synonymEmperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty(First Emperor of the Han Dynasty) generally refers to Liu Bang (first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, politician, strategist and military commander)

Liu Bang (256 BC ^[1] / 247 BC ^[2] - June 1st, 195 BC ^{[429
]} ^[432] ), word season, Pei Fengyi Zhongyangli People (now Jiangsu Province Xuzhou City Fengxian County ) ^[3-5] Outstanding in Chinese history statesman , strategist , Han Dynasty Founding Emperor (February 28, 202 BC) ^[430] - June 1st, 195 BC ^{[429
]} Be on the throne) ^[432] . ^[404]

Born in a farm family, Liu Bang was open-minded and generous ^[7] . Arrive at an early age Waihuang county Follow Open ears ^[386] . Qin Dynasty After the establishment, served as Peixian Sishui Pavilion leader . After the release of the prisoners, hiding in Mangdangsan Medium. Chen Sheng After the uprising, Liu Bang gathered three thousand sons in Pei County to respond, claiming himself A surname Defected to the leader of the rebel army against Qin Top beam , stand together King Huai of Chu ^[380] , let Dangxian County Long and sealed Marquis of Wu 'an ^[8] . Emperor Qin II Three years (207 BC) led the army to enter Bashang County Accept the king of Qin baby Surrender, abolish the harsh laws of Qin Dynasty, Lay down three rules . A banquet at Hongmen After that, he was named King of Han and ruled Bashu (a county in Sichuan Province) and Hanzhong area ^[9] . He returned in May of the same year Three Qin dynasties place ^[305] , appoint the capital Yueyang County ^[306] . He knew people well, accepted advice humbly, gave full play to the talents of his subordinates, and actively integrated against the overlord of Western Chu Xiang Yu The force eventually forced Xiang Yu to commit suicide and win in the fifth year of Han Dynasty (202 BC) The dispute between Chu and Han Unify the world, that is, located in Dingtao flashing North Bank ^{[11] 10 -} The establishment of the Han Dynasty, Site of initial capital Luoyang , migrate to the capital Chang 'an ^[466] . After declaring himself emperor, Liu Bang was destroyed one after another in order to stabilize his rule Zang Chai , Han Wangxin , A surname , Peng Yue , imbu Etc. Princes of different names ^[12] Nine vassals with the same surname; At the same time, establish rules and regulations, recuperate and strive to govern. Soldiers return home, exempt corvee service, emphasis on agriculture and trade ^[13] To restore the social economy, appease the people, and stabilize the rule ^[14] . " The Siege of White Den After the declaration of the opening of the border customs, easing Han-Hungarian relations. In the twelfth year of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), Liu Bang was badly injured when he defeated the rebellion of Yingbu, and formulated" White horse alliance "After his death, Honorific title given to an emperor The High Emperor, Temple title Taizu, buried in Changling Mausoleum ^{[15 to 16]} .

Liu Bang made outstanding contributions to the development of the Han nationality and the unification of China. Many historians have praised it, such as Mao Zedong He was described as "the most powerful feudal emperor". ^[17] .

Full name: Liu Bang
alias: Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty , Emperor Gao of Han , Emperor Taizu of Han , Han Zu
word: season
Posthumous title: High emperor
Temple number: The first founder of a dynasty
age: Warring States - Qin Dynasty - The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
Ethnic group: The Han nationality
Place of Birth: Peifengyi Zhongyang Li (Today's Fengxian County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province) ^[3] ^[5]

Date of birth: 256 BC (or 247 BC)
Date of death: June 1, 195 BC ^{[429
]}
Place of death: Palace of Eternal Happiness ^{[429
]}
mausoleum: Changling Mausoleum
Time in place: 28 February 202 BC to 1 June 195 BC ^{[429
]} ^[430]
succeed: 汉惠帝 Liu Ying
Major achievement: Qin destroyed Chu, established the Han Dynasty, continued and consolidated the unity
Establish rules and regulations, recuperate, and restore the social economy
Major work: Gale song , Swan Song

catalogue

biography

broadcast

EDITOR

Rising cloth

Family history

According to records, the Liu family originated from the three emperors and five emperors Emperor Yao Emperor Yao's eldest son Jianming was given the title of "Liu" (now Tang County, Hebei Province), Jianming died early, his son succeeded the title, and then took Ju Yi as his family, and passed it to the Xia Dynasty Liu Lai , down to Society of Judges He returned to Jin, had a son in Qin, restored the Liu family, and then acquired Wei in the Warring States period, and became a Wei official. Liu Qing (Liu Bang's great-grandfather) was born, Liu Qingsheng Liu Ren Liu Renqian Fengyi The Liu family moved to Pei Fengyi during this period. See the "Relationships" directory for details ). ^[295]

Great-grandfather Liu Bang Liu Qing ren Wei The doctor, in order to avoid the disaster of Qin, led his family to move from Kaifeng to Fengyi. Liu Bang's great-grandfather Toyoki Though it used to be Wei doctor ^[465] ^[505] Fengyi Honorable decree ) ^[462] However, at that time, the world was in turmoil and social changes were great, and the Liu family arrived at the generation of Liu Bang's parents, which had only been their own farming register Civilian.

Early travel

Inscription and postscript of Liu Bang, taken from the Evening Smile Hall Painting Biography painted by Shangguan Zhou in Qing Dynasty^[182]

Zhao King of Qin Fifty-one years (256 BC) ^[1] or King Zhuangxiang of Qin Three years (247 BC) ^[20-21] , the value of Warring States period Liu Bang was born in Peifeng Jungyangni ^[3-5] , and Lu Wan Born on the same day, the same month, the two families are very close ^[22] . When Liu Bang was a teenager, he studied with Lu Wan and became friendly with each other. ^[23] He has a straight nose, a solid brow, beautiful sideburns, a beard, and 72 moles on his left thigh. ^[24]

Liu Bang is kind and loving to others. He is generous and generous. His personality is free and easy. But he did not like to work as his family, so he was often scolded by his father. ^[7] ^[25] In his early years, he used to bring people around inquilitant Had a problem with his wife. ^[470]

Fengyi and Peixian were once subordinate to Wei and Chu ^[6] Liu Bang's youth grew up in the border area of Wei and Chu, and was influenced by the cultural atmosphere of the two countries Songs of Chu And admire Wei The hero Xinling King Wei Wuji The virtue of ^[26] . Later, when he was able to travel west to various parts of the state of Wei, Lord Xinling had been dead for many years and was once a disciple of Lord Xinling Open ears In the state of Wei, he served as the county magistrate of Waihuang and attracted four visitors. At that time, the State of Qin had already launched an attack against the capital of Wei crossbeam The campaign, Liu Bang to ectolecithal Many times with Zhang Er friends, as a guest together for several months. ^[27]

In the 22nd year of Emperor Qin Shi Huang (225 BC), Qin exterminating Wei After that, Zhang Er became a wanted criminal of the Qin Court, and all the visitors dispersed. Liu Bang returned to his hometown Pei County. ^[289]

The beginning of business

In the 24th year of Emperor Qin Shi Huang (223 BC), Qin exterminating Chu Following the establishment of Chu old County Sishui County . enter Prime of life After Liu Bang passed Trial patch Became a Qin official and made a Surabaya Pavilion leader . In office, he and County court Every official can be intimate Poke fun at And like to drink, love beauty. ^[19]

Liu Bang once visited the capital of Qin Dynasty Xianyang attend corvee At any time to look, see First Emperor of Qin And said, "Oh, man It should be like this!" ^[28]

At that time, the single father (now Shandong Shanxian County ) people A surname Because and Pei Ling is a good friend, avoid the enemy moved to Pei County to settle down. When the heroic officials of Pei County heard that the magistrate had an honored guest, they all visited to congratulate him. At that time, the host of the reception was the chief official in Peixian Xiao He He stipulated that anyone who presents less than a thousand dollars will be seated under the hall. Liu Bang was the pavilion chief, always despise those officials, in Name card On the false claim: "Congratulations ten thousand!" I don't have any money with me. After the famous post was handed in, Lu Gong was shocked and got up to greet him at the door. ^[29]

Duke Lu likes physiognomy Seeing Liu Bang's shape and appearance, he respected him very much and led him to sit at the table. "Liu Ji is always full of big talk and rarely gets anything done," Xiao said. Liu Bang took the opportunity to tease the guests at the table, and simply sat down to the chief, without flinching. When the drinking was complete, Lu Gong gave Liu Bang a wink and asked him to stay, and Liu Bang finished drinking the wine and stayed behind. Lord Lu said: "I have loved to meet people since I was young, and there are many people I have met, and no one can match your face, I hope you will cherish yourself." I have a girl who is willing to be your concubine." After the banquet, Lu old woman was very angry with Lu Gong, and said: "You always wanted to let this daughter rise to prominence, and betrothed her to a noble man." Pei Ling and you are good, want to marry this daughter you do not agree, how can you now casually allow Liu Ji?" Lu Gong said, "This is not something that women and children can understand." He eventually married his daughter to Liu Bang. Lu Gong's daughter is Lv Zhi . ^[30]

Once, Liu Bang as the head of the pavilion Sishui County Escort the apprentices Li Mountain Many of the apprentices fled halfway. Liu Bang expected that by the time he reached Mount Li, all of them would have fled, so when he reached the watery land west of Fengyi, he stopped to drink, and at night he freed all the servants. Liu Bang said, "All of you run for your lives, and from now on I will also go far away!" More than ten strong men were willing to go with him. Finally, Liu Bang fled with these people to hide in Shanze (now known as Shanze) in Mang County and Dang County Mangdangsan Among them. ^[437] During this period, the so-called Liu Bang drunk night cut the snake, "the son of the Red Emperor", Lu Zhi claimed that Liu Bang had "clouds" and other wonders (see "Anecdotes and Allusions" catalog), when the young children of Peixian County heard about it, many people wanted to go to him. Subsequently, Liu Bang's team continued to expand, there are hundreds of people. ^[268]

Raise troops in Peixian County

Lead the crowd against Qin

On account of Qin Dynasty The government has launched massive initiatives year after year corvee Men from all over the north to build the Great Wall garrison; With boys and girls and hundreds of workers thousands of people out of the East China Sea; Fifteen thousand women with no husband family were recruited to go south to Baiyue, which eventually led to the Central Plains being exhausted, the people were separated, social contradictions were intensified, and people secretly wanted to rebel, at that time, "ten families wanted to be disorderly and seven". At this time guest To Liu Bang: "The time has come!" Liu Bang replied: "But wait, when there are saints from the southeast." Sure enough, less than a year later ( Emperor Qin II Year 1, 209 BCE), Chen Sheng , Wu Guang The crowd revolted and established" Zhang Chu The regime was in open opposition to the Qin Dynasty. ^{[32] 31 -} ^[269]

At that time, the Pei County Order also wanted to respond to the uprising, Xiao He and Peixian Prison Cao Can To persuade the county magistrate to call back the people in exile in the county, one can increase strength, and the other can also put an end to future troubles. The magistrate felt reasonable and let it go Fan Kuai To invite Liu Bang, who by then had hundreds of people. However, soon Pei make regret again, afraid of Liu Bang back but cause chaos. So, he ordered the gates closed to hold on, and prepared to kill Xiao He and Cao Can. Xiao Cao The two men quickly fled outside the city to join Liu Bang. ^[33]

Liu Bang will write a letter Silk manuscripts Shot into the city, called on the city people to kill the county magistrate in response to the vassal against the Qin. Pei County fathers then organized children to kill the magistrate, open the gate to welcome Liu Bang. Xiao He and Cao Can were both literary officials, worried about their lives, deeply afraid that they would not be able to do anything, and were condemned by the Qin Dynasty to destroy the nine clans, so they tried to appoint Liu Bang to lead the rebellion. They elected him magistrate of Peixian County and called him Peigong according to the Chu system ^[203] . Liu Bang obeyed the will of the people and set up an altar and a red flag because of the earlier Red emperor fruit So they worshipped red, and soon the rebel army expanded to 3,000 people. ^[34] ^[468]

It was October of the first year of Qin II (209 BC), and Liu Bang was already forty-eight or thirty-nine years old ^[20-21] .

Map of peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty^[186]

Kill the county magistrate

Liu Bang first led his army to attack Huling County, Fanghe County and Sishui County of Qin sheriff Ping led his troops to surround Fengyi, and they returned to defend Fengyi. Two days later, Liu Bang sent troops to fight and defeated the Qin army. So Sishui died history Zhou Cao , Zhou Chang Brother to the camp of Liu Bang ^[35] . Follow-up order A surname Shou Feng, lead your own army into Xue County Battle with Qin Army. Shou Zhuang of Surabaya County was defeated and fled to Qi County , under Liu Bang Zosima Chase down Zhuang. ^[36]

Lose a good fortune, gain a good fortune

Liu Bang's troops attacked Huling County again, Xia Houying With Xiao He to persuade to surrender the garrison Huling City The Surabaya county superintendent Ping, Ping then raised the city to surrender. ^[469] Then Liu Bang led the army back to Kangfu County, Fanghe County Order Cao can town guard party and county. Wei phase at this time Weekly market To attack Fang He, Fang and city turned to Wei, Cao Can led the army to meet the attack. ^[270] A surname The garrison of Fengyi was also recruited by Zhoushi, and Liu Bang was furious and attacked Feng, but did not capture it. Just at this time, Liu Bang fell ill again and had to return the army to Pei County. ^[37]

At this time, Liu Bang heard Dongyang Ningjun with Qin Jia state Jing Kui He was the king of Chu, stationed in Liu County (southeast of present Pei County), so he went to Jingju to attack Fengyi with an army. On the way to Jingju, I met someone who was also going to Jingju Zhang Liang . The two men joined forces. ^[38] After Zhang Liang and Liu Bang met and talked to each other, there was a sense of regret. So Zhang Liang gave up the idea of running to Jingju, directly to Liu Bang side. Liu Bang awarded Zhang Liang General of a stable . ^{39 - [40]} Then go to Jingju together to ask for help. ^[351]

Retake the city of Fengyi

This is General Qin Zhang Han Under one's command Sima Yi Invading the Chu, slaughtering Xiangxian County (now Huaibei City, Anhui Province), arrived at Dang County (now Yongcheng Muangshan Town ). So Liu Bang and Dongyang Ningjun Led the army west, attacked Sima Yi, in Xiao County The West fought against the Qin army, but the results were unfavorable, and Liu Bang and Dongyang Ningjun retreated Liuxian County . After replenishing the army and provisions, they attacked the Qin army again and captured it in less than three days Dangxian County Six thousand soldiers from Dang County were taken down, totaling nine thousand with the original troops. ^[41] ^[408]

In March, Liu Bang captured Xiayi (now Dangshan in Anhui Province) and returned to attack Feng again, but the result was still not captured. ^[357] Before, the descendants of the original Chu nobles Top beam , Xiang Yu in Wu County (Present Jiangsu Province Suzhou After that, they crossed the Huai River to expand their forces and conquered them Qin Jia , Jing Kui Wait for the Ministry. ^[356] Liu Bang heard that Xiang Liang was in Xue County, so he left his army to surround Fengyi and arrived with more than 100 horses Xue County See Xiang Liang. Xiang Liang sent five thousand more troops to Liu Bang, five generals and ten men, and three attacked Fengyi. Yong Tooth was defeated and fled to Wei. ^[42]

And set up the king

More than a month after Liu Bang's subordination to Xiang Liang, Xiang Yu also captured it Xiangyi County Also to Xue County. When the news of Chen Sheng's death was confirmed, Xiang Liang put A surname All recalled Xue County, adopted Fan Zeng The proposal of the Warring States period King Huai of Chu Grandson of... Bear heart For the king of Chu, still named Chu Huai King, fixed capital Xuyi . ^[43] ^[334] Liu Banghe imbu , General Pu ^[352-353] , Lv Chen ^[354] , Chen Ying ^[355] Etc. betsu The generals are standing together King Huai of Chu . ^[380]

Pacify the land of Wei

Queen of Chu Huai, Xiang Liang led the army north to rescue Qi Wei, in Kangfu, Donga and other places to destroy the Qin army. At this time, the Qi army withdrew due to internal contradictions, and only the Chu army pursued the Qin army. During this period, Liu Bang led Cao Can, Zhou Bo and others to engage Zhang Han's chariots and horses, repulsed them, and put them to rest Mongyi County , Yu County , Yuanqi County , Dongmin County , Kuri-ken , Mulberry gnawing County, Wanqu county , Danfu county The cities of the State of Wei that were occupied by a large number of Qin troops were called "the land of Wei" in history. ^[173] ^[406]

Liu Xiang Hebing

Xiang Yu^[44]

Xiang Liang ordered the Chu army to divide, led by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, and led a Chu army to attack Chengyang. Liu Xiang led the army to take Chengyang (i.e Chengyang , present Shandong Heze City East), slaughter. Then he pursued the Qin army to the east of Puyang and again defeated the Qin army. At this time, the Qin army received reinforcements, the army was revitalized again, defended Puyang, and released water around the city. Liu Xiang and Liu Xiang then bypassed Puyang and attacked Dingtao (now Shandong Province) Dingtao ). When Dingtao was not taken, he attacked the west A surname (now Qixian County, Henan Province). Liu Xiang's two armies destroyed the Qin soldiers, Cao Can under Liu Bang ^[271] behead Samcheongun State chief of Li You And captured one Marquis of Qin. ^[45]

Just as the two armies of Liu Xiang attacked Chen Liu. Zhang Han destroyed Xiang Liang at Dingtao, and Xiang Liang was killed in battle. Liu Xiang two people surprised, after discussion decided to give up Chen stay, also return to the east. Liu Xiang and Xiang Yu divided their troops, and Xiang Yu's army stayed Pengcheng A surname Lv Chen The army was stationed in Pengcheng East, while Liu Bang's army was stationed in Dangxian County. ^[46]

Coordinate Dangxian county

Xiang Liang's death shocked the princes. And the Qin army is more with victory over the Yu Wei Chang Chase the dead north . After a series of victories, Zhang Han thought that Chu was no longer enough to worry about, so he attacked Zhao in the north. After capturing Handan, he moved all the people to Hanoi and destroyed the walls of Handan. ^[47] The Zhao army retreated Giant deer Zhang Han led the army into the siege Zhao Wangxie Yu Zhao Xiang Open ears Yu Ju deer. ^{48 - [49]}

King Huai of Chu moved the capital from Xuyi to Pengcheng, combining the armies of Lu Chen and Xiang Yu to take charge of his own. Liu Bang was named Marquis of Wu 'an, promoted to Dangjun (county governor), and commanded the troops and horses of Dangjun; Xiang Yu was the Marquis of Chang 'an and the Duke of Lu. ^[50] After some adjustment, the situation in Chu became stable. At this time, Liu Bang had already coordinated the entire old Wei area in Dangjun, and his position was actually superior to that of Xiang Yu A surname (County magistrate) higher. ^[203] ^[462]

Enter the gate and destroy Qin

West road manager

At the same time, King Xie and Zhang Er of Zhao, who were trapped in Julu, sent several envoys to the state of Chu to ask for help, and King Huai of Chu agreed to save Zhao. Chu north road army to Song Yi The Western Route army was dominated by Liu Bang. King Huai of Chu and the generals agreed that whoever first invaded and pacified Guanzhong would be allowed to stay Central Guanzhong Be king.

At that time, due to the defeat of Chen Sheng and Xiang Liang one after another, the Qin army was flourishing, and the whole state of Chu was not optimistic about the western expedition, and no one was willing to lead the western expedition. The veterans around King Huai believed that Liu Bang was the only one who was generous and virtuous, suitable for "supporting righteousness to the west", reducing the resistance to the west, and better able to make the Qin fathers submit without using violence, so Liu Bang was appointed commander of the West Expedition Army. And Xiang Yu because of the death of his uncle, more angry, and actively asked to accompany Liu Bang west expedition. But all the veterans regard Xiang Yu as "僄 fierce. slipper "And" all the past is destroyed "is not conducive to the western expedition refused Xiang Yu's request, let him serve as the North Road Army sub-general Go north to save Zhao. ^[51]

Repulse the king

October of the Third Year of Qin II (November 25 - December 23, 208 BC) ^[426] Liu Bang's army went west to capture cities and territories, collecting scattered soldiers of Chen Sheng and Xiang Liang along the way. By Dang County Chengyang County , precede Chengwu county South breach Higashigun the County officer The troops he led attacked the King's army in the south of Chengyang County A surname Against the Qin army, they defeated the second Qin army and the Hejian garrison, and Liu Bang led Cao Can ^[273] Fan Kuai ^[274] , Infantile irrigation ^[275] , Fu Kuan ^[276] , Guo Meng ^[277] Wait with General Qin Wang Li Engage and destroy his army. Then, Liu Bang led his troops west, in Changyi (southeast of today's Juye, Shandong) met Peng Yue The army then joined forces to attack Changyi, failed to take, had to return Kuri-ken (present Henan Province Xia Yi ). While in Li County, Liu Bang met with Marquis Gong Wu and annexed his forces, increasing Liu Bang's army by more than 4,000 men. Then with General Wei Huang Xin Wei Shentu bulbo The armies jointly attacked Changyi, but failed to take it. Liu Bang decided to abandon Changyi and led his army to the west. ^[51]

The anti-Qin war led by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang and the collapse of the Qin Dynasty

Map of Liu Bang's entry into Qin campaign

Map of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang's battle against Qin

The anti-Qin war led by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang and the collapse of the Qin Dynasty ^[416] ; Map of Liu Bang's entry into Qin campaign ^[427] ; Map of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang's battle against Qin ^[52] )

Defeated Zhao Bi

In February, Liu Bang passed west through Gaoyang County, A surname He thought that there were many troops passing through Gao Yang, and only Liu Bang had a large army, so he asked to see Liu Bang. Now Liu Bang was sitting on the bed. He had two women wash his feet. Li Yiqi did not pay homage, bowed his hands and said, "If you really want to overthrow the uncivilized Qin, you should not sit down to receive the elder." After listening to Liu Bang, I apologize for the whole dress. Please take a seat. Li Yiqi advised Liu Bang to attack Chen Liu. Liu Bang adopted Li Yiqi's plan and attacked Chenliu county Get the grain and grass that the Qin army hoarded. Liu Bang made Li Yiqi the Guangye king and appointed his younger brother A surname For the general, lead the army to stay. ^[53] ^[218] ^[358]

Liu Bangjun is here Bo County In the south, they engaged the Qin army, and went west to Kaifeng, Qin General Zhao Ben Led the Qin army in Break a seal To the north they fought Liu Bang, who took Cao Can with him ^[359] Fan Kuai ^[360] Xia Hou Ying ^[361] , infanticide ^[362] Fu Kuan ^[363] , Jin Xi ^[364] He defeated Zhao Bi.

Even broken poplar bear

Zhao Ben retreated to defend Kaifeng city, Li Shang led the troops of Chenliu County ^[53] With Liu Bang and Cao Can ^[359] Together they surrounded Kaifeng City, but did not take it. Liu Bang turned to the west and led Cao Shen and Fan Kuai under his command ^[365] Xia Hou Ying ^[361] , Fu Kuan, Guo Meng ^[277] Wait for someone White horse , Qu Yu East and Qin General Populus arctos In the battle, Yang Xiong's army was destroyed, and Cao Can captured one man each from Sima and Shi of Qin. Xia Houying captured 68 prisoners, surrendered 850 soldiers, and captured a box of official seals. Liu Bang's troops are here again Yang Wu Fight off Yang Bear again. ^[363] ^[366] Yang Xiong fled to Xingyang (a county in Henan Province) He was killed by Emperor Qin II. ^[53]

Slightly set the Korean land

Zhang Liang^[54]

Zhang Liang advised item Liangli earlier Han Cheng As the king of Han, and with the king of Han into the west to the land of Han. However, after a few months, every place occupied and lost, and always did not open the situation, so you soldiers in Yingchuan County Around. ^[56]

When Liu Bang came south from Luoyang 轘 Yuanshan While marching, Zhang Liang led a group of soldiers and horses to follow Liu Bang. Liu Bang attacked south Yingyang County Exterminate the city. Follow the attack Nagasue ^[367] ^[373] With the help of Jang Yang, he captured Korea 轘 Regulan . ^[55] retake Goushi county ^[367-369] He successively defeated more than ten cities in Han and destroyed the defenders left by Qin General Yang Xiong. ^[370] Liu Bang captured Han Land Yangcheng During that time, let Chang Liang rely on Korea A surname The identity to recruit South Korea's old land, get South Korean royal descendants A surname (later Han Wangxin , not" Three jades " A surname ) to join and let him serve Han Wangcheng The general. Liu Bang slightly set the South Korean area, let Han Wangcheng stay in the old capital of South Korea Yang And continue to march with Zhang Liang, A surname ( Han Wangxin He also led his army after Liu Bang. ^[371-372]

Attack and fall Nanyang

At this time, Zhao's other general A surname Trying to cross the Yellow River into Hangu Pass . Liu Bang then took it north Pingyin county Cut off the Yellow River ferry. ^[367-369] Liu Bang marched south, taking Cao Can with him ^[368] Zhou Bo ^[369] Fan Kuai ^[373] , A surname ^[367] Xia Hou Ying ^[374] , infanticide ^[375] With the Qin army in Luoyang The Eastern, deadland In the northern battle, Zhao Bi's army was again defeated. After defeating Zhao Bi, Liu Bang continued to attack Luoyang, but failed to capture it, and turned south to Yangcheng, where he collected horses and cavalry. Attack south Namyang , in 犨 county East, east of Yangcheng broke Nanyang County defense Lyo 齮 Lu 齮 retreat Wancheng . ^[57]

Liu Bang wanted to bypass Wancheng and go directly west. Zhang Liang advised: "Although you are eager to enter the customs, the Qin soldiers are still many, and the distance is dangerous. If you are not in Wan today, Wan will attack from behind, and Qin will be strong in front. This is a dangerous road." ^[58] So Liu Bang led his troops to attack Wan Cheng at night, changed the flag, and surrounded Wan Cheng before daybreak. Cao Can and Fan Kuai led the attack on Wancheng and invaded first Break enemy ranks . ^[376-378] Lu 齮 tried to kill himself, his doorman Chen Hui To dissuade him, he sent an envoy to Chu Camp, agreed with Liu Bang to surrender the city, and suggested Liu Bang to move west with his troops and stay State chief Defend the city. Liu Bang then gave Lu 齮 the title of Yin official and Chen Hui the title of a thousand households. ^[59] Therefore, all Namyang County was pacified. ^[375-376]

July of the Third Year of the Qin Dynasty (from August 17 to September 15, 207 BC) ^[432] When Liu Bang pacified Nanyang County, Xiang Yu and Zhang Han were there Yin Ruins The alliance led Zhang Han to surrender to Xiang Yu. ^[440] Xiang Yu also marched with his surrender troops. ^[499]

Seize the Guanzhong

(Song Dynasty) Zhao Boju "Han Gaozu Entrance Map" (part). Boston Museum of Fine Arts collection^[428]

Liu Bang led the army to continue to the west, and there was not a country that did not surrender. Arrived in Danshui (now Henan Province Xichuan County ). And Gao Wu Hou gill, Xiang Hou Royal mausoleum At this time, he also joined the Chu army led by Liu Bang and captured the army Xiling Mausoleum Hu Yang. A surname Wu Rui Under one's command Plum ðd At this point, he joined forces with the Liu Bang Army to capture the analysis (now Xixia County), Li and other places. ^[60]

Liu Bang's Chu army marched in Musseki To the east, he sent Ningchang of Wei to the Qin Court, at which time Zhang Han also surrendered to Xiang Yu. Prime Minister Qin Zhao Gao murder Emperor Qin II Make the messenger return Liu Bang, want to and Liu Bang agreed to share Guanzhong. Liu Bang thought Zhao Gao was cheating, so he obeyed Zhang Liang's plan and let Li Yiqi, Lu Jia Induce to capitulate Musseki (now Wuguan Town, Danfeng County, Shaanxi) Qin General took this opportunity to take Wuguan. Later, Liu Bang led his army to the west, and on the one hand, Li Shang Bei would attack Hanzhong, Ba, Shu and other areas of Qin. ^[61] Then Liu Bang's army defeated the Qin army under the infection of that virus and entered the capital of Qin Xianyang nearby Lantian . The Qin Court organized the last force and fought with Liu Bangjun at Lantian and suffered a great defeat. ^[61] Thereafter, the Qin Dynasty lost all resistance forces.

In October of the first year of King Ziying of Qin (207 BC), Liu Bang's army arrived before the other princes Bashang County . The King of Qin baby Take a plain car, drive a white horse, tie your neck with a ribbon, and hold the emperor's jade seal in your hand Axletree Road Surrender. ^[278] The Qin Dynasty ended. ^[64]

Lay down three rules

Liu Bang into Xianyang, looking at the magnificent palace, Liu Bang some nostalgia, ready to stay. ^[62] Fan Kuai advised him to pay attention to the world has not been pacified, don't forget the previous lessons of Qin. Liu Bang did not listen to it until Zhang Liang personally came to advise him, and he realized the seriousness of the problem. So Liu Bang withdrew with his army Bashang County . ^[63-64]

In November, Liu Bang arrived Bashang County After that, they gathered the famous men of the land, and they Lay down three rules The murderer shall be punished accordingly for death, wounding and theft. The harsh laws of other Qin dynasties were abolished, which earned him popular support. ^[64] In the same month, Xiang Yu killed 200,000 Qin soldiers at Xin 'an. ^[455] In mid-November, Xiang Yu led the vassal army west to Hangu Pass. ^[456]

Dinner at the grand door

December of the same year (207 BC) ^[442] Xiang Yu led the vassal army to Guanzhong. Fan Zeng Urging him to take the opportunity to get rid of Liu Bang, Xiang Yu ordered preparations to attack the next day. At this time, Liu Bang could not compete with the army of the vassal states led by Xiang Yu. He had only 100,000 troops, while Xiang Yu had 400,000. ^[65] Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Bo Because of his old friendship with Zhang Liang, he sneaked into the camp overnight to persuade Zhang Liang to go so as not to be killed in the war. ^[66] Zhang Liang did not want to leave Liu Bang, he revealed the news to Liu Bang. Alarmed, Liu Bang quickly asked Zhang Liang for a plan, and Zhang Liang told Liu Bang to hurry to see Xiang Bo, explaining that he had no ambition to compete with Xiang Yu for the throne. ^[67]

The tomb mural of Han Dynasty as "Hongmen Banquet"^[407]

According to the plan, Liu Bang met with Xiang Bo and explained that he had no ambition to become king, and made an agreement with Xiang Bo Relatives by marriage . ^[68] Xiang Bo returned to the camp that night and said to Xiang Yu, "If Liu Bang does not break Guanzhong first, how dare you enter?" Now we are attacking someone who has done something great for us. It is not moral. We might as well be kind to him." Xiang Yu agreed. ^[69]

The next day, Liu Bang arrived at Xiang Yu's station with more than a hundred cavalry A surname Xiang Yu, who greeted him, offered an apology. ^[70] Xiang Yu invited Liu Bang into the party, and Fan Zeng was there A banquet at Hongmen On, repeatedly signaled Xiang Yu to give orders, but Xiang Yu was hesitant and silent. ^[71] Fan Zengzhao Xiangzhuang sword dance In order to protect Liu Bang, Xiang Bo also drew his sword and danced to protect Liu Bang, so that Xiang Zhuang's assassination failed. ^[72] Later Liu Bang excused himself and returned to the camp. ^[73-74]

Enthroned King of Han

After the Hongmen banquet, Xiang Yu led his troops to the west, entered Xianyang, slaughtered and burned the Qin palace, and killed the Qin king baby . ^[75] Xiang Yu ignored King Huai of Chu Bear heart "The king of the first Guanzhong" agreement, and the bear heart as Yi emperor, intend to and the princes of various countries will be their own fealty. ^[441] So Xiang Yu struck out on his own The overlord of Western Chu Presided over the handover of the world. ^[78] Liu Bang was named Hanwang The territory is Ba, Shu and Hanzhong a total of 41 counties, the capital Nanzheng County (now Shaanxi (Province) South Zheng). ^[76] Zhang Han, the surrender general of the Qin Dynasty, Sima Xin , Dong Yi for A surname , King of Sai , Zhai Wang Lead the Guanzhong ground to restrain Liu Bang. ^[77] ^[409] Liu Bang was furious and planned to attack Xiang Yu, but after Xiao He and others discouraged him, he decided to endure Shu. ^[179]

Xiang Yu was enthroned The 18th Road vassal Wang, on the surface is to reward, in fact, it is to the original Vassal state The forces were divided and reorganized, and the military forces that entered the customs and obeyed them were awarded awards, and the foreign countries were drawn to appoint themselves king ^[441] intensified Six States The conflict between the military leaders sent abroad and their own sovereigns did not take into account some of the influential figures in the anti-Qin process (e.g Tian Rong , Chen Yu , Peng Yue Etc.) ^[485-486] As a result, the confrontation between all parties intensified, and the general trend of the world soon fell into turmoil again.

King Huai of Chu was falsely honored as Emperor Yi by Xiang Yu ^[79] And was later driven to Chen County murder ^[80] .

The dispute between Chu and Han

Also set three Qin

Map of Liu Bang's Claim to Supremacy^[287]

In April of the first year of the Han Dynasty (206 BC), the princes went on strike under the opera and returned to their own vassals. Liu Bang had to swallow his pride and accept the title, and in April he led his troops into Hanzhong and burned them down Plank road To show that he no longer intended to go east, in order to paralyze Xiang Yu. ^[81-82] Descendants of the nobility of Qi Tian Rong Dissatisfied with the enfeoffment, drive out the king of Qi Tatsu Kill King Jiaodong Tabi He declared himself King of Qi. ^[254] In May, Liu Bang took the opportunity to move his army east and pay homage A surname As a general, he returned to Guanzhong and soon defeated Zhang Han ^[305] .

In August, Liu Bang forced down Sima Xin and Dong Yi ^[83] ^[304] He tricked Xiang Yu into believing that he was satisfied with Guanzhong and would never move east again. Xiang Yu assured to attack Tian Rong, the west did not strengthen the guard. In the end, he was stuck in the mud and couldn't get out. ^[84] This gave Liu Bang the perfect opportunity.

The Han army marched out from the east

In the second year of Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Bang, after basically subduing the Three Qin dynasties, prepared to go east and compete with Xiang Yu. He went to Shaanxi to sympathize with the elders there. In March, Liu Bang led his army across the river from Linjin. Wang Bao of Wei Lead the soldiers to follow. Very fast to Hanoi, captured the king of Yin A surname , install Hanoi-ken . South crossing Pingyin Jin to Luo Yang, down Henan king Sunyang . There was a new town. The three elders Dong Gong and others blocked Liu Bang in front of the horse to tell the death of Emperor Yi. When the king of Han heard this, he burst into tears and mourned for Emperor Yi for three days. Then to the vassal king issued the crime of Xiang Yu's rebellion and no way, and launched Inside pass Men, gather Sanhe The officers called on the vassal Kings to lead the soldiers with themselves to fight against Xiang Yu to avenge Emperor Yi. Thus officially opened Chu-han War The prologue. ^[85]

The Battle of Pengcheng

In May of the second year of Han (205 BC), Liu Bang took advantage of Xiang Yu's inability to withdraw from the State of Qi, and led an allied army of 560,000 men to capture Pengcheng, the capital of Western Chu. ^[86-87] The brief victory caused Liu Bang to lose his mind and drink wine with the princes all day to celebrate. ^[88] Xiang Yu heard of this and rushed back to Pengcheng with 30,000 light cavalry, but the allied forces were not prepared, one hundred thousand were killed and one hundred thousand were drowned, Liu Bang only led dozens of horses to escape, and the anti-Chu alliance led by Han collapsed. ^[89]

Xingcheng standoff

A surname^[120]

In June of the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Bang led the army to retreat Xingyang (a county in Henan Province) All the way to collect defeated soldiers, and sent Han Xin, irrigation and so on The Battle of Kinso Defeated the Chu pursuers, ^[90-91] Able to breathe, stabilize the position, then reorganized the army, relying on the Guanzhong base and favorable terrain to fight Xiang Yu for a long time. In July, Zhang Han was defeated and committed suicide, and Liu Bang was completely relieved of his worries. And before fleeing to Xingyang, he sent someone to persuade imbu Contra-chu, contact Peng Yue Disturb the rear of Chu; ^[92] He sent Han Xin to open up the northern battlefield, attack Wei, and ordered Zhang Er and Han Xin to go east to Jingxing and destroy Zhao. ^[93] In the winter of the same year, Xiang Yu launched a counterattack and besieged Xingyang, and the situation was very critical. Liu Bang used a counselor Chen Ping This made Xiang Yu suspect Fan Zeng and, without using his plan, forced Fan Zeng to return home in anger. ^[94-98] A letter from a senior official in ancient China Dressed as Liu Bang to the Chu army to cheat surrender, Liu Bang took the opportunity to escape Xingyang. ^[99-100] Xiang Yu intensified his siege of Xingyang and captured it Chenggao .

In order to reduce the pressure of Chu army on Xingyang, Liu Bang took command of the military economy Musseki Wan (present-day Nanyang) and Ye (present-day South of Ye County) wanted to lure Xiang Yu to the south. ^[101] In order to cooperate with the actions of the Han Army, Han Xin also led the army to reach the north bank of the Yellow River to support Xingyang. Peng Yue is attacking Xiapi (now Jiangsu (Province) Pizhou South). Xiang Yu was forced to lead the army back to rescue, and Liu Bang took the opportunity to recapture Chenggao.

In July of the third year of the Han Dynasty (204 BC), Xiang Yu attacked and captured Xingyang again Chenggao . ^[102]

Divide as boundary

Liu Bang ordered the Han army in Gong County Stick to the area, block the advance of the Chu army, one side ordered Han Xin to form a new army to attack, and sent people into the Chu hinterland to assist Peng Yue's attack Suiyang County Waihuang County and other places, once again forced Xiang Yu back to rescue.

In November 204 BC, Liu Bang retook Chenggao and forced Xiang Yu's chief Sima Cao Ju Suicide. ^[103]

After defeating Peng Yue, Xiang Yu failed to find a decisive battle with the main Han army, and stationed troops at Guangwu (present-day Xingyang North of Henan Province) to confront Liu Bang. Soon, Han Xinzai The Battle of Weichai In the annihilation of the allied forces of Qi Chu, complete the strategic detour of the flanks of Chu, and sent an army to go straight to Pengcheng. Xiang Yu The enemy is on the back and the belly When the army was exhausted, he made an alliance with the Han Dynasty, divided the world in the middle, and returned to Chu in the east and Han in the west.

In October of the fourth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), Xiang Yu led his troops back to the east. ^[104]

Battle of Gaixia

The Battle of Chenggao^[184]

After the signing of the alliance between Chu and Han, Liu Bang originally wanted to withdraw, but under the warning of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, he ordered the full pursuit of Chu troops. ^[105]

In November of the fourth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), the two armies fought at Gu Ling (northwest of today's Huaiyang), and Xiang Yu won a small victory. ^[106]

In the first month of the fifth year of Han Dynasty (202 BC), Liu Bang and Han Xin commanded 300,000 Han troops and 100,000 Chu troops Gaixia (now Anhui Lingbi South) launched a decisive battle. The Han army is spearheaded by Han Xin, General The aperture 藂 For the left, Chen He Right wing, Liu Bang in the center, General Zhou Bo , Chaiwu Line up behind. ^[107] ^[250]

Han Xin attacked, using the tactics of inducing the enemy to go deep, the former army was the first to fake defeat, and Letter drew the troops back, ordering the left and right army to encircling and attack the rear of the Chu army. After a long battle, the Chu army was not well prepared, and the Han army split the Chu queen army and the knights of Xiang Yu's front army in two. Han Xin then commanded the whole army to counterattack, and the Chu army was defeated and suffered heavy losses, and the remaining troops retreated to the battle with Xiang Yu. ^[107-108]

After the Chu army retreated into the wall and held fast, it was heavily surrounded by the Han army. The Chu army was exhausted. The Han army and the allied forces of princes surrounded it heavily, and the song of Chu came from all sides at night. As a result, the Chu army collapsed, and Xiang Yu only led 800 men to break through to Wujiang (present Anhui Province and county border). At this time, Xiang Yu was left with only 28 horses, and a commander was willing to take Xiang Yu to escape Jiang Dong Reinvigorate overbearing, was rejected by Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu led twenty-eight horses to fight the Han army, and killed himself in the Wujiang River after the entire army was destroyed ^[108] . Since then, Chu has been under Han rule. Subsequently, Liu Bang led his army north and surrendered Lu County Xiang Yu was buried in the Valley City under the title of Duke of Lu. Subsequently, Liu Bang also went to Dingtao, galloped into Han Xin's army, and seized his military power. ^[107]

Map of the Chu-Han War, from the Atlas of Chinese Historical Manuscripts by Guo Moruo et al.

Atlas of Ancient Chinese History p36 Map of the Chu-Han War

( Chu-han dispute atlas reference ^[183] ^[185] )

Dominate the world

The "Han Dynasty and the world" Wadang is believed to have been created when Liu Bang first determined the world^[331]

In the first month of the fifth year of Han (202 BC), Han Xin and other princes and ministers jointly wrote to Liu Bang, asking him to take the throne as emperor. Liu Bang refused, and Han believed them and said, "Although Your Majesty was born poor, he was able to lead the people to wipe out the violent Qin, kill injustice, and stabilize the world, and his merit exceeded that of other Kings. Liu Bang according to the ancient rites" Three concessions Then he said, "Since you all think in this way that it is good for the officials of the world, let it be done as you say." ^[110]

On the third day of February the same year, Liu Bang was in Dingtao, Shandong Province flashing (present Shandong Province Caoxian County North) Yang held a ceremony to enthronement, set the title of Han (history The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) The former Han Dynasty), is for the Han Emperor Gao. ^[110] ^[257] After Liu Bang became emperor, the queen Lu Zhan was renamed Empress and Prince Liu Ying He's called the Crown Prince.

Thereafter, Liu Bang temporarily settled at Luo Yang and sent troops to put down King Linjiang, who had rebelled against the Han under Xiang Yu Lieutenant commander The rebellion of... ^[252] He initially planned to make Luoyang his capital and then his garrison Lou Jing The proposal was to make Chang 'an (now Xi 'an in Shaanxi Province), east of Xianyang, the capital, to take the meaning of long-term peace and stability. In June of the same year, it was announced amnesty . ^[111] ^[251]

After the peace of the world, Liu Bang "ordered Xiao He times, Han Xinshen. Military law , Zhang Cang Make a statute ^[308] Uncle sun Tong etiquette, Lu Jia Make a book neologism ". And I swear with my hero, Dan wrote an iron deed , Jinguishi Room The ancestral temple of Tibet. though Too many to see The plan is broad and far ". ^[133] Since the last decrees, they have basically been legislative work, setting an example for future generations. The chapter is the chapter of the calendar, the process is the provisions of weights and measures, the military law is to talk about the use of force, and the New Language is to talk about the rise and fall of the past dynasties. Etiquette is not limited to the content of the rituals. Such a multifaceted founding scale is not seen in previous generations. ^[309]

Demolish the strong vassals

When Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, the country was not yet peaceful. In order to re-establish the new order after the war and appease the meritorious, he partially restored feudalism and adopted County and state parallel system He reappointed seven different meritorious officials as Kings ^[109] :

Peerage	feoffee	Enclosed area
King of Chu	A surname	Sealed in Huaibei, Xiapi ^[257]
The King of Changsha	Wu Rui	Sealed in Changsha, the capital of Linxiang ^[257]
Liang King	Peng Yue	Sealed in the beam, all set pottery ^[257]
King of Huainan	imbu	Sealed in Huainan, all six ^[257]
King of Swallow	Zang Chai	Sealed in Swallow land, capital thistle ^[257]
King of Zhao	Zhang Ao	Sealed in the land of Zhao, the state of Xiang ^[257]
King of Han	Han Wangxin	Sealed in Jindi (further north than the original Korea), Jinyang ^[257]

The War of Ping Yi Wang in the early Western Han Dynasty^[433]

In addition, more than 130 people have been canonized Rehou (see entry Founder of the Western Han Dynasty ). ^[257]

In the early years of the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, the vassal states occupied most of the territory of the Han Dynasty, as The pre-Qin period State of state, different names Vassal king Military and political independence in the sealed state, the tail can not be dropped, here centralization The rule of the United States has brought great instability. Liu Bang's title was only a temporary measure. ^[257]

After the rule of the Western Han was gradually established, Liu Bang began to deliberately remove the princes of different names.

In October of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), the king of Yan, Zang Tai, was the first to be pacified, and Liu Bang replaced him with a close friend and a first lieutenant Lu Wan Crowned King of Swallow ^[253] ; Later Han Wangxin defected to the Huns and was killed ^[208] The king of Zhao, Zhang Ao, was deposed as a marquis because of the rebellion of his subordinates ^[209] ; Peng Yue, king of Liang, and Han Xin, Marquis of Huaiyin (formerly King of Chu and later demoted), were both killed after their dethronement ^[210] .

September of the Tenth year of Han Dynasty (197 BC) ^[336] Acting Prime Minister Chen Siei Allied with the Xiongnu rebellion, self-proclaimed king. Liu Bang pardoned officials and people on behalf of the land ^[338] Led the army personally, to the next autumn to pacify it.

In the 11th year of Han Dynasty (196 BC), Yingbu, king of Huainan, raised an army and annexed King Jing Liu Jia , the King of Chu Liu Jiao The territory. Liu Bang heard the news and set up Shaozi Liu Chang King of Huainan ^[339] In the battle, he defeated the Yingbu army, and Yingbu fled and was killed in Fanyang ^[211] .

In February of the 12th year of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), Liu Bang, first Fan Kuai and then Zhou Bo as general, led the army to fight against Lu Wan, who was ambiguous with the rebels of Chen Sieges. Lu Wan knew that Liu Bang was thinking of his old love, and thousands of people waited under the Great Wall with their families and cronies, wanting to personally enter Chang 'an to explain to Liu Bang. After Liu Bang died and feared Lu Ji, Lu Wan had to flee to Xiongnu ^[208] . At this point, the major states have been transferred into the hands of Liu's descendants. Only King of Changsha Wu Chen the Changsha State Have a narrow escape ^[212] .

In the twelfth year of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), Liu Bang killed the white horse and spilled blood as an alliance, and made an oath with the generals, the core content of which was: "If the king is not Liu, the whole world will attack him." If he is not a son of the Liu family and is crowned king, the whole world may strike him down together )." ^[207] ^[266] (see entry White horse alliance )

Fight the Huns

Subject article: The Siege of White Den

Diagram of the siege of Baden^[379]

At the time of Chu Han, Liu Bang was busy with the war, while the Xiongnu Dun Singyu Between the start of the conquest of the cause, east destruction A surname , the West Strike Otsuki The south invaded Yan Dynasty and became the overlord of Mobei. ^[213]

In the autumn of the sixth year of the Han Dynasty (201 BC), Horton surrounded Han Wangxin heavily, and Han Wangxin sent envoys to Sue for peace several times. Liu Bang sent troops to rescue him, but suspected that Han Wangxin had sent messengers privately many times and had betrayed his heart, so he sent someone to rebuke him. The king of Han believed that he was afraid of execution because he and the Huns had made a pact to attack Han Mayi (Present Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province Shuocheng District Descend to the Huns ". ^[315]

At the beginning of the seventh year of the Han Dynasty (200 BC), Liu Bang personally led more than 300,000 troops to defeat Han Wangxin Copper 鞮 (now south of Qinxian County, Shanxi) broke its army, and in Jinyang (now south of Taiyuan, Shanxi) Jinyuan Town To destroy his alliance with the Huns. Liu Bang smells the Xiongnu military village Yoshitani (now Fanzhi northwest of Shanxi), to attack it, sent reconnaissance Xiongnu. He hid his strength and deliberately showed his weakness. Han made more than ten people return in succession, all say that Hungary can attack. Liu Bang sent Lou Jing to reconnoitre, and before he could return them, Liu Bang immediately sent 320,000 Han troops northward. After Lou Jing returned, he pointed out that the Xiongnu were dishonest and could not easily advance. Liu Bang did not listen, personally led the advance troops to Pingcheng (now Datong East of Shanxi), the infantry did not arrive. Dun Singyu besieged Liu Bang near Pingcheng with 400,000 fine horses White Mountain (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi) for seven days and seven nights, the Han army's internal and external contacts were interrupted and could not be rescued. Liu Bang adopted Chen Ping's plan and paid heavy attention to Shan Yu's wife 阏氏 . Under the persuasion of 阏氏, the Han army was able to break through the siege and join the main force at Pingcheng. ^[112] ^[213-214] ^[314] On the way to adopt the advice of Xia Hou Baby, the whole army is on alert and slow, and finally return to court safely. ^[286]

Then the Xiongnu led their troops north. Liu Bang adopted Lou Jing's suggestion to take action against Xiongnu when the Han Dynasty's national strength was not restored Make peace with relatives Policy and open the market on both sides; He sent a large number of gifts of silk, grain, wine and so on every year to ease their intrusion on the Han Dynasty. ^[214] So the Han Dynasty until the Wenjing period, still adopted the policy of harmony. ^[112] ^[213]

The sick bed is asking questions

Head of Liu Bang, taken from "Jigu Zan"^[182]

Liu Bang loved in his later years Qi Ji And his son the king of Zhao Liu Ruyi He distanced himself from Empress Lu and tried several times to depose the prince born to her Liu Ying And Liu Ruyi. Zhang Liang, Shu Suntong and other ministers are opposed, Liu Bang still did not dispel the idea of easy storage ^[113] ^[264] . Finally, in Zhang Liang's proposal to invite" Shang Shan Sihao With the help of Liu Bangcai, it was clear that Liu Ying's position had been secured, and he no longer considered the abolition of the crown prince ^[265] .

Liu Bang was already a very old man, and he was wounded by an arrow when he put down the rebellion of Yingbu, and his illness became increasingly serious after his arrival in Chang 'an. After Lv found a famous doctor, the doctor into the palace, Liu Bang asked about the condition, the doctor said the disease can be treated, Liu Bang cursed: "I take the body of cloth, holding the sword of three feet and take the world, this is not the destiny of heaven?" My destiny is in the days, even Bian Que What is the use of regeneration?" Then he gave the doctor fifty pounds of gold and sent him away. ^[114]

Empress Lu looked at Liu Bang dying and asked him about the personnel arrangement after his death: "Who will take over after the death of Prime Minister Xiao?" Liu Bang said Cao Can. When Queen Lu asked Cao Can who came after him, Liu Bang said," Royal mausoleum He can take over after Cao Can, but the royal Mausoleum lacks wisdom and can be assisted by Chen Ping. Although Chen Ping is resourceful, he can't make big decisions. Although Zhou Bo is not good at talking, but a person of loyalty and kindness, the future stability of Liu's Jiangshan must be him, with him to do A surname So be it." When Queen Lu asked what would happen in the future, Liu Bang said, "You will not know what will happen in the future." ^[115]

afterlife

On April 25, the twelfth year of Han Dynasty (June 1, 195 BC), Liu Bang was in Chang 'an Palace of Eternal Happiness Died at the age of 62 ^[20-21] . Be buried in Changling Mausoleum (Located in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province). ^[116]

According to the Shih Chi According to records, after Liu Bang's death, the temple number agreed by the ministers was The first founder of a dynasty , go Honorific title given to an emperor For the high emperor, the full name of the Han Taizu emperor, the short name of the temple should be Han Taizu, the short name of the Han Gaodi, rather than the later known as the Han Gaozu ^[117] . However, the Record of the Grand Historian, the Original Record of Emperor Gaozu, first calls Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu. In order to show their respect to Liu Bang, the later Kings of the Western Han Dynasty called him Gaozu ^[118-119] . while Ban Khao Wrote... History of the Han Dynasty The words are the same, for fear of ambiguity, the "Gaozu" in the "Shiji" is changed to "Emperor".

Administrative measures

broadcast

EDITOR

political

Liu Bang reigned for a total of eight years, beginning as emperor. During these eight years, he could not manage the Han family and the world safely, but eased the relations between Han and Xiongnu and South Vietnam, suppressed the internal rebellion, eradicated the potential internal threats, and made the political situation at that time tend to be stable. ^[309]

Make good use of talents

Encyclopedia x mixed knowledge: Illustrating the three heroes of the early Han Dynasty

When Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought for the kingdom, Ji Bu and A surname All generals under Xiang Yu. Ji Bu led the army to trap Liu Bang several times, and Ding Gong also led the army to chase Liu Bang, but finally let him go. After Liu Bang declared himself emperor, he hated Ji Bu for forcing him into a dilemma many times, so he arrested him. But thinking that he also needed such a loyal minister to assist him, he no longer held a grudge, not only let him go, but also appointed him as doctor . ^[121-122] Ding Gong is the half brother of Ji Bu, he heard that Ji Bu gave Liu Bang so embarrassed people can be released as an official, he had been to Liu Bang graces not to mention the people. Unexpectedly, he was arrested by Liu Bang. Liu Bang said to the crowd, "Lord Ding was disloyal when he was Xiang Yu's general, and it was men like him who caused King Xiang to lose the kingdom." Liu Bang ordered the execution of Ding Gong and put him on display in the army, warning everyone to be loyal ministers and not to follow Ding Gong's example. ^[123]

After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang governed the world with literature and commandeered Confucian scholar Edict the world, widely seek talents. In the same year, Liu Bang held a celebration dinner at Luo Yang's Southern Palace, where he summed up the reasons for his victory: "When it comes to strategiing and winning a victory thousands of miles away, I am not as good as Zhang Liang; When it comes to soothing the people and feeding them, I am no better; On the millions of leading soldiers, decisive battle, victory, I am not as Han Xin. But my ability to know people and use them well is the real reason why we won. As for Xiang Yu, he had only Fan Zeng available, but he was suspicious of him, and that was the reason for his final defeat." ^[329]

Strengthen imperial power

(1) Pacify meritorious officials and old generals

Subject article: Founder of the Western Han Dynasty

(Ming) Liu Jun, "On the Work of Han Hall", Metropolitan Museum of Art^[284]

The early Han Dynasty followed the Qin Dynasty The twentieth rank To encourage and reward military officers and civilians. ^[257] After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, Split symbol A meritorious officer. At that time, the generals did not give in to each other, and they did not stop competing for merit, so Liu Bang did not have the title of marquis. Once, in the southern palace of Luo Yang, Liu Bang saw the crowd sitting on the sand do not know what to say, asked Zhang Liang around what happened, Zhang Liang said they were conspiring. Liu Bang asked why, Zhang Liang said they were afraid of Liu Bang can not all reward. Liu Bang asked how to do, Zhang Liang asked him the most hate who is, Liu Bang said A surname 'cause he's too good to kill. Zhang Liang listened to let him seal Yong teeth as Hou, so that everyone felt that Liu Bang hate Yong teeth can be sealed, they need not worry. So, Liu Bang put a celebration banquet, sealed Yongtooth as a Tifang marquis, but also on the spot ordered the prime minister and the imperial history to seize the time to draft Reward people according to their achievements The list of parcels. Zhang Liang's scheme worked as expected, and the hearts of the general were settled. ^[127] During the reign of Liu Bang, in addition to seven different Kings, there were 137 meritorious officials and relatives, totaling 143 people. ^[309] Some of the vassals have tied ranks, and the actual number of vassals is more. The Han Dynasty's title oath, according to the Records of the Grand Historian, said: "Make the river like a belt, and the mountain as severe." The kingdom of eternal Peace, the Yuan and the Miao people ( Even if the Yellow River is as thin as a ribbon, and the Mount Tai is as small as a whetstone, your kingdom will remain peaceful forever, and your blessings will extend to future generations )." In fact, Liu Bang focused on subduing the "king" who threatened the central rule, and the only "meritmen" who were really eliminated were those who allowed their subordinates to violate the law and discipline, and then were incited to support the army to rebel and establish themselves as king Chen Siei ^[208] . The rest of the meritorious, Veteran general Such as Cao Can, Zhou Bo, Guan Ying, Xia Houying Zhang Liang, Chen Ping, even Yong Tooth, Xiang Tuo Most of them are treated well, and the title can be inherited by future generations. ^[204]

However, Liu Bang was also suspicious of the meritorious officer. In his old age, when he was ill and invaded the British Cloth, he once defended the Guanzhong Xiao He Not at ease, Xiao He later followed the advice of others, occupied the land of the people, self-tarnishing his reputation and was imprisoned, and Liu Bang released him after he woke up. Tyrants and tyrants "To apologize ^[205] . When Liu Bang was seriously ill and dim, he was told by others that he thought Fan Kuai Mutiny, fearing that he will help Chu Lu rebellion. Later, Fan Kuai was spared because of Chen Ping's proper disposal ^[206] . In the end, Xiao He and Fan Kuai also died a good death.

(2) Strong basic weak end

Encyclopedia x Mixed knowledge: Illustrating the parallel system of counties

Liu Bang succeeded the Qin Dynasty centralization and The system of prefectures and counties It has also been used according to the social atmosphere for many years The pre-Qin period the The system of enfeoffment Combine the two and implement them County and state parallel system . ^[64] At the beginning of his reign, he reassigned the title of king. These different Kings ruled over a wide area. Under the planning of Liu Bang and Lu Hou, A surname ^[126] Chen Sieh, Peng Yue and other vassals were destroyed one after another, leaving only the King of Changsha Wu Chen ^[212] .

At the same time of removing the alien king, Liu Bang also conferred the title of Liu vassal king.

Han six years (201 BC), he adopted Tian Ken On the suggestion of "children of my own", he divided Chu into two states, with his brother Liu Jia as King of Jing and his brother Liu Jiao as king of Chu. Eko Liu Fei He was the king of Qi and had over seventy cities under his jurisdiction ^[341] . After Yingbu's rebellion, Liu Chang, the younger son, was named king and nephew of Huainan Liu Bi King of Wu ^[339] .

In the seventh year of Han Dynasty (200 BC), Lou Jing To Liu Bang suggested that the original Kanto Six States The Qiangzong clan, heroes and famous families of more than 100,000 people all moved to Guanzhong to live under the central control, on the one hand to guard against Xiongnu's covetousness to Guanzhong, on the other hand to eliminate worries ^[128] . Liu Bang adopted it, and in November 199 BC, he emigrated to the five families of Qi, Chu, Zhao, Qu, Jing, Huai and Tian in Guanzhong, and granted Tian the benefits of the house ^[316] And arranged them to guard Changling, its purpose is to "strengthen the trunk and weak branches, not only for Fengshan garden also", thus establishing the Western Han Dynasty migration policy. ^[317]

Through the measures of "strengthening the basic and weakening the end" in the above aspects, the centralization of the Han Dynasty was strengthened. ^[309]

(3) Weakening the prime minister's power

After Liu Bang put down the Tsingy rebellion and returned to Chang 'an, Xiao He proposed to bring the Tsingy to China Shanglin Garden Open, let the people go to farming, because the Shanglin yuan is basically deserted, and is not a place to raise animals for the emperor to hunt. Liu Bang was angry after hearing that Xiao He had taken bribes from businessmen, so he spoke for them and borrowed the name of the people for businessmen to profit. ^[129] Liu Bang put Xiao He in prison, a few days later, a minister asked the prime minister what crime, Liu Bang said: "Originally Li Si As Prime minister of the State of Qin, all the credit should go to the First Emperor, and the bad things should be borne by themselves. However, the Prime Minister Xiao He accepted bribes from the merchants and begged me to open Shanglin Court on their behalf to buy people's hearts. Therefore punish him." ^[130] By attacking the elder statesman Xiao He, Liu Bang strengthened the emperor's power while weakening the prime minister's power.

Make the capital Guanzhong, consolidate the rule

After Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, he intended to maintain the capital for a long time Luoyang . After Lou Jing heard that, he came from Shandong to see Liu Bang, thinking that he had the world and peace Zhou Dynasty Different, so should not follow the Zhou Dynasty to Luo Yang as the capital, should go to Guanzhong capital, so that you can stick to the dangerous land in the Qin land, the country can be long-term peace and stability. ^[124] Zhang Liang agreed with Lou Jing's proposal, he said that Guanzhong is "a golden city of thousands of miles, a land of abundance", retreat can be defended, attack can be out. Liu Bang agreed and soon moved the capital to Chang 'an. ^[125]

Revise the law and establish the rites

Xiao He^[415]

After the peace of the world, Liu Bang abolished the strict and cumbersome laws of the Qin Dynasty and focused on "simplicity" ^[133] ^[303] . otherlife Xiao He Referring to the laws of the Qin Dynasty, "the nine chapters of the law should be taken as appropriate", that is, "nine chapters of the Law of the Han Dynasty". This was during the Warring States period Li Kui The draft Dharma classics On the basis of the six articles (the Law of theft, the law of theft, the law of net, the law of capture, the law of miscellany, and the law of having), the law of household (household registration management, marriage system and tax collection), the law of Xing (mainly providing for the collection of corvee, city defense) and the Law of having Rule of law (mainly stipulated in cattle and horse husbandry and post transmission), the generally said Han law refers to the" enneagram ". ^[302]

At the same time, Liu Bang reuse A surname Get up Court rites ". ^[257] Shusuntong gathered 30 people from Lu, plus more than 100 scholars and disciples around Liu Bang, with reference to Qin Yi, formulated a set of political etiquette system suitable for the needs of the situation at that time, and wrote monographs on instrument laws and decrees such as Twelve Pieces of Han Yi, Han Li Du, and Eighteen Pieces of Rules and Regulations. These measures played an important role in the establishment and consolidation of the Han Dynasty. In the seventh year of Han Dynasty (200 BC), Palace of Eternal Happiness Cheng, princes and ministers to congratulate, use the new dynasty instrument. From the vassal king, do not be afraid to be respectful. Seeing the order of the upper and lower ranks, Liu Bang could not help but sigh: "I am known as the emperor today." ^[309]

Military affairs

Liu Bangyi Cloth garment The "horse emperor" who took the throne in person ^[114] First started with" Take over the world at once "Self-proclaimed. ^[132] " History of the Han Dynasty According to the records, Liu Bang from the beginning of the uprising, the command of various heroic and talented people, the Qin Dynasty was destroyed within three years, the East Ke Xiangyu within five years, and the world was swept away within eight years. ^[204] He spent the rest of his life dealing with it Princes of different names , consolidate Grand unification . ^[297] His life campaign can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) Anti-Qin war period; ② Chu Han War period; ③ The period of the removal of the king of different names (including conquests) Han Wangxin , Chen Siei War against the Huns).

Liu Bang was mainly involved in military activities
Period division	Experience duration	Main war	Specific campaign
Anti-qin war period	From September of the first Qin Dynasty to October of the first Han Dynasty (October 209 BC - November 207 BC)	Peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty ; Xiang Yu Liu Bang's war against Qin	Liu Bang raised his army in Pei ; Battle of Surabaya County ; The Battle of Fengyi ; The Battle of Xiao Dang ; Xiang Yu, Liu Bang, Yongqiu and Li You ; Liu Bang went west to the Battle of Qin (including Battle of Li Yi , The Battle of Chen Liu , The Battle of the White Horse , Liu Bang's Battle of Luoyang East , 犨 The Battle of the East , Battle of Wan County , The Battle of Lantian )
During the Chu-Han War	August of the first Han Dynasty to December of the fifth Han Dynasty (September 206 BC - January 202 BC)	Chu-han War	Liu Bang also decided the Battle of Three Qin (including The Battle of Whitewater North , The Battle of Chencang , A war of good influence , The siege of the ruined Hill , Battle of Yueyang ); Han army to the east of the battle of Sanhe ; The Battle of Pengcheng (including Cao Can and other ding Tao broke the dragon and the army , Battle of Lingbi , The Outer Yellow War ); Xingyang Chenggao Battle (including The Han army Xingyang blocked the Chu army , Xingyang offensive and defensive battles , The Han army destroyed the Chu army , Chu, Han, Guangwu ); The Battle of Guling ; The Battle of Chen Xia ; Battle of Gaixia
The dynasty of the disgraced king (including fighting the Huns)	From the 5th to the 12th year of Han Dynasty (202 BC - 195 BC)	Han Emperor Ping vassal rebellion war	The battle of Han's attack on King Gongwei of Linjiang ; The Battle of Zang Tai, King of Ping Yan ; Han Gaodi Pingliji battle ; Han Gaodi Ping Han Wangxin War (including The Battle of Wuquan North , The battle of copper 鞮 , The Battle of Jinyang , The Siege of White Den , Battle of Higashigaki , The Battle of Maghup ); Han Gaodi Pingchen Sieges Battle (including Battle of Higashigaki , Han army Zhao Di destroyed Chen Herba , Participate in the war ); Emperor Gaodi Ping Huainan King Yingbu battle (including Battle of Qi Xi ); The war between Emperor Gao of Han and King Yan

( Reference materials for the above content ^[298] )

economy

Implement calculation

In August of the fourth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), Liu Bang initially implemented it Computational fu Make. Adult men and women between the ages of 15 and 56 pay an annual tax of 120 dollars each Do one count . The tax revenue is mainly invested in military supplies such as arsenals, soldiers, vehicles and horses. ^[474] The taxes of merchants and maidservants were doubled. ^[475-476]

In February of the eleventh year of the Han Dynasty (196 BC), Liu Bang issued a decree to reduce taxes and informed the princes, A surname Every October is the tax season, according to the number of people, each person pays 63 dollars per year. Compared to Han four years, nearly half of the tax reduction. ^[477-478]

Rest and recuperate

At the beginning of the second year of Han Dynasty, Liu Bang was stabilizing Three Qin dynasties After that, East out Hagok Appease the elders outside; He restored the guard against Huns River plug ; In addition, forbidden areas such as gardens and ponds, which were exclusive to the royal family of the Qin Dynasty, were opened to the public for cultivation. ^[501]

Han Gaozu Liu Bang really like^[272]

In February of the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Bang asked the people to dismantle the Temple of Shiji, the symbol of the Qin Dynasty's power, and set up the Temple of Shiji in the Han Dynasty. Bestows graciousness and honor upon the people. The people of Shu Han had a heavy burden of providing military supplies and were exempted from taxes and taxes for two years. A Guanzhong soldier who joins the army shall be exempted from family tax for one year. If a common man is over fifty years of age, and is highly respected, and able to lead the people for good, he shall be appointed The three elders , one person per township. One of the three old men is selected as the three old men of the county, and the county magistrate, the county governor and the county lieutenant discuss political affairs together, and they are exempted from military service. October as the month of wine and meat to comfort the people. ^[479] " Records of history and records of doubt Quote from Yoo Chenweng It was said that Liu Bang's policy was "just to clean up the people's heart on a grand scale." ^{[480
]}

In August of the fourth year of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), Liu Bang ordered: "If a sergeant is unfortunately killed, he should be sent to his hometown with a coffin to dress him." So all the people on all sides surrendered with all their hearts. ^[481]

In the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and promulgated the" Strike out and grant an edict Its main contents are as follows: ① [ Full demobilization of the army "The soldiers are all going home", so that the soldiers who have been fighting for many years demobilize Go home and give preferential treatment. The Kanto who entered the customs to kill Qin were exempted from corvee for 12 years if they wished to stay in the Guanzhong as citizens, and those who returned to the Kanto were exempted from corvee for 6 years. ②【 Help the displaced : Let the exiled population without household registration in Shanze during the war "return to their counties, restore the old Jutian house", and restore the past political and economic treatment. ③ [ Release slaves and maidservants "People who sell themselves to be slaves by starvation are exempt from the common people." ④【 reward Meritorious service Land and wealth 【 : Active military officials without a Lord or a Lord under the doctor, "all give the Lord as a doctor"; "The doctor above gives the Lord every level"; In the title of seven doctors or more, "all make food city"; The following persons are exempt from corvee service for themselves and their families. The military officials returning to agriculture, "to have the merit of field house", "good encounter high jue", high jue to give priority to field house. ^[131]

Immigrant millet

When Liu Bang, the king of Han, took on the weakness of the Qin Dynasty, the vassals and Kings jointly rose up, and the people lost their agricultural industries. In June of the second year of Han (205 BC), a great famine occurred in Guanzhong. Usually, a stone of rice cost 5,000 yuan, and a Dhobi 10,000 yuan. Liu Bang takes" Immigrant millet " ^[471-472] The emergency measures allowed the people to sell their children and seek survival in Shu County and Hanzhong County, where food was more abundant. ^[473] ^[495] After defeating Xiang Yu in the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), Liu Bang issued the "Strike and Restore the Imperial Decree", which ordered people who sold themselves to others as slaves due to famine to be pardoned as civilians. ^[131]

Light taxation

After the peace of the world, the people had nothing to store, and the emperor could not equip four horses of solid color, and Generals and ministers Some can only travel by ox cart. Liu Bang then issued laws to restrict frugality, reduce the rent of the fields, collect a one-fifteenth tax, and collect taxes from the people according to the official salary and government expenditure. However, the income from the taxes and taxes of the market in the mountains and rivers, from the Son of Heaven to the private city of the vassal, were provided by themselves, and they did not receive the usual fees from the Son of Heaven. Using waterways to transfer Kanto millet to the capital to the government, no more than tens of thousands of stones a year. ^[482]

Inhibit business

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the common people had no savings. At that time, because the money of the Qin Dynasty was too heavy to use, people were ordered to mint it instead viburnum . Gold weighs a pound, reduce the province relaxed the legal ban. ^[13] Those who do not abide by the law and pursue profits, relying on their own surplus, hoard goods and accumulate goods in the market in their own hands, which eventually causes prices to soar, to the point where the price of rice reaches 10,000 dollars a stone and a horse is sold for 100 gold. After the peace of the world, Liu Bang ordered merchants not to wear it Silk And rides, tax rent increases to frustrate them. ^[483]

culture

Respect heaven and earth

Liu Bang was in Fengyi at the time of the initial uprising 枌 The Yu She To pray; ^[410] After being established as Pei Gong, he formally "temple. Yellow Emperor , offer a sacrifice to Chiyou-warrior Yu Peiting." ^[201]

In the second year of Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Bang attacked Xiangyu to the east, and after returning his troops to the pass, he asked: "In the past, the Qin Dynasty offered sacrifices God What emperor is it?" They answered, "There are four emperors, yes White Emperor , Qing Emperor , Yellow Emperor , Red Emperor The temple." Liu Bang said, "I have heard that heaven has it Five emperors Only four temples have been erected. What is the reason?" No one could answer. So Liu Bang said: "I know, is waiting for me to help him make up the number of five emperors." So they built it again Black Emperor The temple was named North Sway. ^[387] Then he issued the Imperial Decree of Revaluing the Temple, Liu Bang pointed out: "I very much value the temple and worship. today God And the gods of the mountains and rivers when the temple, each according to the time of the temple." He believes that "the son of heaven and earth, repair the sacrifice of mountains and rivers, ancient and modern through the ceremony." ^[202]

Legend has it that Liu Bang passed Tu Shan Hour, stand yu Temple to town Tu Mountain, standing Rev. Miaoyi Town Jingshan Mountain . The government and the people of the past dynasties also had a place to worship Da Yu - Tu Mountain Yuwang Temple . ^[311]

Respect Confucianism and sacrifice holes

Liu Bang despised Confucian scholars when he was young, and even at the beginning of his reign, he still believed that he was going to win the world immediately. The poem "" book It's no use. Lu Jia said: "To get the world immediately, can you rule the world immediately?" Liu Bang then ordered Lu Jia to write a book on the causes of Qin's loss of the world for reference. ^[132]

In November of the twelfth year of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), Liu Bang returned to the dynasty from Huainan, passing through Lu County (today's Qufu, Shandong Province), and celebrated the grand" Too fast "The ritual sacrifice of Confucius is the first person in Chinese history Confucian temple The Lord of the orifice, set the precedent of the imperial orifice. ^[312]

Liu Bang's offering to the hole, from the Ming Dynasty Anon painting "Sacred Trace Map"

(Ming) Qiu Ying drew "Emperor Daotong Map" Han Emperor Gaozu sacrificial hole

(Qing Dynasty) Chen Shiyi praised the book, the painting is unknown "Sheng Di Ming Wang Shanduan Record" : Confucius in the ancestral Hall of Henko

Pay respect to the wise

In September 197 BC, when Liu Bang arrived at Handan to fight against the rebellious general Chen Sieges, he recalled the famous generals of the Warring States Period Yue Yi So ask the people around Le Yi whether there are descendants, found Le Yi's grandson Uncle Le He gave him Le Township as a fief, titled Huacheng Jun. ^[388]

In December of the twelfth year of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), Liu Bang said: "Qin Dynasty proemperor King of Chu Chen Sheng , King Ann Li of Wei , King Min of Qi , King Daoxiang of Zhao They all had no heirs, so they each had ten grave keepers, and the First Emperor of Qin had twenty, the Prince of Wei Lord Xinling Set up five." The specifications of guarding the tomb are twenty emperors, ten Kings, and the king of the tomb Wei Wuji As one of the only non-monarchs, enjoy the five families guarding the tomb Fengshan shrine The courtesy of Liu Bang shows his respect for it. ^[389] Every time Liu Bang passed by Daliang, he would go to worship the king of the Mausoleum. ^[26] while Farmed land Born, Shouting" The king would rather have a kind of! Chen Sheng was included in it, which also shows that Liu Bang initiated it Peasant uprising Recognition of merit. ^[390]

Build two pavilions

When Liu Bang entered Xianyang, Xiao He "first entered the book collection of the history laws and regulations of the Prime minister of Qin", which provided an important basis and reference for the government of the Western Han Dynasty to establish an appropriate governing strategy and legal system in the future. "The Record of the Grand Historian" commented: "Therefore, the king of Han (Liu Bang) knew the world's narrow blockage, the number of household registration, the strength of the place, and the suffering of the people. How to have Qin books also." In order to preserve these important classics and materials, Xiao He presided over the construction in the eighth year of Han Dynasty (199 BC) Weiyang Palace At that time, he presided over the construction of the north of the front hall Tianloc Pavilion and Shiqu Pavilion All kinds of map records of the Qin Dynasty are stored here. Shiqu Pavilion and Tianlu Pavilion are not only the central archives of the Han Dynasty, but also the royal library pavilion, which is the place where the scholars collate classics and engage in writing. Through the efforts of several generations of emperors, by the time of Emperor Wudi of Han, the books stored in the two cabinets had reached 13,269 volumes. ^[438-439]

Valuing talent for merit

Liu Bang attached great importance to talents, and in the period of the Western Expedition, he had the heart of seeking talents by "always asking the wise men in the city". interpolate 's recommend In a manner such as Gaoyang County A knight recommends Li Yi Qi ^[417] ; Xia Houying Xiao He has recommended A surname ^[418-419] ; Wei Mengyi recommend Chen Ping ^[420] ; General Yu recommended him Lou Jing Etc. ^[421] . Introducer regardless of rank ^[417] , regardless of the identity of the person dressed (such as wearing coarse clothes Short brown The garrison of ^[421] All have the opportunity to meet with Liu Bang in person, and after Liu Bang exchanges judgment with him, he will be appointed accordingly.

After declaring himself emperor, Liu Bang thought like King Wen of Zhou , Duke Huan of Qi The reason why such Kings and overlords can achieve things is because they have been assisted by wise men, and they should take the initiative to marry talents and broaden the channels for talents to forge ahead. Therefore, in February of the eleventh year of Emperor Gaudi of Han (196 BC), Liu Bang issued a book entitled Exhorting a wise man The imperial edict ordered officials around the country to visit and elect talented sages to help govern the world, opening the Han Dynasty Recommendatory system The first of its kind. ^[422] ^{[423
]}

nation

Xiongnu

After Liu Bang became emperor, his main attention was focused on the internal affairs of consolidating his rule, such as dealing with the princes of different names, and the main object of foreign military activities was the nomads in Mobei Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China . At the end of the Qin Dynasty, the Xiongnu took the opportunity to go south and reoccupy Henan land (present-day Hetao region of Inner Mongolia). In the early Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu constantly invaded Bian County, and in the sixth year of Han Dynasty (201 BC), the rebellious Han Wangxin collaborated with the Xiongnu to attack Han, and in the following year invited the main Xiongnu to attack Jinyang (today's Taiyuan in Shanxi Province), and Liu Bang himself led an army to meet the attack, and was surrounded near Pingcheng White Mountain (now southeast of Datong, Shanxi) seven days and seven nights, and then escape with a scheme (see" Life of the characters - Against the Huns "). After that, he sent troops to attack Xiongnu in the north of the Guzhu Mountain and the south of Pingcheng ^[285] . But by the ninth year of the Han Dynasty (198 BC), Liu Bang had to take action against the Xiongnu Peace policy , ^[14] Open the customs between Han and Xiongnu to ease the relationship between the two sides. ^[112] ^[213-214]

Yobaiyue

The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) At the beginning of its establishment, the original Qin Dynasty South Sea Order of Longchuan County Zhao Tuo He sectioned Lingnan and proclaimed himself "King of South Vietnam". Liu Bang sent Lu Jia to South Vietnam to persuade Zhao Tuo to accede to the Han Dynasty. Under the persuasion of Lu Jia, Zhao Tuo accepted the seal of the King of South Vietnam offered by Liu Bang and declared himself a minister to Han. ^[310]

A surname and shake A surname Goujian After the Qin Dynasty unified the world, it was abolished and renamed the king title monarch . At the end of the Qin Dynasty, they led the Yue people to surrender to the magistrate of Poyang County Wu Rui Together with the vassals, they revolted and destroyed the state of Qin. When Liu Bang, King of Han, attacked Xiang Yu, Wu Zhu and Yao led the Yue people to assist Liu Bang. In the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), Liu Bang re-established Wuzhu as king of Minyue, in the original Minzhong county This place is king and its capital is built Dongye University (now Fuzhou, Fujian Province); He was called King Min. ^[381] In the twelfth year of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), he also appointed a descendant of the Vietnamese, Nan Wu Hou South Sea King . ^[405]

There were Yue troops under Liu Bang, who followed him against Qin and attacked Xiang Yu, and the official table recorded "Yue. A surname "The more Team general "The more Lian Ngao "Rank, such as the Haiyang Marquis Dong Yue people A surname . ^[382]

A surname

When Liu Bang was king of Han, he controlled the Bashu region. Langzhong people category Locally available Ensin Strategy, look for Liu Bang will certainly get the world, so lobby Liu Bang, for Liu Bang raised launch A surname The people, invite the people to work together to calm down Three Qin dynasties . After the Three Qin pacification, Liu Bang gave Fanmu the title of Chang 'an Establishment seal Countryman. After that, he refused to go out and asked to return to his hometown of Bashu. Liu Bang Jia praise credit can not retain the intention to go, so want to let Fan Mu return home, change him to Langzhong Ci Fu villager Fan Mu refused, Liu Bang also named Fan Mu as the Mianhou, so the world has "three Qin dynasty died, Fan three Hou". Liu Bang also exempted Luo, Pu, Zan, E, Du, Xi and Gong Qi from rent and taxes, and the treatment of corvee labor was abundant. A large number of people live in Yushui Left and right, natural strength brave, as the Han army front charge, and vigorous and straightforward like dance. Liu Bang liked it very much and said, "This is King Wu attacked King Zhou The song Ah." Thus called musician Learned it and later called it" Bayu dance ". ^[383-384]

Historical evaluation

broadcast

EDITOR

The Eastern and Western Han Dynasties

A surname "After receiving the army of the world and establishing the princes. To surrender the city is to receive his generals, to receive bribes, to divide his scholars, to share his interests with the rest of the world, and to make use of the noble and wise men." ^[301] ( " Shih Chi quote )

Wei Bao "The king of Han was slow and insulted others, and abused princes and ministers like slaves, which is not polite." ^[134] ( The Records of the Grand Historian )

raise , Royal mausoleum "Your Majesty is slow and insulting, Xiang Yu is kind and loves." But your Majesty has given the city and the land, and those who have fallen have benefited with the whole world." ^[135] ( The Records of the Grand Historian )

A surname "Your Majesty cannot send soldiers, but good generals, this is why you are your Majesty's bird." And what your Majesty calls a gift from heaven is not human power." ^[136] ( The Records of the Grand Historian )

Fan Kuai "The beginning of your Majesty and minister such as abundance, set the world, how strong also!" ^[307] ( The Records of the Grand Historian )

Lu Jia :

Xiang Yu times about, independent as the overlord of Western Chu, vassals are all belong to, can be described as the strongest. However, the king of Han raised Ba and Shu, scourged the whole country, and then executed Xiang Yu and destroyed them. Within five years, the country was peaceful. This is not the work of man, it is the work of heaven. ^[301]
Following the five emperors and three Emperors, the emperor ruled China. China has hundreds of millions of people, thousands of miles of local, all things rich; The government is governed by one family, from Split judgment There is no beginning. ^[301] ( All quoted from the Records of the Grand Historian )

Bust of Liu Bang, taken from the Genealogy of Liu Family in Guichi, Anhui Province, written by Qing Guangxu Xiu^[182]

Sima Qian :

However, the king's trace of the rise, from the street, together from the war, Yi in three generations, the township Qin ban, suitable enough for the sage to drive away the difficult ear. So angry for the world male, Ann in no soil no king. Is this the so-called great sage? ^[137]
Xia Zhengzhong. Loyal to the open, the small man to wild, so the Yin people to respect. Respect of the open, the small man to the ghost, so Zhou people to the text. The text of the open, the small man to 僿, so save 僿 more if loyal. The way of the three Kings is a cycle that ends and begins again. Between Zhou and Qin, it can be described as the text. If the Qin administration does not change, the anti-torture law, how would it be? Therefore, Han Xing, bearing our changeable, so that people do not tire, get the day. ^[159] ( All quoted from the Records of the Grand Historian )

Wang Chong : "Xiang Yu and Emperor Gaozu, the weight of power, has not been determined, Emperor Gaozu to kill the feather, difficult to cut iron also, King Wu Zhou, easy to destroy wood also, but Han power more than I, Tang Wu to kill King Zhou, an enemy also, Emperor Gaozu to kill Qin Xiang Yu, and win two, force times Tang Wu, five generations from the beginning, there are causes, force is easy to also, Emperor Gaozu from the long, bring three foot sword, take the world, light Wu by white water, Wei Wei, In the emperor's sea, there is no reason for soil, and a man is riding, and he is obeying heaven's orders to promote nature, which is higher than the river pollution, and deeper than the mountain." ^[193] ( " Lun Heng " )

Ban Khao :

At the beginning, Gaozu did not study literature, but the nature of bright, good planning, can listen, since the prison gate garrison soldiers, see as old. At the beginning of accordance with the people for three chapters of the covenant. The world is set, order Xiao He times, Han Xin Shen military law, Zhang Cang set charter, uncle Sun Tong system etiquette, Lu Jia made "New language". And with the hero to swear, Dan book iron contract, Jinguishi room, Tibetan temple. Although the days are too little to see, the plan is far away. ^[161]
The Han Emperor originated from the Tang Emperor. In Zhou, in Qin, Liu. Involved in the Wei and east, then for the Feng Gong. Feng Gong, cover the father of the emperor. The day is shallow, and the grave is abundant. And Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, set up the temple of worship officials, there are Qin, Jin, Liang, Jing witchery, the world temple world, fix to worship, not believe it! So it is pushed, Han Chengyao Yun, de Zuo has been full, broken snake symbol, red flag, in conjunction with fire de, nature should be, get the day. ^[161]

In Han Xing, Emperor Gaozu bowed to the talents of God and Wu, acted generously and benevolently, and gathered heroes to punish Qin and Xiang. Ren Xiao, Cao's text, with good, flat plot, Cheng Lu, Li debate, Ming Shu Sun Tong instrument, civil and military match, the general. ^[321] ( All the above are quoted from the History of the Han Dynasty " )

Liu Xie "In the past, my holy ancestor was ordered to start a business, make my district summer, judge the system of ancient and modern, pass the difference between Jus, etc., seal the mountains and rivers to set up a screen, make relatives with different family names, tie the land, according to the country and the king, so keep the order of heaven, Angu Wan heirs." Through the ages, the Lord has nothing to do." ( 《三国志·武帝纪》引《献帝传》 ) ^[502]

Xun Yue "Gaozu from the cloth, the sword and take the world, not Tang Yu Zen, not the king of Tang Wu, dragon line tiger change, rate from the wind and cloud, chaos, clear emperor Yu, between eight years, Heyneke ding, then what Tianqu, the emperor is built, the book has come, did not have also." The talent of non-male Jun, the strategy of broad Ming, the calendar is given, and the God is the phase, can an cause so? The works of the husband and emperor, there must be the help of God and man, not the virtue can not build a career, not the fate can not determine the crowd, or to the literature, or to the martial arts, or to the sanctity, or to the people. Burning fish and chopping snakes, the same character, is not the spirit of the feeling? The Book says, "The heavenly workers shall be replaced." "The Yi" said: "Tang Wu revolution, according to the nature and people. What is that? Therefore, the death of Qin and Xiang, the rise of Han and the test of gains and losses can be seen in this. Tai Shi Gong said: 'Xia Zhengzhong, political loyalty of the wild, so Yin promised to respect, to respect the evil ghost, so Zhou promised to the text, to the text of the thin, save the thin more than loyal. The way of the three Kings goes round and round. Between Zhou and Qin, it can be described as Wen cheating, Qin does not change the text torture. If Han inherited Qin's abuses, the whole world would benefit." ^[165] ( " Han Dynasty " )

Kong Rong "King Wu has inherited fifty generations from after Ji to his body, all of which have the virtue of fish and birds, and the Supreme Ancestor has four virtues, Duke Lu looked at the shape and recommended the woman, Queen Lu saw the cloud and knew where it was, the white snake was divided, Shen Wu cried, the West entered the Pass, and five stars gathered." Then King Wu attacked Zhou, beheaded him and stabbed him. When Emperor Gaozu entered Qin, he pardoned his son and baby and left him behind. He was not as rich as Emperor Gaozu." ^[193] ( " King Wu of Zhou and Emperor Gaozu of Han " )

Wei and Jin Dynasties

Cao PI "Once upon a time, Gaozu undressed to dress Han letter, light martial ribbon to belt Li Zhong Sincerity is all the people of the Lord at that time you respect credit and effect heart to also." ^[190] ( Interdiction )

Cao Zhi :

At the beginning of Xihan Dynasty, Gaozu arose due to violent Qin. Official by the pavilion, since the death of the disciple. Gather the hero, then kill the strong Chu. Light has the world, Gong Qi Tang Wu. Industry flow heir, the father of the emperor, the grand event of the people. However, the name does not follow the virtue, the line is not pure. The reputation of a man of little kindness, the elegance of a gentleman. Confused Qin palace but not out, embarrassed seat and can not afford. He lost his plan to Li Sheng and his anger to Han Xin. Too much is right, but too much is wrong. The great teachings of the past and the present are destroyed, and the true meaning of the royal way is damaged. After the body is not, when the collapse, the fruit makes the evil woman bird cool heart, favorite concubine is pig torture. The death of zhao prisoners, the scourge of flesh and blood. Zhu Lu dictatorship, the state several shift. All these things, did not the emperor's lack of planning and shallow planning lead to trouble? However, his heroic talent, the festival of suave, believe that the world to the mighty strong Jishi also. And its generals all loyal ministers, all ancient and modern rare, past and present to see. He can use his talents and listen to them. Therefore, with the world and have the throne, flow giant Xun and left yuan work also. Otherwise it would be a mistake. ^[138] ( " The second ancestor of Han Dynasty " )
Tun cloud cut snake, spirit mother to xiang, Zhu Qi both resistance, nine wild wear, bird baby Ke Yu, sweep out the hero, bearing the machine emperor, work Wu Tang. ^[191] ( Han Gaodi Zan )

Liu Bei : Gaozu Longxing, respect the king's son, big Kai nine countries, the death of Lu, to an bulk. ( Cited in The Three Kingdoms ) ^[505]

A person of great wisdom and wisdom "Emperor Gao can be sparse, so Chen, Zhang, Han, Zhou have scorched Gong ear." ( " Golden tower " ) ^{[503
]}

Cao Guang "Emperor Zu of Han raised his sword three feet, drove away the masses of Wu gathered, and in five years, he became Emperor." Since the switch, its achievements, not if the Han Zu easy also. It is difficult to cut down deep roots, and it is easy to do nothing to destroy the dead, and this is the case." ^[139] ( " Theory of six generations " )

Liu Shao "If a man has a hero in his body, he can live forever." Gaozu, Xiang Yu is also. ... Gaozu Ying points more, so the group of men take it, British material return, two get its use; Therefore, if you can swallow Qin and destroy Chu, your house has the world." ^[140] ^[188] ( " Records of characters " )

Lu Xun :

Henkel was ordered to recruit the extension of the different; Light Wu ZTE, group Jun Bi to. ^[189] ( " Jingzhou scholars on sparse " )
In the past, Hengaoshe Chen Ping's SINS, with its Qilao, the final construction of Xun Zuo, work for thousands of years. ^[189] ( " Chen Jiishu " )

Fu Xuan "Hehe Han Zu, ordered Longxing, five star association, God mother sign, asking Qin to destroy items, such as the rise of the sun, super from the side, light according to Wan." ^[192] ( Han Gaozu Painting Praise )

Cao MAO :" Shao Kang Born after the death, down to the vassal's staff, can Buyi de and have its plan, died died, Fu Yu's performance, sacrifice summer days, do not lose the old things, not to de Hongren, or Ji Xun, Han zu because of the collapse of the potential, receive the right for the son of man is several danger of its relatives, for the king is because of the sage, for the father can not Wei son, after the death, the state of the country, if with less Kang easy place, Or failed to restore the achievements of Yu the Great, push this, it is appropriate to high Xia Kang and down the Han Dynasty." ^[193] ( Shaokang on Emperor Gaozu )

Jiang Wei: "If my husband Han Xin did not back the Han Dynasty in the confusion, in order to find that he was suspicious of even, and the doctor did not leave Fan Li in the five lakes and die in vain, how could he have hidden the Lord's foolish minister?" The stakes are high." ( The Three Kingdoms: Biography of Jiang Wei Quoted from the Han, Jin and Spring and Autumn Periods ) ^[504]

Chen Shou "The view of the Han Dynasty took the world also, by the Qin Dynasty riot, not the foot of the soil, not the handle of the power of the general; He grew up in Siting, enthroned his wisdom, restrained the hero, and whipped the world: either by power, or by virtue, or by righteousness, or by power. Not often, the way of the tyrant is mixed. In the position of holy emperor, there are no certain rules. Three generations of beauty cannot be fixed." ^[187] ( " Imperial century · On Emperor Gaozu of Han )

Liu Yuan :

The big men should be Henkel, Wei Wu, Huhan-evil How effective! ^[141]
In the past, Emperor Gao, my great-grandfather, responded to the period with divine force and opened a great cause. ^[142] ( The Book of Jin and the Book of Capital Management )

Wang Jian "In the past, Henkel and Guangwu, the two emperors, had no distance, no size of the enemy, they would beat the gold drum, the body as a stone, the wind and rain, the pot of mud, the four sides, the bandits, and then the emperor Jike structure, the father to merge." ^[219] ( Persuading Emperor Yuan to Capture Du Tao Himself )

Schiller "If I meet the emperor, when the north to do it, and. Hampeng They compete for the whip and the ear." ^[143] ( Quote from the Book of Jin )

Sima Yu "Gaozu is suave and gentle, while Wei Wu is suspicious of narrowness." ^[144] ^[216] ( " Yin Yun's novels quote )

Tang and Song dynasties

Li Shimin :

Is the Lord royal evil minister, can not cause reason; The righteous minister serves the evil Lord, and can not cause reason. Only king and minister meet, with fish and water, then the sea can be safe. Xihan Gaozu, Tian Sheweng ear. Three feet sword set the world, and the scale of the current Hong far, the Qing flow of descendants, this cover is also due to the wise minister. ^[145]
View Gaozu, Yin Tang, praise its virtue, like Yin and Yang tone, four times will, laws are, million folk music, then Qilin was its auspicious. Are Han Zu and Yin Tang not like Kylin? ^[322]
To the friends of Zhao Gao, Han Xin, Tsingy Bu and Chen Sieges, this is a provocation and not an abuse of torture. Gaozu lost in the ability to save the work, the light to gain in the will of the wonderful. ( The Golden Mirror ) ^[322]

Liu Bang statue, taken from the Ming Dynasty Wang Qi collection, Wanli engraved "three talents Picture meeting"^[182]

Sima Zhen "From the beginning, the Emperor began in the disciples. Speak from Si, that is, number Pei Gong. Xiao life hero, vigorous material male. Deep clouds are gloomy and plain, plain Ling tells abundant. The dragon variable stars gather, the snake divides the diameter empty. Xiang's order, the failure of the promise to abandon the work. The king, I Bashu, was really angry with my heart. The three Qin dynasties were in the north, and the five armies were in the east. Flood water throne, Xianyang build palace. In the four seas, the wind is singing." ^[146] ( " Historical records are hidden " )

Li Bai "Chaos is Haosheng, vulgar Confucianism can be passed." ^[431] ( " Dengguang Wu ancient battlefield nostalgia " )

Su Xun "Emperor Henkao used mathematics to control the interests of the moment, not as good as Chen Ping; It is not as good as Zhang Liang to figure out the trend of the world and shake the eyes to rob the item feather. Micro these two people, the world does not return to Han, and the emperor is a strong person and stop ears. However, the world has been set, the future generations of the plan, Chen Ping, Zhang Liangzhi can not do, then the emperor often first for the planning of the disposal, in the future generations of the act, as obvious as the sight of its things. The wisdom of Gaudi is clear in the big and dark in the small, and we will see this later." ^[258] ( " Theory of great ancestors " )

Su Shi "Look at Emperor Gaozu of Han and Guangwu, Emperor Taizong of Tang, and Emperor Taizu of me, who can kill four emperors in one day, all of them are killed by those who are not homicidal, and the more the others kill, the more chaotic the world." ^[147] ( " Continue to learn from the long compilation quote )

Su Zhe "Emperor Gaozu of Han and Emperor Taizong of Tang were the ones who gained by conquering the world with wisdom and courage... The former Xiang Ji took the power of victory in a hundred battles, and held the handle of the princes, 咄嗟, enraging its rage, to the west against the Gaozu, its potential drifting and shaking like wind and rain. The people of the world think that there is no man. However, Gao Di, with his inwisdom and incourage, blocked his rush, lingered and did not enter, and his obstinate vertebrae Lu, was enough to laugh at the world, and he was able to destroy Xiang's death, so why? The lady's courage, use and unceasingly, will be exhausted; And its wisdom and worry for a long time without success, it will also be tired and do nothing. He wants to hold me for a moment in his strength, and I shut him down, make him lose what he wants, seek what he cannot go, and he has failed. ... The reason why Emperor Gaozu used his talents in the past, his way has three ears: first, according to the powerful victory, to show the shape of the world; Widely received letters, the more surprising will, in order to supplement their own not caught; There are sharp just fierce gas without use, with deep fold of the rampant trend. ... Of all the heroes of the ancient world, only Emperor Gaudi of Han is unmatched." ^[148] ( " The Three Kingdoms Theory " )

Zhang Lei "Pei Gong millions of Xianyang, since ancient times soft benevolence Fu strong." ^[181] ( Xiang Yu )

Where to go next "Emperor Gaozu of Han, with his own wisdom, was not strong enough to rule the world and become king." But the world died back, cover can receive people's wisdom and not doubt. If a husband can let people's wisdom go without doubt, then the wisdom of the world is its capital, and this so-called true wise man also." ^[149] ( " By Dr. Ho " )

Fan Jun "My husband is wise to the emperor's power, and he drives the emperor, and he covers the true king's power, although he is defeated by a hundred generations." ^[150] ( On Chu and Han )

Zhu Xi :

Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizu of the Han Dynasty ( Song Taizu He is made of saints. ^[318]
How sincere is it that Emperor Hangao took the so-called benevolence and righteousness in the world! This means that Xiang Yu reneged on the covenant. And to the new city, meet the Sanlao Dong Gong to hide the words, the name of the false, to correct their crime. What is the meaning of the so-called 缟素 mourning? Like this plot, see at that time is not necessarily not to kill Xiang Yu and then crime. ^[319]
Emperor Gaozu of Han had little private intention, and Emperor Taizong of Tang used all false benevolence to practice his private interests. ^[320]
Great-grandfather, ovary Ying, Xiang Yuxiong." ^[320] ( All the above are quoted from Zhuzi Language Category. )

Ming and Qing dynasties

Lee Sun Jang "Qin chaos, Han high cloth clothes, open-minded and generous, know people, do not kill, five years into the emperor industry." Today, the whole world is in chaos. Public (Zhu Yuanzhang) city property, not far from Pei. The king of the mountains, the public should accept. The whole world cannot judge what he has done." ^[313]

Emperor Taizu of Ming Zhu Yuanzhang :

Han rose from the cloth, and was able to master the men with breadth, and he became Lord of the world. ^[342]
Xiang Yu is deceitful, south is called lonely, benevolence and righteousness do not apply, and self-reserved. Gaozu knows its forbearance, and bear to soft; He knows his tyranny, and he relives him with mercy, and he dies with victory. And feather dead east city, the world has called back, so do not work and become emperor industry, Liyu group dogs chase rabbits, Gaozu is Zhang set and sit to get. ^[152]
On Gaozu open-minded and generous, the salty know, but its record Qiu sister-in-law's complaint, and seal his son for the soup Jie Hou, inside more suspicion, punish Yi Gongshi, the measure is not hong far. Although Taizong's rule is not as good as that of Emperor Gaozu, he can control his ministers, and the cause is set, and the death is preserved, so Taizong is excellent. ^[343]
Gaozu smell a kind words that can feel, so Ann not hing? Few have been more king... Mortal have good can not be arrogant, arrogant is good day cut; There is no self-forgiveness, self-forgiveness is evil. Emperor Taizong was always self-respecting, which was not as good as Henkel. ^[344]
However, Emperor Gauzu of Han in addition to win Ping, leniency, Weijia Hai, four hundred years. There is the virtue of the king of the world and the success of the world. ^[151] ( " The record of Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty "" Ming Taizu Baoxun " )

The National Palace Museum, Taipei, collection of the "Saint King and worthy Ministers of the Whole body Album" Han Gaozu^[434]

Zhu Di "Emperor Gaudi ruled the world in the West Han Dynasty, and Han and Peng were slaughtered, and later generations said that Emperor Gaudi could not preserve the meritmen, and also Fu Han and Peng could not protect themselves." Is it so far that Henkel can be taught to understand the law, and Han and Peng can obey the law?" ^[345] ( Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty )

Zhu Zhanji "Taizong won, and Emperor Gaudi won." Gaudi does not do poetry, and clear; Taizong is elegant enough, but the great righteousness is not yet clear." ^[346] ( Records of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty )

Son Chengen "Emperor Gaozu, Heavenly Tin Shenwu. A sword xing Rong, light climb ninety-five. It is as true as it is real. Including heroes, within range." ^[283]

Li Zhi "The holiness of the Han ancestors, yao One more." ^[217] ( Treatise on the Scourge of the Century )

Wang Fuzhi :

Qin and Xiang have been destroyed, the soldiers to return home, how easy to return to that is on? ... The Han Dynasty has "the people gathered in the mountains do not name the number of people, after their old Jue Tian house, lesson and excellent shirt" the edict, is for the future generations of teachers also...... Gao Di Pu a day, and early for the place. The country is not minced, the farmers are not sleepy, and the soldiers have returned. Ordered in the source of the flowing water, and the article is arranged, not to say that there is a general plan! ^[347]
The disaster of Yi Di in China began from the beginning. Holden's entry into the sentence notes and protection of Taiyuan began with Han Wangxin's rebellion. ... But they have done what they are willing to do, and have not done it without breaking the dam and burning the forests. Hungry eagle 猘 dog, not the fan circle of livestock, and the Yi of flying 奰 to go, I hope to avoid disaster in the present, and the first disaster in the ages. What a great theft by the emperor! ^[347]
The emperor set the world at the beginning of the ban on Jia people wearing jin Qi, operating soldiers, riding horses, can be said to know the government. ^[347]
SOB SOB! So that all the people in the world like the emperor, and nothing Mitsuwu After the great plan, the world and the future generations and doubt that Tang, Wu's oath is a false text, and only intelligence can be brought to the four seas. ^[348]
With people, blood battle to wear himself as the king, gong into a position, and with merit to fight, also the constant also. That is, if you think about the phase still with the bustling arm, you can cut it with ritual, with the Tao, so that you can take the ji to live in peace. The reason why Han Gaodi should not be in the way of the pure king is because she is jealous and jealous. ^[349] ( " Read through the book " )

Empress Dowager Cixi "Liu Bang is a hero, a tough guy." Liu Bang repeatedly pushed his children off the train when he fled after losing in Pengcheng ). " ^[350]

Yi Shunding "Sheng Guangbei has been driven out, and Han Peng has been charged with water crisis. Cotton ð« µthree generations after Weiyi, bamboo shoots crown riches five Open pavilion long for the emperor, the extraordinary hero does not read. I'm lonely and I don't know what it's like to be alone." ^[335]

modern

Liu Bang (center) in the 14th century Persian History of China^[500]

Li Zongwu "The black of Pei Gong, because of the heaven longitudinal, push Xiao Hui in front of the car, share a cup of soup on the table, Hanpeng water sauce, rabbit dead dog cooking, dodgy and heart, calm middle way." To its thick learning, it is obtained from Zhang Liang, Liang's teacher said on the old man, Liang enters the ground to accept the book, enlightenment, the old man to the king's teacher period. Good for his people, are not introspection, alone Pei public good, do its spread. When he was angry and challenged, he smiled and thanked him. Li Sheng, who is in high position to see the elderly, is sitting on the top; Han Xin, who was trapped in Xingyang, asked for a false king in the town of Qi, but also began to anger, and finally endure; Since not further study have, Hu can be open-minded and generous if? To the private Yang Hou Lu, pretend to know, especially show how. He has a thick heaven, a deep learning, in the common culture of the king and minister, father and son brothers, husband and wife friends, the profile and qing, the destruction of the leaders, the spread of more than 400 years, although said the destiny of heaven, is not human beings?"

Chinese proletarian revolutionary Mao Zedong He praised Liu Bang as "a brilliant politician" when he read the book of Shiji, Gaozu Benji. ^[290] And pay particular attention to Liu Bang, many comments:

Xiang Wang is not a politician. Han Wang was a skillful politician. ^[332]

Liu Bang was a hero who was called "open-minded and tolerant and obedient to the advices" by historians in feudal times. It is no accident that Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought for several years, and Liu Bang won and Xiang Yu lost.
Liu Bang was able to defeat Xiang Yu because Liu Bang, unlike Xiang Yu of noble origin, was more familiar with social life and understood the psychology of the people.
Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful feudal emperors.
Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han, was stronger than Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu. ^[17] ^[153] ^[333]

Japanese historians Naito Hunan : "... The turning of Qin and Han Dynasties was an era in which the people of cloth clothing showed their abilities, and Liu Bang was one of the representatives. Among all the emperors of China, Emperor Gaozu is the one who can best embody the innate Chinese characteristics, especially the characteristic that although he has no knowledge, he does not hide it at all. ... Some people called Emperor Gaozu the Lord of leniency, but he did not forget the benefits and losses. It is also because he does not forget the gains and losses, so sometimes his behavior is almost cruel, which is also just as the note says, he is a born hero. Since then, all the heroes in Chinese history have looked to Emperor Gaozu as their model." ^[256] ( " A general introduction to Chinese history " )

British historians Arnold Joseph Toynbee :

Han Gaozu of China, Liu Bang, Roman Empire Oh, Augustus (i.e. Octavian ), and the caliph of the Saracen Empire, Amowiya Muawiye I These three men are leaders who are focused on money and want to get ahead. They all took over when the inflexibility of the previous generation of leaders began to show signs of decay. They were good at dealing with the world, and each of them rescued the imperial system from collapse, carried out rectification, and laid a long-term and stable rule foundation. Their ability and skill in dealing with the world should never be praised ethically. But in the circumstances, it was politically timely. ^[154]
Liu Bang in the Han Dynasty changed the balance of Chinese national feelings from decentralization to cosmopolitanism in a lasting way. Contrary to Qin Shi Huang's mischievous and authoritarian words and deeds. He accomplished the task with a skilful use of his worldly talents. ^[255] all From "Looking Ahead to the twenty-first Century: A Dialogue between Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda" )

Japanese thinker Daisaku Ikeda The reunification of China by Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, should be highly valued as a historical achievement. ^[255] ( From "Looking Ahead to the twenty-first Century: A Dialogue between Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda" )

Anecdotal allusion

broadcast

EDITOR

Related idioms

Related idioms and allusions and sources
quotation	provenance
Take the people as God ; Food is the life of the people ^[296]	The Book of Han Dynasty Biography of Li Lu Zhu Liu Shu Sun "
Gracious and generous ; Incurable production ; Discount bonds and abandon debts ; Too expensive to speak of ; Cut the snake and chase the deer / Draw the sword and cut the snake / Slaying the serpent uprising ; Lay down three rules ^[244] ; High base and deep cut ; From a strategic position ; A crushing defeat ^[249] ; Gold, jade and bribes ; Know one thing, don't know the other ; The case is closed as usual / Keep plugging as usual / As usual ; Empty words ; Three marquis chapter / Gale Song ; There is no way / Go against the grain ; Hundreds of rivers and mountains ; Heavy thick little text ; Bow and refuse to bow ; Be a cosmopolitan	" Shih Chi , Gaozu Benji " ^[159]
Magnanimity ; Too many to see ; Take an oath ; Jinguishi Room ; My mouth still smells like milk / Have little milk in one's mouth ; avaricious in wealth and lustful in love ; The branches of the leaves are very thin ; Build altars and worship generals ^[247] ; Fixed work line seal ; Dan wrote an iron deed / Dan book iron coupon	The Book of Han · Gaudi ^[160-161]
Not a single crime was committed / Not a peep / Do not commit a single crime ; A banquet at Hongmen ; Xiangzhuang sword dance, intended to Pei Gong ^[242] ; If you are the knife, I am the fish ^[243] ; The wine will be high ; The world of Hungary ; Fight it out ; A battle of wits and strength ^[245] ; Get a piece of the action / Share me a piece of the soup / Give me a cup of soup ^[246]	Records of the Grand Historian Xiang Yu Benji " ^[444]
Lead rivers and fierce mountains / Rivers and mountains are sharpened / Sharpen the rivers and mountains	Records of the Grand Historian Chronology of the emperor's meritorious officials " ^[443]
On merit, on seal ; Do good to dogs and good to men ; Undress and expose your cover	Records of the Grand Historian Xiao Xiangguo family "
Borrow money from others / Borrow money to raise money ; Stop eating and vomiting	Records of the Grand Historian Stay family " ^[445]
Help oneself to eat ; The more the merrier ^[241]	Records of the Grand Historian The biography of Marquis Huaiyin " ^[136]
The congregation / The death of a tile ; Probe the tiger's mouth ; Gaoyang drinker ; Undress and expose your crown ; Take over the world at once / At once	Records of the Grand Historian Li Sheng Lu Jia biography " ^[299]
Two wise men meet ^[123]	Ji Bu Luan Bu Biography
The whole earth is covered with blood ^[446]	Historical Records: Biography of Liu Jingshu and Sun Tong
Greet the door with a coma	" Han Dynasty · Emperor Gaozu Ji ^[164]
Brainstorm and work together	" Dharma language · Heavy Li ^[461]
Listen to others ; Vomiting and washing ^[447]	" kingship "
Be open-minded and generous ^[448]	" Journey to the West "
A legacy of iniquity ^[449]	" Treatise on the Tang Dynasty "
Face each other with teeth ^[450]	Records of the Grand Historian Filial piety text this discipline " ^[452]
interlocking ^[248]	Hanshu · Biography of King Jing of Zhongshan ^[453]
God will take care of you ^[451]	" Baopuzi · Wine Commandment
Li Shi Mo blunt ^[457]	Biography of Mei Fu, The Book of Han
Be indispensable ^[467]	Book of the Later Han Dynasty Ma Yuanchuan "
Look far into the future ^[458]	Biography of the Later Han Dynasty · Sacrificial Zun
Pelochelys pelochelys responds ^[459]	Biography of Zhang Heng in the Later Han Dynasty
Be a rock	Biography of Wang Jian, The Book of Jin ^[219]
Hero of the grass / The hero of the grass	" Romance of Hong Xiuquan " ^[460]

Vision miracle

About the birth and life experience of Liu Bang, there are many myths and rumors created by the affiliated society at that time and later generations in the history books, so as to build up public opinion and consolidate the legitimacy, legitimacy and sanctity of the Han regime. ^[330] Its specific contents are as follows:

Born with a sense of pregnancy

According to the book of Han · Gaodi, Liu Bang's mother once closed her eyes to rest on the shore of a large lake and dreamed of meeting God. At that time, lightning and thunder, the sky was dark, his father Taigong to the shore of the lake to meet his mother, only to see a flood dragon coil in the mother's body. Then she conceived and gave birth to Liu Bang. ^[222]

Look out of the ordinary

The Records of the Grand Historian described Liu Bang's appearance as" High aim And Longyan ", so later generations also called" Longyan "To refer to the emperor. ^[323] Be keen on physiognomy the A surname When I first saw Liu Bang's shape and appearance, I also thought that Liu Bang's face was unmatched. ^[30]

When Liu Bang was the head of the pavilion, he asked for leave to go home to farm. His wife Lu Zhi and their two children were weeding in the fields. An elderly man who was passing by asked him for water to drink and Lu Zhi gave him some food. The old man saw Lu's face and said, "Madame is a noble person in the world." Lu Zhi asked him to look at the two children, he looked at Liu Ying and said: "The reason why Madame can become a noble person is because she has this son." He also looked at Princess Lu Yuan and said that she would be a noble person in the future. After his father left, Liu Bang returned from another farmhouse, and Lu Zhi told him the previous story, saying that the old husband and my mother were all great noble. When Liu Bang asked where his husband was, Lu Zhi said, "He's not far away." Liu Bang chased him down and asked for his own physiognosic . The old husband said, "Just now I said that my wife and your son are very expensive because of your good fortune. Your beauty is beyond all description." Liu Bang quickly thanked him and said, "If it is as the old gentleman said, I will always remember the grace of your guidance." After Liu Bang ascended the throne, the old man's whereabouts are unknown. ^[223]

Drunk cut the serpent

Subject article: Draw the sword and cut the snake , Slaying the serpent uprising

A statue reflecting Liu Bang's snake chopping uprising

After releasing the prisoners, Liu Bang took a drink and cut a path through the marshes at night, allowing a man to go ahead. The man who walked in front came back and reported, "There is a big snake in front of you. Let's go back." Liu Bang was already drunk and said, "There is nothing to be afraid of when a man walks!" So he rushed to the front and drew his sword to cut the snake. The snake was cut in two, the road was opened, went on for a few miles, became very drunk, and fell asleep on the ground. ^[435] Later generations said that the Han dynasty in possession of Liu Bang Snake Slash Sword , until Emperor Wu of Jin He hides his sword Arsenal Fire, so that the sword "flying away." ^[279-280] The snake cutting sword is said to be an iron sword obtained by Liu Bang in the thirty-fourth year of the First Emperor Big seal style engrave Welkin ". ^[300]

Son of the Red Emperor

After cutting the snake, Liu Bang fell asleep on the ground. When the people behind him came to the place where the snake was cut, they saw an old woman crying in the dark. When asked why she was crying, the old woman said, "Someone has killed my son, and I am crying for him." Someone asked, "Why was your child killed?" The old woman said, "My son is White Emperor Son, transformed into a snake, standing in the middle of the road, now being Red Emperor The son was killed, so he wept." The crowd thought that the old woman was lying and was about to beat her, but the old woman suddenly disappeared. The people behind caught up with Liu Bang, Liu Bang woke up. Those people just told Liu Bang, Liu Bang heart secretly happy, more conceited. Those who followed him grew to fear him. ^[436]

Later, when Liu Bang performed sacrifices during the uprising in Peixian County, he claimed that" Red emperor fruit For the sake of respecting red, all flags are chosen to be red. ^[34]

And because of the influence of its induced myth ^[222] And was passed down to later generations." Semen japonicae "The statement. ^[425]

Colorful dragon air

Liu Bang when the pavilion long, often go to Wang old, Wu negative shop to drink on credit, drunk and lie down to sleep, Wang old, Wu negative see Liu Bang above often have dragon signs, feel strange. And whenever Liu Bang stays in the store to drink, the alcohol sold is several times more than usual. Because of these strange phenomena, when accounting at the end of the year, the two shops often broke Liu Bang's wine debt bamboo coupon, and the wine money owed was written off. ^[260]

The First Emperor of Qin often said, "There is the spirit of the Son of Heaven in the southeast," so he cruised to the east to suppress this spirit. Liu Bang therefore suspected himself, so he fled to the mountains of Mengxian and Dang county. Lv Zhi And everyone else found him exactly every time they went looking for him. Liu Bang felt strange, Lu Zhi said: "Where A Ji is often a cloud, so follow it can always find A Ji." Liu Bang was very happy. ^[259]

On the eve of the Hongmen Banquet, Fan Zeng expostulate Xiang Yu When he killed Liu Bang, he also said: "I asked people to watch Liu Bang's Qi, which are in the shape of dragons and tigers, presenting colorful colors, this is the Qi of the Son of Heaven, attack him quickly, don't miss the opportunity!" ^[261]

Be kind to one's subordinates

record Be participating in The Battle of Sanqin was also decided Killed in battle; Zhou Cao in The Battle of Xingyang Was killed by Xiang Yu cooking; A surname Died for some reason during the Qi period. Liu Bangdu remembered their merit and awarded Jicheng's son GEtone Marquis Xiangping ^[391] Son of Feng Zhouko Zhou Cheng For the high prestige ^[392] Son of Feng Li Yi Qi A surname For the Gaoliang marquis. ^[393] Who also died in battle Xi Juan His achievements were comparable to Fan Kuai, but he had no children, so Liu Bang specially named his mother as Marquis Lu and took the award on her behalf, which was also one of the rare female marquesses in history. ^[394]

For those who have helped themselves, Liu Bang did not forget his roots. Autumn pengzu He was a pawn defending the city of Pei County, and because he was the first to open the city gate to greet Liu Bang when Liu Bang attacked Pei, Liu Bang gave him the title of Dai Marquis at the time of the enfeoffment. ^[395] One Father Sage In his early years, he gave Liu Bang a horse to save his life, so he was named Marquis of Middle Mou. ^[396] At the same time, Liu Bang also protects his shortcomings and protects those who go through life and death with him Wang Jiang The deeds of... ^{[397
]}

Liu Bang was also able to pardon and appoint those who betrayed, defected to the enemy and then surrendered again, and to reward them for their meritorious service, as was famously done A surname ^[127] ; And those who surrendered to Xiangyu after the defeat of Xingyang Sun Chi After returning to Liu Bang, he was named Tang Yang Marquis; ^[399] Han general Chaiwu When he wrote a letter to persuade Wang Xin of Han to surrender, he mentioned that Liu Bang "although the vassal had died by the side, he returned, and he often resumed his old title without being punished", but Wang Xin of Han could not refute his reply, because he was also one of the people who returned to Xingyang after the war to be reused. ^[400]

After the defeat of Xiang Yu, the Xiang clan members who had joined Liu Bang were not killed, and four of them were given the title of Marquis, including Xiang Bo (Feng Sheyang Marquis), who had helped Liu Bang and had been enemies of Liu Bang many times Xiang Tuo He surrendered halfway to Liu Bang Xiang Xiang (Feng Tao Marquis), and a Xiang whose name was missing were given the title Black Tortoise Marquis . ^[413] ^{[414
]} Like this Real seal Liu Bang, Marquis of Che, awarded 143. ^[204]

Princes of different names Different from the general vassal. Han Xin was once a grand general of the Han King and captured Qi Take sth. by force of arms The king of Qi, Han Xin, and the king of Han, Liu Bang, became equally famous Vassal king Since then, Han Xin's status has changed from "subordinate" to "subordinate". disloyal ". ^[401] In the fifth year of Han Dynasty (202 BC), Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, and in the sixth year of Han Dynasty (201 BC) he demoted Han Xin to the rank of Huaiyin Marquis. ^[402] Five years later, in the eleventh year of Han (196 BC), while Liu Bang was out fighting Chen Sieges, Han Xin was killed by Empress Lu and Xiao He. ^[403]

Chen Ying , Lv Chen Both Yingbu and Liu Bang participated in the establishment of King Huai of Chu in the past. Yingbu was executed as a vassal of a different surname, and Chen Ying and Lu Chen were given the title after the Han Dynasty A surname A good death keeps the descendants alive. So the early Han dynasty political commentator Jia Yi In his book New book It is pointed out that if Han Xin, Yingbu, Peng Yue and other people live in a prominent position, their families can also be inherited. ^{[398
]}

paternity

Get a piece of the action

Liu Bang and Xiang Yu in Guangwu for several months, Peng Yue repeatedly cut off Chu army food in Wei, Xiang Yu was very worried, so arranged on the high platform Cutting board He put Liu Taigong on it and threatened Liu Bang, saying, "If you don't surrender now, I'll cook him!" Liu Bang said: "Xiang Yu and I face the north together, accept the appointment of King Huai of Chu, swear to be brothers, my father is your father, you are sure to cook your old father, then do me a share of the soup!" After being discouraged by Uncle Xiang, Xiang Yu finally stopped. ^[385]

According to Liu Bang, who was deeply influenced by the Wei State, ^[6] ^[27] And Revere Le Yi, ^[388] Here or borrow Le Yi's ancestor Wei general A surname The story of slurping soup and destroying an enemy nation. ^[411-412]

Worship the emperor

Tang Dai (Qing Dynasty). Sun Hu. Shen Yuan. Zhou Kun, "Courtyard Xin Feng Map Axis," Taipei National Palace Museum collection

After Liu Bang declared himself emperor, when he set up a feast to entertain the ministers, he told his father Liu Taigong Boast: "You used to say that I was a rogue ^[155] There is no way to make money to survive, and no second brother can manage the family and govern the industry. Now that I am emperor, do you think the second brother has more wealth or I have more wealth? ^[25] "

Liu Bang lived with his father, Liu Taigong, and visited him every five days. Taigong thought it was nothing and got used to it. But too much Family order But he felt that it was not appropriate, and advised him: "As the saying goes, there are no two days in heaven, and there are no two masters on earth, and the emperor is your son, but he is also the Lord of men." You may be his father, but you are also his minister. It is unseemly for a master like him to meet a minister like you. Besides, it does not show the majesty of the emperor." ^[156]

When Liu Bang visited his father again, Taigong went out in advance with a broom to greet him, and then walked backwards into the room, not giving Liu Bang the chance to salute. Liu Bang was very surprised and jumped out of the car to help his father. Taigong quickly said, "The emperor is the Lord of the people, and I cannot destroy the etiquette of the country because of me alone." Liu Bang issued an edict, respecting Taigong A surname This kills two birds with one stone, not only express the dignity of the emperor, he can also naturally visit his father. ^[156]

Xinfeng Construction

According to the notes of the Jin Dynasty Miscellany of Xijing According to records, after Liu Taigong lived in the palace for a long time, all day long, Liu Bang was uneasy, and privately asked the emperor's attendants, the attendants answered: "The Emperor used to live in his hometown Fengyi city every day with neighbors and relatives to play football, cock fighting, drinking for fun, no one can accompany the emperor, so he was unhappy." So Liu Bang built a new Feng city for his father near the imperial palace, and moved some of his relatives and neighbors from Fengxian County to live. The layout of the streets of New Fengcheng is exactly the same as that of his hometown Fengyi City, and even the men and women who moved to it, as well as chickens, dogs, ducks and sheep, can recognize their respective residences. Chickens and dogs know the new abundance ". ^[157]

Complex personality

Liu Bang's success comes from his tolerance, understanding, good advice and good judgment in judging the situation. But as a great man, Liu Bang also has an arrogant and deceitful side, sometimes like a scoundrel. When he was passing through Gaoyang, Li Xiqi, who was over sixty, asked for an audience. He was squatting on his bed and letting two women wash his feet. When he was young, he went to the county magistrate's home as a guest, not holding one, but fraudulently saying "He Qian million"; When Weiyang Palace was completed, he had a big banquet with his ministers in the hall, and when he raised his glass to Liu Taigong, he said to Liu Taigong: "Master Shi often regards his ministers as rogue, unable to govern the estate, and not as strong as Zhong (his brother)." What is the main cause of a particular profession today?" Laugh for joy. ^[292]

Liu Bang personally invaded Chen Sieges, long attack Chen Sieges will Zhao Ligu stick Higashigaki No. The rebel soldiers insulted Liu Bang on the city, and he was very angry. When the rebels surrendered, Liu Bang ordered the beheading of those who had insulted him and pardoned the rest. ^[337]

Deutzia drowned the Confucian crown

According to the records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han, Confucian scholars A surname When he wanted to see Liu Bang through his fellow townsmen, the knight told him that Liu Bang did not like Confucian scholars, and that all the guests who came wearing Confucian crowns would take off their Confucian crowns and put them inside deutzia (urinating), talking to people, and often swearing. ^[417] ^[464] Later generations took "drowning Confucian crown" as an allusion to humiliate Confucian scholars. ^[463]

Li Yi Qi after hearing this rumor still insist on letting the knight please see, and neither humble nor arrogant to Liu Bang advice, Liu Bang then correct posture, ask him to take a seat and apologize to him for advice, Li Yi Qi and then show its talent, get Liu Bang re-use. Real talent and learning Li Sheng It also contrasts with those who are rumored to have been "drowned Confucian crown". ^[484]

Build a song

Liu Bang inscriptions and postscripts^[182]

When Liu Bang returned to the army after defeating Yingbu, he passed through Peixian County and stayed there. He held a banquet in the Pei Palace, invited old friends and children to drink freely, selected 120 children from Peixian County, and taught them to sing. Wine Xing is thick, Liu Bang personally Percussion construction He sang a poem he composed: "When the wind blows, the clouds fly, Waiga Haene returns home, Ande Warriors defend the four corners!" (i.e. Gale song Let the children learn to sing along. Then he got up and danced again, felt sad, cried for a few lines, and said to the old and old brothers in Peixian: "The wanderers who are far away always miss their hometown." Though I have established Guanzhong as the capital, Long live After that, my soul still misses Pei Di. I began to fight against tyrants and bandits, and finally won the world, so I took Pei County as a place Tang Muyi To exempt the people of Peixian from corvee, and let them serve for generations without paying taxes." Peixian people all day long with Liu Bang to drink, laugh about the past, everyone is very happy. After more than ten days, Liu Bang wanted to leave, Peixian father and brother insisted on retaining him. Liu Bang said, "I have so many followers that my father and brothers cannot afford to support me." So left, Peixian people rushed out of the city, rushed to the western suburbs to contribute cattle wine. Liu Bang stayed, pitched his tent and drank for three days. The fathers and brothers of Pei County bowed their heads and begged, "Pei County was fortunate enough to receive exemption from corvee, but Feng Yi did not receive it. Please pity Your Majesty." Liu Bang said, "Fengyi is the place where I grew up, and I will never forget it, just because the people of Fengyi followed Yongzhi to betray me and fell to the King of Wei." After repeated requests from the father and brother of Pei County, Liu Bangcai agreed to exempt Fengyi according to the standards of Pei County corvee . ^[340]

Wearing a lot of clothes

According to the Book of Han, from the first year of the Qin II uprising (209 BC) to the 12th year of his death in the Han Dynasty (195 BC), Liu Bang was in constant battle, except for the ninth year of the Han Dynasty (198 BC), the rest of the years were in battle. ^[160-161] He went to the front line, became a target, and was wounded many times. More widely known is being shot in the chest by Xiang Yu's ambush crossbow ^[220] And was struck by an arrow again in the last year of his illness while he was on a crusade against British Cloth ^[114] .

Tang Dynasty Sima Zhen Quote "Shi Ji Soyin" Three auxiliary stories According to records, Liu Bang had been locked in a stalemate with Xiang Yu for many years during the struggle between Chu and Han, and his body had suffered twelve major wounds, including four injuries caused by arrows, stones or hits. ^[221] " The Book of Jin narrate Fu Jian What he said:" Han Zu Fighting with Xiang Yu, trapped in Kingso Between them, he suffered more than seventy wounds, six or seven that penetrated his body..." ^[454]

Promotion cuju

Miscellany of Xijing ^[200] Call the father of Liu Bang in Fengyi He used to play chicken with slaughterboys, Cuju Liu Bang also loved Cuju as much as his father. After Liu Taigong lived in Chang 'an, Liu Bang summoned his old friends to the palace (see" Anecdotes. - Father and son love At the same time, Cuju was introduced into the palace. ^[157] From then on, Cuju from the city entertainment into the hall of elegance, the Han Dynasty showed a "vulgar, the party has a field, Kangzhuang galloping, poor alley collapse ju" situation. In the Han Dynasty stone carvings unearthed in Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and other places, not only depict the single cuju, two cuju, many cuju, but also the scene of male and female cuju together. ^[262]

Ritual letter

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Chu Han Dynasty The Battle of Xingyang Zhong, Han General A letter from a senior official in ancient China Disguised as Liu Bang, the king of Han, rescued Liu Bang from the siege, and was burned to death by Xiang Yu. ^[99] After Liu Bang won the world, he rewarded and honored the letter of Ji, and gave the yellow Robe extra body, choosing Chang 'an Shanglin Yuan (today Wang Qu Town Build a large temple and sacrifice, the eighth day of the second month of the lunar calendar every year, after the temple fair." The story of Jixin's rescue of Liu Bang is narrated in the Records of the Grand Historian - Xiang Yu's Original Records and the First Shang of the Han Dynasty - Gaudi's Records as well as local relevant materials. It is said that during the period of Emperor Wenjing, in order to conform to popular sentiment and strengthen the rule, the Ji envelope was consecrated Town god To become the protector of Chang 'an City. ^[263]

Liu's crown

A wooden figure with a long crown unearthed from Mawangdui No.1 Han Tomb in Changsha

When Liu Bang was the head of the pavilion, he designed the crown with bamboo skin and let him serve Solicitation of robbery Subordinate to Xue County To find someone to make, Liu Bang always wore this kind of crown, and after the dignitaries were the same, people called this bamboo skin crown" Liu's crown ". ^[228] Eastern Han scholars urge Note that "Liu's crown" is" Magpie tail crown ", also called" Long crown ". The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) CAI Yong In... arbitrary It is said that the "long crown" was originally made of Chu, and later Liu Bang called it "Liu's crown" after reforming it with bamboo skin. ^[229]

In March, the eighth year of the Han Dynasty (199 BC), Liu Bang stipulated that the title was not A surname Above, shall not wear "Liu's crown". ^[230]

Interpersonal relationship

broadcast

EDITOR

Family background

Han Dynasty The history book" History of the Han Dynasty "Narrating that Liu Bang's ancestors originated in Tautan's progeny Yulong Later, the Han Dynasty was born Pengchengliu family , too State Jin doctor Society of Judges A branch of descendants, some of whom remained later Qin state He is called the ancestor Liu Lai The name is "Liu". ^[18]

Recorded in the Book of Han · Gaudi The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) Royal family Liu Xiang Once said: "During the Warring States period, the Liu family gained from the Qin Dynasty to the Wei Dynasty. Qin destroyed Wei, moved to Daliang, and settled in Feng." Eastern Han scholars Wen Ying explain Warring States period The Liu family went on a campaign with the Qin army and was captured by the Wei capture He was able to stay in Sanjin again Wei Place. ^[180] Then in the 21st year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (286 BC), Zhao King of Qin When Wei was attacked, Wei ceded the old capital Anyi The state of Qin drove out the people in the city and relocated them to crossbeam , the same year State of Song Perish. In 284 BC, in the 23rd year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, the State of Wei acquired the rich area of the old State of Song and established it Song county He also moved people from Daliang to Fongdi and built cities. ^[6] ^[175] Liu Bang's grandfather then served Wei the Toyoki Due to the short period of migration, there are very few graves of Liu in Fengyi. ^[177] Adjacent to abundance Peixian County In the forty-fifth year (262 BC) after King Zhaoxiang of Qin, it was Chu Lord of Chunshen One of the food towns. ^[176] ^[178] Due to the complex origin of Liu family, when Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he set up sacrifices in different styles of Jin, Qin, Wei and Chu A surname . ^[174]

relation	appellation	intro
great-grandfather	Liu Qing	Late Warring States period Wei Doctor, born and active in Weidu crossbeam .
grandfather	Liu Ren	About five countries after the expedition moved to Fengyi Zhongyang Li.
father	Yoo 煓	Zi Zhe Jia, that is, Liu Taigong, after Liu Bang ascended to the throne as the Taigong Emperor.
One's own mother	Wen, said Wang Hanshi ( Old woman Liu )	Was posthumous title of Mrs. Zhao Ling (after Zhao Ling).

( Reference materials for the above content ^[159] )

Brothers and sisters

relation	appellation	intro
Eldest brother	A surname	In the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), he was honored as Marquis Wuai, and in the later years, he was honored as King Wuai. Long sister-in-law sealed Yin Anhou.
stepbrother	Liu Zhong (? - First 193)	His name was Xi, and he was named the substitute king by Liu Bang. After the defeat of the resistance to Xiongnu, the seal of Heyang Hou, after his death after the posthumous title of "Qing". His second wife was Queen Qing.
Elder sister	Lius	Posthumous title for lady xuan, respect for Empress Chao Ai . ^[294]
Younger brother	Liu Jiao (? - First 179)	At the bottom of the list, he was made King of Chu. Posthumous title "Yuan" after death.
Father and elder brothers ^[224]	Liu Jia	Following Liu Bang's successful campaign, he sealed the king of Jing. Ingbu was killed when he rebelled.
descendents ^[225]	Liu Ze	Make the king of Yan.

( Reference materials for the above content ^[159] )

The reigning queen and concubine

Name and year of birth and death	Make up
Lv Zhi (? - First 180)	Han Hui Emperor Liu Ying, Luyuan princess
Madame Cao ( Chaos )	Qi mourned over King Hui Liu Fei
Wife Qi (? - Front 194)	Liu Ruyi, King of Zhao Yin
Bo Ji (? - First 155)	Han Wen Emperor Liu Heng
Jo Hee	Huainan King Li Liu Chang
Mrs. Guan	-
Zhao Zier	-
Stone beauty	-
Lady of Tangshan	-

( Reference materials for the above content ^[158-159] )

Sons and daughters

relation	Name and year of birth and death	intro
son	Liu Fei (? - First 189)	Liu Bang Eldest son of one's daughter . Han six years (201 BC) for the king of Qi, after his death posthumous title "mourning Hui".
	Liu Ying (210-188)	Liu Bang Eldest son of the legal wife . The second emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (195-188 BC). Posthumous title Xiaohui Emperor.
	Liu Ruyi (205- 194)	In the seventh year of Han Dynasty (200 BC), he became the king of Zhao. Eventually was Lu Jian poisoned, posthumous title "hidden".
	Liu Heng (203-157 BC)	The third emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (reigned 180-157 BC). Temple name Taizong, posthumous name Xiao Wen Emperor.
	Liu Hui (? - First 181)	In the 11th year of Han Dynasty (196 BC) he was made King of Liang, and after the death of Liu Youyou, King of Zhao, he was renamed King of Zhao. Emperor Wen posthumous title "Gong".
	Liu You (? - First 181)	At the beginning of the king of Huaiyang, after the change of the king of Zhao, was imprisoned and died after Lv, posthumous title "you".
	Liu Chang (198 BC - 174 BC)	Sealed in the 11th year of Han Dynasty (196 BC) King of Huainan When Emperor Wen was abolished due to rebellion, he moved to Shu and died, posthumous title "Li".
	Liu Jian (? - First 181)	In the twelfth year of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), he was appointed King Yan, and died fifteen years later, posthumous title "Ling". The son was killed by Empress Lu.
daughter	Lius	namely Princess Luyuan . Marry the King of Zhao Zhang Ao Wife, children Zhang Yan .

( Reference materials for the above content ^[158-159] ^[199] )

Major work

broadcast

EDITOR

" Gale song "

"Gale Song" is Liu Bangping Yingbu also, over Peixian, invited the old man to drink. While drinking, Liu Bang hit Zhu and sang the song. The Han Dynasty called this song "the Chapter of Three Hou", and later titled "Gale Song". ^[193] .

" Swan Song "

The song is written by Liu Bang. Liu Bang loved in his later years Wife Qi Liu Ruyi, the king of Zhao born to Mrs. Qi, was to be named crown prince. At a banquet, Empress Lu and Crown Prince Liu Ying invited a famous sage." Shang Shan Sihao With that, it was impossible to change the position, and Liu Bang was helpless and summoned Madame Qi. Liu Bang let Mrs. Qi dance Chu, he is through the wine hit build song, thus into this article. ^[231-232]

" Shou imperial prince text "

"Shou Chi Taizi Wen" was written by Liu Bang when he was dying Liu Ying A royal letter, as a father and emperor, to his son on his deathbed earnestly warned: to read, to use talent, to govern the world. This edict is very representative in the imperial edict, and is also a good family instruction. ^[226]

For other works by Liu Bang, see Whole Chinese Volume I (mostly imperial edicts issued in Liu Bang's name during his reign). ^[227] Thirteen pieces of Gao Zu Biography were recorded in the Book of Han · Yi Wen Zhi, which was Liu Bang's "report on ancient language and language policy with ministers". ^[291] It has been lost.

Relevant research

broadcast

EDITOR

Birth time

As for Liu Bang's birth date, Sima Qian 's Shih Chi ", Ban Khao 's History of the Han Dynasty There is no clear record in the two, later historians in the two notes to explain, but there are two different accounts ^[20] :

1.
Southern and Song Dynasties when Houn Pei In... Collection of historical records · Quoted in Gaozu Benji The Western Jin Dynasty (536-597) Hwang Mi The words, said: "Gaozu Zhao King of Qin He was born in fifty-one years, in the twelfth year of Han Dynasty, sixty-two years." It is believed that Liu Bang was born in the 51st year of King Zhao of Qin (256 BC). ^[20]
2.
Tang Dynasty Yan Shigu annotate The Book of Han · Gaodi Next "time quote" minister He said, "The emperor ascended the throne in 42 years, ascended the throne in 12 years, and lived 53 years." Liu Bang died in the twelfth year of Han Dynasty (195 BC), according to which, Liu Bang was born King Zhuangxiang of Qin Three years (247 BC). ^[20]

For both accounts, the available historical data is not enough to determine which is right or wrong. Both claims should be doubted until there is firm evidence. ^[21]

Name identification

The original text of the opening of the Di Ji in the Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han did not record the names of the emperors of Han Dynasty. ^[494] For example, the Records of the Grand Historian did not record the name of Emperor Gaozu of Han, but only recorded his "surname Liu, Zi Ji". ^[3] The text of the Book of Han only calls it" Liu Ji ". Until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty Hanshu sounds and meanings "" Han Dynasty "And other books clearly recorded that the name of Emperor Gaozu was" Bang ". ^[487-488] It's all due to antiquity It is a taboo For the sake of. ^[490] ^[494]

Tang Dynasty Yan Shigu When annotating the Book of Han, it is described as taboo The word "state" in Liu Bang's name, so his subjects used the word "kingdom" instead. ^[489] As" Prime minister This position, before the Han Dynasty, was called" Sagami ", there are unearthed cultural relics can be verified ^[491] ; According to the Shanghai Museum collection Confucius theory of poetry According to... The Book of Songs " National customs Before the Han Dynasty, it was called Bang Feng. ^[492] . In Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu only avoided his name "Bang", but his word "Ji" was not avoided. ^[3] Tang Dynasty Sima Zhen Citing Xiang Dai said that Gaozu's real name was Liu Ji, and he changed his name to Bang after he ascended the throne. ^[493]

Character dispute

broadcast

EDITOR

Abandon the child doubt cloud

As for the deeds of Liu Bang after the defeat of the Pengcheng Army, there are record conflicts in the Records of the Grand Historian:

1.
" Gaozu Benji After the defeat of Pengcheng, Liu Bang sent someone to look for his family, but only found his son Liu Ying He later made Liu Ying crown prince. ^[324]
2.
" Chronology of the emperor's meritorious officials After the defeat of Pengcheng, Royal mausoleum Protect Liu Yinghe Princess Luyuan flee Sui River And then bring Fengyi Hold fast. ^[325]
3.
" Xiang Yu Benji "And" The biography of Fan Li Tengan It is recorded that Liu Bang could not find his family back in Peixian County, and then met Liu Ying and Princess Lu Yuan on the road, and used the car to escape them, and was chased by the Chu army on the way, and Liu Ying was kicked off by Liu Bang many times Xia Houying Hold up, after the Liu Ying two people placed in Fengyi. ^[326-327]

Names have different meanings

According to the history, Liu Bang ordered that all Xiang Yu's former troops who surrendered must" One's name and nationality "To be knighted" doctor However, the academic community has disputes over the meaning of "name", one is "registration", the other is "direct name taboo", see the entry for details: Zheng Jun . ^[328]

Qiu Jie Jie soup

Liu Bang's big brother A surname Early death, Liu Bang had taken refuge when he was poor and often took guests to his sister-in-law's home to eat. Sister-in-law hate Liu Bang, once Liu Bang and guests came, sister-in-law pretended to eat rice, deliberately use the rice spoon to scratch the pot side of the sound, the guests left. After Liu Bang see pot and soup rice, thus complain sister-in-law. ^[470] Later, after the world, Liu Bang rewarded the family, but did not seal the son of sister-in-law, the reason is that sister-in-law was not generous, by the father of Liu Bang Liu Taigong He interceded and rewarded his sister-in-law's son as" Tang Jie Hou ". ^[496] Due to the special name of this marquis, it is often considered to be Liu Bang's intentional derogation of his wife, and later generations are also referred to as" Antagonist soup "For the ridicule of people stingy code. ^[497] But because of the Han Chu seal Rehou Most of them are named for the land, so there is also a saying that "soup Jie" is originally a place name. ^[498]

See the entry for more details: Liu Xin

memorialize

broadcast

EDITOR

mausoleum

Subject article: Changling Mausoleum

Changling, also known as "Changshan", is located Shaanxi Province About 20 kilometers north of downtown Xi 'an and about 20 kilometers east of Xianyang City Yaodian town The north of Sanyi Village is the burial place of Liu Bang and Lu Queen. Liu Bangling is located on the west side of the cemetery, and Lu Houling is located east to south. There are many tombs in Changling Mausoleum, and most of the heroes and concubines who once followed Liu Bang in the southern and northern wars, such as Xiao He, Cao Can, Zhou Bo, and Madame Qi, were buried in Changling after their deaths. In the north of the cemetery there is Changling Town. History shows that Liu Bang moved 50,000 households into Changling. ^[194] ^[293] In 1988, The State Council listed Changling as National key cultural relics protection units . ^[240]

Han Changling Mausoleum

( Atlas reference ^[194] ^[293] )

statue

Sculptures about Liu Bang in China
A photo of the statue and its location
The giant wind statue of Dahan Xiongshan, Mangdangshan, Yongcheng city, Henan province	Liu Bang statue of Han Palace in Peixian county, Jiangsu Province
Feng County Liu Bang square Liu Bang statue	The statue of Liu Bang in the Mausoleum Park of King Chu in Xuzhou City
The statue of Liu Bang in the tomb of the Han Emperor in Fengxian County^[215]	Liu Bang statue in Shangqiu Museum, Henan Province

other

name	Locations
Liu Bang cut snake stele	South foot of the main peak of Mangdangshan, Yongcheng City, Henan Province ^[196]
Liu Bang Square	Feng County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province ^[195]
The Mausoleum of the Han Emperor	Liuzhai village, Zhaozhuang Town, Fengxian County, Xuzhou, Jiangsu province ^[215]

Artistic image

broadcast

EDITOR

portrait

The Qing people painted Liu Bang^[288]

Most of the existing portraits of Liu Bang are imagined by later generations, with the majority of the portraits handed down by China's Ming and Qing Dynasties (there are also foreign imaginary paintings). Here are the main ones:

Liu Bang's inscriptions, taken from Tomorrow Ran Zan, reprinted in the eleventh year of Hongzhi (1498) The ancients of all ages like Zan "; ^[182]
Portrait of Emperor Gaozu of Han, taken from the early 14th century historia A copy of "; ^[500]
Liu Bang statue, taken from Ming Wang Qi Volume, Wanli (1573-1620) years engraved" Three talents will map "; ^[182]
Emperor Gaozu's Album Pages, Ming Dynasty Anglophobia Draw; ^[182]
"Liu Bang offering to the hole", from the Ming Anonymous painting of the "sacred trace"; ^[182]
Liu Bang inscriptions and postscripts, taken from the Qing Dynasty Shangguan Zhou Painting, engraved edition of the eighth year of Qianlong (1743) Evening smile Hall painting biography "; ^[182]
Head of Liu Bang, taken from the collection of ancient like Zan; ^[182]
The bust of Liu Bang, taken from the genealogy of Liu Family in Guichi, Anhui, which was edited during the reign of Guangxu (1875-1908) in Qing Dynasty; ^[182]
The portrait of Liu Bang, taken from the Portrait of Emperors in the Qing Dynasty, New York, USA Metropolitan Museum of Art Hide; ^[272]
Liu Bang portrait, taken from the Qing Dynasty painting of the imperial sages, famous ministers and Confucian portraits. ^[288]

Dramatic image

Costume of Liu Bang (Qinggong Opera "Taking Xingyang" handsome dress)^[424]

The image of Liu Bang often appears in traditional Chinese operas. As in Sichuan opera In the works of Hongmen Banquet, Jiulishan, Yu Mei and so on, Liu Bang not only highlights his hypocrisy and cunning, insidious and scoundlesque, but also attaches great importance to his ability to bend and be good at employing people. ^[267]

Literary image

After Liu Bang, there are countless literary works featuring him, most of which describe the struggle between Chu and Han. There were in the Ming Dynasty Zhen Wei 's Romance of the Western Han Dynasty In recent times Chae Dongfan 's Romance of the former Han Dynasty ", contemporary" The moon of Qin "" Xiang Yu and Liu Bang "" Legends of Heroes of Chu and Han "" Chu and Han fought for supremacy Some of them are more influential. ^[198]

Film and television image

Film and television image
A given year	Genre of film and television	The title of the play	ACTORS
1985	teleplay	" The boundary between Chu and Han "	Wu Qihua
1988	Gezi opera	" Grudge of Han Palace "	Chen Xiaomi
1991	teleplay	" Marquis Han Xin of Huaiyin "	Shi Weijian
1994	movie	" The overlord of Western Chu "	Zhang Fengyi ^[239]
1994	teleplay	" The overlord of Western Chu "	Bai Zhidi
1998	teleplay	" Han Liupang "	Liu Wenzhi
1998	teleplay	" The Legend of Empress Lu "	Xu Huanshan
2005	teleplay	" A mighty woman "	Zhang Zhihong
2004	teleplay	" Chu Han proud male "	Zheng Shaoqiu ^[237]
2006	teleplay	" Chu Han Feng Yun "	Xiao Rongsheng
2007	teleplay	" The Legend of Xin Chase "	Zhang Qiuge ^[238]
2010	teleplay	" Gale song "	Lv Liangwei ^[236]
2010	teleplay	" Mythic "	Li Yixiang ^[282]
2011	teleplay	" General Han Xin "	Sun Haiying ^[281]
2011	movie	" The Legend of Hongmen Banquet "	Dawn ^[235]
2011	animation	" Heroes of Qin and Han Dynasties "	Li Lu (voice) ^[172]
2011	teleplay	" Chu and Han fought for supremacy "	Huang Qiusheng ^[234]
2012	teleplay	" Legends of Chu and Han Dynasties "	Chen Daoming ^[170]
2012	movie	" The King's Feast "	Liu Ye ^[233]
Since 2014	ANIMATIONS	" The king of Qin Moon came to the world "	A surname (voice over) ^[197]
2015	teleplay	" The moon of Qin "	Yu Bo ^[171]
2018	teleplay	" A testament to the will of God "	Zhang Danfeng