Collect
Check out my collection
0
Useful +1
Tripitaka
broadcast
Upload video
A collection of Buddhist texts
The Tripitaka, a series of Buddhist texts. Also known as all Sutras, slightly called the Tibetan Sutras or Great Tibetan. Any large-scale collection of Buddhist scriptures centered on sutra, law and theory can be called "Tripitaka Sutra".
- Book title
- Tripitaka
- alias
- All channels
The compilation of the Tripitaka Sutra began shortly after Shakyamuni's nirvana. In order to preserve his teachings and unify the views and understanding of believers, disciples gathered them through conferences to form universally recognized contents of sutra, law and theory. Later, it added the annotation and dredging of classics, laws and theories, which became the four major categories of volumes. After the split of the original Buddhism, most of the major schools compiled their own Tibetan sutras according to their own views, but only the three Tibetans of the Theravada have been preserved relatively completely, and the classics of the other schools have basically been lost except for some preserved in the Chinese translation. Only a few scattered bayleaf or paper versions of the early Sanskrit classics still exist, and all the three Tibetansare difficult to see.
The term "Tripitaka Sutra" was not recorded in ancient India or the earliest period of China. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties of China, there were only titles such as "All the Tripitaka Sutra" and "All the Sutra Sutra". It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that the term "Tripitaka Sutra" began to be called, at that time it mainly referred to all the classics collected by the imperial decree (imperial decree). The first Buddhist Tripitaka in China is the "Kaibao Tripitaka", abbreviated as "Kaitreasure", which was first engraved in the four years of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty. This engraving version is generally called "Shu version" because it is engraved in Yizhou. Because it is engraved by the imperial court, it is also called the "official version of the Northern Song Dynasty". It is the ancestor of the Chinese engraved Tripitaka in the past dynasties, and has a far-reaching influence on the engraved Tripitaka Jin Zang and Gaoli Zang after the Northern Song Dynasty in China. Under the influence of the Chinese Tripitaka, later Tibetan, Mongolian and Manchu versions of the Tripitaka were published.
The content of the Tripitaka consists of sutra, law and discourse. "Sutra", meaning "classic", is a compilation of the teachings spoken by the Buddha throughout his life. It is the basic basis of Buddhist teachings. The principles of all Buddhas are applied to the upper level, and the mechanisms of sentient beings are applied to the lower level. "Law" is the system of precepts and rituals formulated by Buddha, which can cure the evil of sentient beings and regulate the mind of sentient beings. The rules formulated by Buddha Shakyamuni for the life of Buddhist orders all belong to the category of law departments. "Treatise" is the explanation of the teachings or the elaboration of important ideas in Buddhist classics such as Sutra and law. It is generally considered in Buddhism to be done by Bodhisattvas or teachers of various schools.
The existing Tripitaka Sutras can be divided into Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, Manchu, Tangut, Japanese and Pali languages according to different languages. In addition, the Khitan Tripitaka was engraved.
Chinese Tripitaka:
A collection of Great Hinayana Buddhist texts. The form and content of the classics compiled in each era are different from each other. In addition to Fangshan Stone classics, before the Song Dynasty are basically scroll bound written books. The first woodcut version of the Chinese Tripitaka began in the fourth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (971).
Emperor Taizong ordered Zhang Congxin to go to Yizhou (Chengdu, Sichuan Province) to plan the engraving and collection, and after twelve years, by the eighth year of Taizong Taiping Xingguo (983), all the engravings were delivered to Bianjing. Since it was first engraved in the Northern Song Dynasty, it was later called "Kai Treasure". "Open Treasure" is the common basis of Minzhe and Liao engravings, Jin engravings and Gaoli engravings in Song Dynasty. The compilation of the later Tripitaka has a close relationship with it, so the "Kaitreasure" is called the ancestor of the Chinese Tripitaka. It is worth mentioning that since the "Kaibao Jing", the Chinese people initiated the catalogue system in the order of "thousand characters", and later, the cataloguing of several large-scale books in China was followed. Since then, Tibetan sutra printing has emerged. In the Song Dynasty, there were: Liao edition of the Khitan Collection, Jin edition of the Gold collection, Fuzhou edition of the "Wanshou Collection" and "Bilu Collection", Huzhou edition (Zhejiang edition) of the "Yuan Jue Collection", "Zifu Collection" and "Qian Sha Collection" and so on. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were two kinds of Tibetan sutras: Puning Zang and Hongfa Zang. However, at the end of the Yuan dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the Tibetan scriptures were burned and lost. Ming Taizu Hongwu years, set Shuo de in Jiangshan, point school Tibetan sutras, print engraved south Tibet, but the rectification is not fine, there are errors. In addition to South Tibet, there are other editions of North Tibet, the Shurangama Temple, and the Bao Grace-Temple. Qing Emperor Yongzheng thirteen years to Emperor Gaozong Qianlong three years (1735-1738), the north of the collection as the base, add new books, published engraved dragon collection. In addition, there are "Pinka Zang" and "Bainak Zang", and in 1956, he edited and printed the "Chinese Tripitaka", and in 1983, he successively published the "Buddha Light Tripitaka" and so on. A total of 20 kinds of woodcut and typescript versions of the Tripitaka have been published (21 kinds of one said).
With the spread of Buddhism from eastern China to Korea and Japan, both the Goryeo and Japanese dynasties copied and engraved or printed the Chinese Tripitaka. The first edition of Kaitreasure was introduced to Japan in the first year of Yongxi in the Song Dynasty (984), and the Duangong (988-989) was introduced to Goryeo. In the first year of Ganxing (1022) and the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), the revised version of Tianxi and Xining were transmitted to the Khitan and Goryeo respectively. In the ninth year of Ning (1063), the Khitan also sent a newly engraved printed copy of the Khitan Zang to Goryeo.
Tibetan Tripitaka:
By the beginning of the 9th century, more than 700 had been translated, some of them from the Chinese version. Most of the sutras translated in the later period were sutras on Sutra and supreme Yoga. The whole Tibet is divided into three categories: Kanzhur, Danjur and Songpao. Kanjur, also known as Zhengzang, includes three parts: law, Sutra and mantra; Danjul, also known as continuing Zang, includes three parts: praise, sutras and mantras. Loose is mixed Tibetan, income Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhists related works. From the second year of Emperor Qing of the Yuan Dynasty (1313) to the twenty-second year of the Republic of China (1933), a total of 11 different versions of the Tibetan Tripitaka were engraved around the country. In addition, there are two types of Prakaben carved in Bhutan and Kulunben in Ulaanbaatar, today's Mongolian People's Republic.
Mongolian Tripitaka:
There have been four times of translation, the first is the Yuan Dade (1297-1307) under the auspices of the Sakya lama Fa Guang, Tibetan, Mongolian, Uighur and Han monks translated the Tibetan Tripitaka into Mongolian, engraving and printing in Tibet; During the reign of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620), some classics were translated and added to the publication. Chongzhen (1628-1644) made a school journal on the old edition in the early years. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1683), Wang Fuquan, a kinman of Heshuo Yu, led the supervision and repair of the re-engraved Ganzhur; From the sixth year of Qianlong to the fourteenth year (1741-1749), the translation of Danjul was re-engraved and completed.
Manchu Tripitaka:
In the 38th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1773), it was compiled and translated according to the contents of the Chinese Canon. In the fifty-five years of Qianlong's reign, a total of 108 letters were compiled and engraved, and only 699 kinds of mantras were collected, such as Prajna, Baoji, Daji, Huayan, Nirvana and other great, Theravada single translations and Secret Ministry sutras.
The Western Xia Canon:
Originally translated from the Chinese Tripitaka. In the first year of Song Jingyou (1034), Kai Treasure was transmitted to the Western Xia Dynasty (probably a Tianxi revision of Kai Treasure), and Zhao Yuanhao, the founding monarch of the Western Xia Dynasty, built Gaotai Temple in Xingqing Prefecture to collect it, and summoned Uighur monks to translate it into the newly created Western Xia language. It took 53 years to complete the translation, a total of 362 volumes, 812 books, 3579 volumes. In the seventh year of Yuan Shizu to Yuan (1270), the Xixia monks presided over the re-collation and translation of untranslated scriptures, and printed the new Scriptures of the Three Zang. In the 30th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276), more than 20 people such as Samen Huizhong, who ordered the chief monk to transfer the West Wall soil situation, were responsible for sending the old scriptures of the Western Xia Dynasty to Hangzhou for engraving and printing, and the completion of the sixth year of Dade (1302), a total of more than 140 collections were printed before and after, but most of them were destroyed and no more than dozens of fragments of scriptures have been found in various places.
Japanese Tripitaka:
In addition to the above-mentioned editions of the Chinese Sutras, Japan began to translate the Chinese Buddhist scriptures into Japanese in the sixth year of Taisho (1917), including the National Translation of the Sutras by the National Bunko Publishing Association, the Showa Shinzuan National Translation of the Sutras by the Oriental Academy, and the National Translation of All Sutras by the Daito Publishing House. In addition, according to the Pali system of the three southern Tibetan, translated into the Southern Tibetan Sutra.
Pali Tripitaka:
It is the three Tibetan classics practiced by the Theravada of Southern Buddhism. Distributed in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and the Dai ethnic region of Yunnan Province, China, it is a Pali Buddhist text transliterated in various scripts. In addition to Sinhala, Burmese, Thai, Khmer and Lao, there are four different dialects of the Dai language, and three versions have been added in modern times, namely, the Tiancheng style Sanskrit version, the Latin alphabet version and the Japanese version.
