WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia
Baidu home page
Log in
Sign in
assist
Home page
encyclopaedia
Feature encyclopedia
Knowledge topic
Join the encyclopedia
Encyclopedia team
Authoritative cooperation
Individual center

Xianbei nationality

broadcast discuss Upload video
Ancient nomads
Collect
Check out my collection
0 Useful +1
0
synonymXianbei (a county in Shanxi Province)(Xianbei) generally refers to the Xianbei nationality
Xianbei is the successor Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China After... Mongolian plateau Rising antiquity nomad , arose from The Greater Khingan Mountains , belong to A surname Race, Mongolian language family , yes Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The nomads who had the greatest influence on China. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, A surname be Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China Dun Singyu Defeat, divided into two, respectively surrender Wuhuan Mountain and Xianbei Mountain All of them are named after the mountain and formed Wuhuan And Xianbei, by Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China Rule, so fresh and humble some customs and habits Wuhuan , Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China Similar.
In 45 AD, Xianbei invaded the border and was destroyed by the Eastern Han Dynasty seismophobia . 49 Eastern Han Dynasty partial for Xianbei big protect Make Xianbei attack year after year Northern Xiongnu , [63] Subsequently, all Xianbei lords were annexed to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and during the period of Emperor Zhang II of the Ming Dynasty, they defended the border for the Eastern Han. [64] The year of 91 Northern Xiongnu Forced to move west, Xianbei occupied the Mongolian plateau, The year of 95 Emperor He of Han Confer on the throne Xianbei big protect Su Ba 廆 for Pantheon , [65] At the same time set up Cheng assistant, regarded as Han county. [66] After Emperor He Xianbei sometimes rebelled and sometimes surrendered. [67]
In the middle of the second century, Sandalwood tree Unified Xianbei departments, after his death, each department developed independently. Early third century Cao Cao The Southern Xiongnu was placed in the Central Plains, and the Xianbei people took its old place. In the early third century, Cobinon Reunify the eastern and central Xianbei, good friends Cao Wei After his death, each ministry developed independently and fought with the Central Plains Dynasty.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Xianbei tribes built Murong's swallows , The Western Qin Dynasty , Minamiryou , Surrogate state Wait for the country. 386 years Tuoba Ministry construction The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) , [2-3] The North was united in 439. The year 493 The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) 孝文帝 Tuoba Hong Move the capital to another place Luoyang Large-scale Chinese. In 534, the Northern Wei was divided into The Eastern Wei Dynasty and The Western Wei Dynasty (535-544) . The year 557 The Northern Zhou Dynasty (770-476 B.C.) displace The Western Wei Dynasty (535-544) . In Qinghai and Gansu, there is Xianbei Murongbu differentiated Tuyu-hun Regime, 663 by Tibetan regime in ancient China Annex. Built by Tuoba people The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) A surname. Xianbei has 11 states in its history.
After the founding of Xianbei people, they turned from nomadism to urban life and settled agriculture, and made great efforts to Sinicize. A small part was integrated into Tibetans. The Xianbei Tuoba section outside the Guan had a later name Xibe nationality [4] . A founding of the Murong Ministry Tuyu-hun Be part of Family of soil The subject of [5] .
Chinese name
Xianbei nationality
compose
Tuoba, Murong, Yuwen, Chifu, Bald and other tribes
Murongbu
build Murong's swallows , Tuyu-hun Etc.
Tuoba
build The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) Split into The Eastern Wei Dynasty and The Western Wei Dynasty (535-544)

catalogue

  1. 1Historical development
  2. ▪Ethnic origin
  3. ▪Western Han Dynasty
  4. ▪The Eastern Han Dynasty
  5. ▪Rebel against the Han dynasty and stand for oneself
  6. ▪Three Kingdoms period
  7. ▪The Jin Dynasty
  1. ▪Northern Wei Dynasty
  2. ▪Future development
  3. 2Internal classification
  4. 3A family is called a family source
  5. ▪Origin of clan name
  6. ▪Definition of family name
  7. ▪Blood race
  1. 4National culture
  2. ▪Language and writing
  3. ▪Food source
  4. ▪Customs and habits
  5. ▪Religious belief
  6. 5The Three Kingdoms of the late Han Dynasty
  7. 6Modern remains
  1. ▪Han-tibetan remains
  2. ▪Xibe remains
  3. ▪The remains of the Tu people
  4. ▪Leave open the question

Historical development

broadcast
EDITOR

Ethnic origin

Xianbei life scene simulation sculpture
For the origin of Xianbei nationality, the historians have not reached a conclusion, but it is basically believed that Xianbei was transformed from the northern nationality in ancient China. There are four main theories:
Ethnic origin
archology
Specific content
Donghu theory
The origin of Xianbei A surname Is the broadest term. " Later Han Dynasty "," The History of The Three Kingdoms "," The Book of Jin "And" The Spring and Autumn Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms Xianbei is said to be the remaining part of Donghu. Jin Dynasty Wang Shen Compiled by History of Wei Dynasty "And" Sima Biao 's Continuation of the Han Dynasty "And other historical books also mentioned that Xianbei had a close relationship with Donghu. " Historical records are hidden Citing the Eastern Han Dynasty Hu Guang Yun: "Xianbei, Donghu other species", more proof that Xianbei originated from Donghu.
Eastern Yi theory
The Three Kingdoms Wei Zhao In... National language , Jin dialect "Once upon a time, the princes of the league were in Qiyang. Chu Jing Man, set Mao𫠈 µ, set a watch, and Xianbei Shou liao, so not for One note read: "Xianbei, A surname Country." Based on this argument, many scholars have explained in detail that Xianbei originated from Dongyi. For example Li Deshan Xianbei is considered to be a branch of Dongyi Zhulou nationality [6] ; Huang Lie Xianbei should be the Bai Yi among the nine Yi [7] Let's wait. In the summer of 1960, archaeologists were present Hulunbuir City Zalainol The early tombs of Xianbei were found on the east bank of Dalaneromu River in the north of the mining area. This large group of ancient tombs is about 2900 years ago to the early Eastern Han Dynasty Xianbei cemetery, unearthed more than 300 relics. In the tombs, there are a large number of cattle, horses, sheep and other funerary objects, such as pottery, bronze, bone, wood, and shells. Among them, bag-shaped three-legged bronze pottery and the burial method of the single tomb in the north of the tomb all show that the owners of the tomb group have a long connection with the civilization of the Yellow River basin. The unearthed funerary objects such as wood and shells make people speculate that they had a long relationship with the civilization Dongyi culture The origin of...
Mountain rong theory
" Collection of historical records Citing the Eastern Han Dynasty piety Cloud:" A surname , A surname Cover the present Xianbei."
The fleeing Han said
" Historical records are hidden Citing the Eastern Han Dynasty honor Submit to the throne 汉桓帝 Book cloud: "Qin built the Great Wall, the apprentices died outside the wall, according to the Xianbei Mountain, as the number."
" Hanyuanji Quoting "Han Mingchen Playing" cloud: "Xianbei, First Emperor of Qin sent Meng Tian If you build the wall, you die outside the wall. Few, few. The humble is humble. It is a vulgar thing to say." Western Han Dynasty
Luqu River system

Western Han Dynasty

In the early Western Han Dynasty, A surname After being defeated by Xiongnu, Xianbei surrendered Xianbei Mountain and became a slave of Xiongnu. Emperor Wu of Han Period, the Han Dynasty defeated Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China , will Wuhuan immigrate Kamigani , Yuyang County , Right Peiping , Western part of Liaoning , Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province Outside the five counties, Xianbei also began to move south to the former site of Wuhuan Rao Lac Shui (now The West Lamuron River ) River basin. Before that, Xianbei had no contact with the Central Plains Dynasty because it was in the north of Wuhuan [8] .

The Eastern Han Dynasty

In the seventeenth year of Emperor Guangwu's Jianwu (41 AD), Xianbei, Xiongnu and Wuhuan of Chishan repeatedly joined forces to invade the Eastern Han, killing the officials and people of the Eastern Han, and Emperor Guangwu issued an edit to worship Xiangbi and make Shi O to be the governor of Liaodong. The sacrificial brothers were brave. Every time Norp attacked, they often took the lead and led the way. They destroyed and forced Norp to flee many times. [68]
In the autumn of the 21st year of the Founding of the Army (45 AD), more than 10,000 cavalry from Xianbei invaded Liaodong, and the governor of Liaodong led thousands of men to meet the attack, and personally armed Chen. Xianbei was defeated and fled, throwing more than half of the dead into the water. So the priests set out to give chase, and Xianbei became anxious, so they abandoned their armoury and ran away naked. The war priests beheaded more than 3,000 classes and captured thousands of horses. From then on, Xianbei was frightened and did not dare to spy on Senai any more for fear of the sacrificial brothers.
Fearing that Xianbei would join the Xiongnu and Wuhuan Sanlu in invading the border, he sent messengers to greet Xianbei in the 25th year of the founding of the Armed Forces (49 AD), showing Xianbei his wealth and interests. So, Xianbei chief partial Consecration, request naturalization. The sacrificial brothers accepted them and from then on became close to and attached themselves to the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han Dynasty is partial to what Xianbei big protect Let him bring down all the mighty men in Xianbei and make them Luoyi County A surname . [69] Therefore, all the powerful and powerful of the tribes are subservient and willing to serve Han. A surname He said, "If you want to make a mark, fight the Huns and send them a beheading before I believe you are truly obedient." Partial He and others all looked up to the sky and pointed to the heart and said: "A certain effect!" So they attacked the Xiongnu Zuoyituzi tribe, beheaded more than 2,000 people, and sent the heads of Xiongnu to Liaodong County. Since then, he attacked Xiongnu every year and always sent his head to accept the Eastern Han reward. From then on, Xiongnu increasingly weakened, the Eastern Han border without the Kou police, Xianbei, Wuhuan one into the Eastern Han tributary. [63]
54, Xianbei chief headful In Qiu Bi also led the department to Luoyang to congratulate, was the Eastern Han Dynasty as a prince [9] .
In the first year of Yongping of Emperor Ming of Han Dynasty (58 AD), A surname send Xianbei big protect partial He attacked the Wuhuan tribe in Chishan, defeated the Wuhuan people and killed their leader. Since then, the foreign tribes from Wuwei County in the west to Xuantu County in the east all came to the Eastern Han Dynasty. [70] The remaining Xianbei adults all came to the Eastern Han and went to Liaodong to accept the Eastern Han reward. During the reign of Emperor Zhang II of Ming Dynasty, Xianbei people always defended the Eastern Han frontier, so that the border was not in trouble. [64]
Yongping 16 years (73 years) A surname Lai Yi and Wenmu, the lieutenant who protected Wuhuan, led the soldiers of the counties and 11,000 cavalry from Wuhuan and Xianbei out of Pingcheng to fight against the Northern Huns. Lai Yang and Wen Mu came to the water of the Hun River, and all the Huns fled. [71]
In the second year of Yuanhe (85), Xianbei allied with Wuhuan, Dinghe, Southern Xiongnu and Western Regions, and defeated the Northern Xiongnu. Northern Xiongnu They're weak. In 87, Xianbei attacked the Northern Xiongnu, destroyed it in a big way, killed Youliushanyu of the Xiongnu, and returned him with his Xiongnu skin. [1]
In the third year of Yongyuan (91), the Eastern Han government allied with the Southern Xiongnu to defeat the Northern Xiongnu, and the Northern Xiongnu were forced to move there Central Asia . Yongyuan five years (93 years), Northern Xiongnu In addition to 鞬 alone smell Dou Xian Death, every rate of its north return. in Ren Shang and others hunted down the northern Huns in the battle Later, Xianbei occupied the Mongolian grassland, annexed more than ten thousand Xiongnu species, and began to become powerful [10] .
In the sixth year of Yongyuan (94), more than 200,000 of the fifteen tribes of the Northern Xiongnu who had surrendered to the Han Dynasty rebelled against King Ao 鞬, the son of the former southern Xiongnu Shuyu Tuntuhe Meet the good occasion For Shanyu, the Xiongnu split again. Renshang transfer Xianbei big protect Su Ba 廆 The army broke The weather is simple Decapitation of more than 17,000 levels; In the first month of the following year (95), Liu Zhao appointed Xianbei Grand Protector Su Ba 廆 For the leading king, [65] At the same time, it is regarded as the county of Han. [66]
Han Emperor Yong early years, Xianbei adults Yanliyang Came to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty to celebrate, Empress Dowager Deng Give the king the seal and let them go to Tonghu City under Ningcheng, Shanggu County, where Colonel Wuhuan lived, to build two quality pavilions in the north and the south. Xianbei City fell 120, all dispatched afferent . [72]
In the third year of Yongchu (109 years), the South Xiongnu was opposed, and the Empress Empress Deng ordered the imperial guard of Liaodong Geng Kui He led the Xianbei soldiers and the soldiers of various counties to fight together and defeated the Southern Xiongnu Azulene 鞬 - King by day . [73]

Rebel against the Han dynasty and stand for oneself

In 121, Xianbei chief Available to 鞬 Renegade.
In 123, Wanshi Shi Zhu鞮 Shan Yu, a Xianbei master, defeated more than 10,000 men to 鞬 Mambo (northwest of today's Junge Banner in Inner Mongolia), killing more than 1,000 men, and killing King Ao鞬 Rizhu.
140 years, South Xiongnu Jurong Us He led 3,000 horses to attack Xihe (to the southeast of present-day Dongsheng County in Inner Mongolia), lured the King of You Xian, combined 7,000 to 7,000 troops, surrounded Meiji (to the northwest of present-day Junge Banner in Inner Mongolia), and killed Shuofang and the county magistrate. In May, it was defeated by the Handu Liao general Ma Xu and the troops of Wuhuan, Xianbei and Qianghu. In September, he took Chenewu as Shan Yu, followed Wuhuan in the east, and Qiang and Rong Zhuhu in the west, destroyed Huya Camp in Jingzhao, killed the capital officer of Shangjun and the military horse, and raided the four prefectures of Pinghe, Liangliang, Youyou and Ji.
Xianbei Mountain
In 156, Sandalwood tree To unify the departments of Xianbei [11] The land is divided into three parts: the east of Peiping on the right is the east, the middle of Peiping to the upper Valley, and the west of the Upper Valley is the west. Three sets of adult management, directly under the Sanshihuai [12] . Nomadic people rely on the important strategic material is "water grass" and "cud", "salt land", Sanshi Huai after becoming Xianbei adults, began to carry out a series of consolidation measures: "is set up court in the bomb Khan mountain water, to the north of three hundred miles of high Liu, soldiers and horses are very rich, east and west adults are returned." After that, under his command, "Because of the invasion of the border in the south, the refusal of Ding Zero in the north, the attack of Fuyu in the east, and the attack of Wusun in the west, all the Xiongnu's former lands, the mountains and rivers were covered with salt ponds for more than 4,000 miles from east to west, and 7,000 miles from north to south," (P2022), "There were too many species, not enough food for the field and livestock to shoot, and the sandalstone acacia was self-contained, I saw that the water of Wuhou Qin stretched for hundreds of miles, the water stopped, and there were fish in it. Can't get it. Hearing that people were good at net Pu, the east struck Jun people in the country, got more than a thousand families, relocated to the Qin River, and made fishing to ribs food." After unification, Xianbei invaded the Eastern Han border for years [13-15] .
In 177, Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty was appointed Lieutenant Wuhuan Xia Yu, Breaking Xianbei General Tian Yan, The Huns Zang Min led more than ten thousand cavalry, respectively Takayanagi (now Shanxi Yanggao), Cloud County (Northeast of present-day Inner Montokto), Yanmen (northwest of today's Daixian county, Shanxi) launched a three-way attack on Xianbei. The Han army invaded more than two thousand miles, Xianbei leader Tanshihuai ordered the East, middle and West three adults to lead the troops to fight separately [16-17] .
After the death of Tanshihuai in 181, Xianbei was divided [18] The west is rebellious, Monan From the east of the cloud split into three groups: first Bindu root Group, tens of thousands of supporters, according to the cloud, Yanmen area, the second is Cobinon The group is distributed in Daijun, Shanggu and other places, and the third is a number of small groups owned by the original alliance "Eastern adults", scattered in western Liaoning, Right Peiping and Yuyang outside the jam. The Cobinen Group is the most powerful.
216 years, Cao Cao will Southern Xiongnu It was divided into five parts, left and right, north and south, and were placed in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and other places, and the Xianbei people took advantage of their old land and further entered the South of the desert, replacing the position of the South Xiongnu, close to the Central Plains.

Three Kingdoms period

During The Three Kingdoms period, Cobinon Aim at the unity of Xianbei, so just established Cao Wei Show deference [19] .
In 220, Cobineng presented his horse to Emperor Cao PI [20] ;
In 221, more than 500 Han families still living in Xianbei returned to Han.
The birthplace of the Huns
In 222, he led more than 3,000 people to ride, drove more than 7,000 cattle and horses to "trade" with the State of Wei, and then sent more than 1,000 Han families back to Shanggu and other places [21] . After maintaining good relations with Cao Wei, Cobineng began to annex other tribes [22] .
In 228, Cobinen annexed the eastern Xianbei tribes.
In 233, Cobineng annexed Budugenen and unified Monan, threatening the border of Cao and Wei [23-24] .
231 years, A person of great wisdom and wisdom During the fourth expedition to the north, an envoy was sent to contact Cobineng with the intention of attacking Cao Wei from front to back. Cobineng led his troops to Shicheng (present-day Gansu Province) Goran ), garrison the border. In order to prevent Xianbei south.
235 years, Cao Wei Yuzhou Dynasty Wang Xiong Send an assassin Han Long Cobineng was stabbed to death, and Xianbei began to "disperse the tribes and invade each other", and the various departments of Xianbei entered the period of independent development [25] .
In 237, Cao Wei sent Wu Qiu Jian to lead the Youzhou troops to join Xianbei and Wu Heng in attacking them, and Wei Zhen Jian, but the emperor refused to listen, and GongSunyuan fought against Jian, but Jian was not good, and he was defeated. Gongsun Yuan then established himself as the king of Yan, set up officials, sent messengers with symbols, and with the help of Xianbei's royal seal, awarded Jin titles to the northern ethnic groups in the border area, and lured Xianbei people to invade the northern area of Wei. [26]
During the Cao and Wei Dynasties, Wei's battle against Yan Zhongmurong Xianbei, together with Sima Yi, Wuheng, Gao Guryei, and Shaoxing, won the conquest of western Liaoning. The eastern Xianbei was formed successively Murongbu , Yuwen Ministry, segment Three, occupied western Liaoning; Under the leadership of Tuoba Liwei, Tuoba also moved south for the third time to Yunzhong (present-day Toketuo area in Inner Mongolia); The baldness section was separated from the Tuoba section and moved from the northern part of Saibei to Hexi. Before the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Chifu had already moved into the Yong and Liang prefectures on a large scale. [27]

The Jin Dynasty

  • Western Jin Dynasty
The Western Jin Dynasty (536-597) After the establishment, the surrounding Xianbei departments adopted a pacifying policy, and granted some tribal leaders official titles, to strengthen the rule. Although Xianbei sometimes rebelled (such as Murong's return, Murong 廆 Father and son invade the border, Bald tree function However, in general, the Western Jin and Xianbei maintained a good subordinate relationship. However, after the rebellion of the Eight Kings began, the Western Jin Dynasty was in chaos, its national strength was weak, and the world was in chaos. All the ethnic minorities marched south to the Central Plains. At this time, Xianbei, especially the various departments of Xianbei in Western Liaoning also took the opportunity to share a piece of the cake, Duan and Tuoba two took refuge in the Western Jin border ministers, participating in the Central Plains dispute.
Duan Xianbei originated from Western Liaoning Corridor One belt, its ancestor is Duan Day and land relatives In situ Lord Wuhuan's house slave, due to famine, in Liaoxi county Nearby begging for food, attracting the fall of rebellion, gradually stronger. After the rebellion of the Eight Kings broke out, Duan followed the Western Jin Dynasty You Zhou Prefectural official Wang Jun They moved south to the Central Plains and captured Yecheng, where they were pillaging a lot. Section chief Section affairs eye dust Therefore, he was given the title of Duke of Liaoxi by the Western Jin Dynasty and was given the Liaoxi County.
Tuoba originated in the northern section of the Greater Khingan Mountains and was discovered in 1980 in the Greater Khingan Mountains Gaxian Cave Confirmed its origin here. Tuoba moved south many times and participated in the tribal alliance formed by Tanshihuai. In 310, Chief of the Tuoba Clan Tuoba Yi Lu With the Western Jin Dynasty statehood Prefectural official Liu Kun They formed an alliance against Shileh and were given the title of Dandan Yu and Duke of the Western Jin Dynasty. In 315, he was also named the king of the generation, placing Baiguan, Tuoba Surrogate state Established here.
  • Eastern Jin Dynasty
The Eastern Jin Dynasty (917-907) During the period, the various departments of Xianbei set off an upsurge of state-building in the north. From 337 to 420, the states of Qianyan, Later Yan, Xiyan, Nanyan, Nanyang, Western Qin, Northern Wei and so on were established.
Four Yan: Before the establishment of the Murong Section of Xianbei in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Xianbei section was in the western Liaoning Province Murong 廆 Under the leadership of the Central Plains has not been involved in the melee, focus on cultivating strength. Murong Department successively defeated Fuyu , Koguryo The Xianbei tribes, such as the Yu Culture Department and the Duan Department, gradually became the strongest presence in western Liaoning. In 321, 慕容廆 was awarded the title of Governor of You, Pingzhou and Dongyi military, chariot general, Pingzhou pastoral officer, Duke of Liaodong County, awarded Dan Shu iron Certificate, allowing him to take over the election of Pingzhou officials. 慕容廆 After his death, his son Murong 皝 Enthrone. After Murong 皝 took the throne, he first put down the domestic rebellion, and then defeated the Duan and Yuwen Ministries. In 337, Murong 皝 was awarded the title of King of Yan by the Eastern Jin Dynasty preswallow . In 352, the former Yan attacked and destroyed Ran Wei . In the same year, Murong 皝 zi Murong Jun In Zhongshan (now Dingxian county, Hebei Province) Emperor Cheng, later moved the capital Ye . 370, the former swallow quilt The former Qin Dynasty Destroyed. [28]
The Battle of Feishui River Later, Murong Xianbei was established successively A second swallow , Xiyan , Namyan .
In 394, Xiyan was annexed by Later Yan.
In 407, the Later Yan civil unrest, Feng Ba, Zhang Xing and other overthrew the rule of Murong Bao, pushing Bao's adopted son Murong Yun (Gao Yun) of Goguryeo descent to the throne, called the king of Heaven. In 409, the Later Yan civil unrest, Feng Ba put down the civil unrest, enthroned as the king of Heaven, founded Beiyan State, rule Kizoshi Later Yan perished. The Book of Wei describes the Feng family of Northern Yan from the first line of Xianbei or the Northeast as Han people, which is the result of inheriting the "Yan Zhi" compiled according to the will of Empress Dowager Feng and humanizing the Feng family. [58]
In 410, Liu Yu Break through Guanggu City (now Qingzhou, Shandong Province), the Southern Yan perish. [29]
Western Qin: Qifu Xianbei was the most important and powerful branch of Longxi Xianbei, and it moved south to the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty Yinshan Mountain , the same High car Tribal integration. 385 years, Chifu Guoren Called big general, big single in, leading Qin River two state grazing, history said The Western Qin Dynasty . 388 Chi Fu Guoren died, his brother Go back to begging He became king of Henan and moved his capital to Jincheng (now Lanzhou, Gansu Province). The year 394 The former Qin Dynasty The Lord Fu Den was defeated and did all he could Longxi The place, renamed The King of Qin . 400 years to move the capital Yuanchuan (now Yuzhong, Gansu Province). Lose in the same year Yao Xing And he attached it The Later Qin Dynasty For its vassal states. It was 407 years ago Yao Xing He stayed in Chang 'an and returned to Yuan Chuan two years later and was renamed King of Qin. Death in 412, Son The burning mountain of a beggar He took the throne, called the king of Henan and moved the capital Linxia (now Linxia, Gansu Province). It was destroyed in 414 Minamiryou In October, he was renamed the King of Qin. In 431, it was destroyed by the Xia State and the Western Qin Dynasty was destroyed. [29]
Northern Wei Dynasty: formerly known as Tuoba Yi Lu The establishment of a surrogate state. 338 AD, the chief Tuoba Shiyichen Take the throne, all in Shengle (now Inner Mongolia and Linger County), into the slave-owned class society, gradually stronger. In 376, The former Qin Dynasty Attack, Tuoba Shiyichen defeat, after being Tuoba Shi Jun Killed (already in 377 AD), the former Qin took advantage of the momentum to march, and eventually destroyed the dynasty. [30] In 386, Tuoba Shi Yi Jian Sun Tuoba GUI Reunite the old department, in Niugawa (modern Inner Mongolia Xilamulin River) held a tribal council, that is, the throne. Not long after taking the throne, because Niugawa Remote, then move the capital Shengle. In April of the same year, changed Title of a kingdom For Wei, self-proclaimed King of Wei It was called Northern Wei Dynasty.
Nanliang: Tuoba Xianbei is a branch of Tuoba Xianbei, and the Northern Wei Dynasty homology. In 397, Dufa Wugu proclaimed himself Grand General, Dashanyu, and King of Xiping Minamiryou . [31] The following year Mean calendar December (late 398 AD, early 399 AD) was renamed King Wuwei, [32] In 399, the capital was moved to Ledu (now Haidong, Qinghai), and Wu Gu died in the same year Bald deer alone Continue. [33] Li Lu emigrated to Xiping (now Xining, Qinghai Province), which was renamed in 401 Hexi King . Lee Deer died alone in 402, brother Bald hair 傉 sandalwood He took the throne, changed his name to King Liang, and moved back to Ledu. 404 years The Later Qin Dynasty Strong, 傉 Dantan to Yao Xing Thank you. Yao Xing destroy After cooling , because Lliangzhou cure A surname , present-day Gansu Wuwei Inconvenient to control, is the department 傉 Danshi Liangzhou, into the town A surname . 408, 傉 Danyo Yao Xing They broke up and became King of the Cool. Since then, it has been contested with neighboring countries Hexi Corridor Years of struggle for leadership. First the summer invasion Minamiryou North, kill people and animals, 傉 Dantan chase beat back, south cool suffered a fatal blow. 傉 Tan attacked with fifty thousand horsemen Northern Liang He was defeated and had to give up A surname He returned to Ledu in 410. In 414 傉 sandalwood descended to The Western Qin Dynasty South cool died. [29]
Tuyuhun: Tuyu-hun The ministry was in chief at the beginning of the fourth century Tuyu-hun Led by the west moved to Gansu, Qinghai area, with the same origin with Murong Xianbei. Later, Tuyuhun's grandson Yeyen When he was the leader, he imitated the Han nationality, took the surname of the father's name, and took the national title Tuyuhun, marking the establishment of the Tuyuhun regime. Because Tuyuhun is relatively poor, it is basically bullied by its strong neighbors. Northern and Southern Dynasties, Tuyuhun successively subordinate Liu Song Dynasty , The Southern Qi Dynasty (550-597) , The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) Let's wait. In 431, Tuyuhun defeated the rest of the Xia and captured the late Lord Helanding (who was later sent to Northern Wei for execution). Part of the territory, property and a large number of people formerly belonging to the Western Qin and Xia States came under Tuyuhun's rule. Its territory includes the eastern part of Qinghai, the eastern part of Longnan region, the eastern part of Wuwei region, Dunhuang and ANSI Along the way, Tuyuhun national regime entered the golden age. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it maintained close relations with Tuyuhun. By the 750s, the Turk Tibetan regime in ancient China Annex. [29]

Northern Wei Dynasty

In the history of Tuoba Xianbei people, the Shenyuan emperor moved his forces to Shengle area, which was a big turning point. From then on, Tuoba Xianbei showed a strong momentum of development in contact with Cao Wei regime, Western Jin regime and other separatist regimes established by other ethnic groups in the north, and finally established the Northern Wei Dynasty. At the same time, Tuoba Xianbei in the process of development to the southwest, to the central plains Cao Wei, Western Jin regime to adopt a policy of reconciliation, is also one of the factors that make Tuoba Xianbei strong. Strength and Cao Wei "ask the market, exchanges and exchanges". Cao Wei gave Tuoba gold coins, tens of thousands of years old. [34]
In 261 (the second year of Wei Jingyuan), Li Wei also sent his son Desert Khan (Emperor Wen) to Luoyang, the capital of Wei, "and watch the wind soil", which was actually proton. Accept the Han culture, wear the Han costume, master the bullet and other martial arts. In the Wei, Jin and Chan Dynasties, the desert Khan remained in Jin, and each time he returned to the north, Jin was escorted by ritual. Tuoba GUI After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba Xianbei's clan system based on blood ties was reformed, "separating the divisions and settling the lands", so that all ethnic groups became The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) The constitution of the people strengthened the centralized power. In addition, the development of agriculture and the opening of rural areas stabilized the economic foundation of Northern Wei and accelerated the Tuoba Dynasty Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) The process of feudalization laid a solid foundation for the future strength of the Wei Dynasty. [35]
In 395, when the Later Yan attacked the Northern Wei, Tuoba GUI led the army at Shenhepi (today Shanxi Datong Southeast) defeated the Houyan Army and took advantage of the victory to march south. In 397, Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province), the capital of Later Yan, was conquered, and Later Yan was destroyed. In 398, Tuoba GUI Move the capital to another place Pingcheng (now Shanxi Datong), proclaimed emperor, known in history Emperor Daowu . Tuoba GUI defeat A second swallow After entering the Central Plains, agricultural production was encouraged, and its slave-owning aristocrats were gradually transformed into feudal landlords. Tuoba GUI recruited large landowners of Han nationality to join the ruling group, speeding up the process of Sinicization in the Tuoba section of Xianbei. In 422, Tuoba GUI son of Northern Wei Ming Yuan Emperor Tuoba heir Liu Yu, Emperor Wu of Song Dynasty The chance of death, with a strong military, along Yellow River basin Comprehensive integration Liu Song Dynasty Go to war and take the south of the Yellow River Tiger prison (present Henan Province Xingyang (a county in Henan Province) Northwest), Luoyang, Sliding table (now east of Henan Hua County) and other military towns.
北魏孝文帝
In 423, Tuoba Tao took the throne as Taiwu Emperor of Northern Wei. Tuoba Tao was a man of great talent and general strategy, well versed in the art of war, and often personally led the army to battle in successive wars. In 431, Xia was destroyed, and the rest of Xia was attacked by Tuyuhun, the last Lord helendine He was captured and sent to the Northern Wei to be executed the following year. [36] It was destroyed in 436 Beiyan ; 37 - [38] It was destroyed in 439 Northern Liang To unify the North. Tuoba Tao After his death, Emperor Wencheng Tuoba Jun 、献文帝 Tuoba Hong 、孝文帝 Tuoba Hong He successively ascended the throne and gradually implemented reforms, transforming the social economy from a nomadic economy to an agricultural economy. Empress Dowager Feng With the assistance of the government, it carried out a wide range of reforms. Such as practice Official salary System, Land equalization system , Three-length system The capital relocation greatly promoted the economic and social development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, promoted the great integration of nationalities, and also created conditions for the unification of the whole country in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. [62]
In the later period, the rulers of Northern Wei became more and more corrupt, and most of the peasant families were destroyed. And in 523, it broke out Six towns uprising . Although the uprising was suppressed, Northern Wei's rule was already crumbling. It was launched in 528 by Erjurong of Chehu The change of the river Yin And control the government. In 530, 北魏孝庄帝 Mototsu killed the tyrant Er Jurong , Erzhu Rongdi Er Zhuzhao rekill 孝庄帝 , erect Yuan Gong As emperor, the power is held by the Erzhu family. In 532, Gao Huan destroyed the Erzhu clan, killed Yuan Gong, and installed Wei Xiaowu Emperor Yuan Xiu. Yuan repair to get rid of Gao Huan control, from Luoyang The generals who fled and ran to guard Guanzhong Woo Wentai . Yuwentai's ancestors came from western Liaoning Ufumi Xianbei . At this point, the Northern Wei began to split: Gao Huan made Yuan Shanjian emperor and moved his capital to Yecheng, which was known as Eastern Wei. Yuwen Tai killed Yuan Xiu, standing Ingot torch For the emperor, capital Chang 'an, known as the Western Wei Dynasty.

Future development

  • Zhou and Qi Dynasties
The Yuwen clan, who founded the Northern Zhou Dynasty, originated from the Yuwen Department of the Xianbei period in the east and distributed in the area of the Xilamulun River and Lao Ha River. The ancestors of Yuwenbu were the northern Huns who moved to Central Asia and stayed there Mobei The ministry moved east with Xianbei people After being mixed assimilation The ethnic group of the Huns. The Woo Department is in charge Yu Wenmona Under his leadership, he moved south from Yinshan to western Liaoning, where he fought many battles with the Murong section of Liaoxi and was mostly defeated. Finally in 344, the Yuwen Ministry suffered a devastating blow from the Murong Ministry, and the Yuwen Ministry scattered all over the country.
In 557, he was the son of Yuwentai Yu Wenjue by Emperor Gong of Western Wei Zen and ascension, is for the northern Zhou Xiaomin emperor (Known as the king of Heaven, this is the posthumous title) . Changed the name of the country to Zhou, known in history The Northern Zhou Dynasty (770-476 B.C.) . Yu Wenhu In hands. In September, Yu Wen protection killed Xiao Min emperor, established Yu Wenyu As Emperor, namely Northern Zhou Ming Emperor (originally also known as the King of Heaven) . In 560 AD, Yu Wenhu poisoned Emperor Ming and made Yuwen Yong Emperor Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou . In 572 AD, Emperor Wu of Zhou Kill Yu Wen protection, kiss palm State affairs . After taking office, Emperor Wu of Zhou Yuwen Yong Some major economic and political measures were taken, and the country became increasingly powerful. To the east lies the Northern Qi High latitude Under his rule, the government was corrupt and the people complained. This also inspired Emperor Wudi's determination to unify the North.
In 576, Northern Zhou attacked Northern Qi and occupied it first Jinyang In 577, he captured Yecheng, the capital of Northern Qi. Later, Gao Wei and Gao Heng were captured by the Zhou, and the Northern Qi was destroyed, although Gao Baoyu, the governor of Yingzhou, 39 - [40] But the north is largely unified. After the collapse of the Northern Qi Dynasty, the state established with Xianbei culture as the main body ceased to exist. After the northern Zhou marched into the south Chen Dynasty achieved Yangtse River North of the land, the Northern Zhou area expanded for later Sui Dynasty The foundation was laid for the unification of the United States. In 581, Yang Jian By Zen on behalf of the Zhou emperor, change the name of the country sui The Northern Zhou Dynasty died. After the collapse of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Xianbei state, which was established with the Xianbei nationality as the main body, ceased to exist and became another ancient nation that disappeared on the road of ethnic integration. [41] In 583, the remnants of the Northern Qi under the command of Gao Baoyu were also pacified. [42-43]
  • Sui and Tang foreign nationality
The Guanlong Group is a political ruling group also known as the Guanlong Six Towns Group, the six Towns Huhan Guanlong Group or the warlords of Wuchuan Town. The name of the warlord in Wuchuan town comes from Volume 15 of 22 Histories 箚 by Qing Dynasty textual historian Zhao Yi, in which it is mentioned that "the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty all came from Wuchuan". Chen Yinke put forward a new theory to explain the characteristics of the Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang dynasties. The Guanlong Group was a political ruling group, which originated from the Eight Pillars of Yuwentai, consisting of military generals in six towns of Northern Wei, Xianbei nobles in Wuchuan Town of Northern Dynasty and Han people in Guanlong area Bold and right Such as Beijing Zhaowei, Hedong Liuze, Taiyuan Guo Yan, Kung Fu Su Chun, Hanoi Sima, Dunhuang Linghu whole and so on. They intermarried with each other to strengthen the bond, and their descendants have Xianbei names, so Xianbei is the Sui and Tang emperors foreign ethnic group (ancient mother ethnic meaning). Chen Yinke's "Jin Ming Hall Cong Draft II" once said: "Take the savage and fierce blood outside the fortress, inject into the decadent body of the Central Plains culture, the old stain is removed, the new machine is restarted, and the expansion is restored, so that we can create an unprecedented world situation." [44] After more than 10 million people of more than 10 minority ethnic groups were integrated into the Han nationality, they had a profound influence on the historical development process of the Middle Ages, so that after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there was unprecedented prosperity in politics, economy and culture. Xianbei people from the first to the sixth century were the ancestors of the Han people in the Tang Dynasty. [56] The Sui and Tang regimes inherited the multicultural foundation of the Northern Dynasties. Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, lived among the Xianbei people for a long time and married the Dugu family of Xiongnu Xianbei. Emperor Taizong Li Shimin's grandfather married the Dugu family, his father Li Yuan married the Xianbei Douling family (Dou family), and himself married the Xianbei Changsun family. Zhu Xi once said that "Tang originated from Yi Di", Zheng Sixiao also said that "Li Tang is the seventh grandson of Li Hao, the king of Liang Wu Zhao in Jin · Record, and the descendant of Shi Yi Di". [55] In the early Tang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong relied heavily on the Guanlong aristocratic group, most of them were from the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties or the mixed lineage of Hu and Han. [61]
  • After Sui and Tang Dynasties
After Sui and Tang Dynasties, Xianbei no longer existed as a political entity and a national entity. The Rebellion of An and Shi led to the distance between the Central Plains Xianbei and Mobei Xianbei in the late Tang and Song dynasties, and some Xianbei people in Mobei were first sinicized and then huhu. Until the period of the Mongol Empire, although they were no longer in the glory of the Sui and Tang dynasties, they were still proud of being Li Tang foreign (that is, Li Tang mother). "Yuan History" records: "Quick brother, Mongolia Zhilie. Li Tang is a foreign nationality. Father Huai Du, serving Taizu (Chenghis Khan Tiemuzhen), tasted and drank from the Banzhuni River." According to the Ancient DNA Laboratory of Jilin University (Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Frontier Archaeology Research Center of Jilin University) Zhou Hui Professor of ancient remains mitochondrial ancient DNA study, confirmed modern Xibe nationality The crowd is probably ancient Tuoba Xianbei The descendants of... Because of political changes, the language identity may experience the process of conversion from fresh and servile to Chinese to Mongolian to Manhua. [45]

Internal classification

broadcast
EDITOR
There are two classifications of Xianbei nationality.
One is divided into eastern Xianbei and Eastern Xianbei according to their tribal origin and integration with other tribes Tuoba Xianbei .
The other is divided into western Xianbei, central Xianbei and eastern Xianbei according to the different distribution regions. Among them, the western Xianbei mainly refers to Hexi Xianbei and Longxi Xianbei, including Tuyuhun, Chifu and baldness. Middle Xianbei includes Tuoba and meekly Etc.; The eastern Xianbei includes the Yuwen Department, the Duan Department and the Murong Department.

A family is called a family source

broadcast
EDITOR

Origin of clan name

Three Kingdoms and Later Han Dynasty [46] The Book of Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn Annals both record that the name of the "Xianbei" clan is "according to Xianbei Mountain, taking the mountain as the number", and the Book of Wei records it as "Xianbei Mountain". Da Xianbei Mountain ". According to research, Xianbei Mountain is Menggehan Mountain in Xingan League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. And Da Xianbei Mountain is located in the discovery of Gaxian Cave Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Oroqen Autonomous Banner internal The Greater Khingan Mountains The northern section.

Definition of family name

The word "Xianbei", Wang Guowei , White bird Cooji Xianbei is believed to be "Xi Bi", also known as "Shi Bi", referring to the hooking of Hu people. This belt hook originally came from Donghu, the Warring States period into the state of Zhao and so on. Quotes from Shiji Soyin Zhang Yan Cloud: "Xianbei Guo fall belt, the name of the beast also, Donghu good dress." "Guo Luo" is the righteousness of the beast, "Xianbei" means auspicious or God, and it is the auspicious beast or God beast. The Donghu people take The deer Such as Rui beast casting belt hook, that is, the so-called "Xianbei Guo Luo belt", translated Yan Rui beast belt or God beast belt.
In addition, some scholars believe that "Xianbei" is auspicious meaning, with Xianbei as the family name, in line with ancient times nomad The customary way of naming; Some scholars believe that "Xianbei" contains animal meaning, is used as a tribal totem animal or a divine animal.

Blood race

Some parts of Xianbei people have typical Caucasian Features.
The identity of Xunshi, the birth mother of Emperor Ming of Jin, was a palace official. The Book of Jin · Empress Biography does not contain his origin, and the Book of Jin · Ming Di Ji calls him" Yandai People ", according to the "Jin Shu · Geography" : "From the east of the Yanmen, Liaoyang, Yan Dynasty", "Jin Shu · Liu Cong "Record" said "Xianbei stars cloth Yandai", which shows that Yandai area is the main distribution area of Xianbei people, suggesting that Xunzi is Xianbei people.
" The world speaks new language · False Shift Wang Dun According to Emperor Ming of Jin For: "yellow beard Xianbei slave", and said its features are "yellow beard". "Yongjia Travel" said: "Yellow head Xianbei into Luoyang, Hu 'er holding halberd rising Ming Tang." Wang Dun's words in "Different Yuan" are quoted: "Yellow head Xianbei slave", and explained: "The emperor's birth mother, Xunshi, Yan people, so the appearance is like". Yellow head refers to blond hair, yellow beard refers to yellow beard, it can be seen that the features of Jin Ming Emperor are gold yellow beard, with Caucasian The physical characteristics of. " The Book of Jin · Ming Di Ji also reported that Wang Dun called Jin Ming Emperor "Yellow beard Xianbei slave", and said that "the emperor's shape is like the outer family, the beard is yellow, so Dun is called Di Yun", clearly pointing out that the appearance of Jin Ming Emperor is similar to his mother's family, indicating that his mother's appearance has the characteristics of white race. Since Emperor Ming was called "Xianbei Nu with yellow head" or "Xianbei Nu with yellow beard", his birth mother Xunshi should be Xianbei people.
The people of the Eastern Jin believed that Emperor Ming Jin looked similar to Xianbei because his mother was Xianbei, so he was called "yellow head Xianbei Nu" or "yellow beard Xianbei Nu", which proved that "yellow head" or "yellow beard" was the physical feature of Xianbei people. Blond hair is one of the prominent characteristics of the white race, it can be seen that Xianbei people have the characteristics of the white race. [47]

National culture

broadcast
EDITOR

Language and writing

In Chinese history books, it is called Yiyan, Guoyu, Beijing Language University, Hu or Hu Yan. It is a language used by the Xianbei people in the history of China and Mongolia. It was used from the 2nd and 3rd centuries to the middle of the 7th century, and was widely used by the Xianbei people in the Central Plains from the sixteen States of Eastern Jin to the Northern Dynasty. As the language used by the rulers at that time, it once became a prestigious language in northern China, second only to Chinese. The Xianbei people who lived in the Central Plains were forbidden to use the language, which undoubtedly reduced the living space of the language greatly. After the rebellion of six towns, the department of six towns, which was deeply huhuized, will once again promote the use of fresh and humble words, which set off a upsurge of fresh and humble in northern China. Xianbei language was lost until the end of Sui Dynasty.
However, in the course of the reform of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it left clues for modern linguists to understand and read the fresh humble language. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the two methods of phonetic translation and semantic translation were adopted to change Hu name and Han name. [48] The former provides some phonetic information of the fresh humble language, while the latter is equivalent to a set of fresh humble and Chinese antisense vocabulary. For example, change Tuoba to Yuan, Dugu to Liu, He Lai to He, Buliugu to Lu, Tuxi to Gu, change Khan to emperor, Kesun to empress, Mohe to father, Modun to mother and A Gan to brother, and so on. [49] Modern scholars such as Shiratori Kuji and Fang Zhuangyou first correctly recognized the relationship between the original names of these words and the phonetic semantics corresponding to Chinese phonetic semantics, and conducted a comparative study.
About Xianbei, The History of Sui Dynasty · Jing Ji Zhi has records on the use of fresh and servile language to translate traditional Chinese books, including 108 books with 447 volumes such as "Jijie Analects" and "Jizhu Analects". In addition, 135 lost books with 569 volumes were counted when the Book of Sui was compiled in the early Tang Dynasty. [50] However, none of these books have been handed down, so their texts cannot be verified.

Food source

Baikal region and Northeast region are rich in fertile land since ancient times. Among the production tools unearthed at Yujiatun site, a large proportion are arrowheads, cones and net drops of different materials. At the same time, a large number of deer, dog, cow, bear, wild boar, roe deer, rabbit, rat, fish, beaver, mussels, birds and other animal remains were unearthed in the site, pecan, apricot, acorn, water chestnut. This shows that people were mainly fishing, hunting and gathering. The appearance of iron and stone grinding rods and stone axes indicates that primitive agriculture has appeared. But because of its small number, we speculate that agriculture should have played a supplementary role in the economic field at that time.

Customs and habits

Xianbei in the early period maintained the characteristics of nomadic customs. Because Xianbei was homology with Wuhuan and enslaved by Xiongnu, its customs were similar to those of Wuhuan and Xiongnu. " Later Han Dynasty Records: "Xianbei, also Donghu branch also, do not depend on Xianbei Mountain, so because of the number." Its language custom is the same as Wuhuan. Only marriage first Kun head, with the spring and moon assembly in Rao Le water, drink Yan Bi, and then cooperate. Animals and animals are different from the Chinese, wild horses, original sheep, horn end cattle, horn as the bow, commonly known as the horn end bow. They also have mink, 豽 and 鼲, and their fur is soft 蝡, so they are known as fur." [51] Its social organization is the Yup organization, divided into departments, yup, fall, from small to large composition. [41] In the later period, Xianbei gradually became more and more Sinicized with the Han nationality, and its life habits gradually moved closer to the Han nationality. The people in the Sui and Tang Empires were different from the people in the Han Empires, so they should be called "Sui and Tang people". After the Han Dynasty, that is, the people of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, have undergone great changes. In other words, in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hu and Han intermarriage and other phenomena eventually led to the integration of the two, which was a big historical trend. If the Hu people have been sinicized, then it can also be said that the Han people have been huicized, and the classification of Hu and Han in the style of the Han Empire no longer meets the standard of differentiation in the new era. [59]

Religious belief

Longmen Grottoes
The early Xianbei people maintained a primitive state for a long time due to customs, economic activities and geographical environment, so in their family life, social life and political life, shamanism was strong. shamanism It is a primitive religion believed by the Mongolian language people in northern China. Fundamentally speaking, it is a primitive polytheistic belief based on the spiritual nature of all things. Under this worship, for nature, Totem The belief of the ancestors in ghosts and gods can be included in its religious activities. Due to the low level of productivity and the extreme lack of all kinds of knowledge, people's drumming is completely under the domination of natural forces, and various natural objects and natural phenomena in nature, such as mountains, rivers, the sun, the moon and the stars, can affect people's lives, and it is easy to make people feel awe and mystery.
Later, with the continuous southward migration of the Xianbei people and their increasing penetration into the hinterland of the Central Plains, the coexistence and communication with the Han people were deepened, coupled with the great virtues of the monks and the promotion of the rulers, in terms of religious belief, Buddhism and Taoism increasingly became the mainstream of Xianbei religious belief. At the same time, shamanism gradually withdrew from the historical stage.
According to historical records, Murongbu The Xianbei tribe was the first to contact Buddhism. In 342, Murong 皝 Move the capital to another place Ryongson After (today Liaoning Chaoyang), there appeared two dragons flying auspicious scene, "皝 joy... Build Longxiang Buddhist Temple on the mountain." This is the earliest known Buddhist temple built in the northeast region, and it is also a clear evidence of the Murong Department's devotion to Buddha. Since then, Buddhism began to spread widely in Murong Yan, and the Buddhist belief penetrated into all social strata, and had a very extensive influence on Murong Xianbei.
Relative to Buddhism In terms of Tuoba Xianbei for Taoism The contact is even earlier, as early as in the country Tuoba Desert Khan There are signs of worship. Founder of the Northern Wei Dynasty Tuoba GUI For Taoism is also quite keen, Tianxing years, Tuoba GUI set up Taoist fairy brand, boiling white medicine. During the reign of Emperor Taiwu, he was born into a Taoist family Cui Hao Vigorously promoted, Taoism is the ruler of the green Lai. In fact, as early as when Emperor Daowu put down Later Yan, he ordered the promotion of Buddhism. By the time of Emperor Yuan of the Ming Dynasty, Buddhism began to spread widely among the Tuoba nobility and folk. Yungang Grottoes , Longmen Grottoes Also began to build. But at the same time, shamanic influence has not been completely eradicated. In the major political and military decisions at that time, there were still wizards involved; In Tuoba Xianbei's sacrifice, there are still a lot of original colors; Among the people, shamans are still very popular. [52]
The development of Taoism and Buddhism in Xianbei is not smooth sailing. First, Buddhism experienced the destruction of Buddhism by Taiwu Emperor of Northern Wei and Wu Emperor of Northern Zhou. Second, after Cui Hao, a strong advocate, was killed, Taoism began to decline.

The Three Kingdoms of the late Han Dynasty

broadcast
EDITOR
in Ren Shang and others hunted down the northern Huns in the battle Later, the Eastern Han Dynasty did not effectively control the Xiongnu homeland, Xianbei soon occupied this area. At this time, "there are still more than 100,000 Huns left, all from the name Xianbei, Xianbei thus gradually flourishing." Xianbei not only replaced the Huns to become the main ethnic group in the north of our country, but also began to have a closer relationship with the northern border county of Eastern Han. At this time, the relationship between Xianbei and Han Dynasty, sometimes sincere obedience, sometimes war.
In the first year of construction Guang (121), Xianbei leader Qi Zhijian rebelled to Han, to Yangjia two years (133), during the period of his death. During this period of more than ten years, wars were the most frequent, almost every year without war, and Xianbei invaded the Eastern Han border county. There are only three records of Xianbei's submission to the Eastern Han government. All these can also show that at this stage, Xianbei's strength had become one of the major border troubles in the Eastern Han Dynasty, second only to the Qiang.
It is recorded that he was "fourteen and five years old, brave and strong and resourceful." ... Those who do not dare to violate the law are regarded as adults." After becoming an adult of Xianbei, Tanshihuai began to carry out a series of rectification measures: "is set up court in the Danhan Mountain 歠 Qiu Shui, to the north of Gao Liu more than three hundred miles, the army is very rich, the eastern and western adults are home." After that, under his command, "Because the border was seized in the south, the Ding Zero was rejected in the north, the Fu Yu in the east, and the Wusun in the west, all the Xiongnu's ancestral lands were covered with mountains and rivers for more than 4,000 miles from east to west and 7,000 miles from north to south," "There were too many species in the day, and the field animals were not enough for food, and the sandalstone acacia was confined by itself. Hearing that people were good at net Pu, the east struck Jun people in the country, got more than a thousand families, relocated to the Qin River, and made fishing to ribs food." Becoming a serious threat to the northern Han. The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty was worried about the danger of sandalstone Sophora invading the border, and sent an envoy to make him king and make peace with him. However, sandalstone robinia does not accept it, but it is more severe.
At the same time, Eurasia is due to Pamir Mountain knot Its existence greatly hindered the communication between East and West. If the Central Plains wanted to reach Europe, they could only cross the Pamir Plateau through the Silk Road, but the northern scene was completely different, as the latitude radius continued to decrease and the landform became smoother, it was the area north of the North Atlantic Current affected by the moist air of the Arctic Ocean, and the cavalry could travel all the way from the north of the mountains Hangai Mountain Fast motorized to the territory of Kazan Khanate, only more than 3,000 kilometers, far less than the distance from Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, to Kashgar in the Western regions.
The ruins unearthed from the north of Lingbei and the Turkic inscriptions confirm that the Han and Tang Dynasties had set up a ruling body here, but the Han and Tang Dynasties thought that this place was not suitable for farming, and Kublai Khan built five fortresses for every 10,000 people, of which 2,000 were camped, and the ratio of the tuntian army to other soldiers was two to eight. Six guards of the capital, two soldiers from each army, to feed eight soldiers. This means that if two tenths of the land is occupied, the remaining eight tenths of the food needs will be met. After that, the number of troops deployed by the other guards was not far from 2000 households, although the number of soldiers deployed in the central Plains was higher in some places, but it was still a minority. In history, the Central Plains army and people continue to fight away a wave there will always be another wave of unknown nomads from the Mongolian plateau source continuously poured down, so the Yuan Dynasty from the north of the mountains to defend the north became the top priority.
Under the thought of glorying and denouncing the barbarian, few people were willing to understand the local language and customs, and the national policy of suppressing barbarian was usually implemented. After the Northern Xiongnu moved west, the land in Mobei was empty. At this time, according to Fan Ye, "due to its current situation and its empty mines, we should return the southern tiger to Yinshan and return it to Xihe in the interior". It can also prevent the occurrence of the Jonkara chaos. However, at the same time of jointly attacking the Northern Huns, Xianbei occupied the Northern Huns' ancestral land, and obtained the remnants of the Northern Huns, invaded the border county, and became a new border attack of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was impossible to make the Southern Huns return to their ancestral land. From this result, it can be seen that the Eastern Han Dynasty can only maintain its dominant position in a certain period of time by implementing the ethnic policy of suppressing the barbarians, using the minorities to defend the minorities, solving the border problems by force, and managing the border areas. And the ancient population is the advanced productive forces, only to flee, Xianbei therefore migrate to its own land. There are still more than one hundred thousand Huns left, all from the name Xianbei, Xianbei gradually flourishing. Ma Changshou's Wuhuan and Xianbei has made statistics: ten Tuoba relatives tribes (i.e., Xianbei Dynasty); Six Xiongnu tribes; Six Ding Zero tribes; From Xianbei came three tribes that became gentle; Wu Wan and eastern Xianbei tribe nine; Other miscellaneous seven. The 41 tribes mentioned above could be effectively controlled by the Northern Wei Dynasty before entering the Central Plains. There are also other tribes controlled by the traditional nomadic khanate through the political method of pledging tribute: thirty-five. According to the records in the Book of Wei, the Northern Wei Dynasty could control 75 surnames at that time, and since the tribes controlled by Jimo were dynamically changing, this number should be an approximate number. During the war with the powerful Liu Song Dynasty, Emperor Wei Taiwu wrote in his battle letter: "None of the fighting troops I have sent today are from our country. The northeast of the city is Ding zero and Hu, the south is Di, Qiang. If Ding zero dies, it can reduce the thieves in Changshan and Zhaojun; Hu dead, reduce and state thieves; The death of the Qiang and the Di reduces the thieves in the Guanzhong." Former Qin "Sixteen States Spring and Autumn" contained: "when the east Yi, the Western regions where sixty-two countries, into the Qin dynasty, the north to the great moraina, the division in Changan, Qinzhou on GUI, South Qinzhou in Chouchi, Yongzhou in stability after incorporation of the division." Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty once said: "The Turkic people are rampant and invade the border at every turn, as many as dogs and sheep, and fill the whole mountains and fields." The Records of Korea, the History of Ming Dynasty, the Records of Yingzong and the Records of Xuanfu Town show that after the advance troops of Ming Dynasty were eliminated, Yingzong of Ming Dynasty led 80,000 soldiers to personally invade Wala, and the strength of Wala was no less than that of Ming army. The main army of Yexian was about twenty thousand men, and the mobilization of other Mongol departments was over one hundred thousand, and the Mongolian tribes even continued to have reinforcements arrived at the end of the fight between the two sides. Because of The Three Kingdoms War and the Eight Kings chaos, the population of the Central Plains was greatly reduced, and the most important thing in the land power era was the population, so it was not a joke that there were so many people in the Xianbei ethnic group as nomads. Xianbei and the former Qin Dynasty managed Mobei well through people, and when they came to Mongolia, they unified all the nomadic ethnic groups in history, which was nothing more than: Common ancestry (the legend of Lady Alan Huo's holy waist), common religion (shaman), common language (creation of Mongolian), common enemy (years of war to create a common enemy), and friendly alliance (Temujin (Tatar department) and Oryizi (Wara Department) family marriage), these are not the Central Plains dynasty thought of. [53-54]

Modern remains

broadcast
EDITOR

Han-tibetan remains

Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Xianbei ethnic group has been the northern nomadic group that has the most lasting influence on the process of Chinese civilization. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Xianbei's tribal regimes had the largest number and lasted the longest. Murong's, respectively preswallow , A second swallow , Xiyan and Namyan Chivo's The Western Qin Dynasty , alopecia Minamiryou Tukuhun's Tukuhun state, Tuoba's Surrogate state , The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) , The Eastern Wei Dynasty and The Western Wei Dynasty (535-544) Wooven The Northern Zhou Dynasty (770-476 B.C.) And Xianbei Gao's The Northern Qi Dynasty (550-597) It lasted for nearly three centuries. Yuwen Xianbei "other species" Khitan The Liao State lasted for nearly two centuries and was founded after the death of the Jin State of the female Zhen nationality Silliao It lasted for nearly a century until it was destroyed by the Mongol Khanate. From the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Tuoba Xianbei Branch was born Tangut Chaung Tuoba The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) The country lasted for nearly two centuries. It has influenced the progress of Chinese civilization for about a thousand years since the sixteen States.
The southbound Xianbei people were mainly active in The Sixteen States And the political stage of the Northern Dynasty. This period was a period of great transformation of the Chinese civilization, and the history of the diversified and integrated Chinese nation and Chinese culture was basically fixed. Great national migration, great integration and great social transformation are the main themes of the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The commonality of the Hu-Han nationality is increasing day by day, and the difference is decreasing day by day. Driven by the social reality at that time, the northern nationalities stepped into the feudal road of the Han nationality one after another. The total population controlled by the state in the heyday of the Northern Wei Dynasty is estimated to be less than 20 million, while the total number of non-Han ethnic groups in the early Northern Wei Dynasty has reached millions, so the northern ethnic groups at that time are by no means a "minority". In addition, it can be seen that a large number of non-Han origin, cross-racial children active in the politics of the Northern Dynasty, Sui and Tang dynasties, so the province of Husan said: "Since the Sui Dynasty, the name of the people in The Times, the descendants of the North ten sixty seven." [60]
In this respect, Xianbei people are the most typical, especially Xianbei Tuoba family. Especially during the Taihe period of Northern Wei Dynasty Empress Dowager Feng and 孝文帝 The immortal achievement of the "Sinicization reform" of the Hu people lies in integrating the "Sinicization" process into the national political system, making it legalized, standardized, regular and popular. At present, many of the ancestors of the Han nationality are Xianbei people, but in their memory identification, they are the Han nationality, and recorded in the household register, the basis of this identification is the history and culture of the Han nationality. [57]
Xianbei Murong Department of a founding Tuyu-hun The year 663 is Tibetan regime in ancient China Therefore, Xianbei ancestors are one of the important ancestors of the Tibetans in Qinghai and Gansu. In addition, Xianbei people lived in a wide area in ancient times, and some of them may have integrated into other ethnic groups.

Xibe remains

The southbound Xianbei people moved in a wide range of areas in ancient times, most of them integrated into the Han group, and a few integrated into the Tibetan group. However, some branches or small tribes lived and developed independently in their hometown (outside the Pass) for a long time, and one of them became the Tuoba branch Xibe nationality . According to the article Xibe Nationality on the central government's Web portal, "The Xibe nationality originated from the Tuoba Xianbei part of the Donghu system and originally lived in the Greater Hinggan Mountains region. Since the Han Dynasty, it migrated south from the Greater Hinggan Mountains to the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties Nenjiang River The tributaries in the middle reaches are suitable for farming and are engaged in agricultural production. It was incorporated into the Eight Banners in the early Qing Dynasty... Xibe is the self-proclaimed name of the nation. In history, Chinese historical records have different ways of writing Xibo in different periods, such as Xubu, Xibi, Xibi, Shabi, Shabi, Shibi, Sibu, Shiwei, Shawei, Xiebo, Shibo, Zebai, Northwest, Xibai, Xibei, Xiwo, etc., all of which are homomonic characters of xiwe, and were designated Xibo in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. There are different interpretations of its meaning, one is the name of Xianbei belt hook, that is, the so-called "golden Xi Bi"; One is the name of the auspicious beast; One is derived from place names; The other one is a sound shift of Xianbei . According to many years of academic research, Xibe originated from the Donghu system before the Han Dynasty, by Donghu -- Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) (Tuoba Section) -- Shiwei (Lost Wei) - Xibe evolved. ... Xianbei is a complex tribal group, mainly composed of Tuoba, Murong, Yuwen and other different parts. Tuoba Xianbei was one of the stronger parts, and the Xibe nationality originated in this part." [4]

The remains of the Tu people

Xianbei Murong Department of a founding Tuyu-hun (Tibetans call it the Hall people), its branch Family of soil The other part of the main body intermarried with the Mongols who came here and their descendants belong to the Tu ethnic group. "Tuyuhun was annexed by Tubo in 663, and some people still lived in Qinghai," said the article "Tu Zu" on the central government's portal website. From the geographical point of view, the present Tu nationality main Populated area in Huangshui River Along the coast, where the Tuyuhun people once lived. Now mutual aid county and Datong county There are more than a dozen villages in the Tu area, the local language is called "Tuhun", and the local Han people are inauthentic called "Tuguan" or "Tuhong", which are the sound transformation of "Tuhun". ... To sum up, after the subjugated Tuyuhun, some of those who moved east gradually merged with the Han nationality, those who surrendered to Tubo later merged with the Tibetan nationality, and those who stayed in Liangzhou, the Qilian Mountains, the Haomen River basin, and the Hehuang area A Tuyuhun people, then become today Family of soil The main body of the ancestors Part of it." "At Mutual aid county Among the Tu people, it is widely spread that the ancestors came from the Mongols, and Genghis Khan's general Gerilit (Geretai) led the troops to stay in Sobu Tan (today's Huzhu County, meaning Mongolian beach), and soon died of illness, and his subordinates stayed, and later intermarried with the local Hall people, and gradually bred into the legend of Tu people." [5]

Leave open the question

Donghu (is a direction of multi-ethnic general name) - Xianbei - Shiwei Xianbei is a part of Donghu, while Shiwei is an ancient country in the northeast. Shiwei people include other Donghu people and Xianbei people outside the Guan. The Liaodong Han people, Donghu, Yemaek and Susen all lived in the vast northeast region, so how much did they have to do with Xianbei people? It needs to be further studied by the academic circle.
Hit the road
Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneselfnew
I have a question.
Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback
Complaint and suggestion
Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

©2024 Baidu Must read before using Baidu | Encyclopedia protocol | Privacy Policy | Baidu Encyclopedia cooperation platform | Beijing ICP Certificate 030173

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001