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The red fox is a mammal belonging to the carnivorous canid family,
[16]
Also known as grass fox, red fox.
[17
]
Elongated; The nose is pointed, and the ears are large and pointed. The body color varies greatly with different seasons and regions, from yellow to brown to deep red, and the larvae are light grayish-brown. Common back hair reddish-brown, shoulder and side slightly yellowish; Black brown behind the ear, the hair color of the upper part of the back of the ear is significantly different from the hair of the head, showing black; The abdomen is white, the legs are slender and black; The tail shape is thick and fluffy, and the tail tip is gray and white; Black stripes on the outer extremities extend to the surface of the feet. The body is covered with abundant hairs and long acicles; The soles of the feet have thick, short hairs; There are subcaudal glands at the base of the tail. Life span 13-14 years, up to 15 years.
[16]
The red fox is found across Eurasia and North America, throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
[16]
It is distributed in northeast China, Northwest China and North China.
[18
]
It lives in desert, semi-desert, tundra, forest, farmland and other environments. Generally living in other animals abandoned holes, soil holes, tree holes, nocturnal. It is omnivorous, mainly feeding on small terrestrial mammals, but also eating plants and carrion. Estrus occurs in December of each year, mating occurs in January and February of the following year, young are born in May and June, and sexual maturity is reached at the age of 2.
[16]
The red fox is good for agriculture and forestry, but in recent years, the wild population has declined due to over-hunting.
[19
]
It has been included in the List of Land Wildlife under State Protection that are beneficial or of Important economic and scientific research Value. It is listed in the Red List of Chinese Vertebrates - Near Threatened (NT).
[20
]
- Chinese name
- Red fox
- Latin name
- Vulpes vulpes
- alias
- Red fox , Grass fox , South fox , Red Fox , Silver fox , Cross fox
- Foreign name
-
Red Fox, Cross Fox, Silver Fox
French Renard roux
Devon Rotfuchs
Russian K aspera engages white me
In Spanish, Zorro, Zorro Rojo - world
- animalia
- The door
- Chordate phylum
- The outline
- mammalia
- Orders,
- Carnivora
- Families,
- canidae
- Belong to
- Vulpes
- Kind of
- Red fox
- subphyla
- Vertebrate subphyla
- subclass
- Eutheria
- subspecies
- 47 subspecies
- Namers and years
- Linnaeus, 1758
- Protection level
- No risk (LC) IUCN Standard, China's "National Key Protected wildlife List" Level 2 [6] [12]
- Synonymous scientific name
- Canis vulpes Linnaeus, 1758
The red fox is the largest and most common
Fox
The body length of the adult animal was about 70 cm, the hind foot was 13.5-17.2 cm, and the cranial base of the skull was 13.4-16.9 cm. Slender and long. The snout is pointed and long, the nose bone is slender, the front of the frontal bone is gentle, there is a narrow groove in the middle, the ears are large, high and pointed, upright. The limbs are shorter and the tail is longer, slightly more than half of the body length. The tail is thick, the coat long and fluffy,
soma
Covered with long acicular hairs, the winter wool has a rich undercoat. The upper part of the ear is black, and the hair color is obviously different from the head, and the tail tip is white. Thick short hair on the sole of the foot; with
Caudal gland
Can put a strange smell, called "shame"; Nipples 4 pairs.
Red fox
The coat color varies greatly from season to season and region to region, with the coat produced in southern regions such as Guangxi being thin and short, while the coat produced in northern regions is long and dense. General back color brownish yellow or brownish red, or brownish white, gray tip, there are many variations, the north dry areas produced rich white tip, so the color is light. The dorsal parts of both ears and the outer parts of the limbs are black extending to the surface of the feet,
rhynchos
Flanks with dark brown hair area. The throat, chest and abdomen are light in color, black gray and black white. There is a clear chestnut brown band between the ears from the top of the head to the center of the back, and the center of the back is permeated with white tips. The hindlimbs are dark red. The tail is reddish brown with black, yellow or gray spots above, white at the tail tip, and brown-white below the tail. The young fur is light grayish brown.
[2]
In addition, there are many body color variants in the red fox, such as the whole body hair color is black called black fox or zoisite fox; The bottom hair of the whole body is black, but the tip of the hair is white, showing silver brilliance in the light, called
Silver fox
Or black fox; The body is russet, with black cross-shaped hair on the shoulders
Cross fox
In addition, there are other foxes, but different color types do not represent different subspecies, and no matter what color type, the tail tip is white. Silver foxes are most commonly produced in the northeastern United States and Canada, followed by northern Europe and northern Siberia. In different regions, the ratio of silver foxes to red foxes is from 1:20 to 1:5, and this mutation is closely related to the climate conditions such as humidity and light.
[3]
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Red fox
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mass
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The adult body was about 70 cm long, the hind foot was 13.5-17.2 cm long, and the cranial base of the skull was 13.4-16.9 cm long
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The body length is 50-60 cm, the tail length is 25-35 cm, and the weight is about 2-3 kg
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The body length is 46-68 cm, the tail length is 28-31 cm, the shoulder height is 25-30 cm, and the weight is 1.4-9 kg
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It is 35-45 cm long and weighs about 1 kg
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trait
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The body color varies greatly with different seasons and regions, from yellow to brown to deep red, and the larvae are light grayish-brown. The common back hair is reddish-brown, and the shoulders and sides are slightly yellowish
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Small shape; Small ears; The tail is short, about half the length of the body; Shorter body hair. Body color from light brown to dark brown; The basal hairs of the forehead, head, back and tail are black and brown, the base of the acicular hairs is nearly black, and the ends are white
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The male is slightly larger than the female, the face is narrow, the snout is very sharp, the auricle is short and round, the legs are short and the ears are short and thick, and the body shape is round, which can minimize the loss of body heat, the whole body is deep and dense fluff, long needle hair tail hair and fluffy tail hair, and has excellent thermal insulation performance
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The auricle is triangular, the inner part of the ear is pure white, the outer part is light yellow; The eyes are large, with a clear brown patch at the front of the eyes; The body hair is almost white, slightly yellowish, long and fluffy, soft, cinnamon-brown on the middle back line, and white on the belly and inner limbs
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picture
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Red fox
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Corsac fox
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Arctic fox
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Fennec foxes inhabit the desert
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The habitat of the red fox is very diverse, such as forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, hills, plains, near villages, and even suburbs. It is generally recorded that the red fox lives in soil holes, tree holes or abandoned holes of its animals, and is used in the northern region
badger
Holes, or enlarged and used. Sometimes they even live in the same burrows as badgers. More in the hillside activities, often perched in the large stone crevices or mountain gullies, only in the breeding season to live in the nest, the red fox's nest is a hole in the ground, the diameter of the hole is about 25-30 cm, often deep underground 2-3 meters. Generally on the sunny hillside, where the soil is more loose, less stone, easy to make holes. Red foxes either use badger holes, old or grave holes, or burrow under large rocks. Red foxes tend to live in several burrows, including one female and several males, and each group has a certain area for red foxes. Generally, day and night out, crouching in the cave during the day, holding the tail and lying.
[2]
Red foxes like to live in soil holes, tree holes or rock cracks, and sometimes occupy the nests of rabbits, badgers and other animals, the winter entrance has water vapor emerging, and there are obvious frost, and scattered footprints, urine traces and feces, etc., the summer entrance around the dug up new soil, there are obvious footprints, and a very strong fox smell. However, the habitat of red foxes is often unstable, and they usually roost alone except during breeding and breeding periods.
[4]
Red fox hearing, smell developed, cunning, quick action. Prefer solitary activities. Hunting at night. Usually come out at night, hidden in the cave during the day to sleep, long tail has moisture-proof, warm role, but in remote places, sometimes come out during the day to find food. Although the legs and feet of the red fox are short, the claws are very sharp, and they can run very fast, pursuing prey at a speed of more than 50 kilometers per hour, and they are good at swimming and climbing trees. It mainly feeds on meadow voles, rats, squirrels, rabbits and mice, and also eats wild birds, frogs, fish, insects, etc., and eats various wild fruits and crops.
[5]
The red Fox is suspicious by nature, and most of its actions are carefully observed in the surrounding environment, hence the word "suspicious" in China. When confronted with enemies, the red fox will use a secret weapon hidden in its body - anal glands, secreting a "body odor" that can almost suffocate other animals, and the foul smell makes the pursuer have to stop. In a critical situation, the red fox can also escape by running into sheep or jumping into a river to hide. The red fox caught by the hunter also has a set of "pretend to be dead" skills, can temporarily breathe weakly, seems to have been dying, at the mercy of people, but when people are unprepared, they suddenly and quickly escape. These cunning acts are the superb means of survival of the red Fox.
[2]
The red fox has a cunning temperament, a strong memory, a well-developed sense of hearing and smell, and is quick and durable, unlike others
canid
Most of them hunt to get food, but they can use all kinds of tricks to catch prey. Red foxes often first look for the tracks of red foxes in areas with lush plants, frequent activities of wild mice and hares, according to the smell, sound and footprints, and then approach the prey alertly and quietly, and even crawl completely on the ground to avoid the prey being frightened and run away, drill into the cave or under rocks and trees, and then crouch down. Be ready to wait, then move forward with a light step, then a faster pace, and finally a sprint to make a sudden attack and capture the prey. Sometimes they pretend to be in pain or chase their tails to attract the attention of small animals such as rats, and when they get close, they suddenly come forward to catch them.
[2]
The red fox is not only a predator, but also a random omnivore and even a "killer," which includes
vole
All kinds of wild mice, including house mouse, yellow mouse, bag gopher, chipmunk, etc
Hare
Other is the main food, but also eat frogs, fish, birds, bird eggs, insects, etc., encounter animal corpses, human abandoned food in the garbage will not let go, but also eat strawberries, acorns,
Grapes
Such as wild fruit or
berry
. If the food can not be eaten for a while, it will carefully choose a hidden place, carefully buried, but also after some camouflage, eliminate various traces before leaving, so as not to be found by other animals. The red fox likes to tease the prey that can not escape, and often kills all the prey that can be caught and never releases them.
killed
"Behavior," which can be instinctual, triggered by a stimulus, or a combination of both.
[1]
[3]
"Kill behavior" refers to the strange behavior of some ferocious carnivorous animals when hunting, that is, killing far more prey than they can eat at one time. In general, animals hunt to meet their own food needs. However, the act of killing clearly violates this law. More studies have found that not only red foxes, but also many animals such as lions, polar bears, leopards, etc., have "killed behavior."
Guangdong Province, Shaanxi Province, Henan Province, Jiangxi Province, Jilin Province, Anhui Province, Hebei Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Shanxi Province, Jiangsu Province, Sichuan Province, Fujian Province, Hunan Province, Zhejiang Province, Guizhou Province, Liaoning Province, Shandong Province, Beijing City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hubei Province, Heilongjiang Province, Yun South Province, Qinghai Province.
Place of origin: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Fantygau, Hungary Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal Portugal, Romania, Russia, SAN Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Svalbard, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Sahara Desert.
[6]
[15]
Introduced: Australia, New Zealand.
[6]
Red fox distribution map
Red foxes estrus and mate from December to February each year, and those living in northern regions delay breeding for 1-2 months, when fierce fighting between males occurs. During courtship, males and females emit similar amounts in their urine
musk
Attracted to each other by the same scent, the male seduced by the female will make a strange and terrifying scream in a complicated way of proposing marriage. The male not only participates in the rearing of the young, but also begins to repair the burrow before the female gives birth, and goes out to help forage.
[4]
The pregnancy period of the female is about 2-3 months, and the litter is given birth in the soil or tree hole between March and April. The litter is usually 5-6 and up to 13. When the young are born, the male always stays beside the female. The newborn cubs have black, short, limp fur, weigh about 60-90 grams, and do not open their eyes until 14-18 years after birth. During this time, the female animals carefully raise and care for the red foxes, never leaving, and the food is provided by the male animals, the whole
Lactation period
About 45 days.
[4]
The young like to bask in the sun at the mouth of the cave, the growth rate is very fast, the weight of about 1 month old reaches 1 kg, can be out of the cave activities, the male beast is more busy at this time, not only to give the female but also to provide food for the young who grow very fast, if the female animal unfortunately dies at this time, the male animal will bear the task of raising offspring alone. The male is a very alert father, and the red fox often plays with the cubs and takes on the task of finding food and feeding the family on his own. Three months after the baby fox is born, the father's nurturing task ends, and the young fox begins to find food on its own. However, the father would not watch the red foxes starve. The red foxes would hide food near the young foxes and teach them how to find it. After half a year, the adult cubs leave the female and begin to live independently, reaching sexual maturity in 9-10 months and living for about 12-14 years.
[4]
[7]
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Chinese name
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Scientific name
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English name
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1
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Vulpes vulpes abietorum
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British Columbian fox
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2
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Vulpes vulpes alascensis
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Northern Alaskan fox
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3
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Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi
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Eastern trans-Caucasian fox
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4
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Vulpes vulpes anatolica
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Anatolian fox
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5
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Vulpes vulpes arabica
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Arabian fox
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6
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Vulpes vulpes atlantica
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Atlas Fox
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7
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Vulpes vulpes bangsi
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Labrador Red Fox
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8
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Vulpes vulpes barbara
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Barbary Red Fox
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9
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Vulpes vulpes beringiana
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Kamchatka Red Fox
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10
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Vulpes vulpes cascadensis
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Cascade Mountains Fox
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11
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Vulpes vulpes caucasica
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Caucasian Red Fox
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12
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Vulpes vulpes crucigera
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European Red Fox
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13
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Vulpes vulpes daurica
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Trans-Baikal Red Fox
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14
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Vulpes vulpes deletrix
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Newfoundland Red Fox
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15
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Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania
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Russian Far East Red Fox
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16
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Vulpes vulpes dorsalis
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Nevada Fox
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17
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Vulpes vulpes flavescens
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Persian Desert Fox
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18
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Vulpes vulpes fulva
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North American Red Fox
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19
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Vulpes vulpes griffithi
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Afghanistan Fox
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20
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Vulpes vulpes harrimani
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Kodiak Red Fox
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21
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Vulpes vulpes hellenica
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Greece Fox
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22
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Vulpes vulpes hoole
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Chinese Red Fox
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23
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Vulpes vulpes ichnusae
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Sardenian Red Fox
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24
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Vulpes vulpes indutus
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Cyprus Red Fox
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25
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Vulpes vulpes jakutensis
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Yakutsk Red Fox
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26
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Vulpes vulpes japonica
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Japanese fox
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27
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Vulpes vulpes karagan
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Karaganda Red Fox
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28
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Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis
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Kenai Red Fox
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29
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Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica
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Kurdistan Red Fox
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30
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Vulpes vulpes macroura
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Moutain Fox, Long-tailed red Fox
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31
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Vulpes vulpes montana
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Montane Red Fox
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32
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Vulpes vulpes necator
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Sierra Nevada Red Fox
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33
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Vulpes vulpes niloticus
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Egyptian Red Fox
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34
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Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha
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Kazakhstan Fox
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35
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Vulpes vulpes palaestina
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Reddish-grey Palestine Fox
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36
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Vulpes vulpes patwin
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Sacramento Valley Red Fox
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37
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Vulpes vulpes peculiosa
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Korean fox
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38
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Vulpes vulpes pusilla
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White-footed fox
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39
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Vulpes vulpes regalis
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Northern Plains Red Fox
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40
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Vulpes vulpes rubricosa
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Nova Scotia Red Fox
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41
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Vulpes vulpes schrenckii
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Sakhalin fox
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42
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Vulpes vulpes silacea
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Iberian fox
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43
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Vulpes vulpes splendidissima
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Sakhalin fox
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44
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Vulpes vulpes stepensis
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Steppe fox
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45
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Vulpes vulpes tobolica
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Tobolsk Red Fox
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46
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Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis
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Northern China Fox
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47
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Vulpes vulpes vulpes
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Commun Red Fox
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[8-9]
Be included in
Appendices I, II and III of CITES
"(
CITES
2019 Level III.
Red fox Afghan subspecies
,
Red fox white foot subspecies
(Red Fox Punjab subspecies),
Red fox Tibetan subspecies
.
[10]
Listed in China's"
National list of wildlife under special protection
February 25, 2021 edition Level II.
[11]
The distribution density of red foxes varies greatly. In England and Scotland, there is one fox per 40 square kilometres, and into Wales there is one fox per 1.17 square kilometres. But in areas around cities where food is plentiful, there can be up to 30 foxes per square kilometre. In farmlands, suburbs and barren mountains, the density of red fox families and social groups is not the same, generally 0.2-5 groups. In the Swiss mountains the density is three foxes per square kilometre. In the boreal forests and
Arctic tundra
Red foxes appear at a density of one per 10 square kilometers, and one per square kilometer in southern Ontario, Canada. In the Swiss mountains there is an average density of 0.37 family groups per square kilometre.
[6]
The total number of red foxes in the UK is around 240,000 (1995), and in Germany 250,000 (1982-1983), rising to 600,000 in 2000-2001. However, due to the greater economic value of fur, human excessive hunting, resulting in a small number of wild, so that the number of resources are constantly declining.
[6]
The pre-breeding UK fox population is estimated to be around 240,000 individuals (Harris et al., 1995). The average number of foxes killed per unit area by gamekeepers in the UK has increased steadily since the early 1960s, but it is unclear to what extent this reflects the increase in fox numbers. Although increases in fox populations following successful rabies control through vaccination have been widely reported in Europe (e.g., foxes in Germany increased from 250,000 in 1982-1983 to 600,000 in 2000-2001), no direct population density measures have been taken.
[6]
The red fox is widely distributed in Tibet, China, and its number was higher in the 1970s
feline
According to the survey, there is often a trade in red fox skins in Tibet, resulting in a sharp decrease in the number of red foxes. It is a second-level key protected animal in the autonomous region.
On January 3, 2023, the staff of the Management and Conservation Bureau of the Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province introduced that the wild images of ocelot, red fox and white-belted golden Pheasant were photographed for the first time.
[13]
On March 24, a staff member of the Jilin Provincial Forestry and Grassland Bureau took an aerial photo of a red fox foraging on the vast ice surface in early spring while taking long-distance photos of migratory birds on Lake Bolo.
[14]
The red fox's eyes are adapted to see at night, in bright areas
pupil
It will become as small as a needle nose, but because there are special crystal points at the bottom of the eye that are highly reflective, they can synthesize a beam of weak light and concentrate on reflecting it out, so it is often bright in the dark.
Near the ancient temples, ruins, tombs, and mounds in the wilderness, if there are a few red foxes wandering back and forth at night, it looks like a lot of flickering, flashing lights from a distance. Often make people confused, produce fear, or cause the illusion of spirits and ghosts, coupled with the inherent alertness and cunning habits of the red fox, it has produced all kinds of absurd legends, but also to the red fox painted a layer of mysterious color, called the red fox "fox fairy" and so on.
in
Ancient Greek
Aesop's fables, the Chinese classical novel
The stories of Liaozhai
"And many fairy tales, fables, stories and movies, the red fox often turned into a ghost or a kind, beautiful and intelligent girl, playing the main role, and is known for being cunning, so people also commonly used" cunning like a fox "to describe cunning people.
