The mallard is a bird of the genus Mallard of the Anseriformes family, ^{[2
]} Is a general term for many wild ducks, ^{[3
]} Commonly known as water duck, reed duck, clam goose. The narrow definition of mallard refers only to mallard. ^{[2
]} The female mallard is small, 50-56 cm long and weighs about 1 kg. The whole body of the young mallard is black gray feather, face, shoulders, back and belly have pale yellow feather alternate, beak and feet gray, toe claws yellow. ^{[4
]}

Wild ducks are found in Asia, Europe, North Africa and North America. ^{[5
]} They live in small groups in freshwater rivers, lakes and swamps with abundant aquatic plants in summer, and gather hundreds of ducks in winter. It feeds on small fish, shrimp, crustaceans, insects, seeds, stems and leaves of plants, algae and grains. ^{[3
]} Although wild ducks have been domesticated in nets, the seasonal characteristics of reproduction have not been eliminated. The first laying period is in early spring from February to May, and the number of eggs produced accounts for about 85% of the annual egg production. From June to August is the second laying period, the defective rate of young ducks is as high as 30%, and the annual egg production is more than 100. ^{[6
]}

Wild duck feathers have high economic value, non-water, soft texture, good thermal performance and other characteristics, can be used as thermal insulation and warm filling material, with duck down made of "duck down clothing" is people's favorite winter warm clothing. The medicinal effect of wild duck is better than that of domestic duck, its sweet taste, cool, non-toxic, into the spleen and stomach, liver, kidney channel, with tonifying qi, calming stomach digestion, dispersing edema, heat toxicity and wind phlegm and other effects. ^{[7
]} The protein content of wild ducks is the highest in the animal class, it is a veritable high-protein food, and the quality of protein is also very high, belonging to the "complete protein", which plays an important role in the human growth and development and the repair of damaged tissues. ^{[8
]}

Chinese name: Wild duck
Foreign name: mallard
alias: Big green head, big red-legged duck, hemp duck
world: animalia

The door: Chordate phylum
subphyla: Vertebrate subphyla
The outline: ornithae
Orders,: anseriformes
Families,: anatidae

catalogue

Morphological characteristics

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The narrow definition of mallard is mallard, Artificial breeding More than three generations can be eaten. The broad definition of mallard includes many others First-class national protection of animals .

Wild duck

Wild duck (6 photos)

teal It is the smallest river anatid Birds One, less than 40 cm long, is only 2/3 the size of the common mallard duck. The males and females of this species are heterochromatic, cock The base color of the head and neck is chestnut brown, from the sides of the eyes to the side of the neck distribution of a green ribbon, in the shape of a comma, and the chestnut brown background color forms a sharp contrast, and the face of this "green comma" is also an important feature to identify the green wing male bird, in addition to the large comma, from the base of the bill there is a light white thin line extended to the eyes; The upper back, shoulders, and two sides look gray far away, and the white background is covered with black fine horizontal lines; The lower back and waist are brown, and the tail is covered with black feathers; The wing mirror is the same emerald green color as the "big comma" on the head, Primary feather The outer one is white, and when the wings are closed, a striking white transverse band is formed between the upper and lower bodies, which is also an important feature to identify this species; Chest sum epigastrium Light brown, with dark brown rounded spots, the undertail coverts are cream-yellow, forming a cream-yellow mass with a black velvet border on the rump, which is the third distinguishing feature of this species. The female bird is a dark version of the male bird, with a brown tone, and does not have the three major features of the male bird, such as "face comma", "body side white line" and "cream butt", but the female bird maintains an emerald green wing mirror and has a very small body size, which is the species Female bird the Discrimination feature . Iris brown; The beak and feet are gray.

duck

The female mallard is small, 50 ~ 56 cm long and weighs about 1 kg. The body feathers are brown with dark spots; Black stripes on the chest and abdomen; Tail hair Similar to the domestic duck, but with bright and compact feathers with rounded shapes of varying sizes White hemp Pattern; There is no white ring under the neck, and the tail feathers are not curled.

Mallards have orange-yellow legs and black claws. It is also called the great red-legged duck.

mallard

The whole body of the young mallard is black-gray feather, face, shoulders, back and belly have pale yellow feather alternate, beak and feet gray, toe claws yellow. Feather growth and change have certain rules. 15 days old Coat color They all turn grayish white and their ventral feathers begin to grow. At 25 days of age, the wing feathers grew, and the side feathers were uniform and spread. At 30 days of age, the tip of the wing had hard hair tube, and the ventral feathers were long. 40 days old with full plumage, Wing tip About 4 cm long; At 45 days of age, the tail feathers spread out. At 50 days of age, the back feathers are long, and the wingtip feathers are about 8 cm long. At 60 days of age the wing feathers stretch to 12 cm, aileron The golden plumage begins to grow; 70 days old Principal wing feather 16 cm long, brocade feather long Qi, began to fly; At 80 days of age, the feathers are long and the wings are 19 cm long, which has the morphological characteristics of an adult duck.

Proximate distinction

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	Wild duck	Domestic duck
mass	The female mallard is small, 50-56 cm long and weighs about 1 kg.	/
trait	The whole body of the young mallard is black gray feather, face, shoulders, back and belly have pale yellow feather alternate, beak and feet gray, toe claws yellow.	The body is broad and long, in the shape of a boat, with the forelimbs raised. The head is large and round, the beak is long and flat, the upper and lower palate edges are serrated keratinized, and the neck is long. The plumage is full, the wings are smaller and the compound feathers are longer.
picture	Wild duck	Domestic duck

Species division

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There are many kinds of wild ducks, there are about 10 kinds in China, and each breed is different from the male duck feathers. At present, the wild ducks in captivity at home and abroad are mainly mallard .

Chinese merganser is First-class national protection of animals Killing is strictly prohibited.

Mallard: The mallard is the most common large wild duck. it Morphological characteristics See above). The domesticated mallard duck has the advantages of strong disease resistance, high survival rate, wide adaptability, good social habitability, diverse diet, easy feeding, small feed consumption and short feeding cycle. Cultured mallard duck individual fat, but fat but not greasy, fresh and tender meat, rich nutrition, strong game, has always been regarded as the top quality of game, renowned at home and abroad.

pintail : dark brown head, bright white neck side and lower body, Wing mirror Dark coppery green, Central tail feather Extend.

greenwing Small body, metallic green wing mirror, deep chestnut head, green band spots on both sides.

Puffed duck : Neck and tail covered with down black, both sides of the face brown white, under the eye and neck base with black lines, wing mirror verdigris .

Ribbed duck : Chestnut on the crown, side and back of the head Crown feather Patina, pure white throat, one on the foreneck Black collar Gray body hair.

muttonbill : brown plumage, black upper beak, yellow spot at the end, wing mirror purple blue.

Gammon duck : the upper body is more dark grayish-brown, mixed with undulating white stripes, chest brown, crescent white stripes, belly gray, wing mirror black and white.

Red-necked duck The top of the head is brown and white, the head and neck are mostly chestnut red, the back is gray with dark stripes, and the wing mirror is dark gray and brown.

Calliope : Head and throat black brown, with white brow lines, wing mirror gray green.

shovelbill The front end of the mouth is enlarged into a spade shape, the head and neck are black-purple, the chest is white, the wing mirror is green, and the abdomen is reddish-brown.

Population distribution

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中国东北、新疆、 Xizang Breeding in Hebei and other places, in winter Yangtze River basin Or wintering further south.

Life habit

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Timid and quiet

The mallard duck (5 photos)

Mallard with wild, but timid, vigilance, if there are strangers or animals, animals close to the alarm. Crowds flee, and if suddenly frightened, they flee as fast as they can. Therefore, the breeding environment of wild ducks should be quiet, as far as possible from human and livestock interference.

Strong adaptability

Not afraid of hot and cold, it can live normally at -25 ~ 40 ° C, so the suitable area is very broad. Strong disease resistance, less disease occurrence, high survival rate, more conducive to intensive feeding.

The song is loud and very similar to a domestic duck. In the South, mallard ducks and domestic ducks are commonly used naturally Hybrid progeny Do" Decoy duck "To trap the flying ducks. The male duck sounds like a "queer" and the female duck sounds like a "ga".

moult

A year moult Twice. Full moulting in summer and autumn and partial moulting in autumn and winter. Moist moulting begins with Breeding season Until the end of August. Male ducks moult about 15 to 20 days earlier than female ducks, and winter moult is almost the same time. After autumn, some molts take more than 2 months. The pecking order is first chest, abdomen, flanks, tail feathers, followed by head and neck, and finally back feathers.

omnivorous

Food is wide and miscellaneous, often with small fish, shrimp, crustacea Animals, insect And the seeds, stems, Stem leaf , algae And grains and so on.

hydrophilia

Mallard ducks have webbed toes and are good at swimming and splashing in the water, but rarely dive, swim with their tails out of the water, and are good at feeding, splashing and mating in the water. Splashing through the water is beneficial to the cleanliness and hygiene of the feathers Growth and development . In the commercial breeding of mallard ducks, it is not appropriate to adopt the dry culture method used by domestic ducks to avoid feathers glossiness Poor or even severely damaged, losing the appearance of mallard feathers and lowering the market price.

High flying ability

uncultivated mallard Strong wings, strong ability to fly. After 70 days of age, the wings grow up, the flight feathers are long, and they can fly not only from the land, but also directly from the water and fly far. In process labor Intensive farming Care should be taken to prevent escape from the premises, land grounds and land used by large day-old mallards Aquatic stadium Have to set up nets.

broodiness

During the overwintering period, pair breeding has begun, and eggs are laid in two seasons a year, with the main egg laying period from March to May in spring and another batch of eggs produced in October to November in autumn. mostly nesting Laying and incubating eggs, their nesting conditions are diverse, often nesting in lakes, rivers along the hay, or Pampus reed In the dry ground of a beach, or in a hole near a bank, or between the forks of a tree, or in a hollow under a fallen tree, the nest is itself Down feather Dried grass, stems and leaves of pampered reed, etc. Generally, about 10 eggs are laid in each clutch chroma Gray-green and pure white with flesh color, the egg diameter is about 5.7 cm, Minor axis About 4.2 cm, the egg weighs 48.5 ~ 50 grams. The incubation period is 27 ~ 28 days. The male ducks do not care about laying eggs, but go to the flock to moult, and separate from the female ducks after the mating and breeding period, and choose another mate during the winter.

migratory

Mallard is a migratory bird, in Natural condition In the autumn, the winter is spent southward. In China, the winter is often spent in the provinces along the Yangtze River or further south. By the end of spring north China to northeast China, arrived Inner Mongolia Xinjiang and the original The Soviet Union Etc.

gregariousness

Wild duck

Enjoy social activity and social habitat. It inhabits in small groups during the summer Aquatic plant Rivers of fresh water, lakes And the swamp. In autumn, the flight feathers are changed, and the migration process is often gathered into a large group of hundreds to thousands of birds. Wintering flocks of hundreds of ducks. Under artificial feeding conditions, eating, drinking, rest, sleep, activity, splashing, etc., are mostly collective, and can be herded. Therefore, it can be appropriately expanded in the management of mallard ducks Population size In commodity breeding, 3,000 animals are raised in a breeding pen Management effect Preferably; Up to 1,200 individuals in the population Laying rate And the fertilization rate of seed eggs were satisfactory. According to the gregarious nature of mallards, the housing can be used effectively and economically Administrative cost And labor costs.

Sexual discrimination

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Wild duck

Adult mallards, male mallards have four male feathers in the center of the tail feathers, which are black and curled upward like hooks, with a very distinct white underneck loop . These are the most typical characteristics of adult male mallards, while adult female mallards do not have these characteristics. Young mallards can be identified by the following methods:

1. Appearance identification . Put the female wild duck on the hand, where the head is large, the neck is thick, and the nose is long and narrow, and the base is rough and hard, and the plane is not fluctuating. forelock The upright is the male mallard; The female mallard, on the other hand, has a small head, a flat body, a wide tail, a slightly rounded nostrils, a soft nose base, and a lying forehead.

2. Action discrimination . When driving away young mallards, bow their heads and stretch their necks, and the male mallard has a high, sharp and clear cry; Head held high, low, thick and heavy singing for the female mallard.

3. The syrinx method . touch syrinx The syrinx in the lower part of the trachea of the male mallard is spherical and easy to touch; The syrinx of the female wild duck is the same as the upper windpipe.

4. double anus method . Hold the baby mallard in the palm of the left hand with the middle finger and The fourth finger Grab the duck by the neck, head out, belly up, done Lie supine Posture; And then with his right hand thumb Squeeze out the meconium with your index finger, then gently open the anus. If the male chick, it can be seen that the 3 to 4 cm long mating organ, but the female chick does not.

5. Press the pinch anal method . With his left hand, he holds the young mallard on his back, with his anus facing the examiner's right hand. Use the thumb and index finger of the right hand to gently pinch the outside of the anus, if it is a male duck, it can be felt between the fingers rapeseed The size of the intersection tube; If she's female, she won't feel anything.

Production performance

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The mallard duck

Wild ducks have adapted to extensive feeding environment, growth rate is fast, Survival rate Higher advantages, raised in bamboo and wood simple shed, one month Survival rate As high as 98%, wild ducks are also relatively early, with eggs visible as early as 164 days of age. Annual production of about 100 eggs, in terms of annual production in the first half of the year accounted for about 65%, when the ratio of ducks to male and female 1:6, the egg fertilization rate can be as high as 90%, hot July and August can reach 85%, can be incubated throughout the year brood It produces commercial mallards and also lays eggs in winter. Not as obvious as some rare birds Breeding season . If the egg fertilization rate and hatching rate of 85%, brooding rate of 95% calculation, a female mallard can breed about 70 ducklings a year, strengthen feeding, egg production can still be improved, the average weight of commercial mallard 4 weeks of age reached 445 grams, consumption of 1081 grams, the average of 9 weeks of age reached 1167 grams, consumption of 3120 grams, generally 60 to 70 days of age can be listed, the whole period Feed to meat ratio 3.7:1. During this period of slaughter and processing, the meat is fresh and tender, and the meat taste is good. Clean bore Slaughtering percentage It can be as high as 87.5% with very little fat. If it is raised again, the weight gain is not much, the consumption is more, but the feathers are fuller and more beautiful.

Feeding situation

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egg-breeding Hatching period It takes 27 to 28 days. Shinde Shell ducklings vary in strength and can be fed in groups according to size. Before brooding, the brooding room should be disinfected, which can be 5%.

Caustic soda water or 3% lysol Spray the water to disinfect, then pad the material, pad must be dry without mildew. Brood temperature 1 ~ 3 days old keep 24 ~ 27℃; 4 to 6 days of age at 25 to 26℃; The age of 7 to 10 days was kept at 24 to 25℃. The 11-20 day age was maintained at 17-19 ℃. The density of brooding is 15 to 20 per square meter, and the indoor humidity is 80%.

To make it easier for the ducklings to arrange their feathers, spray the body of the ducklings with a fine mist. Open food should be done to drink water first and then to eat, so that the water is constantly in the house all day, the feeding method is: open food can be used Plastic film Pave the floor, will millet Wash with cool water, mix with fishy feed (such as sprinkling fish meal on small rice) and feed. Feeding 5 times a day before 10 days of age; Before 25 days of age, it is advisable to put less pot, the time is about 3 to 5 minutes, and it should not be too long; After 30 days of age, it can be free to put the basin water bath or to the pond stocking to meet mallard The wild love of water needs.

The daily feed consumption of mallard ducks in captivity is: 1 ~ 30 Daily mean Feed 40 grams, 30 ~ 36 days of age feed 100 grams, 60 ~ 70 days of age feed 150 grams, from the shell to the meat duck market, the average consumption of each 4.5 ~ 5 kg.

Mallard ducks are wild, and the feeding should take into account the diversity of varieties to meet the needs of their feeding habits. Fish meal should be mixed with the daily feed at noon and evening. Per 50 kg ingredient 5 grams of dovetin for poultry, Trace element Add 50 grams of decoction, and give 20% to 30% of the weight of the diet Green fodder For sure, but Coarse fibre The content should not be too high.

Feed ratio: 0 ~ 21 days of age, Crude protein 19%, 3% crude fiber, Metabolizable energy 2950 per kilogram (kcal), Vitamin A 400 International unit , Vitamin D 120 international units, Vitamin E 100 mg, Vitamin K3 300 mg, calcium 0.8%, phosphorus 0.4%; 28 to 56 days of age, crude protein 16%, crude fiber 2.5%, metabolic energy per kilogram (kcal)2750, vitamin A 330 IU, vitamin D 100 IU, vitamin E 200 mg, vitamin K3 150 mg, calcium 0.7%, phosphorus 0.34%;

63 ~ 70 days of age, crude protein 12%, crude fiber 2.5%, metabolic energy per kg (kcal)2600, Vitamin A International Units 200, vitamin D international units 75, vitamin E100 mg, vitamin K3 86 mg, calcium 0.7%, phosphorus 0.34%; For breeding ducks, 18% crude protein, 2.5% crude fiber, metabolizable energy per kilogram (kcal)2850, vitamin A international unit 600, vitamin D international unit 200, vitamin E400 mg, vitamin K3 300 mg, calcium 2.75%, phosphorus 0.6%. During the breeding period of mallard ducks (31 to 70 days of age), it is necessary to expand the sports ground of ducks, adhere to outdoor feeding, keep the feed fresh and the water quality clean, and change the bedding material frequently in the house. Green difference duck breeding Stocking density For each square meter 10 ~ 11 only suitable.

Management essentials

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Site selection

The mallard duck

Choose sufficient water, good water quality of the mountain pond, reservoir or river edge Gentle slope Where to build a field, the water does not need to be large, and it is best to have a clean flowing water source.

Brooder house

The use of flat brood, each small column is separated by about 2 square meters, and the ground is placed with bedding, and each column can be stocked with 60 to 80 chicks. Above hanging heat insulation light. Young wild ducks also have the habit of sleeping in piles, so pay attention to artificial piles within a few days to prevent crushing or suffocating. Change bedding frequently and keep it clean and dry. After a week, pay attention to adjusting the density, and with the increase of day age, it can be gradually raised in groups.

Draw off water

Young mallards like to play in the water very much, they can release water after a week, usually after eating, according to the temperature and age can gradually increase the number and time of daily release of water, after the release of water, pay attention to let their feathers properly dry before returning to the house, until they freely play in the water life.

anti-flight

At the beginning of 50 days of age, the wing feathers are very long, and they begin to learn to fly. Pay attention to check whether the net is firm to prevent escape. Purse Seine And the sky mesh hole 3×3 cm, the height of the sky net from the water should not be less than 2 meters, easy to drive and capture.

hybridization

After 70 days of age, if necessary, breeding ducks can be selected according to the ratio of male to female 1:6, and the average daily consumption of breeding ducks is 103 grams. During the laying period, attention should be paid to adjusting the dietary protein content and the proportion of calcium and phosphorus to achieve high and stable yield, or to switch Laying duck Special feed. And set up an egg laying area in the duck house, put clean hay on the mat, train the breeding ducks to lay eggs here, keep the breeding eggs clean and hygienic, facilitate hatching.

Wild duck disease control

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pestilence Prevention first It is not appropriate to raise other ducks inside and outside the duck farm poultry , disabled mildew Feed and mildew bedding grass to prevent occurrence mycotoxicity . Usually used Andrographis andrographis , Honeysuckle Such as cooking soup and feeding, can reduce the disease of wild ducks, but also do a good job of cleaning and disinfection in the house, keep the house ventilated and transparent. The immunization should avoid egg production season, for one-month old duckling Disposable injection Duck plague Vaccines; Breeding ducks are injected with duck plague vaccine once a year in spring and autumn. One-month-old chicks are susceptible to avian cholera while laying eggs Peak period Before, give each adult duck 2 ml Avian cholera weak toadstool In case of avian cholera, use it in time penicillin 50,000 units, streptomycin 50,000 units mixed Intramuscular annotations , 2 times a day; If 1 kg of Andrographolia andrographolis hay is fried water for 500 adult ducks to drink, it also has a good effect. Spring occurrence aspergillosis Can be given orally to each duckling nystatin 3 to 5 mg, and 0.1% Copper sulfate solution As drinking water, it has good curative effect.

aspergillosis

Wild duck aspergillus The cause of the disease: Qu mold , yes pathogenicity The most common mold, virulence One of the strongest. It mainly occurs in young mallards within 3 weeks of age. Wild duck aspergillus disease Transmission route mainly respiratory tract And the digestive tract.

Symptoms of wild duck aspergillosis: incubation/latent period 3 to 10 days. The sick chick's spirit is depressed, anorexia Or abandoned, do not love to walk, do not want to swim, more neck to stand, close your eyes and sleep. dyspnea Stretch your neck and open your mouth for breath. Nasal discharge more mucus.

Prevention and treatment of wild duck aspergillus disease

Strengthen feeding management, do a good job in environmental health. No moldy bedding and no moldy feed. For mallard houses and breeding eggs formalin ( formaldehyde ) fumigation disinfection. Diseased wild ducks flock to Isolated feeding , replace feed, remove packing , thoroughly disinfect the mallard house.

Potassium iodide Add potassium iodide 5 ~ 10g per 1000mL of drinking water for 3 ~ 5 days.

Cupric sulfate Drinking water according to 1:3000 copper sulfate solution for 3 to 5 days.

At 2% aureomycin Solution treatment, 3 times a day, 2mL each time for 3 days.

Mode of reproduction

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provenance

The provenance of the domesticated wild duck to domesticate the wild duck Specialized household Contact for provenance.

Propagation technique

Early spring eggs Fertilization rate with hatchability All of them are higher, and so is Jian Chick. Breeding wild ducks, in order to obtain eggs, every day, the male and female wild ducks should be kept together separately, so that they can mate ( Domestic duck Will not mate with mallards), male, motherhood The ratio is best about 1:8, and the fertilization rate of eggs is 80% to 90%. teal broodiness In order to reproduce, we must choose good eggs and use the nest Hen Natural incubation Or do artificial incubation. It is best to lay new eggs from February to May every year. This will make the mother duck open in the year. Machine incubation Eggs should be served in batches, and the temperature in the machine should be constant at 37.5 ~ 37.8 ° C zygote After falling into the incubator (about 27 days), the temperature is lowered to 37 ~ 37.3 ° C. If the whole batch of eggs, according to Embryonic age Different adjustment temperature. The humidity should be controlled at 65% ~ 70% in the early stage of incubation, reduced to 60% ~ 65% in the middle stage, and increased to 65% ~ 70% in the later stage. The wild duck's breeding eggs Hatching period For 28 days, due to the thick shell of wild ducks, the incubation period of breeding eggs is generally 2 to 3 days longer than that of domestic ducks.

Economic value

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Economic efficiency

rear The mallard With the characteristics of provincial investment, quick effect and high income, it is a shortcut for farmers to grow rich. As of February 10, 2012, merchandise For meat The mallard Breeding cost Each is not more than 15 yuan, and the market price is between 22 and 25 yuan, and each can make a profit of about 10 yuan. Economic benefit It's very significant. ^[1]

Feed utilization rate

Mallard mallard is a kind of special bird with strong adaptability, wide feeding, coarse feeding tolerance and easy breeding. Under good nutrition and feeding management, the growth rate is fast, Feed reward High, 60 to 70 days of age weight can reach the market weight of 1.3 kg, meat ratio of 1:3.

Feather mass

The mallard duck

Mallard has waterfowl Common features, feathers grow fast, adult duck feathers are soft and soft, feel extremely elastic and comfortable, suitable for cold insulation lining materials. Male mallard feathers beautiful, can be used for clothing and craft products, Market potential It's larger.

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Wild duck

catalogue

Morphological characteristics

Proximate distinction

Species division

Population distribution

Life habit

Timid and quiet

Strong adaptability

tweet

moult

omnivorous

hydrophilia

High flying ability

broodiness

migratory

gregariousness

Sexual discrimination

Production performance

Feeding situation

Management essentials

Site selection

Brooder house

Draw off water

anti-flight

hybridization

Wild duck disease control

Mode of reproduction

provenance

Propagation technique

Economic value

Economic efficiency

Feed utilization rate

Feather mass