Sarin, also known as sarin agent, scientific name isopropyl mefluronate, English name SARin ^[1] It is a class G nerve agent ^[2] Can paralyze people Central nerve . It is a nerve paralyzing agent classified by its harmful effect Nerve agent . With a very weak fruit flavor, colorless transparent liquid, easy to mix with water, and soluble in organic solvents, easy to penetrate porous surfaces and painted surfaces. Of all the nerve paralyzing agents, sarin is the most volatile. It has a strong contractile effect on the human pupil. When sarin invades the human body in various ways, its toxic effect is to impair nerve conduction. Sarin has an extremely short incubation period. The absolute lethal dose of sarin was 0.1mg ·min/L, and the median lethal dose was 0.025-0.07mg ·min/L depending on body weight. Gas masks can be used to protect against sarin. ^[3]

Chinese name: Sarrim
Foreign name: Sarin ^[1]
alias: Isopropyl mefluorophosphonate
Chemical formula: C 4 H 10 FO 2 P
Molecular weight: 140.094 ^[1]
CAS login number: 107-44-8

Melting point: -56 ℃
Boiling point: 147 ℃
Water solubility: Easily mixed with water
density: 1.07 g/cm³
External view: Colorless liquid
Flash point: 42.7 ° C
Shadow resonance: Paralyze the central nervous system

catalogue

Brief history of research

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Sarin agent protection

In 1938, sarin was developed by Gerhard Schrader, a researcher at the German Farben Company. It was first discovered by Otto Ambros, Gerhard Ritter, and Van der Linde as a by-product of the development of a new insecticide named Sarin after the five letters of the last names of the four men mentioned above. The Germans quickly saw the military value of the poison and put it into production, but it was not used during World War II. It was only after World War II that the poison began to be produced worldwide. Us army code GB, Soviet Army code P-35. ^[4]

Physical and chemical properties

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Density: 1.07g/cm 3

Melting point: -56℃

Boiling point: 147℃

Flash point: 42.7 ° C

Refractive index: 1.361

Vapor pressure: 2.10 mm Hg (20℃)

Volatility: 22000 mg/m 3 (25℃)

Vapor density (air =1) : 4.86

Hydrolysis half-life (20℃ and PH=7) : 39~41 hours; 80 hours

Log Kowe: 0.15

Odor threshold: < 1.5 mg/m 3

Henry's constant rate: 5.34×10 7 - atm·m 3 /mol

Conversion factor of content in air: ppm=(0.17)×mg/m 3 ; mg/m 3 X = (5.7) of PPM ^[2]

Computational chemical data

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Reference value of hydrophobic parameter calculation (XlogP) : 0.8

Number of hydrogen bond donors: 0

Number of hydrogen bond receptors: 3

Number of rotatable bonds: 2

Number of tautomers: 0

Topological molecular polar surface area: 26.3

Number of heavy atoms: 8

Surface charge: 0

Complexity: 113

Number of isotope atoms: 0

Determine the number of protonic centers: 0

Number of uncertain atomic stereocentes: 1

Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenter: 0

Number of uncertain bond stereocentes: 0

Number of covalent bond units: 1

Reaction mechanism

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There are three main effects of sarin on the body: first, selective inhibition Cholinesterase activate acetylcholine (Ach) accumulates in the body, causing choline can Nervous system function Disorder; The second is that the poison acts on Cholinergic receptor ; The third is the effect of toxic agents on the non-cholinergic nervous system. Sarin is a highly toxic nerve agent ^[5] It affects the nervous system by overstimulating muscles and vital organs, producing deadly effects. Sarin is an organophosphate that destroys the neurotransmitter acetylcholine esterase in the organism. All involuntary and involuntary muscle movements are a balance between acetylcholine and acetylcholine esterase. If this balance is disturbed, the muscle will contract but not expand. It mainly paralyzes the respiratory function, constricts the pupil, has severe gastrointestinal cramps, and secretes a large amount of tears, sweat and saliva from the pipe, which will cause a very painful death, and it will attack immediately until death is about 2 minutes if the dose is sufficient.

They were used as chemical weapons and pesticides during World War II Organophosphate compound To provide researchers with a clue to discover the chemical structure of the "acyl enzyme", we used DFP (Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate) as a model to explain the process. Some in the body hydrolase (hydrolase) can hydrolyze esters into acids and alcohols to provide substances needed for biochemical reactions in the body, such as fatty acid hydrolysis into fatty acids and glycerol, acetylcholine Acetylcholine (Ach) is hydrolyzed to choline ; During the hydrolysis reaction, an intermediate product called acylated enzyme is formed in the activation center of the enzyme. The hydroxyl group of hydrolyzed serine reacts with the ester to form acylase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis. However, DFP competes with esters to bind to hydrolysis, making normal esters unable to undergo hydrolysis reactions.

Acetylcholine is a Neurotransmitter in which the nerve endings that transmit messages contain vesicles of acetylcholine. when Nerve impulse As Nerve impulse travels between neurons, the vesicles release acetylcholine, which then crosses synapse (synapse) binds to receptors to stimulate further biochemical processes; Or Ach and Acetylcholinesterase (acetyl cholinesterase) is combined and hydrolyzed to form choline for recovery and resynthesis of Ach. And this step of the hydrolysis reaction is quite fast to ensure that this nerve stimulation response is very short. However, if acetylcholine ester is inhibited by foreign compounds (such as sarin, DFP and other organic phosphines will bind to acetylcholine), the acetylcholine hydrolysis reaction is forced to stop, but at this time the receptor continues to receive the stimulation of acetylcholine and cannot be explained back by water, which will quickly cause physiological imbalance. Causes acetylcholine to build up in synapses and neuromuscular junctions and overexcitatory paralysis, leading to death. Of course, if you can quickly use some antidotes such as atropine (atropine) to relieve the action of acetylcholine and receptors, and death can be avoided.

Poisoning symptom

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Mice were injected subcutaneously with sarin LD 50 0.172mg/kg, rats inhaled LD 50 It is 13-15mg/m 3 The human body inhales 55 to 100 mg·min/m 3 After sarin (or skin contact 1.7 grams), death will occur within 1 to 15 minutes, and symptoms such as convulsions, foaming at the mouth and blurred vision will occur before death; Exposure to sarin aerosols at low concentrations (0.0005mg/L) within 2 minutes can cause symptoms such as constricted pupils, difficulty seeing in the dark, chest tightness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. And these poisons build up in the body, causing dizziness, anxiety, mental impairment, muscle cramps, difficulty breathing, and eventually death at higher concentrations. ^[5-6]

Generally speaking, sarin can enter the human body through respiration or through the skin and eye conjunctiva, causing irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) is the main mechanism of its toxicity. After the invasion, there will be symptoms such as constriction of the pupil, dyspnea, bronchial constriction and violent convulsions, and in severe cases, it will suffocate to death within a few minutes, and it must be treated immediately with atropine, oxime, and artificial respiration to save. However, it can also cause nerve, brain and liver damage afterwards.

Safety information

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Sarin gas mask

Enemy planes were flying low over the city and dropping clouds of smoke; After the enemy aircraft passed or the bomb exploded, there was a large uniform oil-like spot on the ground, and most people suddenly smelled an abnormal smell or their eyes and respiratory tract were irritated; See a large number of abnormal changes in animals (such as bees and flies have difficulty flying, fluttering wings, or sparrow, chicken, sheep and other animals died of poisoning); Flowers, leaves occur large areas of discoloration or wilt, etc. In short, for a large area of abnormal phenomena occurring at the same time, it can be suspected that it is a chemical toxic area, and protective measures should be taken in time and reported to the civil air defense Department.

Defense

Protection is a measure to prevent agents from coming into contact with people through various means. There are two kinds of protection

(1) Collective protection: It is to organize personnel to quickly enter the civil air defense fortifications with three defense facilities in order to effectively protect all poisons in various states.

2, personal protection: use gas masks to protect people's respiratory tract and eyes, and use anti-poison clothing to protect people's bodies.

disinfection

The process of detoxifying a poison is called disinfection.

1, disinfection of personnel: when the poison droplets fall on the personnel, should immediately take off the contaminated clothes, with cotton or clean clods to absorb the poison droplets on the skin (absorption should prevent the expansion of the contaminated area), and then wipe with cotton balls with special disinfectant liquid disinfection, disinfection, with Baking soda water Rinse with soapy water or plenty of clean water.

2. Disinfection of contaminated clothing: heat in the downwind direction away from residential areas Alkaline water Boil for 1-2 hours to disinfect.

3, disinfection of contaminated food: canned food with packaging, only after disinfection of the surface, you can eat. Food without packaging should generally be destroyed.

4, disinfection of contaminated water: The disinfection method of contaminated water is to add an appropriate amount of bleaching powder and coagulant in the water, and then stir, and then filter after precipitation. Contaminated water can also be disinfected by settling alum or boiling it for a long time. No matter which method of disinfection is used, it must be tested before consumption.

Substance toxicity

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Toxicity test data reported in literature and journals
Toxicity type	Test method	Test object	Use dose	Toxic effect
Acute toxicity	Take orally	Humans	2 μg/kg	Behavioral toxicity - muscle weakness; Lung, chest or respiratory toxicity - bronchoconstriction; Gastrointestinal toxicity - nausea, vomiting.
	Take orally	Adult male	102 μg/kg/3D-I	Hematotoxicity - other changes; Biochemical toxicity - inhibition or induction of cholinesterase.
	suction	Adult male	90 μg/m 3	Ocular toxicity - constriction of pupils; Biochemical toxicity - inhibition or induction of cholinesterase.
	Skin surface	Humans	28 mg/kg	Lung, chest, or respiratory toxicity - difficulty breathing
	Intramuscular injection	Adult male	30 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Take orally	rat	550 μg/kg	Behavioral toxicity - coma; Pulmonary, chest or respiratory toxicity - irritation of the respiratory tract; Gastrointestinal toxicity - changes in the structure or function of the salivary glands.
	Skin surface	rat	2500 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intraperitoneal injection	rat	218 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intravenous injection	rat	39 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intramuscular injection	rat	108 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	suction	Mouse	5 mg/m 3 /30M	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Skin surface	Mouse	1080 μg/kg	Behavioral toxicity - coma; Pulmonary, chest or respiratory toxicity - irritation of the respiratory tract; Gastrointestinal toxicity - changes in the structure or function of the salivary glands.
	Intraperitoneal injection	Mouse	283 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Subcutaneous injection	Mouse	60 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intravenous injection	Mouse	109 μg/kg	Ocular toxicity - tears; Lung, chest or respiratory toxicity - other changes; Renal, ureteral and bladder toxicity - incontinence.
	Intramuscular injection	Mouse	164 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intravenous injection	The dog	19 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intravenous injection	The monkey	20 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intramuscular injection	The monkey	22300 ng/kg	Behavioral toxicity - the threshold for convulsions or seizures is affected; Gastrointestinal toxicity - changes in the structure or function of the salivary glands; Skin and accessory toxicity - hair changes.
	Subcutaneous injection	The cat	30 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intravenous injection	The cat	22 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Skin surface	The rabbit	925 μg/kg	Behavioral toxicity - coma; Pulmonary, chest or respiratory toxicity - irritation of the respiratory tract; Gastrointestinal toxicity - changes in the structure or function of the salivary glands.
	Subcutaneous injection	The rabbit	30 μg/kg	Behavioral toxicity - the threshold for convulsions or seizures is affected; Behavioral toxicity - muscle weakness.
	Intravenous injection	The rabbit	15 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Skin surface	The pig	116 mg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Intravenous injection	The pig	15 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	suction	cavy	128 mg/m 3 /2M	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Subcutaneous injection	cavy	30 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Subcutaneous injection	hamster	95 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
	Subcutaneous injection	chicken	16673 μg/kg	No values other than the lethal dose were reported for detailed effects
Chronic toxicity	Take orally	rat	4875 μg/kg/13W-I	Cerebral toxicity - other degenerative changes; Peripheral nerve toxicity - spastic paralysis or no change in sensation; Lung, chest, or respiratory toxicity - difficulty breathing.
	Subcutaneous injection	rat	4250 μg/kg/85D-I	Cerebral toxicity - other degenerative changes; Biochemical toxicity - inhibition or induction of cholinesterase; Chronic disease-associated toxicity - death.
	Subcutaneous injection	rat	1 mg/kg/40D-I	Behavioral toxicity - the threshold for convulsions or seizures is affected; Chronic disease-associated toxicity - death.
	suction	Mouse	5 mg/m 3 /20M/10D-I	Cerebral toxicity - other degenerative changes; Spinal neurotoxicity - other degenerative changes in the spinal cord; Biochemical toxicity - inhibition or induction of esterase.
	Subcutaneous injection	The cat	35 μg/kg/10D-I	Peripheral neurotoxicity - sensory changes

Major event

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The previous Iraqi government had announced that it had produced 795 tons of sarin between 1984 and 1990, of which about 732 tons were packed into bombs, rockets and missile warheads. A total of 650 tons were used between 1985 and 1988, and another 35 tons were destroyed by coalition air strikes during the 1991 Gulf War. Under UN supervision, Iraq destroyed 127 tons of sarin.

On June 27, 1994, the cult" Aum Shinrikyo The dispersal of sarin agents between dusk that day and early the next morning on residential streets in Kitanshichi, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, resulting in eight deaths and 660 injuries (Matsumoto Sarin agent incident); On the early morning of March 20, 1995, some members of the original Aum Shinrikyo cult were baptized Shoko Asahara The nerve agent sarin was released on three subway cars in downtown Tokyo, killing 12 people, poisoning about 5,500, and hospitalizing 1,036. Shoko Asahara, the mastermind of the Aum Shinrikyo cult, and five members who carried out the mission were sentenced to death. The other three attackers were sentenced to life imprisonment, while the last suspect ( Katsuya Takahashi He was also arrested on June 15, 2012 in Ota Ward, Tokyo, ending 17 years on the run. The sarin poisoning incident on the Tokyo subway was the first in Japan World War II Since the end of the worst terrorist attack.

The US military has about 7,200 tons of sarin chemical weapons, 27 kinds of chemical munitions, mainly MZ12 sarin missile warheads, containing 330 M139 bomblets, a total of 195 kilograms of agent SE27 sarin missile warheads SM121A1 and M426 sarin shells, containing 95 kilograms and 72 kilograms of agent; The MC-1 and MK-94 sarin bombs contain 220 kg and 11 kg respectively.

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