power, and the local forces gradually rose. [48]
  • Frontier policy
Liu Xiu used judo to govern the country, devoted himself to the economic and political construction of stable rule, carried out the military reform centered on strengthening the centralization of power, and formulated a conservative border defense policy in response to the threat posed by the surrounding ethnic minorities. Liu Xiu's border defense policy basically maintained the border security and social stability of the Eastern Han regime, becoming an important reason for the "Guangwu revival", but its conservative nature also brought negative effects on the Eastern Han border defense. [49]

economy

  • Rest with the people
In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, in view of the situation of production and population decline after the war, Liu Xiu paid attention to the implementation of the policy of rest and livelihood with the people, and gave money to the poor.
In the sixth year (30 years) of the Jianwu Dynasty, the imperial decree restored the thirty-one tax system of the early Western Han Dynasty. Secondly, he cultivates the literature with Wu, not with Bian gong. Liu Xiu "knew that the world was tired, thought about the joy of rest, since the long Shu ping, not the emergency, never returned to the army" [29] Won't start easily Side work .
  • Release slaves and slaves and convicts
Since the late Western Han Dynasty, more and more peasants became slaves and prisoners, which became an important problem in the class contradiction in the late Western Han Dynasty. At the end of Wang Mang's reign, many slaves and prisoners took part in the uprising. At the same time, in the armies of some separatist forces, there were also many slaves and maidservants and prisoners. During the reconstruction of the Han regime, Liu Xiu, in order to disintegrate the enemy forces, strengthen his own strength, and also to stabilize the social order and alleviate class contradictions, issued orders to release slaves and maidservants many times, and stipulated that anyone who mistreated and killed slaves would be punished. In addition, it also stipulated that the arbitrary killing of slaves and maidservants was not allowed and the "law of maidservants shooting people and abandoning the city" was abolished. [50] It shows that the status of slaves has improved compared with the past. At the same time, in the edict on the reduction of punishment, it was also repeatedly announced that the prisoners were released, that is, "seeing the apprentices are not the common people". [51] .
  • The implementation of the field order
Liu Xiu in order to check and verify the number of acres of reclamation and household registration, age, implementation Rei Watada , [52] Liu Xiu also severely cracked down on the dishonest officials of "Dutian", quelled the rebellion caused by it, and made "Dutian" a success.
In the process of visiting the field, Liu Xiu ordered dozens of local officials to be executed, sent to prison and 黜免. And the "county state and the army commander group of thieves" revolted, Liu Xiu and by all means to suppress, thousands of landlords and magnates moved to the "it county", thus ensuring the operation of the "degree field", successfully solved the problem of false registered land and acres during the Han Dynasty, and laid the necessary foundation and conditions for the "Ming Zhang, the number of promotion". [184]
Consistent with the "control of the field" measures, Emperor Guangwu implemented the policy of suppressing power to limit and combat the powerful forces, and his regime was not a "power of the rich and powerful landlords." After the "Dutian" incident, the household registration survey and accounting system related to this has been implemented, so the household registration statistics of the Eastern Han Dynasty are true and reliable. [53]
  • Restrain the mighty and ease land annexation
Reasons for the Rise and Fall of People's Morality in the past Dynasties
The Eastern Han Dynasty was founded with the support of powerful forces. But the growth of the mighty, Land annexation Gradually serious, not only threatened the imperial power, but also affected the people's lives, and in order to strengthen the court's control over the country's land reclamation and labor manpower, the average burden of tax corvee, Liu Xiu in the 15th year of Jianwu (39) issued an imperial decree to each county to measure the land, verify the household registration, as a basis for correcting the reclamation of land, population and tax, and ordered the investigation of two thousand stone chief officials. After giving orders, they encountered resistance from powerful forces.
Liu Xiu ordered the general Oda The dishonest Yin Zhang Ji of Henan Province and more than a dozen other prefectures were executed, saying that they would be strictly investigated. The result caused the resistance of the powerful and powerful people all over the country, "the county and the army commander and the gang of thieves, everywhere, especially in Qing, Xu, You, Ji four states". [54] It posed a great threat to the Eastern Han. In the face of two different kinds of resistance, Emperor Guangwu took the means of suppression and appeasement, on the one hand, "sent emissaries to the county, listened to the group of thieves to correct themselves, five people killed one person, his crime." [55] Soon the thieves disbanded.
On the other hand, the captured leaders of the rebellion moved to other counties to "grant land and granaries" and cut off their ties with their original counties, which dealt a serious blow to the powerful landlords. After the Dutian incident, the balance of Gunguo Daxing calmed down, and there was a "cattle and horses grazing, the town door is not closed". [56] The good situation. Degree field also became the custom of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to the implementation of various policies and measures, favorable conditions were created for the recovery and development of social production, which resulted in a substantial increase in land reclamation and population, thus contributing to the prosperity of the country in the early eighty years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The rule of Ming Zhang "Laid the material foundation. [57]

culture

  • Advocate Confucianism
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liu Xiu built the Imperial School in Luoyang and set up Doctor of the Five Classics The study of the fourteen doctors of the Western Han Dynasty was restored. He often visited the imperial College and talked with students. Under his advocacy, schools were set up in many counties, and many private schools appeared among the people.
Liu Xiu inherited the Western Han Dynasty Only respect Confucianism After the establishment of the tradition of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was built The Imperial College (in feudal China) Set up doctors, each with family law to teach the sutras. When Liu Xiu toured Lu, he sent Dasong to offer sacrifices Confucius It was later sealed Confucius progeny Kong Zhi For Baocheng Hou, to show respect for Confucius and worship Confucianism. Especially for Confucianism Contemporary literature Send to make the prophecy superstition is even more worship. At the same time, Liu Xiu, in view of the fact that some bureaucrats and famous people in the late Western Han Dynasty were intoxicated with wealth and attached themselves to Wang Mang, was to commend the integrity of the bureaucrats and famous people who lived in seclusion during the Han Dynasty, and to commend them for their "high moral integrity" of being loyal to the Han Dynasty and not having the two names of officials. [58]
  • Collect books
Liu Xiuzhong used literati and wise men to attach great importance to the construction of book culture and the collection of royal books. Wang Mang end, classics were burned, in view of the Western Han Dynasty official house books scattered and lost, and folk books quite a lot, he every to a place, not to get off, and the first visit to the elegant, pick up the missing text, repair the missing. He issued orders to the world and collected them widely. First, the four sides of the bachelor, more with map, fled the forest. From then on, Hongsheng moment Confucianism, no no ambition of the book, success in Beijing. For decades, the imperial court has collected books, old classics and new books, overlapping and accumulating. As" Stone chamber "," Landai ", "Renshou Pavilion", "Renshou Pavilion" East view In many other places, the scale and quantity of the collection exceeded that of the Western Han Dynasty. When he moved back to Luoyang, he told his secretary to carry more than 2,000 vehicles. It laid the foundation of the national library of the Eastern Han Dynasty. [59]
  • Worship prophecy
Liu Xiuyi prophecy Xing, its in the employment, temple worship, Zen in all things to the prophecy. But Liu Xiu was right divination The role has a clear understanding, with the prophecy is quite rational, and finally around the needs of social reality politics, there are choices and conditional use, and the scope of its use is often not related to the political practice of the national economy and the people's livelihood. The political purpose of the Guangwu Prophecy is to unify the Prophecy and establish a set of theological theories that serve Liu's imperial power, and strictly restrict the "new work" and "new solution" of the Prophecy. [60]
  • Sacrificial reform
Liu Xiu's activities of offering sacrifices to heaven and earth not only rely on the "Yuanshi story", but also have their own creation. The construction of the suburban sacrificial system focuses on the southern suburb altar of Luoyang. It shows that the system of suburban sacrifice in the Eastern Han Dynasty is not only the product of the prevailing concepts of Yin-yang and five elements, but also the result of the return to the traditional rites. [61]

nation

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu, Qiang, Xianbei, Wuhuan, Man (Yi) and other minorities posed a serious threat and destruction to the regime. Under the guidance of "judo", Liu Xiu, aiming at different minorities, adapted to the conditions of time and place, changed the conquest and harmony of minorities since Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty Wang Mang Starting from the general policy of recuperation, the great nationalism of China adopts a policy of friendship, amity, autonomy and mutual assistance towards the surrounding ethnic minorities, which belongs to the rule of virtue. These policies succeeded in easing ethnic tensions and avoiding large-scale wars. Tongdu Dayi prospered in commerce, and merchants traveled far to the western regions and abroad. [62]
  • Vs Xiongnu
During the reign of Emperor Guangwu, the Eastern Han Dynasty reached an agreement with the Southern Xiongnu, which defined the rights and obligations of both sides and established a new model of Han-Hungarian relations. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after wars and wars, the population was greatly reduced, and Emperor Guangwu was too busy with the reunification cause to pay attention to the Huns. In contrast, the Xiongnu, under the leadership of Shan Yuyu, took advantage of the chaos of the Han Dynasty to restore control over the Western regions and neighboring ethnic minorities such as Wuhuan The rule tends to flourish. The different situation makes the two sides adopt different attitudes in the process of communication. Shan Yuyu compared himself to rash He was arrogant and insolent, and Emperor Guangwu could only bear it, "treat it as before", and was willing to restore the relationship with the Xiongnu. Since then, the development of the two sides has taken different paths. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the destruction of Shu in the 12th year of Jianwu (36 years), the whole country was unified and the politics tended to be stable. On the Xiongnu side, civil strife broke out among the nobles for the position of single Yu: first, King Yougu Li, who was supposed to be the successor The master of Dentistry He was killed by Shan Yuyu, and then by Youazulene 鞬, who was under surveillance due to suspicion, intending to surrender to the Eastern Han.
In the 22nd year of Jianwu (46), successive natural disasters such as drought, locust plague and plague struck Xiongnu, severely depleting its manpower and animal power. In the face of internal strife and natural disasters, Shan Yuyu and Bi respectively sought friendship with the Eastern Han, but their demands were very different: Yu was to "send an envoy to Yu Yang to seek peace with his relatives", Bi was to "send an envoy to Xihe to seek internal support". It means that the Xiongnu had equal status with the Eastern Han, and the internal appendages indicate that the Xiongnu gave up its political independence. Even so, Emperor Guangwu did not immediately grant Bi's request until the 24th year of Jianwu (48) when Bi again asked for a general with five facial characteristics Geng Guo Strong opposition, advocate according to the "Xiao Xuan story" to accept. Emperor Guangwu adopted the proposal of the state of Geng, and instead of establishing himself as Huhan Xie, the Xiongnu was divided into the south and the north. [122]
Jianwu 27 years (51 years), the hero of the Langling Marquis Zang Palace Yang Xu Marquis Ma Wu wrote: Please take the Xiongnu split, Northern Xiongnu When weak, send troops to destroy it, and establish "eternal stone work". Liu Xiu issued an edit saying: "There is no good governance in today's country, disasters continue, people do not protect themselves, and the desire to return to the far side of the matter!" It is better to live among the people." [31]
  • Towards the west
Emperor Guangwu was first established, Shache (a county in Henan Province) King kang He led the ethnic groups around Shache to resist the Huns together, and also "defended the wife of the former capital guard more than a thousand words, called out to Hexi, asked China about the movement, and longed for the Han family from Chen".
Jianwu five years (29 years), Hexi general Dou Rong According to the custom, Li Kang for Lufthansa Che to build the king of the White, the Western Regions of the grand lieutenant, let the king of Shache to manage the fifty-five countries in the Western regions.
Jianwu nine years (33), Shachai King Kang died, Guangwu Emperor Kang posthumous title of King Xuancheng. Likang's brother xian He was king of Shacha, and then Xian conquered the Kingdom of Ximi and Xiye, killing the Kings of Ximi and Xiye, and making the two sons of his brother Kang King of Ximi and Xiye without the consent of the court. This was the expansion of the State of Shache, because the Eastern Han Dynasty had not yet entered the western regions, so it tacitly accepted the expansion of the state of Shache.
In the 14th year of the founding of the Armed Forces (38 years), King Xian and King Shanshan of Shache Ann With the dispatch of envoys to Luoyang as tributes, the Eastern Han Dynasty recognized this political relationship.
In the 17th year of Jianwu (40 years), King Xian of Shache once again sent emissaries to pay tribute and request the establishment of the Western Regions. Light Wudi think things are important, he asked big monkey Dou Rong, Dou Rong think, "Xian father and son brother to meet Han, Cheng again to, should add a number to Zhen 'an." Emperor Guangwu then "because of his envoy, gave Xian the Western regions to protect the seal ribbon, and the chariot flag gold." In response, Dunhuang The governor, Pei Zun, said, "Yi Di should not pretend to have great power and disappoint other states." Emperor Guangwu again obeyed Peizun's words, and issued an edict to recover the seal ribbon granted to King Xian of Shache, "and granted Xian the seal ribbon of Han General". King Xian of Shache refused to surrender the seal seal, although finally under pressure or surrender the seal seal ribbon, but King Xian of Shache began to conflict with the court, still called himself the imperial seal protector. Since then, King Xian of Shache became more and more arrogant, demanding that all nationalities in the Northwest frontier pay taxes to Shache, and repeatedly attacking the states of Qiuci, which caused instability in the Northwest frontier and damaged the political image of the court. [118]
Jianwu 21 years (45 years), the Western Regions Shanshan (a country in Shanxi Province) , driver When the sixteen States "send their sons to serve and offer, please protect them all." Liu Xiu said, "China decided at the beginning, not to go to foreign affairs, but to return its sons and give them a generous reward." [58]
  • South man southwest Yi
① Pacifying Wuling
During the reign of Emperor Guangwu, in the south Wuling Man Strong and powerful.
Jianwu twenty-three years (47 years), Wuling quite A surname (Chief) Phase pass And harass counties based on their passes. Emperor Guangwu sent General Wuwei Liu Shang Fanan County, Changsha, Wuling more than ten thousand soldiers, by boat Yuan River They went into Wuxi to fight against Wuling, and the whole army was destroyed.
Jianwu twenty-four years (48 years), phase one way and other under the attack Linyuan, Guangwu Emperor sent Ye Li Song, Zhongshan governor Ma Cheng crusade, can not be eliminated. In the spring of the following year, Emperor Guangwu sent Fubo General Ma Yuan, and the middleman general Liu Kuang, Ma Wu, Sun Yong, etc., to Linyuan, and defeated Xiangone-way, Xiangone-way surrendered, and the Eastern Han set up officials in the local area, and the Wuling Man problem was solved. [123]
② Pacify Southwest Yi
Emperor Guangwu put down Gong Sunshu Later, it also began to operate the Southwest Yi area. He sealed the border and kept the people safe Yizhou County Chief official in feudal China Venzi For the town far general, Chengyi Hou, admitted Qiongduyi The long and noble king of Qionggu, Go to 巂 The position of supreme guard. For the minority rebellion was suppressed, such as Jianwu 18 years (42 years), Yi Qushuai Bombyx tomentosa With Gu Fu, 楪 Yu, 梇 Dong, Lian Ran, Dianchi, Jian Ling, Kunming All kinds of rebellion, killing the magistrates. In the following year, Emperor Guangwu sent Liu Shang, General of Wuwei, and others to fight against Guanghan, Qianwei, Shu County and Zhu Tiyi, with a total of 3,000 men. In the 20th year of Jianwu (44), he fought with Dong Silkworm and others for several months and defeated them all. In the first month of the next year A surname In the meantime, Liu Shang also sent troops to kill the Changgui who tried to poison him in the name of labor army, and moved his home to Chengdu.
  • northeast
During the Jianwu period, all the ethnic groups of Dongyi came to pay tribute to the Eastern Han Dynasty.
① The husband pays tribute
Twenty-five years after the founding of the armed forces (49 years), A surname Wang's envoy Bong Kong Emperor Guangwu gave rich returns, so there were envoys to pay tribute every year. [124]
② High sentence Li submission
When Wang Mang was in power, he demoted the king Gaoculi as the Marquis of Xiaguuli, which caused unrest in the Northeast frontier. After Emperor Guangwu ascended the throne, Gao Gyoli Sending envoys to pay tribute, Emperor Guangwu restored his title. Jianwu twenty-three years (47) winter, sentence Li silkworm branch fall greatly Dai Sheng and other more than ten thousand mouth attains Ralangshire Genus.
Jianwu 25 years (49 years) spring, sentence Li intrude right Peiping, Yuyang, upper valley, Taiyuan, Liaodong Taishou A surname With grace and faith, he returned to the Han Dynasty. On the other hand, Emperor Guangwu abolished control Watju the Le wave east lieutenant Fengit Qu Shuai For Woku Hou, after Woku minister is sentence Li. [124]
③ Wuhuan surrendered
In the early years of Emperor Guangwu, Wuhuan Allied with the Huns to harass the border, Yoshimori Edom in particular suffered from it.
In 45 years, Emperor Guangwu sent General Fubo's horse to help 3,000 people ride out Wu Ruan Quan The attack on Wuhuan was unsuccessful.
In the twenty-second year of Jianwu (46), the Xiongnu rebellion, Wuhuan took the opportunity to defeat the Xiongnu, Guangwu Emperor to Wuhuan presented cloth.
Jianwu 25 years (49 years), Wuhuan Lord of Liaoxi Hao Dan When 922 people submitted to the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu ordered the general Assembly to feast and give treasures. Wuhuan may be willing to stay in the guard, named its Qushuai 81 princes, all living in the Seni, responsible for the appeal of Wuhuan tribes, and for the Eastern Han reconnaissance intelligence, to assist in attacks on Xiongnu, Xianbei. After Guangwu emperor under Situ Ban Biao Recommendations to restore Settings Lieutenant Wuhuan . [125]
The humble and obedient
Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) Also in the early years of Emperor Guangwu, it harassed the northern border with Xiongnu and Wuhuan.
In the 21st year of the Jianwu Dynasty (45), Xianbei and Hunnu invaded Liaodong, and were destroyed by a sacrificist, the whole army was destroyed, so they feared the Eastern Han.
In the 25th year of the founding of the Armed Forces (49), Xianbei began to send emissaries to pay tribute to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and later Xianbei protected the capital partial He helped Han defeat the Northern Huns and was rewarded.
Jianwu thirty years (54 years), Xianbei master Yu Jiebi , headful The same rate of people came to Luoyang to celebrate and formally submit to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Guangwu sealed Qiu Bi as king, with a full head of Hou. [125]

diplomacy

  • India to Japan
See also: Gold seal of the Hanpenu king
Liu Xiu was the first emperor to receive Japanese envoys in Chinese history. Jianwu Middle Yuan two years (57 years), Japan The envoy came to China for the first time, [188 ] Liu Xiu met the Japanese emissary, the emissary expressed his wish to be a minister of the Han Dynasty, and asked the Han Emperor to give him a name. Japan "And gave him the" Golden Seal of the Hanpanu King ", [63] This is hanzi The earliest physical evidence of its introduction to Japan. [190 ] The envoy asked the Han Emperor to grant him the title, and Liu Xiu gave him the title of "King of Bonu". At that time, Japan wanted to establish its own power and throne by belonging to the Han Dynasty, so the whole country was overjoyed. This is the earliest recorded communication between China and Japan available today. [189 ]
Gold seal of the Hanpenu king
In 1784, on Shiga Island, Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu Prefecture, Japan, a farmer named Shibing Wei found an ancient object engraved with three lines and five words of "King Hanpanu" gold seal, that is, "King Hanpanu". Later Han Dynasty The seal given by Liu Xiu recorded in the book. The gold seal was granted by Liu Xiu to the master of Japan as a vassal state at that time, and the reason why Liu Xiu gave the snake button gold seal to the king of Panu, to treat the specifications of the vassal king, indicating the Han Dynasty Slave state The delegation attaches great importance to exchanges with the Japanese islands.
  • Rehabilitate Vietnam
Twelve years after the founding of the Armed Forces (36 years), Gujin (now central Vietnam) A foreigner and a man Zhang You Attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu named it "Return to Han Li Jun". The following year, South Vietnam offered white pheasant and tiger.
The Queen and her sister on the side
Sixteen years after the founding of the armed Forces, Addressing county (present-day Northern Vietnam) woman Symptomatic side His younger sister Symptom II Revolt, attack the county city. The ethnic minorities of Jiuzhen, Rsouth and Hepu all responded, captured 65 cities, declared themselves king on the side, known in history as "the Queen of Conquest", and Cochin and all Taishou only obtained their own defense. Liu Xiu is the order of Changsha, Hepu, Cotoe with vehicles and boats, repair roads and Bridges, through the barrier stream, grain storage.
In the 18th year (42) of the Jianwu Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu dispatched General Fubo Horse backing General Duan Zhi, Lou ship, Changsha, Guiyang, Lingling, Cangwu soldiers more than ten thousand people to discuss. In the summer and April of the next year, the rebellion was put down, and the others surrendered and killed Qu Shuai More than 300 people have migrated Lingling Mountain . [123] [191 ]
  • Northern Myanmar
Twenty-seven years after the founding of the Armed Forces (51 years), Ailao County The king Kenuri Such as to lead the troops to the Yue 巂 Grand Guard Zheng Hong surrender, request within. Emperor Guangwu awarded Xianli and other Jun. From then on, Ailao came to pay tribute every year. [123]

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR

The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)

  • Horse backing ① Before the court, the introduction of dozens, every pick up Yan language, since the evening to Dan, just Mingyong Luo, not the enemy also. And happy to see honesty, no hidden, broad up to more festivals, slightly with the emperor. Classics, political debates, past life incomparable. ② Grand magnanimity, the same symbol of Gaozu, is to know the emperor's own true also. [64]
  • Feng Yan : The emperor to the holy Delingwei, long Xingfeng lift, the rate of Wan, Ye of the people, will be scattered soldiers, blood Kunyang, Changquan Wuguan, break the millions of Chen, destroy the nine tiger army, thunder, sweeping the world, bustling chaos, wipe out no way, between a period, the sea. Following the emperor's Hugh Lie, repair of the cultural and military industry, the state recovers, Yan Jing more bright, De crown to the beginning, no work and two. [65]
  • Zhang Chun : Prosper in PI, wash away the world, wipe out the riot, and prosper after the ancestors. [66]
  • Ban Khao : In the chaos of the time, the lives of the dead, ghosts and spirits are gone, the coffin is not finished, the hide-and-shed room, the wilderness hates the flesh of the people, the blood of the river, the disaster of Qin, the book has come to the future or the discipline. ... So the Holy Emperor ( Emperor Guangwu Is hold dry Fu, explain Kun Zhen, Piao Huang map, Ji emperor text, suddenly angry, should be if xing cloud, ting hit Kunyang, with anger thunder. Then super river, across the north mountain, set up the name Gao Yi, the capital river, Luo. Shaobai king's barren tun, because of the purification of nature, body yuan established system, following the heaven. The Tang Dynasty, followed by the Han Xu, MAO Yu, restore the Xinjiang Yu, Xun and Hu in the past, work frequently Hu 35. [67]
  • Liu Jie: The emperor is brave and clear, and the words of collapsing hammer beating the kou are tested, how can it be used to indulge in war? Si people and do not forget, solid. Deference to the sea Yu quiet, cell drum is not surprised, the home without feed the labor, the travelers without the suffering of war. In the past, the change of color, day war night 糒; Now its descendants are full of food and warm clothes, digging Wells, Xi hobart, I do not know what Dili has, the care is very happy. [68]
  • Zheng Tai China since the Guangwu, no rooster barking police, people forget the war for a long time. [170 ]

Wei and Jin Dynasties

  • Cao Zhi "Fu Shizu body dry spirit of virtue, the pure essence of purity and pure essence, through the fine principle of the yellow, Tao Ya saint's Yi talent." It is the virtue also, Cong Da and more knowledge, benevolence and wisdom and bright pardon, heavy careful and careful, and love. Value Yang nine no false world, by the light of the luck. Yin 'er Lei hair, magnificent God lift. Use the military to fight violence, and raise the volunteers to sweep away the remnants. The divine light is the first to pass away. Before the army came out of Nanking, Mang had already invaded the West capital. Husband when this time also, Kyushu boiling, four seas deep chung. Yan Emperor two three, called king four five. The eagle looks after the Wolf and the tiger looks ahead. Light Wu Bing Zhu light of the giant yue, shock Hess of the long anger, its cleaning evil, eliminate ugly, if along the wind and longitudinal fire, sun and sweep toward the cloud also. Ernai temple win and then move the crowd, plan and then do the teacher. Therefore, all the bases are trapped, and there is no battle to the north. Is group under Xin Xin, to the heart of the holy. The power is small, and the power is weak. The pawn can grasp the rest of the map, should be five hundred period. Set up not to publish the Ya, build immortal Yuan gong. Stone sow its Hugh lie, poetry book carries its Xun Yi. Therefore, it is said that the light force is excellent." [69]
  • A person of great wisdom and wisdom "Cao Zijian on the light: the general is difficult to compare with Han and Zhou, the adviser is not the enemy good, flat." People who talk about it, also agree. With these words, I sincerely want to be the virtue of the great light of the United States, and there is a handsome difference of the accused generation. What is that? Chasing sightseeing military twenty-eight generals, under and Ma aid disciples, loyalty, wisdom and courage, everything, as it is, not reduced in the past. Therefore, Zhang and Chen are especially evident in the former, which is because of the wide movement of Emperor Gaodi, so Liang and Ping are widespread in loyalty, and Peng and Bo are rampant outside. Words have 'a sudden move for that person, anxious for the guest', although this is small, there are like two ancestors also. Light Wu God slightly dispute, born in the heart of heaven, so strategize without his thinking, six strange without his out, so to conspire with, a total into the king's industry. Light Wu will not be reduced to Han, Zhou, adviser is not inferior to good, flat, the original light Wu plan far-reaching, there is Du Jianqu sudden Ming; Emperor Gaodi can be sparse, so Chen, Zhang, Han, Zhou have scorched Gong ear." [70]
  • Xue Ying ① Wide and generous, and thoughtful as God. ② For more than ten years, sweeping away the gang of criminals and clearing the sea, is it not the auxiliary praise of heaven and man? ③ All have hope in non-hope, but test its smart Renyong, since the light also. [71]
  • Sima Biao ① "To the Guangwu, Cheng Wang Mang usurped from the PI Shu, a people foot soil, all have the right." Born in Kunyang, with thousands slaughtering millions, not the Lord of courage and wisdom, who can be comparable?" [72] ② "The thief to quell the chaos, restore the Han industry, known as the revival of the people, can not be added." "China has established that gentleness is far from virtue, love is careful about human life, down to the base, martial arts are resistant, and virtuous arts are cultivated." [73]
  • Schiller "If I meet the emperor, when the north to serve, and Han Peng whip and compete for the first ear." Encounter light Wu, when and drive in the central plains, unknown deer who will die." [74]
  • Sima Yu "Among the male heroes of the Han Dynasty, he was the most handsome and the most virtuous." [75]
  • Yuan Shansong "The former Han Dynasty itself, the following, heaven and earth, giant steal life, Liu's old Ze still exists, and Chaunou All hope is lost. Shizu with the misty Yin, from the shore of the white water, the body has no false force, a group of worthies parallel. At that time, there were more than ten sealers, hundreds of flag builders, high talents living in the south, and quick feet as princes. Boundless Kyushu, carve up a slice; A thousand people, a thousand people, a thousand people. I fanned it with benevolence, drove it with great power, and the frost and snow were prickly and withered, and the Yokozuna shook and swept against the scale. People, ghosts and abilities. Between a few years, clear the four seas, although said ZTE, and the husband began entrepreneurs, there is an unusual? Honest zai Ma Sheng's words, solid has been boundless, the same Fu Gaozu. And wait for the benevolence of Taizong, and Xiao Xuan Ming, a person's body, it is almost in the week, so can enjoy the artifact, according to ten thousand times." [73]
  • Hwang Mi "Spring and autumn rumors summer Shao Kang From the beginning, there is a field, there is a journey. If the Han policy of the life of Shizu, not step into, the journey of the capital, anyway, then built ZTE, and Xia Shaokang with the United States." [73]
  • Fan Ye ① Although the emperor is a great cause, such as competition, so it can be clear and careful polity, total olive power, measure time and force, lift no matter, retire the meritalist and into the literary officer, scatter the bow and ox, although the road is not square ancient, Si also stop the war. ② Inflammation in the middle of the micro, the thief moved to the country. Nine counties back, three essence fog plug. Man detests deceit, but God opposes morality. Light Wu Christmas life, spirit from Zhen. Shen a few first things, deep slightly weft text. Seek, city millions, brave tigers for the group. Long hub thunder field, high front coma cloud. When Yingwei was struck, Xindu set itself on fire. Qian Liu Yong, Dai, Fengtan Liang, Zhao. The three rivers are not clear, and the four passes are heavy. God Jing is Gu, pass the day to discuss. Gold soup lost risk, car book road. Spiritual celebration is revealed, people seek salty praise. Mingming temple Mo, manly male break. In your life, I am a dragon. [58]

Tang and Song dynasties

  • Li Shimin "I think the ancient masters who put things right are over 40 years old, but Guangwu is 33 years old." [76]
  • Yu Shinan : ① Light Wu Renyi, figure king also; Emperor Xuan's criminal name, the master of Tuba. ② The two emperors (Xia Shao Kang Han Guangwu), Xing Fu Xu, light Kai Wang industry. The name is the same, but the truth is different. Who is that? In the light of the world, by thinking of the chaos of the people, punish the ruin of the thief, take the chaos of the death, for work. To such as Xiao Kang, Xia's destruction has been two generations, Yan Yan remains, in the womb, the mother fled, born in other countries, not over the court's training, had no strong close relatives, the difficulty of leaving chaos, shelter is not. And can be separated between the chaos, then become a match of heaven's karma, the king of rejuvenation, Si called the first. The emperor and the teacher, the king and the friend, the bully and the minister. Han Zu's minister, three Jie is also; Light martial Zuo, twenty-eight will be also. Can Deng Yu and Wu Han be compared with Zhang Liang and Han Xin? However, Han Zu's meritorious officials were wiped out with strength; Light Wuzuo orders, know with superior rank safety. When the king and minister, good can also be called. Make up for the short, and suppress the second. [153]
  • Li Jing "Only can push the pure heart with soft governance to protect all the heroes, in the emperor far." [77]
  • Xue Juzheng "Ancient emperors, who can preserve the meritorious officials, only one light Wu." [78]
  • Sima Guang "Light Wu was the Han in the decline, the group of men boiling, rising cloth, Shao Hui former Xu, the four sides, not too much, is able to dun still classics, Binyan elegant, open wide school, Xiu Ming rites and music." The martial arts are accomplished, and the literary virtues are consistent. Following the Xiao Ming, Xiao chapter, Yu chase first, Yong worship old, cross asked. Since the minister, the doctor as the county officials, salty selection of Ming line of people, tiger guards are learning "filial piety", Xiongnu children also swim Taixue, is to teach on, vulgar into the next. Men of loyalty and sincerity see admiration in the eyes of the masses, not only in favor of gentry. The foolish, contemptible and filthy are not only rejected in the court, but also abandoned in the village. Since the death of three generations, the beauty of weathering has not been as prosperous as the Eastern Han Dynasty." [79]
  • Where to go next "If the hero is Shizu, it is difficult and also." [80]
  • Su Shi "Look at Emperor Gaozu of Han and Guangwu, Emperor Taizong of Tang, and Emperor Taizu of me, who can kill four emperors in one day, all of them are killed by those who are not homicidal, and the more the others kill, the more chaotic the world." [81]
  • Su Zhe "The Eastern Han Dynasty Guang Wu, only prepared the civil and military, destroyed the city, took Zhao and Wei, flogged the gang of thieves, calculated the strategy, if his martial arts superior to Emperor Gaudi." [82]
  • Ye Yi "It is difficult for a man to win the world with his bare hands than his grandfather." [83]
  • Chen Liang "Since ancient times, the prosperity of ZTE has never come out of Guangwu." The few and hit the crowd, the weak and the strong, got up and walked in the middle of more than ten years, the great cause to Chi, calculation, light Zhou Xuan." [84]

Yuan and Ming dynasties

  • Hao Jing : ① light Wufu flood sweep false, vibration 踣 plant, with the emperor's study of the emperor, if the cardia, two hundred years of the vertical series. [85] ② Light Wu xing, the organization, literature then Yi Xijing. Several in three generations, sincere glow, based on life to virtue, warm and pure rigorous, take the world to judo. Though ZTE, Tongfu entrepreneurship. [85] 3. Wen Deyi in the emperor, ZTE Gong lie, deep in ancient times. How great is it! [85] ④ At the end of my four hundred years, I make politics, bless the people, and the beauty of weathering is the same as that of the former king, then its merit is greater than that of the Emperor. [85]
  • Chen Yue "The world has been set, with Yanwu Xiuwen, to speak art, horse talk, since long, Shu ping, non-police no longer say soldiers." Review Yellowstone to preserve the commandments of mulberry; Close the jade pass to breathe the quality of the western region. Number cited Gongqing Lang will talk about the five classics, build up Taixue, with quiet. In addition to Wang Mang's numerous writings, but also the light law of the Han family, in 30 years, four Yi, clothing, adequate family, political and religious integrity, achievements can be described as abundant." [86]
  • Wang Tailai: "Light Wu Tian Xi righteous courage, God luck resourcefulness, control the chaos, cut down the world, Hanei received grace, the virtue to Wo also." [87]
  • Radix polygoni Retire the meritorious officials and enter the literary officials, fold the bows and scatter the horses and oxen, and stop the martial arts. To practice the body clothes, the color is not heavy color, the ears do not listen to the voice of Zheng Wei, the hand does not hold the pearl jade play, the palace selfless love, the right and left are not biased, the loss of the official on the Lin Chi, the waste of the Wang Yi hunting, the frequent about the wind, the line in the upper and lower. Is thirty years, four Yi bin clothing, people to the family, political and religious clarity. [88]
  • Zhu Yuanzhang But Han Guangwu emperor to summon heroes, diligent governance, carrying xing Yan Yun, the four seas Xian 'an. There is the virtue of the king of the world and the success of the world. [89]
  • Wang Fuzhi : ① From three generations down, only Guangwu Yunguan hundred Kings That's right. What's that about? Before and the emperor, after the Tang, Song, are not like the light of the world, Xu the world to call a soldier, tens of millions of surplus also. Through its meaning, think of its change, letter to the quantity, the virtue of reason, how easy to say zai! [178] ② The light of the world, the emperor and especially difficult. Jianwu two years, has set the capital in Luo Yang, and the chaos of the world. The emperor gets money to be promising, only Hebei ear. Peng Chong suppressed the rebellion in Youzhou, and the five schools were still horizontal in the interior yellow. To the west of Guan, although Deng Yu entered Chang 'an, red eyebrows surrounded it, Yu Fu can make. Yan, Wan, blocking township, Xinye, Hongnong, near between the throat and cheek, the kou rebellion and the trace to contain, not change in Changan also. Liu Yong, Zhang Bu, Dong Xian, Su MAO, cross each other in the east, Chen, Ru imminent trouble; Kui Xiao, GongSunshu Gu set and can Xu, do not say anything. After the emperor's departure from the customs, it is only a feather that is destroyed and the world is fixed, the difference between difficulty and ease is not far away? ... So that Emperor Gaudi Xingyang to fight, and encountered the light of the enemy, in between to hold the deficiency and stop after, Yu do not wait for the covenant, and human horns, Emperor Gaudi can not support. It is even difficult to light the light of the military, and the light of the god of the military can not be measured. ... Light Wu is thought of Han people to xing, and Xuan also, basin also, children also, Yong also, Jia also, all for the Han chamber of the nobles, did not see its points determined also. If there is a division of meaning to shake, then the intelligence is not enough to bend, so the change begins to die and so will you to carry out ambition. However, the light Wu so bend the collective efforts and the lone stretch of how, how can it be? The world is divided and gathered to fight, and light Wu to win how. Not for a long time, build suburban temple, enjoy Zongzu, set the system, line of jue reward, Zhuo MAO, Mian Kou Xun to sui Hanoi, order Feng Bi to calm the Guanzhong knot has taken the heart, but not forced to fight. However, all the rebellious people of the border are trapped and disintegrate. Is to make the emperor when, may not be able to Jainding so. And the scale of Guangwu is enormous. SOB SOB! So that all the people in the world are like the Xing of Emperor Gao, and no light Wu's great intention is after, the world's later generations and doubt Tang, Wu's oath is a false letter, and only the intelligence can be brought to the four seas... Three generations down, take the world, only light Wu alone, and Song Taizu Second also. Not without a few faults, but a big one has grown up. ③ As a teacher and Ming in the rule of Dao, ancient and modern rarely, and light martial only more. Laixi stab, oral account for the list, less than military, and the keenness to recommend the section Xiang, said: "The country to get the merit." Is this beyond the reach of a warrior? Xi also, worship also, Kou Xun also, Wu Han also, all out can be official, people can be minister also. However, light Wu will not be general commander to auxiliary, all will also be satisfied with 韎鞈 and not want to ding hyun. SOB SOB! The implications are profound. Therefore, three generations below, the king and the subject to the full of its beauty, only the Eastern Han for the sheng Yan. ④ Light Wu to branch of the rest, started in Nanyang, and people to deal with hard, hundred battles to set the world, its special Nanyang people and lost the world of Xian Jun, although private and do not forget the old way. And Nanyang will official, gong into jue Ding, also did not hear the arrogant arrogant tide to chaos Dafa, husband will be rebuked far and prevent it? ... SOB SOB! Is it within three generations? ⑤ The disaster of the Wang family! Light Wu Chenghe, a hundred wars and Liu Zong began to extend, punish to a son, take care of the order of the prince and family law, husband is not a minister of the state? But only Yin consciousness , Yin Hung It is a request. Though he is wise, how can he know that he is not rude? Although knowledge is not false, can you ensure that the relatives are like knowledge? Drink corydalis and happy to live, drink again to edize ge, so that Dou, Liang, Deng, He heel to the death of Han. The light of the light of the martial arts, and the dark in the past to learn the true, what? [90]
  • Zhao Yi : Is the light of the martial meritorious, most of the Confucianism, and the light of the martial spirit of Fu. Cover a moment of xing, the king and minister are a gas clock, so the temperament of the similar hobby, there is no time however, the so-called there is a king that is also a minister. [91]
  • Aisin Gioro Hongli ① The world to the light Wu letter to the prophecy is not, but when the chaos, the will is not enough, out of danger to help the difficulties, since we have to fake God to set up the ear, this is not enough for Shengde's tired, after the words of Dou Rong, we know that to also make it. ② Light martial wisdom, from the field, all the Yi Yi. ③ Light Wu heart to heart, do not trust the new attachment? Or because of merit, to master the ear. (4) Huan Tan He who began to enter into his so-called literature with the drum and piano can also be known, but his theory of the fate is very correct. Light Wu thought that non-holy can not, a few big slaughter, really overdo it. [155] ⑤ Since ancient times, the revival of the master, Xia Shaokang, Zhou Youxuan King, Han light Wu, still Yi. The test is so prosperous, all by the British generous, with the ability of the Yin, the wide to love the people, benevolence to calm down, the world to the heart, with the restoration of the old industry, is it not the heaven to the people to be appointed and the emperor? When Wang Mang was in chaos, Han families were destroyed, rulers were abolished, Jian Han were enshrined and cities were explored in ruins. The disaster was worse than the humiliation of Yi, the chaos of Zhuo and the Zhi. Guangwu, however, spoke out with his clothes and the world responded. Deng Yu, Feng Yi, Kou Xun, Geng Yan, Wu Han generation, all of a time, light and use, with the peace of red Mei, Zhang Bu chaos, into the long, Shu's work, put down the rebellion and kill the violence, calm the sea, Zuo Zuo, Gong lie do not let Shaokang, Zhou Xuan Yi. And the world peace, do not say soldiers, respect Confucianism heavy road, praise follow the official, the western region sent son into the service, but not by, and not good than. The preservation of the meritocrats, Enzhao-nine, is far better than the high ancestors, can be described as wise, in order to cultivate the Eastern Han 200 years of Zuo. Mingming, Zhang Jizhe, recuperate, as for the spirit, sacrifice, Dong, Cao chaos than Wang Mang, and Jian 'an position is still, not light Wu Chuijiao Li has to cultivate its custom, shelter its descendants? When he saw his husband at that time, if the Xiangji and Huaiyin generations were extremely brave and intelligent, his ancestors had destroyed their ministers, so he had to bow his head to the north. Light Wu benevolence thick virtue, and le different trends, also can Le peep zai? Cao Zijian On the second ancestor of the Han Dynasty, Zhuo Zhi Hong, the letter of the hundred generations is not easy also. [160]

Modern times

  • Liang Qichao Han Shang integrity, light Wu, Ming, Zhang, award and fame, for the most prosperous era of Confucianism, the good fruit of the recovery of Confucianism. Still integrity, integrity, custom called the most beautiful. [92]
  • Yi Shunding : Galloping copper horse Jing dust, life hero own true. If all the stars in the upper world are generals, the son of Heaven cannot be ministers. Chaff in the middle of the palace, wheat beans can open four seas spring. Shilman Kua deer hand, only with wings and scale [162] .
  • Mao Zedong The most learned, the most able to fight, the most able to employ the emperor. People often say, "the scholar rebellion, ten years will not succeed." Liu Xiu is an exception, ten years did not sing, striking. He studied at home, kept his place, and once he rebelled, he turned the tide. With a bang, starting from scratch, creating a new dynasty. [93] Liu Xiu is a big bachelor, rather lame. [117]
  • Lv Simian : Emperor Guangwu was a practical politician. He knew that after the chaos, he was eager to rest and recuperate, so he blindly reduced officials and simplified matters. Retire meritorious officials and enter literary officials. The three princes, who were highly respected, also only admired their politeness, and they used strict and strict methods to conduct the art of censure. Although sometimes they could not avoid being too strict, they quite got the secret of autocracy of "strict to check the officials and lenient to control the people", so the politics at that time was quite clear. [94]
  • Fan Wenlan Liu Xiu himself has the three identities of too student, noble, and heroic, and his civil and military deployment are all these three kinds of people. This Nanyang powerful group as the main body of Liu Xiujun, in the political advantage, military strategy, coupled with the prohibition of captives, win the people's hearts, this determines its inevitable victory. Liu Xiu, the representative of the landlord class, was naturally the sworn enemy of the peasant rebel army. But he also represented the common demands of society and accomplished the great cause of national unification. He played a great role in the war of overthrowing Wang Mang and in the war of eliminating and subduing the country, so he was an outstanding figure who made important contributions to the history of that time. [95]
  • Huang Liuzhu (1) Among all the emperors in China, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, was not as illustrious and dazzling as Qin Emperor and Han Wu, but he was by no means an idle man. On his head, he can wear at least two crowns, one is called "King of Zhongxing", the other is called "Ding Ding Emperor". And like this at the same time with "ZTE" and "Ding Ding" two titles of emperor. Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu should be the first and only person. In short, when we discard prejudice and look at Liu Xiu's life comprehensively and objectively, we should admit that he is worthy of being a proud and outstanding person of an era. [152]
  • Nan Huaijin In the history of about two thousand years in China, it is more commendable to achieve the example of family governance, probably calculated that only the Lord of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu. [96]
  • Herzquan There are many reasons for Liu Xiu's success, the main reasons are: first, he has Hebei as a base, sitting in the mountains and watching the tiger fight, to the time when the green forest and red Mei are both defeated, they come out to clean up the situation; The second is the support of the powerful family. The third is the copper horse peasant army, which has a strong army. These three are the basis of Liu Xiu's victory, but also the reason for his victory. [97]

Anecdotal allusion

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The dragon flies white water

There is a strip of white water in the south second of Emperor Guangwu's old house. Wang Mang succeeded the Han Dynasty Later, he hated Liu, because there were two words of "golden knife" on the money, and there were also "golden knife" in the "Liu (Liu)" word, he changed the money to "goods spring". However, the word "goods spring" can also be broken down into "white water real person", which should be Liu Xiu. There is a new dynasty officials called Su Bo A good at looking at qi, in the field through Nanyang, see king Qi lush, there will be a king riding on the dragon and the emperor, so Han Dynasty Zhang Heng " Tokyo Ode There is a sentence of "dragon flying white water", which refers to the rise of Liu Xiu. [119-120]

Naming source

According to... The East View of Han Dynasty According to records, in December Jiazi of the first year of Jianping (on the night of January 15, 5 BC), Liu Xiu was born in Jiyang county The county (in Lankao County A Han Dynasty official palace Jiyang Palace back hall second inner middle. [3] Liu Xiu's father Liu Qin then Ji Yang County magistrate. This palace was originally Emperor Wu of Han The palace built by Liu Che, also known as "Jiyang Palace", [98] It has been closed since the death of Emperor Wudi. Because his wife did not have a suitable place to give birth, Liu Qin also did not care about many, and let his wife live in the palace. It is said that when Liu Xiu was born, red light shone through the palace. While... Ji Yang In the county, Jiahe grew again that year, and a stem gave birth to nine ears. For this reason, Liu Qin named the child "Xiu", because he was the third son, so the word "Wen Shu".

A quiet mind is not a servant

Liu Xiu is still an ordinary people, and brother-in-law Deng Chen to other people's home to visit, when we see the book said: "Liu Xiu should be the son of heaven." Some people nearby said: prophecy The Liu Xiu in question must be the Duke Liu Xiu (formerly known as Liu Xiu Liu Xin ). But Liu Xiu, who was present at the time, said: "How do you know that the Liu Xiu who wants the son of the day mentioned in the prophecy does not refer to me?" The result caused the crowd to laugh! The third year after Liu Xiu ascended the throne, with Deng Chen Talking about the past together, Deng Chen calmly said to Guangwu Emperor: "Servant actually did it", Liu Xiu laughed after listening!
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the book of Prophecy was extremely popular, Wang Mang Han Dynasty is to use the words in the book as its theoretical basis, in fact, the book is a tool for the ruling class to deceive the people of the world, it is absurd, there is no basis at all. At the end of the new Dynasty, natural disasters continued and people were confused. And the new dynasty of the state master, ancient classics master Liu Xin proficient divination Just changed its name to Liu Xiu, so we guess that the "Liu Xiu" said in the book is the national master Liu Xin. Liu Xin He was a great scholar in the late Western Han Dynasty, with profound talent and high moral respect Wang Mang Daihan made great achievements. [99]

Liu Yin Love

When Liu Xiu was young, just a declining royal family, a cloth, Liu Xiu once went to Chang 'an to study, see in the street Zhi Jinyu Walked through, the scene is very spectacular, rich, greatly lamented, so did a composition about the ideal: "Official as holding Jin Wu, married wife when. Yin Lihua ". This sentence is widely circulated, and it has become a famous saying for thousands of years in the future, which has triggered the resonance of many "troubled times." The love story of Liu Xiu and Yin Lihua is also known through the ages.
Yin Lihua painted by Wu Youru in Qing Dynasty

Lost in the east

After Liu Xiu ascended the throne as emperor, he sent generals Feng Yi Led the army to the west, crush the red eyebrows army. Red eyebrows feigned defeat, big break Feng Jun in the land of back creek. After Feng Yi returned to the impregnated camp, he once again called in the stray troops, infiltrated Chimei again, penetrated the Crest Crest from both inside and outside, and smashed the Crest Crest. Afterwards, Liu Xiu under the order award, that Feng Yichu although lost in Hui Xi, but eventually can win in Mianchi. It can be said that there is a loss here, and then there will be a gain, and it should be rewarded according to merit to show war achievements. [100]

Burning letters in public

Emperor Guangwu of Han was executed Wang Lang After that, he collected relevant documents and got thousands of letters from some officials communicating with Wang Lang. Emperor Guangwu of Han did not give a close examination, he gathered his generals and ordered them to be burned face to face. He said, "Let those who are uneasy because they have opposed me rest easy!" [101]

Mount Tai's dedication

Jianwu thirty-two years (56 years) February 12, Guangwu emperor rate of ministers to FengGao, send service husband more than 1500 people refurbish mountain road, mounted more than 3000 people in Dengfeng tower on the mount stone. On the 15th he began to fast, and on the 22nd he offered burnt wood to heaven in the southeast under Mount Tai. After the ceremony, he climbed the mountain in his chariot, and changed his clothes and sealed the ceremony to Dai Ding after a little rest. Twenty-five Zen Liangfu mountain, change the year name to Jianwu Zhongyuan. [102]

Linzi laboriously Geng Yan

See also: Guangwu Emperor Linzi Lao Geng Yan

Strengths make Dong Xuan

Strengths make Dong Xuan
Beijing Opera has a famous traditional opera from" Strength token It is said that Liu Xiu's sister Princess Huyang's house slave killed a man, the chief executive of the capital Luoyang Dong Xuan Not afraid of the dignitaries, travel by the princess, catch the accompanying criminals from the car, sentenced to death. And argue in court, rather die than apologize to the angry princess. Liu Xiu finally helpless put Dong Xuan, and said Dong Xuan is a Strength token (meaning hard-neck magistrate). [103]

Pardon the dead

When Liu Xiu was a big sima, there was a time in his house Boy servant Breaking the law, Military municipal order Offer sacrifices to the dead Ordered him killed. Liu Xiu was very angry and ordered his subordinates to take custody. Chief registrar Vice President Chen remonstrated: "Your excellency has always hoped that the soldiers in the army act neatly and uniformly, and have strict discipline." Now the worship in accordance with the law, is to promote the performance of military order ah!"
Liu Xiu was very happy to hear that, not only pardoned the dead, but also let him serve Stab the general . He said to all his soldiers, "Be on your guard! If a servant in my house broke the law and was killed by him, he must have been a just and unselfish man." [104]

Friends are strict

Liu Xiu's early years with Yan Quang Is a classmate friend, after Liu Xiu declared the emperor, Yan Guang changed his name, seclusion, Liu Xiu miss the friend, life around according to the appearance to find him. Later, Qi said that there was a man dressed in a sheep fur in the Tongjiang River. Fuchun River (Fishing in the wild. Liu Xiu suspected that it was Yan Guang, so he sent someone to take Safety of a vehicle Took a gift to recruit him, three times to accompany the car, but refused Liu Xiu." It is reasonable to help "The request. Liu Xiu led Yanguang on the temple, two people talk about the old way, happy to talk all day. Sleeping together at night, Yan Guang put his feet on Liu Xiu's stomach when he slept. The next day, when Taishi made a guest star seriously invade the Emperor's throne, Liu Xiu smiled and said, "This is because I slept with my late friend Yan Ziling." Yan Guang used to laugh at his old classmate Situ A surname When Liu Xiu heard this, she smiled and said," Crazy slave behavior That's right! (This crazy guy is still like that!) " [157]

Interpersonal relationship

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Family background

relation
Title
name
Six generations of ancestors
Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty
Liu Qi
Five generations ancestor
King of Changsha
Liu Fa
Great grandfather
Chung Ling festival
Liu Mai
great-grandfather
The forest is too guarded
Liu Wai
grandfather
Great deer, lieutenant
Liu Hui
father
Nanton County Magistrate
Liu Qin
mother
-
Fan Xiandu ( Fan Zhong Daughter of) [1]
Note: In the nineteenth year of Jianwu (43 years), Liu Xiu followed the advice of his ministers to Emperor Xuan of Han , Emperor Yuan of Han For the patriarch, father. [161]

fellow

relation
Title
name
Eldest brother
King Wu of Qi
Liu Yan (also write Yoo Yan ) [176]
stepbrother
King Lu Ai
Liu Zhong
Eldest sister
Princess Huyang Chang
Liu Huang
Second elder sister
The new Princess Nonaga
Liu Yuan
sis
Princess Ningping
Liu Boji

The reigning queen and concubine

standing
Title
remark
queen
Queen Guangwu Guo Guo Shengtong
Zhenjingwang Liu Yang Niece. Liu Xiu to further co-opt Liu Yang, Na, for the main room.
After taking the throne, he was established as the Empress Dowager of Zhongshan, and then changed the Empress Dowager of Pei.
Gwangyeol Empress Yin Lihua
Yuan match, because of Guo, the beginning of the noble, Guo after the waste, the beginning of the queen. Emperor Ming ascended the throne and became Empress Dowager.
concubines
Huh Mi-mi
King Li of Chu was born Yoo Young .

Sons and daughters

  • son [105]
The title of nobility
name
One's own mother
Kyo Tokai
Liu Yan
Guo Shengtong
Paix
Liu Fu
King Li of Chu
Yoo Young
Huh Mi-mi
Emperor Ming of Han
Liu Zhuang (First name Liu Yang)
Empress hikari Yin Lihua
An king of Jinan
Liu Kang
Guo Shengtong
Dongping Xian King
Liu Cang
Light column Queen Yin Lihua
King of Fuling quality
Liu Yan
Guo Shengtong
Guangling thought king
Liu Jing
Light column Queen Yin Lihua
Near the Huai Huai public
Liu Heng
King Jane of Zhongshan
Liu Yan
Guo Shengtong
Luang evil filial king
Liu Jing
Light column Queen Yin Lihua
  • daughter
The title of nobility
name
One's own mother
remark
Princess Maiyin
Liu Yiwang
unknown
Jianwu 15 years was named dance Yin long princess, married Ling Xiang hou too servant Pondus pine .
Princess Nyeyang
Liu Zhongli
Empress hikari Yin Lihua
Jianwu fifteen years was named Nieyang princess, marry Dahonglu Dou Gu , Emperor Zhang of Han Now honor as Princess royal .
Guantao Princess
Liu Hongfu
Guo Shengtong
Jianwu 15 years was awarded the Guantao princess, married the emperor's son-in-law Han Guang .
淯 Princess Yang
Liu Li Liu
unknown
Jianwu seventeen years was named 淯 Yang princess, married Yang An Hou Changle little house Guo Huang .
Princess Li Yi
Liu Shou
Marry the son of the new Yang Marquis Yin abundance Killed by her husband. [177]

A person who has rendered outstanding service

Subject article: Yuntai twenty-eight generals

memorialize

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mausoleum

See also: Mausoleum of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty
Liu Xiu died and was buried in Yuan mausoleum , located in Luoyang City 20 kilometers north of here Mengjin county Baihe township Tie Xie Village. Local also known as "Hanling", commonly known as" Liu Xiufen ". [106]
Original Mausoleum, commonly known as Han Mausoleum, also known as original Mausoleum, Han Mausoleum. Founded in 50 AD, it consists of Shinto, mausoleum and temple. Guangwu Emperor Mausoleum south Mangshan Mountain, north of the Yellow River, near the mountains beside the water, the descending solemn. The gate is majestic, imposing, and the divine Way is wide, leading directly to the mausoleum, with numerous stone carvings and stone tablets on both sides. The cemetery is rectangular, covers an area of 66,000 square meters, the tomb is located in the center of the cemetery, for rammed earth mound, 17.83 meters high, 487 meters in circumference. [106]
Emperor Guangwu's Mausoleum

park

Liu Xiu Park In the south of Gaoyi county town 2 Huali village of Huayuan Village south. Liu Xiu Park construction project with a total investment of 35 million yuan, the project to Liu Xiu's life as the main line, by the Han Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu theme park, amusement square, artificial lake and so on. The buildings of Liu Xiu Park include the statue of Liu Xiu, the Qianqiu Platform, the Guangwu Hall, the general platform, the twenty-eight general platform, the stargazing platform, the forest of steles and various ancillary facilities and supporting buildings. [107]

unit

See also: Baishui Temple , Guangwu Temple , Guangwu Bridge
(Reference: [108-109] [121] )

Historical data index

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  • Fan Ye " Later Han Dynasty · Volume I Shang · Guangwu Emperor Ji No.1 Shang [8]
  • Fan Ye, The Book of the Later Han Dynasty · A Scroll · The First Scroll of Guangwu Emperor [58]

Artistic image

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Literary works

(Qing) Shan Cheng Qing Yuan Taoist "Eastern Han Dynasty" [110] .
Romance of Later Han Dynasty by CAI Dongfan (Qing Dynasty) [111] .
Those Things in the Eastern Han Dynasty by Wei Xin [112] The Founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty [113] .
Li Xin " Beautiful rivers and mountains ".

Film and television works

  • (1) Drama
Romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty: Huang Xianglian plays Liu Xiu;
  • (2) Storytelling
Tian Lianyuan: Liu Xiuchuan ". [114]
  • (3) TV dramas
2000 TV series Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu ": Zhang Guangbei As Liu Xiu;
2004 TV series Emperor Guangwu ": Kou Zhenhai As Liu Xiu;
2014 TV series Changgexing (Adapted from Beautiful River and Mountain) : Zhang Chenghang As the young Liu Xiu, Yuan Hong As young, middle-aged Liu Xiu.
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