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The "land of no conquest" was the Ming Dynasty
Tributary system
And the important policy under the sea ban policy.
Emperor Taizu of Ming
Zhu Yuanzhang
In the 28th edition of Hongwu's"
Emperor Ming ancestral instruction
"Announced that North Korea,
Japan
Fifteen overseas countries were listed as "non-expropriating countries" and warned future generations not to wanton expropriation. The 15 countries were: Korea (now North and South Korea),
Japan
(Japan), big
Ryukyu Kingdom
(present-day Okinawa), Lesser Ryukyu Country,
Annam
State (present-day Northern Vietnam),
Chenla
Koku (present)
Cambodia
),
Siam
Koku (present)
Thailand
),
Champa
(now South of Vietnam, later destroyed by Annan),
Su men Tala
(now
Sumatra
Eight in the past), Western countries (now
The Coromandel Coast
),
Talwa country
(now
Java Island
),
reign
(now
Malay Peninsula
),
Land of white Flowers
(present-day northwest Sumatra),
Three fuses in the same country
(Present-day Sumatra Island
Palembang
),
Borneo State
(
Brunei
).
[1]
- Chinese name
- A country without taxes
- outline
- Ming Dynasty suzerain system and tributary system under the policy
- Inner volume
- List 15 countries including North Korea as "exempt"
- meaning
- It marks the establishment of the peaceful foreign policy of the Ming Dynasty
catalogue
Twenty-three years, the overseas kingdoms
Yang Tingbi
I give you my orders, and I will give you my orders. Countries where ten: said Ma eight, said the door, said the monk in a hurry, said the south weak, said
Marantan
Say that Wang, say Ding ah son, say come, say urgent LAN also tong, say Sumu all thorn, all send tribute.
In twenty-nine years, he was summoned to court and offered up all his treasures. The time has come to discuss the levy
Java
, erect
Fujian province
,
Also black lost
with
Shi Bi
Happy and peaceful chapter. Imperial military Fu Bi, sea affairs pay also black lost, still oracle said: "You
Wait until
Java, send me your envoy. You leave him alone, and the rest of the small countries will serve themselves and be called upon. It's all yours, Pilona." The army occupied the city and sent Hao Cheng and Liu Yuan ahead
Nammari
The small states of Quickmudu, Bulu Badu and Barra.
Thirty years, attack
Grenland
Drop its Lord only when. He also sent Zheng GUI to summon all the small states of Mulaiyou, and all sent their children to surrender.
Yuan Dynasty
Almost at the time
East Asia
Southeast Asia
All have
Vassal state
Ordinary people would have surrendered long ago to such a huge force.
Shortly after Goryeo came under the rule of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang told the Goryeo envoys of the Ming Dynasty, such as Zhang Ziwen, "The Kings of the past were liars
Emperor Yang of Sui
Those who want to wide land, in vain xing revolution, teach later generations to laugh at him. I hate it the most. Yes, you can tell the king what I say." Later, he said, "The past generations of China, the number of people have ruled, but Xinghe people at that time, all have a beginning and an end, gains and losses are recorded in the Fang book, I have seen." Therefore, the former ordered no intercourse, and made himself a voice of instruction, and settled the three Han." As for how to deal with the relationship with Goryeo, Zhu Yuanzhang also learned from the past historical experience. He thought, "If the Yi Bi of the Han and Tang dynasties, and the Emperor of the Sui Dynasty's invasion of the East, in my present day, do not insult me, and dare to disobey God and disturb the people?" Therefore, he wanted to imitate the ancient king "since the survey Hou Suifei outside not to rule, so that the native Lord", he "although not talented", but can observe the "heart of the sage", want to body the way to benevolence, but want the people to be safe, not to labor. On this point, Zhu Yuanzhang in the later practical exchanges with Goryeo, indeed also fulfilled. In May of the 19th year of Hong Wu (the 13th year of King Xin 禑), Zhu Yuanzhang talked to the envoy of Goryeo:
"
Tamra
(now
Jeju Island
I also want to teach some boats to go, not to be thrown there for a while. It's only twenty or thirty miles from there, going back and forth, buying and returning one by one. I also thought that it would be inconvenient for me to do so, for fear that something would happen again, I would inevitably resort to the sword again, so I did not buy it. The original (Yuan) to put the horse, only you, I do not send. When I wanted to send someone, I got a big head, so I sent someone to take care of it. Probably a lot of people are not talented. If a talented person is sent there, he will not be able to do anything, relying on the power of the court, relying on the military might of the court. I definitely do not send people, but I also ground near you there, and Luo Zhou's opposite, always in you, only in you. I often think when Han Guangwu, four Yi please official, light wu is not allowed. Cover is light Wu childhood in the army, know a lot of ills, so he is not allowed. This is the light martial see the height. The Kings that followed were much worse. Like Goryeo, they are also divided into
Shire and county
Set up an official guard. After that is also the untalented people, relying on the power of the court, do not do well, are revolutionized. But because the court has so many things to do, I have no time to tidy him up."
It can be seen that Zhu Yuanzhang was inspired from his past experience and did not want to directly intervene in the internal affairs of Koryo, but wanted to "beauty governance Li", and eventually the relationship between the two countries was stable and the people were peaceful.
However, despite Joo's great goodwill on this issue, he was not able to make Goryeo completely break with him
Northern Yuan Dynasty
The relationship, single-minded to serve the Ming Dynasty. This was unacceptable to Zhu Yuanzhang, especially a series of practices such as killing the Ming envoy and spying on military intelligence made Zhu Yuanzhang extremely angry. It's for Koryo
credentials
Zhu Yuanzhang made his thoughts clear:
"From the perspective of Goryeo in China, since the Han Dynasty to this day, its Kings and ministers have not thought much, but have made mischief by cheating on each other. In the Xihan Dynasty,
Coates
Lost count, light Wu to its king, soon kou side, greatly defeated by the Han soldiers. Tang had a kingdom, and he was given a title, and then he rebelled, so that his father and son were captured,
Clan surname
That's it. As the world descends,
The Wangs
When the country, forced Khitan, Jurchen, Gan as a slave. Yuan Shizu into the Central Plains, when to save the country in the king, but is false doubt two, steal to kill the messenger, repeatedly defeated, is a number of military disaster. Today Wang Zhuang was killed, the traitor stole his life, will want to do it, first to blame me. ... I view the amount of this rape, will rely on the sea to ring the border, load the mountain solid risk, intended to be brave and stubborn to jump beam, see my troops as Han and Tang. And the Han and Tang generals, long horse shooting, short boat, so involved in the sea hardships, the military line. I Pinghua summer, Hurupp, water and land, riding shooting
A surname
All generals are better than the Han and Tang Dynasties.
Koryo across the sea, limited duck green, the beginning of the ancient self for the sound of teaching. However, the number was covered by the Chinese invaders 鸒 end. I view the tired dynasty invaded Goryeo: Han dynasty four times, for its number of kou border, so reduce it. Wei felled twice, for its Yin with two hearts, and Wu good, so the slaughter of its capital. Sui felling twice, for its kou
Western part of Liaoning
A surname
Bo Le
Therefore, please send it down. Tang attacked four times, for his regicide and brothers to fight, so the other, set nine
Governor's mansion
. The Liao dynasty attacked the emperor four times, because of its regicide and repeated rebellion, it burned its palace and beheaded tens of thousands of people, including the rebellious minister Kang Zhao. Five times in the Yuan dynasty, they were forced to flee and kill emissaries and officials in the court, so the king fled to Danluo to kill them. The original provocation, Goryeo themselves, not the Chinese emperor who wanted to annex the land."
In his contacts with Goryeo, Zhu Yuanzhang himself drew the conclusion that Kings of the dynasties invaded Goryeo.
Korean peninsula
The reason, he believes that the Goryeo Kings and ministers do not think, widespread fraud and mischief, everything is the Goryeo self-imposed, rather than the Chinese emperor good swallow land. This is obviously only Zhu Yuanzhang from his own point of view, but it does reflect his anger and determination to surrender to Gaoli when his "good will" is not rewarded. At the same time, Zhu Yuanzhang also summed up the reasons for the failure of the previous Han and Tang conquers Gaoli, and to his own
Military strength
Very confident, the purpose is to tell
Kings of Goryeo
It is not that the Ming Dynasty did not have the power to attack Goryeo, but he did not want to do so and bother the people. To emphasize this point, he also said to the King of Goryeo:
"I did not invade this Pangudunna of Yunnan; But he begets a side 鸒, so there is no reason to levy him. Ten thousand miles away, one after another in the Tupan area, with much heat
Army horse
To defend, it will not benefit China. The expedition was done out of necessity. ... If you are not sincere, do not love the people, give birth to 鸒, these things ah, but I will not forgive you. If I recruit you, I will not go about at random, but build the city one step at a time, and do it slowly."
Zhu Yuanzhang proposed to the king of the Gaoli Yunnan, is to show that the expedition is neither beneficial to China, but also harmful to each other, he himself is not willing to start the army expedition, as long as the Gaoli in accordance with the duty, the most sincere thing, the two countries peace.
In the face of the changing situation, Goryeo also had to break off the relationship with the northern Won and restore the friendly relationship with the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang warned his descendants in the form of ancestral instruction: "All the four winds are confined to the mountains and the sea, and are isolated in a corner, where the land is not enough to provide, and the people are not enough to make orders." If he doesn't scratch my side, he's bad luck. That is, it is not a problem for China, and it is also ominous for me to engage in petty crimes. I fear that future generations may depend on China's prosperity and greed for temporary war achievements, raise troops without cause, and cause casualties. Later, he placed Koryo first in his list of 15 countries not to be invaded.
[2]
In the early Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan had sent troops to invade Japan, which led to Japan's obsession, so the end of the Yuan world, Japan is not good with China. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent envoys to Japan, Goryeo,
Annam
,
Champa
Shikoku means to declare: the Yuan Dynasty has fallen, and now China is the Great Ming Dynasty, and your countries should hasten to pay tribute to the Great Ming Dynasty as "Zhengshuo". Goryeo, Annam, and Chamseong all obeyed and immediately sent their envoys to the Ming Dynasty to congratulate them, but Japan did not respond. What made Zhu Yuanzhang even more angry was that not only did the Japanese not come to the court to praise themselves, but also that "by China's uncertain, Japan's rate was to plunder the coast with zero service." At the same time, it was destroyed by Zhu Yuanzhang
Zhang Shicheng
Fang Mingzhen and other remnants fled to the sea, occupied the island, and seduced Japanese pirates to plunder goods at sea,
Liaoning (Province)
Shandong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangdong, "coastal land, no year from its harm". "I have heard that 'I will soon be in heaven,
Those who defy heaven die
', this ancient and modern is not easy theorem. Since ancient times, the emperor lived in China and ruled four Yi, successive generations, salty by the Taoist, but that yuan Jun, this
Mobei
Hu Yi, stealing China, has been a hundred years, bad Yi Lun, programed disorder, by handsome army, compared with Hu, a few decades. I accept the blessing of God's ancestors, hundred gods effect spirit, all will use life, receive the group of men in the sea, Fu
Previous generation
The kingdom, that is, the throne, has been three years. Bi, the envoy holding the book, flying the four Yi, Koryo, Annam, Chamseong, Java, Western,
Zori
I will be able to obey the orders of heaven and pay tribute. Already, all kinds of western regions
Foreign king
Each offering a good horse, bow down to obey; North Yi far escape desert, will and thousands of miles, the commando general rate horse step 800 thousand out of the plug, chase and annihilate Juequ Kui, the unification has been set. I suspect that the king has made it possible for him to disturb my people. In today's Dien 'an, China, the fierce generals have no place to use, and the wise men have nothing to do. Twenty years of fighting, the elite are full of food, and the stone is thrown at a distance all day long. The party will order the giant boat, to punish the state, Russia heard by the bandits to return, beginning to know the day before the kou is not the meaning of the king, is the life, suspend the boat. SOB SOB! I am the master of China, all made in heaven, Hua, Yi division. If I am like the former king, relying on the army, the number of advisers, far across the river and sea, to trouble the people of peace and peace, is not God's trust, nor personnel. Or is a small state of foreign Yi, so contrary to the way of heaven, not at ease, the time to attack the disturbance, this will be God's anger, heaven can not tolerate. The battle of the division, control string waiting, fruit can leather heart obey the fate, co-insurance Chengping, not also beautiful? SOB SOB! Chin if Haotian, Wang Tao often, Fushun felling, ancient and modern Yi Xian. The king of the precepts, to
Jens
Heir."
Zhu Yuanzhang ordered"
Kings of Japan
"If the pirates are not banned, troops will be sent to arrest you!" As a result, the emissary was beheaded by the Japanese.
From the following countries to pay tribute, the inner
Itinerant trader
Hu Weiyong more treacherous, so Ju.
[3]
In the face of Japanese invaders, the Ming's coastal defense policy was based on the 1372 order prohibiting maritime trade. The emperor carried out such policies because he feared that his subjects would collaborate with people outside China to challenge his rule. He believed,
Sri Buddha died
China had sent spies to China, so it was removed from the list of tributes. This prohibition is governed by
Bureau for foreign Shipping
The control measures put in place to enforce them.
Zhu Yuanzhang took military and politics as his "main occupation" throughout his life. But he seems to be particularly cautious about using troops. Hongwu twenty years of October. When discussing military affairs with the generals, Zhu Yuanzhang said, "The state uses troops like a doctor uses medicine." Prescribed a lot of medicine, the purpose is to cure, can not have no disease to take medicine, it can eat bad! The same is true of the country, the country is not peaceful, and the army is used to resolve the trouble. When the world is calm, we just need to repair the armor. Training soldiers for national defense. Why do you say that? We should know: the use of force can eliminate chaos, but can also cause trouble, if you rely on the rich to be brave, enjoy success, trouble, there will be resentment and provocation, this is not exactly causing trouble! Just as a doctor prescribes dizziness medicine, forcing people who are not sick to take it, although it will not cause physical disability or death, but it is enough to hurt the vitality! Therefore, the rulers of the country should always talk about military affairs, but they must not use military force." ("
The record of Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty
Volume 186)
This is the "earnest teaching" of the old emperor who pays attention to "Hongwu" and "Shang Wu" all his life, and this is the insight Zhu Yuanzhang got from historical experience and lessons. At the Fengtian Gate of the Ming Imperial Palace in Nanjing, he made this message to the ministers: "Those who are persecuted by the overseas barbarians must not resist; Not for Chinese patients. Don't build up your army at every turn. As the ancients have said, the land is not a long safe plan, and the people are easy to chaos. For example, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty invaded Ryukyu, killed Yi people, burned his palace, and captured thousands of men and women, so that the land was not enough to supply and the people was not enough to make orders, and he only wanted a false name and committed self-harm
Central Earth
Recorded in the annals of history, for later generations. I take the small barbarian countries, blocking the mountains and crossing the sea, isolated in a corner, he is not a Chinese patient, I will never destroy them, but the northwest Hujon (referring to
Mobei Mongolia
). The world is suffering from China, we must be careful to listen to, you should remember what I said, I know this intention." ("
The record of Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty
")
In the later years of Hongwu's life, Emperor Zhu was afraid that his descendants would be arrogant, frivolous, and willful, thus causing harm, and specially wrote his cautious national policy of external military use into the book.
Emperor Ming ancestral instruction
"All the four winds are separated by the mountains and the sea. Withdrawn in a corner; The land is not enough to supply, and the people are not enough to command. If they don't have enough. If you mess with me, it's bad luck. He is not a problem for China, and I have a light war, which is also ominous. I fear that future generations will depend on China's prosperity and greed for temporary war achievements, and raise troops without cause, causing casualties. Remember not to. But Hu Rong and the northwest border, close to each other, after generations of war, will choose the soldiers, the time is carefully prepared." (" Emperor Ming Zuxun · Zuxun First Chapter ") Then Zhu Yuanzhang listed 15
Asia
Neighboring countries were the "non-expropriating countries" of the Ming Dynasty. It means that future generations must not trespass without cause.
In dealing with vassal relations, Emperor Gao had a strong concept of separating Hua and Yi. The fourteenth edition of Hongwu's Ancestral Teachings says:
All overseas states, such as Annam,
Champa
, Koryo,
Siam
Ryukyu, Western, Oriental and
Nanman
Small countries, separated by mountains and seas, are isolated in a corner; The land is not enough to supply, and the people are not enough to command. If he does not care enough to disturb my side, he is ominous. He is not a problem for China, and I have a light war, which is also ominous. I fear that future generations, relying on China's prosperity, greedy for a moment of war, without cause to raise troops, injure people's lives, remember not. But Hurong approaching northwest China, the world for border trouble, will be selected to train troops, the time is carefully prepared.
So he thinks these places aren't just
Demographic composition
The upper is "Yi country", and geographically remote, can not bring "China" tangible benefits, after he hits you, you can fight back, but do not take the initiative to attack. Hongwu's 28th edition
Emperor Ming ancestral instruction
This was also continued, with a more specific designation of 15 "non-expropriation states". This closed-door, blind exclusionary thoughts of praise and defamation can also be seen in the thoughts of Han officials and Sinicized officials. Yuan Shi · Biography:"
Three islets
Country, near Lucius. A surname
Solstice element
30 years, to pick and lure.
Peace and tranquility govern affairs
Bayan
He said, "I have discussed with those who know, that there are less than two hundred households in this country, and from time to time there were merchants in Quanzhou. Came to Lucius last year,
Military vessel
Over its country, the people pay to food, the museum I will school, no it will also. You cannot beg an envoy." The Emperor follows."
In the early Ming Dynasty, Taizu
Zhu Yuanzhang
The tone of Huayi in the Ming Dynasty: one should pursue not directly under, and the other should enforce maritime prohibition. The pursuit of peaceful diplomacy is the continuation of the traditional way of "gentleness and distancing others" in the Chinese Heavenly Dynasty, and it is also a negation of the belligerent military expansion of the Mongolian Yuan rulers.
