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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

[x? n ji? ng wei wu? r zi zhi q?]
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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Uyghur: Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare Compare [55] 54 - ), referred to as "Xin", is the autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, the capital Urumqi City Located in China Northwest China , yes China five Ethnic minority autonomous regions One of them. Covering 1,664,900 square kilometers, it is the largest land area in China Provincial administrative region It covers about one-sixth of China's total land area. By the end of 2022, the permanent population of the autonomous region was 2,587 wan The man. [1-2] [33] [43] As of January 2023, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has jurisdiction over four provinces Prefecture-level city , 5 district , 5 Autonomous prefecture 12 county-level cities directly under the jurisdiction of autonomous regions, [61] Autonomous region people's government in Urumqi City.
Xinjiang is an inalienable part of China's territory. The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) godlord In the second year (60 BC), the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection Office in Wulei (present Luntai County), marking the formal inclusion of Xinjiang into the territory of China. [84] qing Guang Xu Ten years (1884), the Qing government formally established a province in Xinjiang, and took the meaning of "new return to the old land", renamed the Western regions as "Xinjiang". [84] In September 1949, Xinjiang was peacefully liberated. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established. [84]
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is located in Eurasia Hinterland, land border more than 5600 kilometers, surrounding and Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Pakistan , Mongolia , India , Afghanistan Eight bordering countries, in history is the ancient Silk Road The important passageway is the second block." Eurasian land bridge "The only place to pass through, the strategic location is very important. There are 56 ethnic groups in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. [3] Be mainly inhabited by The Han nationality , Uighur nationality , Kazakh nationality , The Hui nationality , The Mongolian nationality , The Kirgiz , Xibe nationality , Tajik nationality , The Uzbeks , Manchu , The Daur nationality , Tatar , Russian nationality And other nationalities. [4]
In 2023, the GDP of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will reach 1,912.591 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8 percent over the previous year . [109]
Chinese name
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Foreign name
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [115]
alias
Juju , The western regions , ANSI , Xinjiang Province
Administrative division code
650000
Administrative category
municipality
Subordinate region
China Northwest China
Geographical position
Northwest China
Eurasia hinterland
Area product
1664900 km² [33]
Subordinate area
There are 4 prefecture-level cities, 5 regions, 5 autonomous prefectures, and 12 autonomous regions directly under the jurisdiction of county-level cities [61]
Government premises
Urumqi City Tianshan District 479 Zhongshan Road
Telephone area code
(+86) 0991-0909
Postal code
830000-840000.
Climatic condition
Temperate continental climate
Population number
25.87 million [79] (Permanent population by the end of 2022)
Famous scenic spot
Tianshan Mountain , Gaochang ancient city , Kanas Lake , The Bosten Lake , Ghost city
aerodrome
Urumqi Diwopu International Airport , Rainin International Airport in Kashgar , Shihezi Garden Airport , Yining Airport , Korla Pear City Airport Etc.
Railway station
Urumqi Railway Station , Shihezi Station , Yining Railway Station , Korla Railway station , Kashgar Railway Station
License plate code
New A- New R
Gross regional product
1,912.591 billion yuan [109] (2023)
Secretary of the Party Committee
Ma Xingrui [38]
Chairman of the autonomous region
Erken Toiyazi [40]

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. ▪Pre-qin period
  3. ▪Han Dynasty
  4. ▪Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
  5. ▪Sui and Tang Dynasties
  6. ▪Yuan Dynasty
  7. ▪Ming Dynasty
  8. ▪Qing Dynasty
  9. ▪Republic of China period
  10. ▪The People's Republic of China
  11. 2Administrative division
  12. ▪History of zoning
  13. ▪Zoning details
  14. 3Geographical environment
  15. ▪Location boundary
  16. ▪landform
  17. ▪climate
  1. ▪hydrology
  2. 4Natural resources
  3. ▪Water resources
  4. ▪Forest resources
  5. ▪Biological resources
  6. ▪Mineral resources
  7. ▪Land resources
  8. 5population
  9. ▪quantity
  10. ▪nation
  11. 6political
  12. ▪municipality
  13. ▪crew
  14. 7economy
  15. ▪summarize
  16. ▪Primary industry
  17. ▪Secondary industry
  1. ▪Tertiary industry
  2. 8Social undertaking
  3. ▪Science and technology
  4. ▪Educational cause
  5. ▪Cultural undertaking
  6. ▪Medical and health care
  7. ▪Sports cause
  8. ▪People's livelihood
  9. ▪Social security
  10. ▪infrastructure
  11. ▪Environmental protection cause
  12. 9transportation
  13. ▪summarize
  14. ▪aerodrome
  15. ▪railway
  16. ▪highroad
  17. ▪subway
  1. 10History and culture
  2. ▪Origin of name
  3. ▪Painted pottery culture
  4. ▪Religious culture
  5. ▪Local culture
  6. ▪Xinjiang folk custom
  7. ▪Historical event
  8. 11Scenic spot
  9. ▪summarize
  10. ▪Tourist city
  11. ▪Main scenic spot
  12. 12External communication
  13. 13Famous person
  14. 14Honorary title

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Pre-qin period

Archaeological data from all over Xinjiang in modern times show that there were human activities in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. in Neolithic age Tianshan north and south places, such as Hami Samdawyeong , the seven-cornered well, Turpan Basin Astana, Urumqi county The wood nest, and the wooden ramparts, Qitai , Ili , Kuqa , Bachu , Not so soon , Khotan , Pishan And other places have appeared human ancestor activity relic Its stone shape, engraving technology and coexistence of pottery color and pattern are similar to Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. Unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang Painted pottery Drawing of triangles, paisleys, strings and such Pottery bean A kind of instrumental shape, Gansu and inland painted pottery art has been influenced Xinjiang painted pottery The development of culture and art.

Han Dynasty

Zhang Qian, an envoy to the Western Regions
In ancient Chinese history, the real and specific record of the geographical history of the western regions began Han Dynasty Also in the Han Dynasty, Central government Local government agencies began to be set up in various parts of the Western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the Western regions have been an integral part of China. to The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) In the early years, the social and economic development of the northern and southern parts of the Tianshan Mountains has been great.
The great cause of the Western Han Dynasty's conquest of the Western regions was a crusade Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China It started. Xiongnu is a nationality in China Qin and Han Dynasties At the time of the activities in the grasslands of northern China a powerful nomad Weak at the beginning, then strong. The Han Dynasty's unified jurisdiction over the northern regions, including the Western regions, ended the division of nomadic tribes in the region for a long time, and created conditions for the formation of national unification.
Emperor Wu of Han Liu Che In order to defeat the Xiongnu and consolidate its rule, they decided to "go to the Western regions, break the right arm of the Xiongnu, isolate the Southern Qiang, Yueshi ". In the first year of Jianyuan of the Western Han Dynasty (138 BC), Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions as an envoy, and the Western Han government established contacts with the Western regions. [84] Together against the Huns. Emperor Wudi of Han had another order Li Guangli In the first year of the first century (104 BC) and three years, two campaigns against Dayuan (in present-day Central Asia) Fergana Basin ) and made many cities and states in the Western regions submit to the Han Dynasty one after another. In the third year of Tai Chu (102 BC), the Han Army conquered Dayuan City (today Fergana ), Han Dynasty The prestige in the Western regions increased greatly. The following year, the Han Dynasty was in the Western regions Wheel stand , Drain plow Such as stationing troops in the field, and set the envoys to command it.
It was in charge of the Western regions due to internal strife among Xiongnu Sunchase King Xian Shan led more than ten thousand troops to Han, Han protection Shanshan (a country in Shanxi Province) Ezekiel Zheng Ji Welcome, the Xiongnu ruling power in the western regions disintegrated. Therefore, Han Ting made Zheng Ji, who protected the lands southwest of Shanshan, "and protected the North Road (west of Che Shi), so the name was" Capital protection ". godlord In the second year (60 BC), the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection Office in Wulei (present Luntai County), marking the formal inclusion of Xinjiang into the territory of China. [84]
The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) During the period, with the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, it greatly promoted the further social and economic development of the Western regions. Crops in the Western regions flax , Broad bean , pomegranate , garlic , Grapes , alfalfa And so on have been introduced into the mainland, known as "Tianma" Dayuma , Usunma , various fur Also by" Silk Road "A steady stream into the Central Plains. At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the Central Plains were also introduced to the Western regions and then to Europe. Along with the soldiers who settled in the fields, advanced production tools and agricultural experience were introduced to the Western regions, such as share , Iron hoe equi-iron Farm implements And substituting field method, there are well digging technology and iron smelting technology.
The class operates the Western regions
Early in the Eastern Han Dynasty, no time to operate the Western regions. First pass Shache (a county in Henan Province) Control of the Western Territories to achieve confrontation Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China However, the Western regions were dissatisfied with the enslavement and invasion of King Xian of Shache, and the Western Regions were all attached to Xiongnu. The Eastern Han Dynasty Yongping sixteen years (73 years), Emperor Ming of Han Send generals out of the north to attack the Xiongnu, and send Ban Chao to Shanshan (a country in Shanxi Province) , Khotan Planning to kill the Xiongnu envoy, Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to join them and belonged to the Han Dynasty. Yongping 17 years (74 years), Shule Return to Han. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han restored the rule of the Western Regions by placing the capital of the Western Regions under Lieutenant Wuji.
The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) The first year of the founding (76), Yanqi , Qiuci (a county in ancient China) Conquer the Western regions and protect Chen Mu, Emperor Zhang of Han Give up the management of the western regions, except for Lieutenant Wuji and Dupu. Eastern Han Yongyuan three years (91 years), Han army in Altai Mountain The Northern Huns were defeated, and that winter, Qiuci (a county in ancient China) , A surname , Warm sleep Descend, Han resets the Western regions to protect Ban Chao In order to protect the capital, rule Qiuzi it Gan city, and set up the Western Regions long history and Wuji lieutenant, Yongyuan six years (94), Ban Chao broke Yanqi, more than 50 countries in the Western Regions of the Cina quality Han.
Ren Shang ren The Western Regions are protected At that time, the government was strict, causing dissatisfaction among all countries. In the autumn of the first year of Yanping (106), the Western regions rebelled against Han. Hanting requisition is still in charge, to Duan Xi To protect the western regions. In the first year of Yongchu (107), Emperor An of Han On the grounds of "the Western regions are far away, the number of betrayals, and the officers are stationed in the fields, and their expenses have not been", the Western Regions were protected and welcomed back Iwulu and Liu. After the Hanting abandoned the Western regions, the Northern Xiongnu was restored to the Western Regions. Yanguang two years (123 years), Yongjianyuan year (126 years), Ban Dung Successively defeated the Xiongnu King Yili and King Huyan. Yongjian two years (127 years), Yanqi begging, the western regions all belong to the Han Dynasty.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221, Cao Wei (220-265), one of The Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han regime and set up a "Chinese empire" in the Western regions. Lieutenant Wu Ji Gao Chang (Turpan) was established, and then the long history of the Western Regions was set up to manage many ethnic groups throughout the Western regions. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316), the Former Liang Regime (301-376) was founded Zhang Jun Sent troops to the west, occupied Gaochang area, set up Gaochang County. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan and Yanqi towns to strengthen the governance of the western regions. [6]
The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 ~589) was a period of great integration of Chinese ethnic groups, and various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as meekly , High car A surname Tuyu-hun Let's wait. Rouran, descended from the ancient people of the northern steppe, the Donghu (an ancient Chinese name), arose in the Mongolian steppe in the early fifth century and established a powerful regime in 402, competing with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) for the Western regions. Gaoche, also known as the Edict, Tiele, originally nomadic in the Baikal and Orhun river, Tura river basin. In 487, Afu Zhiluo, the leader of Gaocche's deputy Fuluo Department, and his brother Qiaoqi led more than 100,000 tribes (households) to the west and established the northwest of the front of Che Shi (today's Jiaohe City of Turpan) High vehicle country . The T Da, founded in the north of the Saibei, entered the Tarim Basin in the east at the end of the 5th century, attacked the Yue Clan in the south, established political power, and crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of southern Xinjiang. Originating in Xianbei, Tuyuhun moved westward from Liaodong (the area east of the Liaohe River in general) in the early 4th century, and gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other ethnic groups in present-day Gannan (southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai, and established political power. [6]

Sui and Tang Dynasties

Loulan Ancient City
Tugu Hun Fu Yun obstructed and plundered the silk trade route in the Hexi Corridor. In the fourth year of the Sui Dynasty (608), Sui defeated Fuyun of Tuyuhun and Emperor Yang set up Xihai and Heyuan counties in the eastern part of the Western Regions and Qinghai Province. However, with the exception of Heyuan County, which was the smallest and the most eastern part of Qinghai Province, several other counties were not controlled by Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang sent Fushun to administer the rest of the people until he reached Xiping, which he could not reach and had to return. A few years later, Tugu Hun Fuyun recovered all the lost territory, but also attacked the Sui Dynasty River right, Sui Dynasty counties could not resist. The Fifth year of Sui Daye (609), Emperor Yang of Sui Traveling to Hexi, Quboya, king of Gaochang, and other 27 leaders of the emissaries, to Zhangye Behold my presence. [7]
Ansidu at its peak
Tang Zhenguan nine years (635) In the Tang Dynasty, Li Jing, Li Daozong, Hou Junji, etc., defeated Tuyuhun several times, King Fuyun hanged himself, and Fushun led the whole Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. [8-9] In the 14th year of Zhenguan (640), the Tang Army occupied Gao Chang , placed there Western State Again in Khan Floating City (now Jimsar ) designed Ting Chau ; It was established in Gaochang in the same year Ansidu Protectorate , after moving to Kuqa , change to Anxi Capital protectorate . Anxi four towns: Qiuci, Shule , Khotan, Leaf scraps (now Kyrgyzstan the The city of Tokmak ), the jurisdiction of present-day Xinjiang and Kazakhstan Eastern, northern Kyrgyz Chu River The river basin. Since the Hien Khanh The first year (656) to the first year of Linde (664), this period, is Empress Wu Zetian To serve the Queen Emperor Gaozong of Tang To the stage of ruling from behind the curtain. In the following twenty years, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against Western Tujue, and the Tang GaoZongfa army attacked Western Tujue in two ways, and destroyed Western Tujue at one stroke. In the second year of Tang Xianqing (657), Western Tujue surrendered completely, and all the territory of Western Tujue was owned by Tang. During the years of Xianqing and Longshuo (661-663), the Tang army pacized the Western Turks, and the area under its jurisdiction expanded to the west of the Altai Mountains to the Aral Sea and the Green Mountains to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of the present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Kitting Capital Palace and Anxi Capital Palace (Photo at Changji Museum)
The tang dynasty In the first year of Xianheng (670), the Tubo entered Anxi, and in the fourth year of Xianheng (673), the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi. Tang Yifeng three years (678), Tubo took Qiuci and other four towns; In 679, Tang General Cui Zhibian led an army to defeat Tubo and captured four towns, including Qiuci and Thule. In the three years from 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy four towns of Anxi. In the first year of Longevity (692), he was general manager of the Wuwei Army Wang Xiaojie Defeat the Tubo and recover Anxi four towns The Ansidu garrison was restored to Qiuci, with 30,000 Tang troops stationed there. In the second year of Chang 'an (702), the Tang Dynasty was in Ting Chau Settings Beitingdu protectorate . [6] Emperor Xuanzong of Tang During the years (712 ~756), the Tang Dynasty set up the "Imperial Palace" on top of the two major capitals. The west of the Moraine At that time, it was one of the eight national planning ambassadors. [6] Since then, the Tang Dynasty has resisted the Tubo, Arab Empire The struggle for the Western Regions began in the third year of Kaiyuan (715). [10] In the fifth year of Kaiyuan (717), [11] Trimble Six years (747) ( Ganoderma lucidum Take a small bur), [12] Trimble Decade (751) ( The Battle of Talas He fought many wars with Tibet, the Arab Empire and their affiliated forces. [13]
Xizhou Uighur
In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Rebellion of Anshi broke out, and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. In the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790), Tubo occupied the Beiting of the Western Regions, and after the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790), Tubo occupied Anxi. [14] Soon after, the Uighurs expelled the Tubo and occupied the Western Territories. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled the Tubo and took control of Beiting. By the time of the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned 808-821), the Uighur power had expanded westward to Yanqi and Qiuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and the region entered a period of melee. In the Western regions, several countries existed side by side. Among them are mainly Gao Chang , Black Khan Dynasty Khotan and other local regimes. In 840, the Mobei Uighur Khanate overthrew Gaochanghe The Qarakhanid Dynasty Later, the Uighurs who moved from the west to the west joined other operations Turkic Ethnic groups set up local government. Khotan is an ancient Serb settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family of Khotan came to power. They had close contacts with the Central Plains and called themselves Li because they had been conferred titles by the Tang Dynasty. The Zhhei Khan dynasty controlled what is now western Xinjiang in the 10th and 11th centuries, at the same time a Uighur branch settled in central Xinjiang.
The schedule makes Zhang Yichao travel map partial
Liao Dynasty The night before the fall, the clan The big stone Led the west, in the occupation Xizhou Uighur After the former territory of the Black Khanate was extended westward to the Amu Darya River valley, Dashi declared himself emperor in 1132 (said 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes north and south Tianshan Mountains, Pamir Plateau West to south of the Aral Sea Amu Darya West Bank, Balkhash Lake Northeast to western Mongolia.

Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongol Empire was founded. yuan In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), the name was changed to Yuan. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, most of the Western regions were the second sons of Genghis Khan Chagatai His fiefdom was the Chagatai Khanate. The Yuan Dynasty is in the present Ili Watershed setting Alimari ( Alimari It was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. It was also established as a province on the south bank of the Amu Darya River, which was later incorporated Ilikhanate . The present Urumqi area was set up Don't miss eight miles The province was later occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Ming Dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, the Western regions were in a state of retreat in the present Kashmir Set in Northeast and Western Tibet Oris Military and civilian Marshal's Office ; In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the collapse of the Chagatai Khanate, his descendants built Behebali, and the capital was in Behebali (north of today Jimsar) Ruined city ). Ming Yongle four years (1406), and set up Khami Appointing local chieftains as officials at all levels to administer local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of trade channels, and control the Western regions for control. Yongle sixteen years (1418), moved the capital Also force put inside (now Yining City ). In the middle of the 15th century, Turpan was strong, and in the eighth year of Ming Chenghua (1472), Hami and other guards were once breached by Turpan, and Zhuwei moved within, after the restoration, in the ninth year of Ming Zhengde (1514), it was again merged, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated Jiayuguan Pass . In the middle of Ming Dynasty, East Chagatai Khanate Evolve into The Khanate of Yerchang .

Qing Dynasty

Size and Zhuo rebellion
In the 17th century, Dzungaria (an army of Mongols) revolted and attacked Outer Mongolia . In 1697, the Qing army defeated the Junggars and took control of eastern Xinjiang. Yongzheng Emperor At that time, the new territory in the southeast of Guizhou was also called Xinjiang. At that time, the western regions of Xinjiang and Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places were newly incorporated into the territory under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively known as the "six Halls of Xinjiang". " Draft of Qing Dynasty history "Twelve years, Ha Yuan Sheng into the new Miao frontier map, with Yin Jishan to cloud, expensive, and there are Qian Miao change." At the beginning, Miao Jiang established land for two or three thousand li, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood season, and most of the defense troops in the counties in the west moved to Xinjiang."
Zuo Zongtang who recovered Xinjiang
qing In the 20th year of Qianlong (1755), the Qing Dynasty captured Gulezha. In the twentieth year of Qianlong's reign (1757), the Qing Dynasty was completely pacified The Junggar Rebellion . Qianlong Emperor The land was named "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return to the old land". [5] In the 24th year of Qing Qianlong (1759), the Qing Dynasty also pacified the south of Tianshan Mountain The Ministry of Dzunggar Disappear and take the opportunity to sit big back, that is Islam Baishan School leader Size and brilliance The rebellion, from then on, completely established the firm rule of the Qing Dynasty over Xinjiang, and also ended Kazakhstan The Khanate was threatened by the Dzungar nobility. Big, medium and small Ngoc Once said to the Qing Dynasty, some herdsmen moved back Altay , Tacheng , Ili Regional grazing; It was not just Kazak and Brut who demanded annexation, Green onion Ridge The tribes of the west, and the western part of Xinjiang Badakshan , Pamir , Buhar, Shanker, Tashkent , Iuhan ( Afghanistan Others have expressed allegiance. In 1771, the 36th year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Tuloute Man in charge uvubasid Led by defeat tsar Russia's blocking from thousands of miles away Kazakh steppe Return to the motherland.
Daoguang twenty years (1840) Opium Wars Is the beginning of modern Chinese society, after the Opium War, China Territorial sovereignty Trampled on by the great powers, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang faced an even heavier task of fighting against foreign invasion, separatism and feudal exploitation and oppression. The destiny of Xinjiang and the motherland is getting closer and closer.
Zeng Jize
The First Opium War Later, Xinjiang, located in the northwest border of the motherland, was even more deeply affected by Tsarist Russia's invasion. From the first year of Xianfeng (1851) to the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the "Humiliating" Constitution. Sino-russian Treaty of Beijing "Agreement on the Northwest Boundary of the Sino-Russian Reconnaissance Division" Articles of Trade between China and Russia Ili Tal Bahatay ". Qing Tongzhi three years (1864) "Tacheng Treaty" will be northwest Xinjiang Balkhash Lake To the south, more than 440,000 square kilometers of territory were ceded to Russia and later returned Tajikistan . In the spring of the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), Central Asia adjacent to Xinjiang Haohanguo the Yakub from Kashgar He entered Xinjiang and ruled most parts of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disasters to the people of Xinjiang. Ten years after Tongzhi (1871), under the pretext that the peasant uprising in Ili and the Agub forces threatened the security of Russia, the Russians occupied the city of Guleza. Yining City ) internal Ili Valley Only the Qing Dynasty remains in Xinjiang Tacheng And a few other strongholds.
The first year of Guangxu (1875), Qing Dynasty Governors of Shaanxi and Gansu Zuo Zongtang He was appointed imperial minister to oversee Xinjiang affairs. In January of the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), the Qing Army successively recovered the lands in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains occupied by Agubo, which is known in history as" The Battle of the Qing Army to recover Xinjiang ". In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), he was an envoy of the Qing Government Zeng Jize After a difficult diplomatic struggle with Tsarist Russia, the" Sino-russian Ili Treaty It was agreed that the following year the Tsarist Russian army would withdraw from Yili, and China would pay reparations and allow Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes Jiayuguan Pass and Turpan Consul, etc. as the price. In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), Yili returned to the embrace of the motherland.
From the eighth year of the Reign of Emperor Guangxu (1882) to the tenth year of Emperor Guangxu (1884), Tsarist Russia was under the rule of" Sino-russian Ili Treaty The principled agreement on revising the borders of the southern and northern Frontiers forced the Qing Government to sign the Ili Boundary Covenant, the Kashgar Boundary Covenant, the Kota Boundary Covenant, the Southwest Tal Habatai Boundary Covenant, and the Kashgar Boundary Covenant. China and Russia continue to explore the Kashgar Boundary Treaty In this way, more than 70,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory west of the Khorgos River and east of the Zhaisang Lake were ceded. [15]
In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the Qing government officially set up a province in Xinjiang, and renamed the Western regions as "Xinjiang", taking the meaning of "new return to the old land". [84] by Grand governors 统管全疆各项军政事务，在新疆实行与中国内地一样的行政制度。 Liu Jintang Appointed as the first Governor of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Political center It was moved from Ili to Dihua (present-day Urumqi).
In the 18th year of Guangxu (1892), Russia forcibly occupied the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty Sarequole Ridge More than 20,000 square kilometers of territory to the west (see The Russian occupation of Pamir ).
The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, is far better than that of previous dynasties, and the social economy has achieved unprecedented progress and development. By 1909, Xinjiang Province had jurisdiction over 4 prefectures, with 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures, and 21 counties or sub-counties. [6]

Republic of China period

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, Bourgeois revolution The movement is gaining momentum. Xuantong three years (1911) October Wuchang Uprising Soon, the Xinjiang revolutionary Party Liu Xianjun Others plan to instigate an uprising in the city of Di Hua. Failed by betrayals. The following year, to Yang Zhuanxu , Feng Temin , Li Fuhuang The revolutionary Party led the uprising in Ili successfully. Declaring the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili.
After the Qing Emperor Xuan abdicated, Yuan Shikai life Yang Zengxin As governor of Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionary Party to compromise, led by the bourgeoisie Ili uprising Failed.
All the prefectures and counties set up by the Qing Dynasty were changed into counties, and there were eight and thirty-seven counties in the province. dharma-ari Tihwa Road , Ili Road , Tower City Road , Khotan Taw , Yanqi Road , Aksu Road , Kashgar Road Assigned to one, Altai. [51] 48 -
After serving as governor of Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin died in infighting among the ruling clique after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. The 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), Jin Shuren Following the governor of Xinjiang, social unrest deepened further. At the end of the twenty-second year of the Republic of China (1933), Jin Shuren was forced to flee. The brilliant talent of the world He took over as governor and began his 10-year reign.
Under the influence of some progressive youth and with the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti-imperialism, pro-Soviet, people's peace, integrity, peace and construction" in the 25th year of the Republic of China (1936). In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), The Lugou Bridge Incident , comprehensive War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression Eruption. [29] The Communist Party of China formed with Shengshi in order to unite all forces against Japan Anti-japanese national united front . In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed with the Communist Party of China to establish an office of the Eighth Route Army in Dihua. Tendayuan As director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.
Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to hunt and kill Communist Party members Chen Tanqiu , 毛泽民 , Forest key road The CCP members abandoned the six major policies and joined the KMT.
At the end of the war, the Soviet Union again intervened in Xinjiang affairs. In the 33th year of the Republic of China (1944), the "anti-Kuomintang Unification" broke out. Three revolution ", Alyhan Torel In September of the same year, Chiang Kai-shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing and sent him Wu Zhongxin Governor of Xinjiang, and command Northwest Warlord Chairman of Gansu Province Ma Bufang Send an army of cavalry to be stationed in various parts of Xinjiang to carry out armed counterinsurgency. [6] Ahmathijan Hasmu As the representative of the forces gradually eliminated reactionary forces, thirty-five years of the Republic of China (1946) in June, Ahemai Tijiang, Abbasov 等撤销了艾力汗·吐烈的职务，将“东突厥斯坦共和国”改组为伊犁专区参议会。 [6]

The People's Republic of China

Traffic map of Xinjiang
In 1949, Civil war between Kuomintang and Communist Party At the end of the period, Deng Liqun was ordered to carry the radio station to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) respectively with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, Ahemai Tijiang, Ishak Bok, Abbasov and others Tao Shiyue , Borhan Meet. The central government has decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to the New Political Consultative Conference, and hopes that representatives from the Uygur and Kazakh ethnic groups will attend. Five delegates were tragically killed in a plane crash, resending Saifuding, Ali Mujiang and Tu Zhi to attend the CPPCC National Committee session.
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
In September 1949, Xinjiang was peacefully liberated, ushering in a new era in Xinjiang's historical development. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established, with its capital in Urumqi. [84] Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities, and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).
In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to reinstate the law, which had been revoked in 1975 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period. [6]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

History of zoning

Logo of the 60th anniversary celebration of the founding of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
In January 2014, The State Council approved the establishment of the county-level in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Twin Rivers It implements the "division and city integration" model of the Corps city and belongs to the fifth Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially inaugurated. Shuanghe City is the seventh city established by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in the past 60 years.
Approved on March 18, 2015 cokedala Jian City, this is the eighth city of Xinjiang Corps. In April, with the approval of The State Council, the Turpan Region was abolished and the prefecture-level Turpan City was established, and the new prefecture-level Turpan City implemented the system of municipal leadership districts and counties, and the former administrative system (county level) of Turpan City was changed into Gaochang District, while Shanshan County and Tokxun County remained unchanged.
On January 7, 2016, The State Council (State Letter (2016) No. 9) approved the abolition of Hami area and county-level Hami City, and the establishment of prefecture-level Hami City. Hami City People's Government in the newly established Yizhou District Jianguo South Road No. 19. Yizhou District shall be established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City shall be the administrative area of Yizhou District. Yizhou District People's Government in Donghe District street Guangdong Road No. 2. Hami city has jurisdiction over Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County, Yigu County and the newly established Yizhou District of the former Hami region. [28]
On December 6, 2019, The State Council approved the establishment of the county level Poplar River City Under the jurisdiction of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Huyanghe City people's government in Xinjiang Production and construction Corps 7th Division 130 Regiment No. 8 Guangming East Road. [16]
In January 2021, with the approval of The State Council, the Ministry of Civil Affairs approved the abolition of Shawan County and the establishment of county-level Shawan City, with the original administrative area of Shawan County as the administrative area of Shawan City, Shawan City people's Government in Sandaohezi Town Century Avenue South Road 29. [17] With the approval of The State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing City at the county level directly under the jurisdiction of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing City is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian Farm, thirteen Division. [18]
On January 20, 2023, the People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region issued the approval of the Party Central Committee and The State Council to establish the county-level Baiyang City. Baiyang City people's government in Guangming Road No. 1. Baiyang City is under the direct jurisdiction of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the management method is implemented in accordance with relevant documents [61] .

Zoning details

As of January 2023, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has jurisdiction over four provinces Prefecture-level city , 5 district , 5 Autonomous prefecture 12 autonomous regions directly administer county-level cities. [61] Autonomous region people's government in Urumqi City.
Administrative region
Municipal district, county-level city, county
Urumqi City
Terrazzo zone , Tianshan District , Shaybak District , New urban area , Toutunhe District , Dasaka City District , Midong District , Urumqi county
Karamay City
Karamay District , Dushanzi District , White Alkali Beach area , Ulho District
Turpan City
Gaochang District , Shanshan county , Toksun County
Hami City
Yizhou District , Igo-ken , Barkol Kazak Autonomous County
Aksu prefecture
Aksu City , Wensu County , Kuqa City , Shaya County , Xinhe County , Baicheng county , Wushi County , Ahwati County , Keping county
Kashgar prefecture
Kashgar City , Shufu county , Shule county , Ingisha County , Sup County , Shache county , Yecheng county , McGetty County , Yuepu Lake County , Jiashi county , Bachu county , Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County
Hotan area
Hotan City , Hetian county , Moyu county , Pishan county , Lope County , Qile county , Yutian county , Minfeng county
Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
Changji City , Fukang City , Hutubi County , Manas County , Qitai county , Jimsar County , Mulei Kazak autonomous County
Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture
Bole , Alashankou City , Jinghe county , Hot springs County
Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture
Korla City , Luntai county , Weili county , Ruoqiang County , Chemma County , Hejing county , Heshuo County , Bohu County , Yanqi Hui Autonomous County
Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture
The city of Artouche , Aktau County , Ahetch County , Wuqia county
Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture
Yining City , Kuytun City , Khorgos City , Nyalek County , Yining county , Huocheng county , Gongliu County , Xinyuan county , Zhaosu county , Tex County, Texas , Qapqal Xibe autonomous County
Tacheng area (Jurisdiction of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture)
Tahcheng City , Usu City , Shawan City , Emin county , Toli County , Yumin county , And Bukser Mongolian Autonomous county
Altai Prefecture (Jurisdiction of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture)
Altai City , Burjin County , Fuyun county , Fuhai county , Haba River County , Qinghe county , Jimuna County
The autonomous region is directly under the jurisdiction of county-level administrative units
Shihezi City , Aral City , The city of Tumusuk , Wujiaqu City , Beitun City , The iron gate closes the city , Twin Rivers , The city of Kokdala , Kunyu City , Poplar River City , New star , Baiyang City
Updated in 2023 [16-17] [19] [61]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Location boundary

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is located between 73°40 '~ 96°18' east longitude and 34°25 '~ 48°10' north latitude. The largest provincial administrative region in China by land area, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region covers one-sixth of China's land area (1,664,900 square kilometers) [33] The length of the boundary line accounts for a quarter (more than 5,000 km) of its area ratio Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province That's eight times the total and 40,000 square kilometers. Among them, Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture the Ruoqiang County It is the largest county in China.
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

landform

The basin is surrounded by high mountains, and the metaphor is "three mountains sandwiched by two basins". The Altai Mountains in the north and the Altai Mountains in the south The Kunlun Mountain System ; The Tianshan Mountains lie in the middle of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and divide the region into two halves, the north and the south Tarim basin The north is Junggar Basin . It is customary to call the south of the Tianshan Mountains Southern Xinjiang To the north of Tianshan Mountain Northern Xinjiang , a set of Kami , Turpan The basin is Eastern Xinjiang . Turpan, the lowest point of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Aydingsee It is 155 meters below sea level (also the lowest point on land in China). peak K2 locate Kashmir On the border, 8,611 meters above sea level. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region The Gurbantunggut Desert (46 degrees 16.8 'N, 86 degrees 40.2' E) is the farthest point from the sea on land, 2,648 km (as the straight line) from the nearest coastline. [60 ]
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region - Kyrgyzstan The border runs across Tianshan Mountain Range . Turgart port (3752 m above sea level) is located on the border.
In the northern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Altai Mountain In the south Kunlun Mountains , Altun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain . As a symbol of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Tianshan Mountains run through the central part and form the southern part Tarim basin And northern Junggar Basin .

climate

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is far away from the sea, deep inland, surrounded by high mountains, Marine air is not easy to reach, forming obvious Temperate continental climate . The temperature difference is large, the sunshine time is sufficient (annual sunshine time reaches 2500 ~ 3500 hours), the precipitation is low, and the climate is dry. The average annual precipitation in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is about 150 mm, but the precipitation varies greatly from place to place. The temperature in southern Xinjiang is higher than that in northern Xinjiang, and the precipitation in northern Xinjiang is higher than that in southern Xinjiang. Coldest month (January), average temperature in Junggar Basin It is below minus 20℃ on the northern edge of the basin Fuyun county The absolute minimum temperature has reached minus 50.15℃, which is one of the coldest areas in the country. Hottest month (July), in the so-called" volcano The average temperature in Turpan is above 33 ° C, and the absolute maximum temperature has reached 49.6 ° C, ranking first in the country. Due to the extreme temperature difference between spring, summer and autumn and winter in most areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, there has always been a saying of "wearing fur jacket in the morning and wearing yarn in the afternoon, eating watermelon around the fire".

hydrology

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Water resources

Snow-capped mountains in Xinjiang
The snow and glaciers in the three major mountains of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region have accumulated more than 500 rivers, which are distributed in the basins north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, among which the larger ones are Tarim River (China's largest inland river), Ili , The Irtysh River (flows into the Arctic Ocean), Manas River , The Ulungu River , Kaidu River Wait for more than 20. On both sides of many rivers, there are countless oasis Quite rich "ten miles of peach blossom million willows" outside the scenery. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has many lakes with beautiful natural scenery, with a total area of 9700 square kilometers, accounting for more than 0.6% of the total area of Xinjiang, among which the famous ten lakes are: The Bosten Lake , Ebivatn , The Brenteau Sea , Ayaguri Lake, Sayram Lake , Achigkule Lake, Whale Lake , Giri Lake , Aksayi Lake, Lake Aciman .
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has formed a unique large glacier, a total of more than 18,600, with a total area of more than 24,000 square kilometers, accounting for the country Glacier area With an ice reserve of 258 million cubic meters, glacial meltwater accounts for about one-third of the total surface water resources in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [80] It is a natural "solid reservoir" in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is extremely rich in water resources, and the per capita share ranks first in the country. Large deserts account for 2/3 of the country's desert area, of which Tarim basin Hit the mark The Taklimakan Desert With an area of 336,700 square kilometers, it is the largest desert in China and the second largest in the world Floating desert Second only to Arabian Peninsula superior The Rub al-Khali Desert . Of the Junggar Basin The Gurbantunggut Desert With an area of 48,000 square kilometers, it is the second largest desert in China.

Forest resources

Xinjiang Tianshan Tianchi primitive forest
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the main natural forest area in the arid areas of western China, with forests widely distributed in the mountains and plains, accounting for nearly 1/3 of the total forest area in Northwest China. The Tianshan and Altai Mountains are covered with lush virgin forests, mostly dry and straight Siberian larch and Snow Ridge Spruce Conifer and other building materials. The wood stock of these mountain coniferous forests accounts for more than 97% of the total wood stock of Xinjiang. Tarim River, Manas River and other rivers on both sides, is the plain broad-leaved forest distribution area. in Tarim River basin It is crowded with world famous precious tree species Populus euphratica forest and Gray poplar Forests, which are both widely used timber forests and windbreaks in the depths of the desert. The main afforestation species in Xinjiang are aspen , willow , elm , White wax , maple , Pagoda tree , White pine , Olefin , mulberry And a variety of fruit trees and other 60 kinds.

Biological resources

The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is rich in wildlife, with different wildlife in northern and southern Xinjiang. There are more than 500 kinds of wild animals in the province, and there are animals in northern Xinjiang Snow leopard , sable , Brown bear , beaver , otter , marmot , Squirrel , Snow Hare , Northern goat , lynx Wait, birds have Swan , ptarmigan , Snow cock , woodpecker Wait, reptiles have Spotted snake , Vipera vipera , racer Let's wait. In southern Xinjiang, there are mammals Camel , Tibetan antelope , Wild yak , bronco , A Tarimu rabbit , pika , Lepus lepus , Jungle cat , Prairie tabby Wait, reptiles have Sand python , lizard Let's wait.

Mineral resources

The source of the west-east gas transmission project
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has all kinds of minerals, large reserves and broad development prospects. There are 138 kinds of minerals discovered, of which 9 kinds of reserves rank first in China and 32 kinds rank first in Northwest China. petroleum , Natural gas , coal , gold , chromium , copper , nickel , Rare metal Salt minerals, building materials and non-metal are rich. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 20.86 billion tons of oil resources, accounting for 30% of the country's onshore oil resources. Natural gas resources amounted to 10.3 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 34% of the country's onshore natural gas resources. The exploration and development potential of oil and gas in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is huge and the prospect is very promising. The predicted coal resources of Xinjiang are 2.19 trillion tons, accounting for 40% of the country. There are many kinds of resources such as gold, precious stones and jade, which are famous in ancient and modern times.
By the end of 2022, 153 mineral species had been discovered in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. There are 103 kinds of mineral resources, including 8 kinds of energy minerals, 34 kinds of metal minerals and 57 kinds of non-metal minerals. A total of 14 new resources were identified. [79]

Land resources

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region can directly use 1.028 billion mu of land for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, accounting for more than one-tenth of the country's land area suitable for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. Reserve arable land reached 223 million mu, ranking first in China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is one of the five major pastoral areas in China. There are a large number of excellent pastures around the "three Mountains" and "Two POTS". The total area of grassland is 770 million mu, ranking third in China after Inner Mongolia and Tibet. Theoretical solar energy reserves 1450 ~ 1720 KWH/m2 · year, the total number of annual sunshine hours 2550 ~ 3500 hours, ranking second in the country.

population

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EDITOR

quantity

On May 5, 2011, Statistics Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region released the sixth national population census data of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The permanent population of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 21,813,334, the permanent population of Urumqi was 3110,280, the population of Karamay was 390,000, the population of Turpan was 630,000, and the population of Aksu Prefecture was 2.39 million. Kashgar Prefecture 4 million, Altai Prefecture 640,000, Hotan Prefecture 1.82 million, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture 480,000, Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture 1.18 million, 5 million in Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, 530,000 in Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, 1.6 million in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, 800,000 in Shihezi City, 290,000 in Alar City, 110,000 in Tumshuk City, and 110,000 in Wujiaqu City. Among the population, the Han population was 8,746,148, accounting for 40.1% of the total population, and the minority population was 1,3067186, accounting for 59.9% of the total population. The male population was 1,1190,228, accounting for 51.30%; The female population was 1,0623,106, accounting for 48.70%. The sex ratio of the total population (100 females, male to female ratio) has been changed since 2000 The fifth national census Decreased from 107.24 to 105.34; The population between 0 and 14 years old was 4530645, accounting for 20.77%; The population aged 15-64 was 15,932,420 (73.04%); The population aged 65 and above was 1,350,269, accounting for 6.19%; The population with a university degree was 2319,950; The population with high school (including technical secondary school) level is 2,526,385; The population with lower secondary education was 7,873,675; The population with primary education is 6,560,438.
At the end of 2019, the region's permanent population was 25,232,200, an increase of 364,600 over the end of the previous year, of which 13,087,900 were permanent residents in cities and towns, accounting for 51.87% of the total population (urbanization rate of permanent residents), an increase of 0.96 percentage points over the end of the previous year. There were 205,400 births, with a birth rate of 8.14 per thousand. 112,300 people died, with a mortality rate of 4.45‰. The natural growth rate was 3.69‰. [1]
In 2020, according to the seventh national census, the permanent resident population of the region is 25.8523 million.
In 2021, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will have a permanent population of 25.89 million Man, [43] The number of births was 160,000, and the natural population growth rate was 0.56‰. [45]
By the end of 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had a permanent population of 25.87 million, of which 14.98 million were urban residents. The urbanization rate was 57.89%, 0.63 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year. The number of births was 169,000, with a birth rate of 6.53‰. The death rate was 5.76‰ (149,000). The natural growth rate is 0.77‰. [79]
By the end of 2023, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had a permanent population of 25.98 million, of which 15.39 million were urban residents. The urbanization rate was 59.24%, 1.35 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year. [110]
Change of permanent resident population in Xinjiang (2017-2022)
Reference sources: [87-92]

nation

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is a multi-ethnic region with 56 ethnic groups, among which there are some ethnic groups The Han nationality , Uighur nationality , Kazakh nationality , The Hui nationality , The Kirgiz , The Mongolian nationality , Tajik nationality , Xibe nationality , Manchu , The Uzbeks , Russian nationality , The Daur nationality , Tatar Thirteen of them. With a population of more than 1 million, there are four ethnic groups, namely Uyghur, Han, Kazak and Hui, and two ethnic groups, namely Kirgiz and Mongolian, with a population of more than 100,000. [20]

political

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EDITOR

municipality

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee of the Communist Party of China
secretary
Ma Xingrui [38]
Deputy secretary
Erken Toiyazi (Uyghur) , Li Yifei [32] , He Zhongyou , Zhang Zhu [34] [97] [99]
Member of the Standing Committee
Yang Cheng , Tian Xiangli , Chen Weijun , [35] Wang Jianxin [56] [81] , Yusufujiang McMatty , Ilizati Alcopentian [35] , Hardan Carbine [77] , Wang Lin [114]
Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
DIRECTOR
Zumugerti Wubli (Female, Uygur) [76]
Deputy director
Li Ningping , Tohti Yakoff (Uyghur), Dilishati Cordelkhan (Kirgiz), Binh Tan , Wang Guohe , Mytimine Card (Uyghur) [59] Wang Mingshan [108]
People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
chairman
Erken Toiyazi (Uyghur) [40]
vice-chairman
Chen Weijun , Yusufujiang McMatty (Uyghur), Sun Hongmei (Female, Manchu), Xue Bin , Wang Gang , Meldan Mugeti (Uyghur), Kessel Abdukram (Uyghur) [59] , Zhu Lifan [103] [111] Muheyati Galmuhamaiti (Kazakh nationality) [113]
Secretary general
Zhou Xuyong [86] [96]
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
chairman
努尔兰·阿不都满金 haaah Thak) [58]
vice-chairman
Gila Isamuddin , Kong Xinglong , Yang Yong , Abdurekef Tumniyazi , Nuremu Smayi Khan , Azizi Musa , Liu Huijun , Liu Jianming , Pusxuemei (female), Xu Xianyi , Ai Shanjiang Ai Hopai Ti , Golden Town [36] [58] , Batu [107] [112]
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Supervisory Commission
DIRECTOR
Tian Xiangli [59]
The Higher People's Court of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
dean
Dilishati Shayram (Uyghur) [59]
Secretary of the leading Party Group
rubitite [94]
People's Procuratorate of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Chief procurator
Gao Jiming [93]
Secretary of the leading Party Group
Tian Yong [95]
Reference materials: [21-22] [34] [39] [100]

crew

Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Committee of the Communist Party of China
First political commissar
Ma Xingrui [41]
secretary
Li Yifei
Deputy secretary
Xue Bin [62] , Liu Jianming [63] , Li Zhenguo [64]
Member of the Standing Committee
Mutanrif Matistoheti (Uyghur) [65] , Liu Xinjian [66] , Zhang Wensheng [67] , Jiang Xinjun [68] , Ha Zengyou [69] , Li Yonghong [70] , Li Xu [71] , Zhu Xueping [72] [74] [78]
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Congress Corps working committee
DIRECTOR
(Information is not available) [46]
Deputy director
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps headquarters
commander
Xue Bin [62]
Deputy commander
Ha Zengyou [69] , Li Yonghong [70] , Li Xu [71] [74-75]
Reference materials: [37]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

In 2019, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region reached 1,359.711 billion yuan, an increase of 6.2% over the previous year. Of this total, the added value of the primary industry was 178.175 billion yuan, up by 5.3%; The added value of the secondary industry was 479.95 billion yuan, up by 3.7%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 701.986 billion yuan, up by 8.1%. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 13.1% of the regional GDP, the value added of the secondary industry accounted for 35.3%, and the value added of the tertiary industry accounted for 51.6%. Per capita GDP was 54,280 yuan, an increase of 4.5 percent over the previous year. [1]
By 2020, all 3.089 million people in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will be lifted out of poverty, all 32 impoverished counties will be lifted out of poverty, and all 3,666 impoverished villages will be lifted out of poverty. [23]
In 2021, the gross regional product (GDP) of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region reached 1,598.365 billion yuan, an increase of 7.0 percent over the previous year and an average growth of 5.2 percent in two years. The value added of the primary industry was 235.606 billion yuan, an increase of 7.9% over the previous year; The added value of the secondary industry was 596.736 billion yuan, up by 6.7%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 766.023 billion yuan, up by 6.9%. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 14.7% of the regional GDP, the value added of the secondary industry accounted for 37.4%, and the value added of the tertiary industry accounted for 47.9%. The per capita GDP was 61,725 yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year. [52]
In 2022, the gross regional product (GDP) of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region reached 1.774.134 billion yuan , [73] That's up 3.2 percent from the previous year. Specifically, the added value of the primary industry was 250.927 billion yuan, up by 5.3%; The added value of the secondary industry was 727.108 billion yuan, up by 4.8%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 796.099 billion yuan, up by 1.5%. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 14.1% of the regional GDP, the value added of the secondary industry accounted for 41.0%, and the value added of the tertiary industry accounted for 44.9%. The per capita GDP was 68,552 yuan, an increase of 3.3 percent over the previous year. By region, the GDP of southern Xinjiang reached 533.561 billion yuan, an increase of 3.6 percent over the previous year. The GDP of Northern Xinjiang reached 1,101,018 billion yuan, an increase of 2.6 percent. The GDP of Eastern Xinjiang reached 139.555 billion yuan, an increase of 7.2%. The GDP of southern, northern and eastern Xinjiang accounted for 30.1%, 62.0% and 7.9% of the region's total, respectively. [79]
In 2023, Xinjiang's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1,912.591 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8 percent over the previous year. Specifically, the value added of the primary industry was 274.224 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year; The added value of the secondary industry was 771.027 billion yuan, up by 7.2%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 867.34 billion yuan, up by 6.6%. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 14.3% of the regional GDP, the value added of the secondary industry accounted for 40.3%, and the value added of the tertiary industry accounted for 45.4%. The per capita GDP was 73,774 yuan, an increase of 6.6 percent over the previous year. By region, the GDP of southern Xinjiang reached 574.413 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1 percent over the previous year. The GDP of Northern Xinjiang reached 1.18111 billion yuan, an increase of 6.6%; The GDP of Eastern Xinjiang reached 157.077 billion yuan, an increase of 10.4%. The GDP of southern, northern and eastern Xinjiang accounted for 30.0%, 61.8% and 8.2% of the region's total, respectively. [106] [109-110]
Changes in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2017-2022)
Reference sources: [87-92]
In 2022, the consumer price index (CPI) of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will rise by 1.8 percent over the previous year.
In 2022, the producer price (PPI) of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region rose by 12.3 percent over the previous year. In terms of use, the price of means of production rose by 12.7 percent, and the price of means of living rose by 6.0 percent. In light heavy industry, prices rose by 6.6 percent in light industry and 13.1 percent in heavy industry. In terms of final products, primary products rose by 22.6%, intermediate products by 9.9%, and final products by 13.4%. In terms of industry, oil-related industries rose 28.5%, coal-related industries rose 27.5%, non-ferrous related industries rose 3.9%, and steel-related industries fell 11.6%.
In 2022, the purchasing price of industrial producers in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region rose by 14.6 percent from the previous year. The purchase price of nine categories of raw materials is "8 liters and 1 decrease", among which: Fuel and power rose by 24.4%, ferrous metal materials fell by 9.2%, non-ferrous metal materials and wires rose by 7.0%, chemical raw materials rose by 14.6%, textile raw materials rose by 14.1%, building materials and non-metals rose by 8.0%, wood and pulp rose by 1.8%, other industrial raw materials and semi-finished products rose by 3.8%. Agricultural and sideline products rose 12.9 percent. Producer prices of agricultural products decreased by 0.4%, of which: agricultural products increased by 4.6%, forestry products increased by 6.2%, feed animals and their products decreased by 5.1%, and fishery products decreased by 5.8%.
In 2022, investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region increased by 7.6 percent over the previous year. In fixed asset investment, the investment in the primary industry decreased by 8.8 percent, the investment in the secondary industry increased by 37.9 percent, and the investment in the tertiary industry decreased by 7.2 percent. Private investment decreased by 6.0%, infrastructure investment increased by 18.6%, and investment in people's livelihood decreased by 11.5%. [79]
On January 30, 2024, on behalf of the people's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Chairman Erkine Tuniyazi delivered a government work report to the General Assembly. According to the report, in 2023, the total volume of foreign trade in Xinjiang reached 357.33 billion yuan, ranking second in the country in terms of growth rate, the amount of capital imported from outside the region increased by 16.5%, and the actual utilization of foreign capital increased by 48.3%. [105]
Investment in fixed assets
In 2023, investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region increased by 12.4 percent over the previous year. In fixed asset investment (excluding rural households), the investment in the primary industry increased by 9.0 percent, the investment in the secondary industry increased by 32.3 percent, and the investment in the tertiary industry decreased by 3.3 percent. Private investment grew by 7.7% and infrastructure investment by 27.4%. The investment in real estate development in the year was 116.853 billion yuan, an increase of 0.8% over the previous year. Specifically, the residential investment was 82.305 billion yuan, down 0.6%; Office building investment was 1.490 billion yuan, down 3.3%; The investment in commercial premises was 21.296 billion yuan, down 1.7%. Construction of 41,000 government-subsidized rental housing units and 13,400 public rental housing units began last year. Construction began to renovate 49,600 units of rundown urban areas and 1,152 old urban residential areas. [110]

Primary industry

In 1983, the history of eating imported grain was ended, and in 1984, food was more than self-sufficient, and food was started in 1985 Transfer to other places . In 2006, the grain output increased by nearly 10 times that of 1949, and it was the province that transferred the most grain in northwest China every year. Meat production has increased 30-fold; Cotton production accounts for one-third of the total cotton production in China, and it is the largest commercial cotton production base in China. With Tarim Basin as an important base, the forest and fruit horticulture industry has developed rapidly, with a total area of more than 10 million mu, and "famous and excellent" products such as cantaloupe, grape and fragrant pear enjoy a good reputation at home and abroad. The area of vegetables increased from 9.25 thousand hectares to 186.82 thousand hectares, and the self-sufficiency rate of fresh vegetables in major cities in winter reached 70 percent. There are 87 kinds of food certified by China Green Food Center green food mark; The proportion of agricultural products and commodities exceeded 63%. [24] The total agricultural output increased from 586 million yuan in 1949 to 88.354 billion yuan in 2006.
Agricultural and animal husbandry boundary map of Xinjiang
In 2022, the grain planting area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will reach 2,433.90 thousand hectares, an increase of 62.23 thousand hectares over the previous year. Among them, the wheat planting area was 1,153.60 thousand hectares, an increase of 18.35 thousand hectares; The planting area of maize was 1,145.56 thousand hectares, an increase of 35.30 thousand hectares. The cotton planting area was 2496.89 thousand hectares, a decrease of 9.18 thousand hectares. The planted area of oil was 116.82 thousand hectares, an increase of 3.64 thousand hectares. The planting area of sugar beet was 53.40 thousand hectares, an increase of 5.81 thousand hectares.
In 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region's grain output (including tubers) was 18.135 million tons, an increase of 777,200 tons or 4.5 percent over the previous year. Among them: the output of summer grain was 655.17 million tons, an increase of 2.2%; The output of autumn grain was 11,583,300 tons, an increase of 5.8%. Among grains, wheat output was 6.534,900 tons, an increase of 2.1% over the previous year. The output of corn was 10.8051 million tons, an increase of 6.7%.
In 2022, cotton output in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 5.3906 million tons, an increase of 5.1 percent over the previous year. Oil production was 372,300 tons, an increase of 7.6%. The output of sugar beet was 3.914 million tons, an increase of 15.2%.
In 2022, the output of special forest fruits in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 18.156 million tons, an increase of 1.5 percent over the previous year. Among them, the output of garden fruits was 12.1264 million tons, an increase of 1.5%; Nut output was 1.429,900 tons, an increase of 9.9%; Fruit melons produced 4.5997 million tons, a decrease of 0.8%.
In 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will produce 1.9094 million tons of pig, cattle, sheep and poultry meat, an increase of 4.3 percent over the previous year. Among them, the output of pork was 570,100 tons, an increase of 14.4%; the output of beef was 493,700 tons, an increase of 1.8%; and the output of mutton was 607,200 tons, an increase of 0.5%; Poultry meat output was 238,300 tons, down 1.9 percent. The output of poultry eggs was 382,200 tons, down 6.8 percent. Milk output was 2,225,800 tons, up by 5.2%. By the end of the year, 59.8565 million head of pigs, cattle and sheep were in the stock, an increase of 6.5% over the previous year. Among them, the number of live pigs was 4.6953 million, an increase of 7.7%; Cattle inventory was 6.9091 million, an increase of 12.1%; The sheep inventory was 48.2521 million, an increase of 5.6%. 44.339 million pigs, cattle and sheep were raised, down 1.6 percent from the previous year. Among them, 7.3474 million pigs were sold, an increase of 10.4%; 2.9264 million head of cattle were corralled, up 1.2%; 34.0402 million sheep were raised, down by 4.0%.
In 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region produced 173,000 tons of aquatic products, an increase of 1.4 percent over the previous year. Among them, the output of cultured aquatic products was 159,500 tons, an increase of 2.9%; The output of captured aquatic products was 13,500 tons, down 12.8 percent. [79]
On December 11, 2023, according to the Announcement of the National Bureau of Statistics on 2023 grain Production Data, the grain sown area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 2023 is 2,824.8 hectares, the total output is 21.192 million tons, and the output per unit area is 7,502.1 kg/ha. [98]
In 2023, the grain planting area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 2,824.77 thousand hectares, an increase of 390.87 thousand hectares over the previous year. The planted area of oil is 138.14 thousand hectares, an increase of 21.32 thousand hectares. The planting area of sugar beet was 61.55 thousand hectares, an increase of 8.15 thousand hectares. The annual grain output (including tubers) was 21.191 million tons, an increase of 3.0567 million tons or 16.9 percent over the previous year. Of the grain output, wheat output was 7.028,400 tons, an increase of 7.6% over the previous year. The output of corn was 13.214,200 tons, an increase of 22.3%. Oil production was 433,200 tons, an increase of 16.3%. The output of sugar beet was 4.9963 million tons, an increase of 25.2%. The annual output of pig, cattle, sheep and poultry meat was 2.089,500 million tons, an increase of 9.4% over the previous year. Among them: pork production 643,900 tons, an increase of 12.9%; Beef output was 583,800 tons, up 18.2 percent; Mutton production was 627,800 tons, up 3.4%; Poultry meat output was 23400 tons, down 1.8 percent. The output of poultry eggs was 398,600 tons, up 4.3 percent. Milk output was 2.328300 million tons, up 4.6 percent. The total number of pigs, cattle and sheep at the end of the year was 58.4229 million, down 2.4 percent from the end of the previous year. Among them: 5.023 million head of live pigs, an increase of 7.0%; The cattle stock was 8.1563 million, up 18.1 percent; Sheep inventory was 45.2436 million, down 6.2%. A total of 47.0965 million pigs, cattle and sheep were raised, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year. Among them, 8.2562 million pigs were sold, an increase of 12.4%; 3.4084 million head of cattle were corralled, up 16.5%; 35.4319 million sheep were raised, an increase of 4.1%. The annual output of aquatic products was 183,900 tons, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year. Among them, the output of cultured aquatic products was 167,300 tons, an increase of 4.9%; The output of captured aquatic products was 16,700 tons, an increase of 23.3 percent. [110]

Secondary industry

Before the reform and opening up, the average annual growth rate of the region's industrial output value was 11.7%; After the reform and opening up, the annual growth rate was 11.8%. More than 50,000 industrial enterprises have been established, forming a leading force in the development of mineral resources and the deep processing of agricultural and sideline products, including petroleum Natural gas extraction , Petrochemical industry , steel , coal , electricity , spin , Building materials , Chemical engineering , medicine , sugaring , papermaking , Leather , cigarette , food The modern industrial system, which has a certain scale and is basically complete in various categories, occupies a dominant position in the national economy. The total industrial output value increased from 98 million yuan in 1949 to 289.488 billion yuan in 2006. Some products occupy an important position in the country. For example, in 2006, the output of natural gas and crude oil was 16.4 billion cubic meters and 24.75 million tons respectively, ranking first and third in the country. Finished sugar 537,900 tons, ranking fourth in the country. [24]
Total industrial added value and its growth rate from 2018 to 2022
In 2022, the total industrial added value of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 602.282 billion yuan, an increase of 6.2 percent over the previous year. Among them, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 7.1%. Among industries above designated size, by economic type, the added value of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 5.6%, joint-stock enterprises by 5.8%, enterprises invested by foreign investors and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan enterprises by 31.8%, and private enterprises by 7.5%. In terms of size, large enterprises grew by 5.8%, medium-sized enterprises by 9.8%, and small and micro enterprises by 7.7%. By sector, mining grew 12.7 percent, manufacturing 2.9 percent, and the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water 9.9 percent.
Share of the added value of ten major industries above designated size in 2022
In 2022, the 10 major industries above designated size in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will increase by 5.8 percent over the previous year, the added value of the oil and natural gas extraction industry will increase by 8.7 percent, the electricity and heat production and supply industry will increase by 8.7 percent, the oil, coal and other fuel processing industry will increase by 6.8 percent, and the manufacturing of chemical raw materials and chemical products will increase by 3.1 percent. The coal mining and washing industry increased by 30.9%, the non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling industry increased by 7.8%, the non-metallic mineral products industry increased by 11.1%, the mining professional and auxiliary activities increased by 1.0%, the ferrous metal smelting and rolling industry decreased by 8.8%, and the textile industry decreased by 15.1%.
Among the 380 kinds of industrial products, 171 kinds of products achieved an increase in output, an increase of 45.0%. A total of 65.101 billion cubic meters of natural gas were transported outside Xinjiang through pipelines. Xinjiang exported 121.588 billion KWH, an increase of 4.9% over the previous year.
Value added of construction industry and its growth rate in 2018-2022
In 2022, the profits of industrial enterprises above designated size in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region reached 246.233 billion yuan, an increase of 31.3 percent over the previous year. By economic type, the profit of state-owned holding enterprises was 118.20 billion yuan, up by 39.7 percent; Joint-stock enterprises totaled 211.586 billion yuan, up 23.9%; Enterprises invested by foreign investors and people from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan reached 31.055 billion yuan, an increase of 128.6%. In terms of categories, the profit of the mining industry was 100.936 billion yuan, up 111.1%; The manufacturing industry was 120.217 billion yuan, up by 0.8%; The production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water was 25.077 billion yuan, up by 22.8%. The annual cost per 100 yuan of operating income of industrial enterprises above designated size was 75.13 yuan, 1.09 yuan lower than the previous year. The operating income margin was 14.0%, an increase of 1.6 percentage points over the previous year. The asset-liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 55.4 percent at the end of the year, down 1.9 percentage points from the end of the previous year.
In 2022, the added value of the construction industry in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 135.567 billion yuan, an increase of 0.2 percent over the previous year. The profits of the qualified general contracting and specialized contracting construction enterprises in the region reached 6.389 billion yuan, an increase of 11.9 percent over the previous year. Among them: state-owned holding enterprises 4.772 billion yuan, an increase of 20.9%. [79]
In 2023, the total industrial added value of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will reach 643.474 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8 percent over the previous year. The value added of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 6.4%. Among industries above designated size, by economic type, state-owned holding enterprises grew by 5.5%; Joint-stock enterprises grew by 7.5%; Private companies grew 10.7 percent. In terms of size, large enterprises grew by 1.9 percent, medium-sized enterprises by 6.9 percent, and small enterprises by 14.9 percent. By category, mining grew 6.2 percent, manufacturing 6.0 percent, and the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water 8.9 percent. In the year, the 10 major industries above designated size "9 litres and 1 decline", the added value of oil and natural gas mining industry increased by 2.9% over the previous year; electricity and heat production and supply industry increased by 8.9%; oil, coal and other fuel processing industry increased by 6.4%; chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry increased by 4.7%; coal mining and washing industry increased by 16.3%. Non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry increased by 11.8%, non-metallic mineral products industry decreased by 5.1%, mining professional and auxiliary activities increased by 2.7%, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry increased by 16.3%, textile industry increased by 23.2%. Among the 380 kinds of industrial products, 249 kinds of products achieved an increase in output, an increase of 65.6%. Crude oil output was 32.709 million tons, an increase of 1.8% over the previous year; The output of raw coal was 459 million tons, up by 11.1%; The electricity generation was 513.066 billion KWH, up by 7.0%. The profit of industrial enterprises above designated size was 172.069 billion yuan, down 30.3% over the previous year. By economic type, the profit of state-owned holding enterprises was 86.173 billion yuan, down 27.9%; Joint-stock enterprises totaled 157.275 billion yuan, down 26.3%; The profit of private enterprises was 41.515 billion yuan, down 25.9%. The profit of the mining industry was 77.464 billion yuan, down 23.4 percent over the previous year; The manufacturing industry was 59.784 billion yuan, down 48.4%; The production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water was 34.821 billion yuan, up by 17.0%. The cost per 100 yuan of operating income of industrial enterprises above designated size was 79.77 yuan, an increase of 4.52 yuan over the previous year. The operating income margin was 9.8%, down 4.2 percentage points from the previous year. The asset-liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 57.4% at the end of the year, an increase of 2.0 percentage points over the end of the previous year. [110]

Tertiary industry

The added value of the tertiary industry and its growth rate in 2018-2022
In 2022, the added value of the wholesale and retail industry in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 78.439 billion yuan, down 4.4 percent from the previous year; The added value of the transportation, warehousing and postal industries was 84.534 billion yuan, up by 7.0%; The added value of the accommodation and catering industry was 13.592 billion yuan, down 16.5%; The added value of the financial industry was 121.694 billion yuan, up by 5.9%; The added value of other service industries was 415.018 billion yuan, up by 2.0%. The operating income of service enterprises above designated size increased by 3.2% over the previous year, and the total profit decreased by 2.8%.
In 2022, 879,791,100 tons of goods were transported in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, an increase of 1.3 percent over the previous year. The freight transportation turnover was 267.536 billion kilometers, an increase of 13.9%.
In 2022, the total number of passengers transported in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 144.0778 million, down 27.3 percent from the previous year. Passenger transport turnover was 30.19 billion person-kilometers, down 30.6 percent.
In 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region completed 4.621 billion yuan of postal business, an increase of 0.1 percent over the previous year. The postal industry handled 4.337500 postal letters and 172,500 parcels in the year. Express business volume 162 million pieces; Revenue from express delivery business was 3.487 billion yuan. The total volume of telecom business was 37.16 billion yuan, an increase of 20.1% over the previous year. The total number of telephone users in the region was 32.827 million, of which 4.101 million were fixed telephone users and 28.726 million were mobile phone users. The penetration rate of fixed telephones is 15.8 per 100 people, and that of mobile telephones is 111.0 per 100 people. There were 11.748 million broadband Internet users, an increase of 10.4% over the end of the previous year. There were 24.354 million mobile Internet users. The software and information technology service industry completed software business revenue of 4.622 billion yuan, down 18.4% over the previous year.
In 2022, the investment in real estate development in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 115.886 billion yuan, down 22.8 percent from the previous year. Specifically, the residential investment was 82.831 billion yuan, down 22.4%; Office building investment was 1.54 billion yuan, down 36.8%; The investment in commercial premises was 21.671 billion yuan, down 21.8%. The area of commercial housing for sale at the end of the year was 16,037,700 square meters, an increase of 1,563,500 square meters over the end of the previous year. Among them: the commercial residential area for sale was 7.180,100 square meters, an increase of 1.425,400 square meters.
In 2022, the total retail sales of consumer goods in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region reached 324.048 billion yuan, down 9.6 percent from the previous year. According to the areas of operation, the retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas were 279.743 billion yuan, down 9.6%; Retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas were 44.305 billion yuan, down 9.8%. Statistics by types of consumption, retail sales of goods were 281.385 billion yuan, down 9.5%; The revenue of catering industry was 42.663 billion yuan, down 9.9%.
　
Total retail sales of consumer goods and its growth rate from 2018 to 2022
In 2022, among the retail sales of commodities above designated size in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the retail sales of grain, oil and food will decrease by 0.5 percent over the previous year; that of beverages by 9.3 percent; that of tobacco and alcohol by 18.0 percent; that of clothing, shoes and hats, textiles and needles by 37.1 percent; that of cosmetics by 27.8 percent; and that of gold, silver and jewelry by 27.5 percent. Daily necessities decreased by 12.5%, household appliances and audio-visual equipment decreased by 36.3%, Chinese and Western medicine increased by 14.0%, furniture decreased by 20.2%, communication equipment decreased by 43.0%, construction and decoration materials decreased by 36.4%, petroleum and products increased by 3.7%, and automobiles decreased by 21.4%.
In 2022, enterprises in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region achieved retail sales of 34.45 billion yuan through online (third-party platforms), down 7.7 percent from the previous year; Local consumers in Xinjiang achieved 88.19 billion yuan in retail sales through online shopping (third-party platforms), down 17.5% from the previous year, accounting for 27.2% of the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Xinjiang.
In 2022, the total import and export of goods in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region reached 36.684 billion US dollars, an increase of 51.0 percent over the previous year. Among them: the export was 31.11 billion US dollars, up 57.9%; Imports reached 5.574 billion US dollars, up by 21.2%. The surplus in the import and export of goods (exports minus imports) was US $25.536 billion, an increase of US $10.411 billion over the previous year. According to the type of registration, the import and export of state-owned enterprises was US $2.824 billion, down 11.7 percent from the previous year; Foreign-invested enterprises reached 215 million U.S. dollars, up 91.4%; Private enterprises reached 33.633 billion U.S. dollars, up 60.3%.
Total imports and exports of goods in 2018-2022
　　
In 2022, the contract value of foreign direct investment in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 261 million US dollars, down 51.8 percent from the previous year; Actual utilized foreign direct investment reached US $459 million, up by 93.9%.
By the end of 2022, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits in financial institutions (including foreign capital) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 3,084.812 billion yuan, an increase of 418.602 billion yuan over the beginning of the year. Among them, the balance of RMB deposits was 3,073,721 billion yuan, an increase of 417.778 billion yuan. The outstanding balance of local and foreign currency loans reached 2,786.629 billion yuan, an increase of 236.085 billion yuan over the beginning of the year. Among them: the balance of RMB loans from financial institutions (including foreign capital) at the end of the year was 2,741.392 billion yuan, an increase of 234.304 billion yuan.
By the end of 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had 59 domestic listed companies. The total share capital was 111.445 billion shares, up 2.4% over the previous year; The total value of the stock market was 851.928 billion yuan, down 7.9% from the previous year. The amount of direct financing in the capital market was 58.125 billion yuan. It has 2 corporate securities companies, 30 securities branches and 92 securities sales departments. The turnover of securities was 1,714.338 billion yuan, down 11.5 percent from the previous year. It has 2 legal futures companies, 8 futures branches and 5 futures sales departments, with futures trading volume of 1,779.786 billion yuan, down 23.6% from the previous year.
In 2022, the premium income of insurance companies in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 68.275 billion yuan, down 0.7 percent from the previous year. Among them: life insurance premium income of 29.850 billion yuan, property insurance premium income of 23.345 billion yuan, health insurance and accident insurance income of 15.08 billion yuan. We will pay 25.988 billion yuan in compensation and payments, down 9.8% from the previous year. Among them: life insurance payments of 5.242 billion yuan, property insurance claims of 14.517 billion yuan, health and accident insurance claims and payments of 6.228 billion yuan.
In 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region received 122.302 million domestic tourists, down 35.8 percent from the previous year. Domestic tourism revenue was 90.757 billion yuan, down 35.9 percent from the previous year. [79]
In 2023, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region received 265.4403 million tourists from home and abroad, a year-on-year increase of 117.04 percent. The total tourism revenue reached 296.715 billion yuan, up 226.93% year on year. [101]
Service industry
In 2023, the added value of the wholesale and retail industry in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will be 87.511 billion yuan, an increase of 10.4 percent over the previous year; The added value of the transportation, warehousing and postal industries was 103.966 billion yuan, up by 17.6 percent; The added value of the accommodation and catering industry was 17.111 billion yuan, up by 19.7%; The added value of the financial industry was 124.943 billion yuan, up by 3.7%; The added value of other service industries was 440.946 billion yuan, up by 4.1%. The revenue of service enterprises above designated size was 397.299 billion yuan, an increase of 11.7 percent over the previous year; The total profit was 33.733 billion yuan, up by 45.1%. The volume of cargo transported in the year was 104,034,200 tons, an increase of 18.6 percent over the previous year. The turnover of cargo transport was 302.163 billion tonne-kilometers, up by 12.9 percent. The number of passengers transported in the year was 251,959,200, an increase of 74.9% over the previous year. Passenger transport turnover was 62.734 billion person-kilometers, up by 124.8%. The total business volume of the postal industry was 6.906 billion, an increase of 49.5% over the previous year. The postal industry completed 6.100,800 postal letters, an increase of 40.7%; Parcel business volume was 252,300, up 46.3%; The volume of express delivery was 305 million, an increase of 88.1%; The revenue of express delivery business was 6.204 billion yuan, up 77.9%. The total volume of telecom business completed in the year was 37.34 billion yuan, an increase of 13.0% over the previous year. By the end of the year, the total number of telephone users in the region was 33.742 million, of which 3.993 million were fixed telephone users and 29.749 million were mobile phone users. The mobile phone penetration rate is 114.9 per 100 people. There were 12.883 million users with (fixed) broadband Internet access, an increase of 9.7% over the end of the previous year. There were 25.85 million mobile Internet users. [110]
Domestic trade
In 2023, the total retail sales of consumer goods in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region reached 384.968 billion yuan, an increase of 18.8 percent over the previous year. The retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas were 332.514 billion yuan, up by 18.9 percent; Retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas reached 52.453 billion yuan, up by 18.4 percent. Grouped by consumption types, the retail sales of goods were 334.084 billion yuan, up by 18.7 percent; The revenue of catering industry reached 50.883 billion yuan, up 19.3 percent. In the annual quota of 18 categories of unit commodity retail value, nearly 90% of the commodity value increased year-on-year, including: The retail sales of grain, oil and food increased by 10.7% over the previous year; that of beverages by 29.5%; that of tobacco and alcohol by 34.3%; that of clothing, shoes and hats, textiles and needles by 39.6%; that of cosmetics by 23.6%; that of gold, silver and jewelry by 39.1%; that of daily necessities by 9.2%; and that of sports and entertainment goods by 9.3%. Books, newspapers and magazines grew by 9.7%, household appliances and audio-visual equipment by 7.9%, Chinese and Western medicine by 19.4%, cultural office supplies by 20.2%, furniture by 16.1%, communications equipment by 50.1%, building and decoration materials by 23.5%, and petroleum and products by 5.6%. The automotive category grew by 44.3 percent.
In the year, enterprises in Xinjiang achieved 54.64 billion yuan in retail sales through online (third-party platforms), an increase of 46.6% over the previous year; Local consumers in Xinjiang achieved 115.99 billion yuan in retail sales through online shopping (third-party platforms), an increase of 30.0% over the previous year, accounting for 30.1% of the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Xinjiang.
Foreign economy
In 2023, the total import and export of goods in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 50.679 billion US dollars, an increase of 39.0 percent over the previous year. Among them: the export was 42.895 billion US dollars, up by 38.9%; Imports reached 7.784 billion US dollars, up 39.9 percent. The surplus of import and export of goods (exports minus imports) was US $35.111 billion, an increase of US $9.574 billion over the previous year. According to the type of registration, the import and export of state-owned enterprises reached 3.027 billion US dollars, an increase of 6.4% over the previous year; Foreign-invested enterprises reached US $347 million, up 61.2%; Private enterprises reached US $47.234 billion, up by 41.5%. The contract value of foreign direct investment in the year was US $1.104 billion, an increase of 322.9% over the previous year; The actual utilized foreign direct investment was US $681 million, an increase of 48.3%.
Finance and finance
In 2023, the general public budget revenue of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 217.97 billion yuan, an increase of 15.3 percent over the previous year. Specifically, the tax revenue was 136.91 billion yuan, up by 12.0%; Non-tax revenue was 81.06 billion yuan, up 21.4%. Expenditure in the general public budget is 604.96 billion yuan, up 5.9%.
By the end of 2023, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits in financial institutions (including foreign capital) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 3,298.551 billion yuan, an increase of 213.739 billion yuan over the beginning of the year. Among them, the balance of RMB deposits was 3,287.157 billion yuan, an increase of 213.435 billion yuan. At the end of the year, the outstanding loans in local and foreign currencies of financial institutions (including foreign capital) reached 3,085.722 billion yuan, an increase of 299.093 billion yuan over the beginning of the year. Among them, the balance of RMB loans reached 3,045.787 billion yuan, an increase of 304.395 billion yuan. At the end of the year, there were 60 domestic listed companies. Its total capital was 116.985 billion shares, up 2.2% over the previous year; The total value of the stock market was 768.855 billion yuan, down 10.6% from the previous year. Direct financing in the capital market amounted to 47.245 billion yuan. It has 2 corporate securities companies, 29 securities branches and 95 securities sales departments. The turnover of securities was 2,966.52 trillion yuan, down 0.3% from the previous year. It has 2 legal futures companies, 8 futures branches and 6 futures sales departments, with a futures trading volume of 1,859.541 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5% over the previous year.
In 2023, the premium income of insurance companies in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 72.43 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3 percent over the previous year. Among them, the premium income of life insurance business was 32.615 billion yuan, the premium income of property insurance business was 25.034 billion yuan, and the premium income of health insurance and accident insurance business was 14.781 billion yuan. The payment of various types of compensation and benefits amounted to 34.147 billion yuan, an increase of 31.7% over the previous year. Among them, the expenditure of life insurance business was 7.042 billion yuan, the expenditure of property insurance business was 20.143 billion yuan, and the expenditure of health insurance and accident insurance business was 6.962 billion yuan. [110]

Social undertaking

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EDITOR

Science and technology

In 2022, there will be 3,583 new science and technology projects at the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region level, including 41 major science and technology projects in the autonomous region, 153 key research and development projects in the autonomous region, 2,134 projects for the construction of innovative conditions (talents and bases) in the autonomous region, and 998 demonstration projects for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in the autonomous region. At the end of the year, there were 96 research and technology development institutions belonging to departments above the county level, including 85 research and technology development institutions of natural science, 5 scientific and technological information and documentation institutions, and 6 research and technology development institutions in the field of social and humanities sciences. There are 111 key laboratories, including 5 national key laboratories. There are 136 listed engineering research centers. There are 1,368 high-tech enterprises. There are 19 high-tech industrial development zones, including 3 at the national level and 16 at the autonomous region level. Star creation world 60, of which: national 28. There are 71 maker Spaces, including 33 at the national level. 31 science and technology business incubators, of which: 12 national.
In 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region obtained 20,528 patents, of which 1,711 were granted invention patents. At the end of the year, 70,159 patents were in force, including 7,429 valid invention patents. 2,023 technical contracts were registered, with a transaction value of 3.208 billion yuan. Among them: technology transaction volume of 2.965 billion yuan. [79]
In 2023, there will be 1,581 new science and technology projects at the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region level, including 25 major science and technology projects in the autonomous region, 101 key research and development projects in the autonomous region, 739 projects for the construction of innovative conditions (talents and bases) in the autonomous region, and 548 demonstration projects for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in the autonomous region. At the end of the year, there were 98 research and technology development institutions belonging to departments above the county level, including 87 research and technology development institutions of natural science, 5 scientific and technological information and documentation institutions, and 6 research and technology development institutions in the field of social and humanities sciences. There are 141 key laboratories, including 2 state key laboratories. 140 engineering research centers have been listed. There are 1911 high-tech enterprises. There are 20 high-tech industrial development zones, including 4 at the national level and 16 at the autonomous region level. Star creation world 76, of which: national 28. There are 83 maker Spaces, including 31 at the national level. 37 science and technology business incubators, of which: 12 state-level. Throughout the year, 19,124 patents were authorized, including 2,398 invention patents. At the end of the year, 87,109 patents were in force, including 9,281 valid invention patents. 5,471 technical contracts were registered, with a transaction value of 7.373 billion yuan. Among them: technology transaction volume 5.831 billion yuan. [110]

Educational cause

In 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will enroll 15,800 graduate students, 43,300 graduate students and 0.9700 graduates. Regular college enrollment of 193,500 people, 611,400 students, 127,600 graduates. Secondary vocational education enrolled 85,200 students, with 244,100 students and 79,300 graduates. Regular high schools enrolled 191,200 students, 529,700 students and 167,900 graduates. There are 406,600 students enrolled in junior high schools, with 1.178 million students and 348,800 graduates. Regular primary schools enrolled 462,100 students, 2,997,700 students, and 404,800 graduates. Special education enrollment is 0.07,000, with 0.54 million students and 0.08 million graduates. [79]
In 2023, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will enroll 16,800 graduate students, 47,500 graduate students and 11,800 graduates. Regular college enrollment of 199,900 people, 633,300 students, 163,600 graduates. Secondary vocational education enrolls 90,300 students, with 248,600 students and 76,400 graduates. Regular high schools enrolled 21,500 students, 574,400 students and 16500 graduates. Junior high school enrollment of 435,100 students, 1.241,100 students, 373,400 graduates. Regular primary schools enrolled 376,500 students, with 2,941,400 students and 434,300 graduates. Special education enrollment is 0.08 million, with 0.56 million students and 0.09 million graduates. The net enrollment rate of primary school-age children is 99.99%, and the enrollment rate of junior middle school-age children is 99.94%. [110]
Institutions of higher learning
municipality
Administrative region
level
School name
Urumqi City
Undergraduate course
Xinjiang University , Xinjiang Medical University , Xinjiang Normal University , Xinjiang Agricultural University , Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics , Xinjiang Police College , Xinjiang Institute of Technology , Xinjiang University of Arts , Xinjiang Tianshan Polytechnic University
Junior college
Xinjiang Normal College , Xinjiang Vocational University , Urumqi Vocational University , Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications , Xinjiang Polytechnic , Xinjiang Mechanical and electrical vocational technical College , Xinjiang Energy Vocational and Technical College , Xinjiang Railway Vocational and Technical College , Xinjiang Polytechnic of Light Industry , Xinjiang Modern Vocational and Technical College , Xinjiang Construction Vocational and technical College , Xinjiang Sports Vocational and Technical College , Xinjiang Kexin Vocational and Technical College , Xinjiang Judicial police Vocational College
Kashgar prefecture
Undergraduate course
Kashgar University
Junior college
Kashgar Vocational and Technical College , Kashgar Polytechnic Polytechnic College
Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture
Undergraduate course
Yili Normal University
Junior college
Yili Vocational and Technical College , Xinjiang Applied Vocational and Technical College
Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
Undergraduate course
Changji College
Junior college
Xinjiang Changji Vocational and Technical College , Xinjiang Agricultural Vocational and Technical College
Aksu prefecture
Undergraduate course
Xinjiang Institute of Technology
Junior college
Aksu Vocational and Technical College , Aksu Industrial Technical College
Karamay City
Undergraduate course
China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Karamay Campus , Xinjiang Second Medical College
Junior college
Karamay Vocational and Technical College
Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture
Undergraduate course
Xinjiang University of Science and Technology
Junior college
Bayingoleng Vocational and Technical College
Hotan area
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Hotan Normal College , Xinjiang Uygur Medical College , Hotan Vocational and Technical College
Hami City
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Hami Vocational and Technical College
Turpan City
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Turpan Vocational and Technical College
Altai Prefecture
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Altay Vocational and Technical College
Tacheng area
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Tacheng Vocational and Technical College
Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Bortala Polytechnic
Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Kizilsu Vocational and Technical College
crew
Shihezi City
Undergraduate course
Shihezi University
Junior college
Xinjiang Shihezi Vocational and technical College , Shihezi Engineering vocational and technical College
Aral City
Undergraduate course
Tarim University
Junior college
Tarim Vocational and Technical College
The city of Tumusuk
Undergraduate course
Xinjiang University of Political Science and Law
Junior college
Tumushuk Vocational and Technical College
The iron gate closes the city
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Iron gate Pass vocational and technical college , Xinjiang Production and construction Corps Xingxin vocational and technical college
The city of Kokdala
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Kokdala Vocational and Technical College
Wujiaqu City
Undergraduate course
Wujiaqu Campus of Shihezi University
Junior college
Xinjiang Polytechnic of Science and Technology
New star
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Nova Vocational and Technical College
Kunyu City
Undergraduate course
-
Junior college
Kunyu Vocational and Technical College
Table updated to 2023 [25] [44] [82-83] [102]

Cultural undertaking

Urumqi China tourism city logo
Owned by Xinjiang Xinjiang Satellite TV , Corps TV Eight TV stations; 88 radio and television stations; 554,400 satellite receiving and transferring stations; TV transmitter and relay station 911; A total of 198 TV programs were broadcast; Produced 8500,000 hours of television programming; And opened five language TV channels and all-day rolling broadcast, TV population coverage expanded to 95.29%, and completed the autonomous region's "Tianshan a star, an underground network" of the whole Xinjiang TV network goal. The number of cable TV users in Xinjiang reached 2.08 million, of which 1.88 million were digital TV users.
Xinjiang has six radio stations; 53 medium and short wave transmitting stations and broadcasting stations; Medium and short wave transmission power reached 2819 kW; A total of 270,900 hours of radio programs were produced in 159 programs, broadcast in Uygur, Han, Kazak, Kirgiz and Mongolian languages. Radio coverage reached 94.9 percent of the population. Blind spots where radio is inaccessible are rapidly disappearing.
Xinjiang has published about 3,000 books, newspapers, periodicals, audiovisual products and electronic publications in the Uygur, Han, Kazak, Mongolian, Kirgiz and Xibe languages. Among them, there are 128 newspapers and 208 periodicals published in six languages. Nearly 40,000 people work in the press and publication industry, 60% of whom are professional technicians, and 63% of whom are ethnic minorities. Xinjiang has 98 Xinhua bookstores at or above the county level, 205 distribution outlets of Xinhua bookstores, 1 wholesale market for books and periodicals, 140 wholesale units for books and periodicals, and 1,830 retail bookstores, with an annual distribution of about 230 million books and periodicals.
By the end of 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had 126 performing arts groups, 78 museums, 110 public libraries and 117 cultural centers in its cultural system. At the end of the year, the overall population coverage of radio programs was 99.2 percent, and that of television programs was 99.3 percent. The operating income of the culture, sports and entertainment industry above designated size in the year was 4.593 billion yuan, down 43.4 percent over the previous year. [79]

Medical and health care

By the end of 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had 15,040 medical and health institutions, including 1,642 hospitals and health centers, 92 maternity and child health centers and 3 specialized disease prevention and control centers. Hospitals and health centers have 151,433 beds. There were 178,341 health technicians, including 60,426 practicing (assistant) physicians and 75,765 registered nurses. There are 112 centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and 5,199 health technicians in the centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There are 916 township health centers with 29,403 beds and 24,674 health technicians. [79]

Sports cause

In 2022, athletes from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region won five gold MEDALS, three silver MEDALS and four bronze MEDALS in international competitions. He won 39 gold MEDALS, 33 silver MEDALS and 56 bronze MEDALS in national competitions. [79]

People's livelihood

In 2022, the per capita disposable income of residents in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 27,063 yuan, an increase of 3.8 percent over the previous year, or 2.0 percent in real terms after deducting price factors. The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 38,410 yuan, an increase of 2.0 percent over the previous year, or 0.1 percent in real terms after deducting price factors. The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 16,550 yuan, an increase of 6.3 percent over the previous year, or 4.7 percent in real terms after deducting price factors.
In 2022, the per capita consumption expenditure of residents in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 17,927 yuan, down 5.5 percent from the previous year, or 7.2 percent in real terms after deducting price factors. The per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 24,142 yuan, down by 6.1%, or 7.9% in real terms after deducting price factors. The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 12,169 yuan, down 5.1 percent, or 6.5 percent in real terms. The Engel coefficient of all households was 32.2%, including 32.4% in urban areas and 31.8% in rural areas. [79]

Social security

By the end of 2022, 6,233,700 urban workers in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had participated in basic old-age insurance, an increase of 203,100 over the end of the previous year. The number of people participating in basic old-age insurance for non-working urban and rural residents was 7.4131 million, an increase of 74,900. The number of people covered by basic medical insurance was 20.640,400, an increase of 27,400. Among them, the number of employees participating in basic medical insurance was 5.076,200, an increase of 44,900; The number of people participating in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents was 15.5641 million, a decrease of 17,500. 3.23 million people participated in unemployment insurance. The number of people covered by work-related injury insurance was 3.946,700, an increase of 257,100. Among them, 794,500 migrant workers participated in work-related injury insurance, an increase of 16400. The number of people covered by maternity insurance was 3.4161 million, a decrease of 20,800.
By the end of 2022, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had 923 social service institutions providing accommodation, with 91,387 beds and 39,474 adoptions and assistance. There were 12,592 community service institutions and facilities in urban and rural areas. The annual sales of welfare lottery totaled 5.932 billion yuan, an increase of 13.3 percent over the previous year. 1.663 billion yuan was raised for public welfare funds.
In 2022, 461,500 new urban jobs will be created in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and 33,100 people with employment difficulties will find jobs. 207,100 unemployed people found jobs again, and 3,032,400 rural workers went out to work. [79]

infrastructure

In 2019, all poverty-stricken villages in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had access to broadband Internet, and the broadband coverage rate of administrative villages in the region jumped to 99 percent. In that year, Xinjiang telecom enterprises invested a total of 126 million yuan to build 518 5G demonstration and commercial trial stations.

Environmental protection cause

By 2022, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will have completed afforestation on 104,700 hectares. The forest coverage rate is 5.02%. There are 28 nature reserves at or above the autonomous region level, of which 15 are national nature reserves and 13 are autonomous nature reserves; The total area of protected areas is 19.9683 million hectares. [79]

transportation

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EDITOR

summarize

The largest mosque in Xinjiang
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is located in the northwestern border of China, a vast area, traffic problems have long been a bottleneck in economic development. Through more than 50 years of construction, it has initially formed a comprehensive transport network based on road, railway as the backbone, including civil aviation, oil and gas pipelines and other four modes of transport, which is connected to all parts of the region (states, cities) and counties, and to the western, central and eastern regions of the country and neighboring countries. By the end of 2005, the total length of highways opened to traffic in Xinjiang had reached 89,500 kilometers, including 541 kilometers of expressways and 883 kilometers of first-class highways. Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang, has been connected to the capitals of various regions (prefectures) by second-class highways, and all 85 counties (cities) in Xinjiang have paved roads. Xinjiang has a railway operating mileage of 3,009 kilometers. [24]

aerodrome

The year 1985 Xinjiang Airlines Established. In 2002, Xinjiang Airlines was merged China Southern Airlines . Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 25 civil aviation airports, which is the province with the largest number of civil aviation airports in China [47] .
municipality
Airport name
Airport location
Airport type
Urumqi Diwopu International Airport
Urumqi City New urban area
International civil aviation airport
Yining Airport
Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Yining City
Rainin International Airport in Kashgar
Kashgar prefecture Kashgar City
International joint military and civilian airport
Hami State Airport
Hami City Yizhou District
Domestic military and civilian airfields
Aksu Hongqipo Airport
Aksu prefecture Wensu County
Zhaosu Tianma Airport
Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Zhaosu county
Rich Koktohai Airport
Altai Prefecture Fuyun county
Korla Pear City Airport
Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Korla City
Chemei Yudu Airport
Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Chemma County
Tashkurgan Khunjerab Airport
Kashgar prefecture Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County
Karamay Guhai Airport
Karamay City Karamay District
Domestic civil aviation airport
Shache Yerchang Airport
Kashgar prefecture Shache county
Turpan Jiaohe Airport
Turpan City Gaochang District
Tacheng Qianquan Airport
Tacheng area Tahcheng City
Bole Alashan Airport
Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Bole
Kuqa Qiuci Airport
Aksu prefecture Kuqa county
Hotan Kungang Airport
Hotan area Hotan City
Yutian Wanfang Airport
Hotan area Yutian county
Xinyuan Narati Airport
Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Xinyuan county
Altai Snow Airport
Altai Prefecture Altai City
Burzin Kanas Airport
Altai Prefecture Burjin County
Ruoqiang Loulan Airport
Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Ruoqiang County

railway

On November 16, 2014, Lanzhou-new high-speed rail The section from Urumqi south to Hami will be put into operation, marking the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region's official entry into the era of high-speed rail. After the opening of the bullet train initial operation speed of 200 kilometers per hour, Urumqi to Kami The running time has been shortened from the original 5 hours to about 3 hours.

highroad

On August 7, 2019, with Hotan area The first expressway connected to the outside world, the Kashgar (Shule) to Yecheng to Moyu Expressway, was officially opened to traffic, and all expressways in various cities and cities in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were connected. [26]
On August 30, 2022, the Yitonbulak-Ruoqiang Expressway (referred to as the Yiluo Expressway) was completed and opened to traffic, becoming the third expressway in and out of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region after the G7 and G30. So far, the length of expressways in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has exceeded 7,500 kilometers. [53]

subway

Urumqi metro Urumqi Metro is an urban rail transit system serving Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Its first line opened for trial operation on October 25, 2018, making Urumqi the second city in Northwest China to have a metro in operation.
As of June 2019, Urumqi Metro has opened and operated a total of 1 lines, namely Urumqi Metro Line 1 The line is 27.615 km long and has 21 stations. [57]

History and culture

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EDITOR

Origin of name

Ancient name of Xinjiang The western regions The term "Western Regions" specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the middle of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong The reign.
The Qing army entered the customs Previously, its jurisdiction was limited to China Northeast region . After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. But in individual areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. The emperors of the early Qing Dynasty saw it as their duty to unify the whole of China. After generations of effort, Qing government The area of control in China continues to expand and consolidate. Here we are Qianlong Emperor (1736-1796), the Qing government's decrees could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong referred to the area eventually ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. Qing government Pacify the Junggar After the rebellion of the Ministry, the areas north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, which were formerly called the Western regions, were also called Xinjiang. [5]
The name Xinjiang has another meaning. In 1878 AD Zuo Zongtang Since the Yakub After the recapture of Xinjiang in 1882 Tsarist Russia The invaders were also forced to return it Yili prefecture . Therefore, Zuo Zongtang urged the establishment of provinces in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. He is giving Qing dynasty emperor In his memorial, he called Xinjiang "the forced place of his people and the new return of his native land." [5] So the name of Xinjiang province has a new significance. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is newly recovered from the hands of Agub and Tsarist Russia, it is named as the province, with the meaning of "new return to the old land". [5] In 1884, Xinjiang was established as a province and officially named Xinjiang Province . Traditionally, the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special term for the western regions of China, which is still in use.

Painted pottery culture

Primitive society period. Written in Warring States period 's The Classic of Mountains and Rivers "And" The Legend of Mu Tianzi The story about King Mu of Zhou visiting Kunlun to meet the West Queen Mother. There are a large number of pottery unearthed from archaeological excavations in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, among which many painted pottery patterns are the same or similar to those unearthed in the Central Plains during the same period. Three thousand years ago, the painting of the triangular pattern, the scroll pattern, the string pattern of the painted pottery unearthed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the shape of the pottery, such as the pottery bean, show that the painted pottery art in Gansu and the mainland has influenced the development of the painted pottery culture in Xinjiang.
From October to November 1995, Min Phong Niya site No. 3 unearthed colorful brocade is woven on the "the king of the night, thousands of long live descendants" small seal Chinese characters and patterns; A colorful brocade bag unearthed from Coffin No. 8 bore seal characters:" Five stars out of the East to benefit China ". Reveals the Han and Jin periods Niya Close political and economic relations with the Central Plains Dynasty. Poets of Tang dynasty Censhen County , King Luobin , Hong Yangji The magnificent desert, magnificent mountains and rivers, strange weather, tragic wonders of the war and other wonderful poems, popular, enduring, known as the history of Chinese literature "frontier fortress poetry".

Religious culture

with Buddhism Along India Silk Road Spread to the Western regions and even the mainland of China. Buddhist culture became the most important content of the western Regions at that time. Qiuci Buddhist scholar and translator of Buddhist sutras Kumarashi He came to the mainland to preach and translate Buddhist sutras and write Buddhist scriptures. The eminent monks of the Eastern Jin Dynasty went to India to learn scriptures through the Western regions, and wrote a book called The Kingdom of Buddha ". Uighur script " The Maitreya Interview "Is the earliest Chinese drama script born in the western regions. Qiuci music, Gao Chang music and Shule music played an important role in Sui and Tang music. In addition to the music, the traditional instruments of the Western regions such as pipa, Konghou, drum and horn were also introduced into the mainland and became the main Musical Instruments in the Tang Dynasty and later generations. The dances of the Western regions such as Huteng dance, Hu Swirl dance and Tuozhi dance were introduced into the Central Plains court and even the people.
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Karakhan Dynasty (late 9th century ~ 1211) period, with Islam Spread to the western regions and gradually expanded, Islamic culture The influence on the culture of the western regions is growing. eminence Turkic nationality Scholar Yushepu Hass Hajip compiled the poetic encyclopedia "Poetic Style" reflecting the social and spiritual and cultural life at that time. Bliss wisdom ", a famous Uyghur scholar Mahmood Kashgari author Turkic Reference book The Great Turkic dictionary Uyghur poet Yusuf Agee is the author of a long love narrative poem Eliff and Sanem ". There were famous writers in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty Matsuchang ; A famous sanqu writer cyrtomite ; Eminent agronomist Lu Mingshan The author of... Agricultural and mulberry food summary ". Ming dynasty traveler Chen Cheng The author of... The Western Regions itinerary "," Records of the Western Regions ", etc.

Local culture

Xinjiang Dance
In the modern period, Xinhai Revolution , May Fourth Movement The spread and promotion of the revolutionary spirit in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has promoted the development of Xinjiang culture. Marxism-Leninism Propagating the correct propositions of the Communist Party of China on the establishment of the anti-Japanese democratic united front, carrying out the anti-Japanese national salvation campaign, and promoting the development of ethnic culture in Xinjiang, at the same time, many progressive cultural figures such as MAO Dun , Du Chongyuan , Zhang Zhongshi , Zhao Dan , Wang Weiyi They engaged in cultural activities for anti-Japanese progress in Urumqi, and organized workers, farmers, teachers, students, employees, businessmen and other people of all ethnic groups to create and perform anti-Japanese progress songs, drama, Qin opera, Peking Opera, Xinjiang music and other plays. Famous patriotic poet Le Mutrif With the theme of praising the great struggle to resist Japan and save the country, he wrote battle poems such as "China" and "Reply to the Years". Ethnic drama "Yunqian M", Uyghur drama" Eliff and Sanem ", acrobatic" Dawaz ", Kazakh Akon playing and singing "Sariha and Saman", "Alkalek", Kirgiz" Manasci "Playing and singing" Manas "and other drama programs have been moved to the art stage. Ethnic traditional literary and artistic activities such as Uyghur" Oh, Macilef The Kazakh "Akan Playing and singing Meeting", the Kirgiz "Kumzi Playing and singing Meeting", the Mongolian "Nadam Meeting", the Xibe "West Migration Festival", and the Han "Yuan Lantern Meeting" have been passed down for a long time.
Xinjiang dance , Xinjiang Erhu, Twelve muqams On May 20, 2006, it was approved by The State Council to be included in the first batch of national levels Intangible cultural heritage Directory)
Famous historical and cultural cities in Xinjiang (5)
Kashgar City
Turpan City
Tex County, Texas
Kuqa county
Yining City
Famous historical and cultural villages and towns in Xinjiang (6)
name
address
Lukqin town
Turpan, Xinjiang Shanshan county
Tuyu ditch Ma Zha village
Turpan, Xinjiang Shanshan county
Huiyuan Town
Ili, Xinjiang Huocheng county
The village of Altun
Hami City, Xinjiang Return to urban and rural areas
Bostan village
Xinjiang Hami City Wubao township
The village of Jonkushtai
Tex County, Xinjiang Kaladara Township

Xinjiang folk custom

Xinjiang folk custom
Folk custom
introduce
Dress custom
The costumes of ethnic minorities are colorful, gorgeous and varied. Uyghur, Kazakh and other ethnic minority women love colorful dresses, wear bright or white headscarves, love earrings, earrings, necklaces, bracelets, rings and other ornaments, appear elegant and graceful. Men wear suits, embroidered shirts or 袷袢. Uighur men also like to wear a belt around their waist. Wearing embroidered hats is almost a common hobby of most ethnic minorities, but it varies with different nationalities and regions. For example, Uighur men and women like to wear small hats with exquisite embroidery; Ha girls like to wear owl feather hats; Young Kirgiz women like to wear red velvet yarmulke hats; Tatar women especially like to wear beaded hats and so on. Mongolian men love the material along the top hat, it is handsome and generous; Hui men for black and white small round hat, look clean and solemn. Men and women of all fraternal races like to wear long leather boots. Every festive festival, all ethnic groups wear their national costumes and colorful. [85]
Eating custom
Eating habits Western regions strong fragrance, all kinds of food color and fragrance. There are lamb kebabs and whole lamb. The unique way to eat pilaf, hand-grabbed mutton is the most favorite food of minorities, but also the necessary food for festivals, weddings and funerals. Crispy and thin naan , Baked bun , Pulled noodles , Fried twist shell , Oil tower , Thin skin bun , Milk tea It is the traditional food of ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities in pastoral areas can process milk and goat milk into eight or nine kinds of milk products, or fragrant or sweet or sour, with a rich milk taste and rich nutrition. Fermented with mare's milk, the milk wine is slightly fragrant and cool. [85]

Historical event

age
incident
In the 1960s
屡屡作案的“东突厥斯坦人民革命党”被破获。
The year 1962
In the context of the tense relations between China and the Soviet Union, instigated by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border residents in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. Eta event "(or" 伊犁暴乱 "). In 1969, an armed clash between China and the Soviet Union took place in Tielekti, Xinjiang. The Tilekti affair ).
In the 1970s
在中国政府严厉打击下，新疆民族分裂主义势力活动处于低谷。
In the 1980s
Since the 1990s, there has been a sharp increase in ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces inside and outside China have turned to separatist and sabotage activities with terrorist violence as their main means. [6]

Scenic spot

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EDITOR

summarize

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is a land of songs and dances, melons and fruits, gold and jade. Xinjiang alone has 56 types of national tourism resources, accounting for 83% of the national tourism resources. There are more than 1,100 scenic spots in Xinjiang, ranking first in the country. It has the second highest mountain in the world at 8,600 meters above sea level and the lowest in China at 154 meters below sea level depression .

Tourist city

Strong tourism county (1)
Burjin County
Attractions: Kanas scenic area (AAAAA)

Main scenic spot

5A tourist attractions (7)
Tianshan Tianchi Scenic Spot (Fukang City)
Kanas Lake Scenic spot
Grape Valley Scenic spot
ketohai Scenic Spot ( Fuyun county )
Narati scenic spot ( Xinyuan county )
Zepkin Lake Yangjing District ( Sup County )
Urumqi Tianshan Grand Canyon (Urumqi City)
Devil City in Xinjiang
National scenic spots (4)
Xinjiang Tianshan Tianchi Scenic Area (Fukang City)
Xinjiang The Bosten Lake Scenic spots ( Bohu County )
Xinjiang Kumtag Desert scenic spot (Turpan)
Xinjiang Sayram Lake Scenic spots ( Bole )
National geoparks (7)
Xinjiang Burjin Kanas Lake National Geopark
Tianchi, Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang National geopark
Xinjiang Qitai siliceous wood - Dinosaur National Geopark
Xinjiang Kuqa Grand Canyon National geopark
Xinjiang Wenshu salt Hill national Geopark
Turpan, Xinjiang Flaming Mountain National Geopark
Fuyun of Xinjiang Keketuohai National Geopark
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National Forest Parks (17)
Xinjiang Zhaobi Mountain National Forest Park ( Urumqi county )
Xinjiang The Old Chata Road National Forest Park ( Zhaosu county )
Xinjiang Tianchi National Forest Park (Fukang City)
Xinjiang Altai Hot Spring National Forest Park
Xinjiang Narati National Forest Park
Xinjiang Haba River White birch National Forest Park
Xinjiang Kunes National Forest Park ( Hejing county )
Xinjiang Usu Foshan National Forest Park
Xinjiang Jiadengyu National Forest Park ( Burjin County )
Xinjiang Harzytug National Forest Park
Xinjiang Bai Haba National Forest Park
Xinjiang Hami Tianshan National Forest Park
Xinjiang Tangbula National Forest Park ( Nyalek County )
Xinjiang Gongyuchiasi National Forest Park
Xinjiang Qitai Nanshan National Forest Park
Xinjiang Jinhu Yang National Forest Park ( Sup County )
Xinjiang Kosan Cave National Forest Park ( Nyalek County )
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Hongshan Park It gets its name because it is located in the Red Mountain. Hongshan Mountain is composed of purple sand conglomerate, red ochre, so the name "Hongshan". According to geological studies, Hongshan rose together with Tianshan during the period of the Himalayan orogeny about 80 million years ago. There are rare fossil resources on the mountain, which has been found 270 million years ago codfish Fossils and fossils that resemble human shoe prints.
Hongshan Park
The Mountain of Flames The ancient name of Akashi Mountain is Turpan The most famous scenic spot is located on the northern edge of Turpan Basin, north of the ancient Silk Road. It goes east-west. Flaming Mountain, Uyghur language called "Kiziltag", meaning "red mountain", Tang people for its heat once called "volcano". The mountain is more than 100 kilometers long, 10 kilometers at its widest point, about 500 meters above sea level, and the main peak is 831.7 meters above sea level. Fire Mountain balding mountains, not a single grass, birds hidden. Whenever the summer, the red sun in the sky, the russet mountain in the scorching sun, the sandstone burning flash, the hot air roll up, like the flame, the fire, so also known as the flame Mountain.
The Mountain of Flames
The geographical center of the Asian continent It is located in Baojiaaozi Village, Yongfeng Township, Urumqi County, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, 87°19'52" east longitude, 43°40'37" north latitude, after more than two years of measurement and field investigation by the Xinjiang Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The geographical center of the Asian continent

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Sister city
On January 22, 2024, the China-Uzbekistan Regional Cooperation Forum was held in Urumqi. At the opening ceremony, China and Uzbekistan signed 20 cooperation agreements, including the establishment of friendship regional relations between China's Xinjiang and Uzbekistan's Samarkand and Tashkent regions, and the establishment of friendship regional regional relations with Andijan regions. [104]

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Sports circles
Du Feng , Wang Yanhong , Wang Jie , Liu Lina , Adi Giang , Abdushikur Midgiti Etc.
Film and television entertainment
Lu Chuan , Tong Liya , Duan Yihong , Chen Jianbin , Dileba , Madina , Gulinaza , Miger , Yu Menglong , Dyce , Rayizha , Hanikizi , Wang Yang , Wang Xuebing , Wang Haiyan , Li Yapeng , Xu Jia Etc.
Circle of literature and art
Bi Shumin , Yin Qian ( A surname ), Liu Liangcheng , Dong Libo , Duan Baoguo Etc.
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Zhang Yangyang , An Mingliang , Diribair , Baharguri , Duo Liang , Wang Hongwei , Alpha Etc.
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Li Yong , Nigmaiti Rehman , Li Xia , Li Jiaming , bekta Etc.
Famous model
Han Yan (Sister Ya), Yue Mei , Li Yahong Ma Wei
other
Adili Wuhur (Prince of High Altitude), Tang Yanfeng (Excellent entrepreneur), Wu Tianyi (Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, winner of the "July 1 Medal".) 30 - [31]

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In November 2014, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was added to the list National rural informatization demonstration province .
On December 25, 2020, it was awarded the "National Health Commission". Advanced province (city) award of unpaid blood donation ". [27]
On March 23, 2022, it was selected as the proposed advanced region for promoting employment in 2021 Single. [42]
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