The Warring States Period (476 BC - 221 BC) was the successor of China in history Spring and Autumn In the historical period that followed, the kingdoms fought fiercely. There are many theories about the beginning year of the Warring States, and there is no clear time boundary with the Spring and Autumn period in history, and the Warring States period ended in 221 BC when Qin unified the six States and ended the war lasted for more than 200 years.

Spring and autumn period protracted The War for Hegemony, Vassal state The number was greatly reduced, and in 453 BC, Han, Zhao, and Wei overthrew them Chi Chi , The three families are divided into Jin . In 403 BC, King Weilie of Zhou Confer titles on Three Jin Dynasties For a vassal; In 386 BC, Tawa As vassals, the seven male pattern was formally formed. ^[34] The situation was, Chu State In the south, State of Zhao In the north, Yan In the northeast, Qi in the east, Qin in the west, Han, Wei In the middle. Of these seven powers, along Yellow River basin The three great powers from west to east, Qin, Wei and Qi, had the power to control the situation. The year 221 BC ( First Emperor of Qin Twenty-six years), Qin state destroy The State of Qi The unification of the six States marked the end of the Warring States period.

Warring States period Chinese population Over 20 million, ^[1] In 249 BC, the total area of the seven Warring States was 2.18 million Square kilometer . ^[2]

The Warring States is Chinese agriculture , Textile industry , ideology, technology, military and Political development the Golden age . At the same time, the vassal states that wanted to survive launched many world-famous reforms and reforms, such as Wuqi County , Shang Yang In the course of the annexation war, such as Zhang Yi , Su Qin Both perpendicular and horizontal, Lian Po , Li Mu The battlefield of battle, Lord of Chunshen , Muang Chang Jun , Lord Xinling , Mr. Pingyuan Political mediation, and so on, too numerous to list, emerged a large number of generations to read idiom And allusions. In the process of unifying China, is experiencing Absolute monarchy Social substitution The system of enfeoffment An epochal change in society.

Chinese name: Warring States
Foreign name: Warring States Period
Time frame: From 476 to 221 BC (BC)
Landmark event: Deji Tian , The three families are divided into Jin
The main vassal states: The qin dynasty , wei , Korea , zhao , chu , yan , qi
Historical situation: A hundred schools of thought contend , centralization Private ownership of land
Population number: Over 30 million ^[1]
Major nationality: The Huaxia nationality
Major school: Confucianism, Fa, ink, fame, soldiers, yin-yang Etc.

End mark: In 221 BC, Qin destroyed the State of Qi
Major campaign: The Battle of Hexi , The Battle of Maling , The Battle of Changping
Main event: Prime minister of Xuzhou , Shang Martingale's change , Join forces with each other
Main character: Guiguzi , Bai Qi , Lian Po , Lin Xiangru , Mencius , Sun Bin , Wuqi County , Su Qin , Zhang Yi , Zou Ji Etc.
Historical significance: The system of enfeoffment shifted to centralization
Historical works: " Strategy of the warring States "" Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals Etc.
Gross area: 2.18 million square kilometers ^[1] (249 BC)
Scientific and technological achievement: Dujiang Weir , Look, smell and ask Etc.
measurement: Transition from enfeoffment to absolute monarchy

catalogue

▪The blood spilled
▪The Qin dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms
4territory
5political
▪bureaucracy
▪law
▪Dukes
▪Political reform
6Military affairs
7economy
▪agriculture

name

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EDITOR

The term "Warring States" was already in use at that time, but it was only used to refer to the powerful countries that participated in successive wars at that time, as in the book "Warring States". A surname The second chapter of the military education said: "Now the warring States are attacking each other, and the great raid has virtue." to The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) In the early years, the meaning of the term "warring States" did not change. As in" Shih Chi , The Biography of the Huns ":" Coronary band Warring States seven, and The Three Kingdoms side Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China " Although the Warring States is the main description of the war of seven countries, and the Warring States period of the country is far more than seven, the early Warring States, and a total of 20 countries, still Zhou Tianzi For the co-Lord. The name of the Warring States period is the end of the Western Han Dynasty Liu Xiang edit Strategy of the warring States After the book, began to use. ^[3] Sima Qian 's Shih Chi "And" War State Policy "written by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty are important documents to record the history of the Warring States Liu Xiang description Said: "Ten thousand by the state of seven, a thousand by the state of five, the enemy comparable power, cover for the Warring States." ) . Both ideas have been refined and supplemented by their proponents over time. Major historical events that occurred before 403 BC included the King of Yue in 473 BC Gou Jian destroyed Wu , and 403 BC The three families are divided into Jin . The point of view of the Records of the Grand Historian is adopted by the majority because it includes such important historical events. The end of the Warring States period was the Qin Unification of China (221 BC), see Qin Unification of China War. The Qin dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms The books of various countries were burned, and the historical records of the Warring States period were basically destroyed. As a result, Sima Qian, a historian in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, found it difficult to find evidence when he wrote the Records of the Grand Historian. ^[3]

initiation

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EDITOR

There are six theories about the beginning time of the Warring States: 476 BC, 475 BC, 468 BC, 453 BC, 441 BC and 403 BC.

There are different theories and sources about the beginning time of Warring States
Age limit	Source of statement
476 BC said	476 BC Shih Chi Saku King Yuan of Zhou In the first year, when Sima Qian was actually burned by the Qin State because of the history of the Warring States, he adopted the Qin history book "Qin Ji" and determined that the Warring States began in 476 BC ^[4] .
475 BC said	475 BC (the first year of King Yuan of Zhou) is mainly the number of King Jing of Zhou. "Zuo Zhuan · Ai Gong nineteen years" recorded: "Winter, uncle Qing such as the capital, respect king collapse also." King Jing of Zhou reigned for forty-four years, so the following year was the first year of King Yuan of Zhou, the beginning of the Warring States. In the 2016 edition of the Compulsory Education Textbook Chinese History for Grade 7, organized by the Ministry of Education, 475 BC was used as the standard year for the beginning of the Warring States Period. ^[35]
468 BC said	468 BC (the first year of King Zhending of Zhou) Lin Chunpu's Warring States Chronicles, Huang Shisan's Weekly quarterly compilation The records in Yang Kuan's Historical Records of the Warring States Period began in the first year of King Zhending of Zhou (468 BC), followed by the" The Biography of Zuo After.
453 BC	Some scholars believe that 453 BC (16th year of King Zhending of Zhou) is the beginning of the Warring States. In 453 BC, The Three Kingdoms of Han, Zhao and Wei were destroyed wisdom The three parts of the state of Jin have been determined, and the situation of the seven states has been formed, which should be used as the beginning of the Warring States.
441 BC said	441 BC ( King of Zhou Ai In the first year, Shuo Xuehan put forward this theory in Sun Tzu's book on the Art of War ^[3] .
403 BC said	403 BC ( King Weilie of Zhou Twenty-three years) Northern Song Dynasty Sima Guang The book chronicle A lesson learned through capital "Begins with" The three families are divided into Jin This event represents the collapse of the Zhou Li, the male competition, and the Warring States began in 403 BC ^[5] .

history

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EDITOR

Subject article: A chronology of the Warring States Events

Periventricular decay

The Zhou world has integrated from hundreds of small countries to more than ten large entity countries, the original strategic buffer space no longer exists, and each major country has to face the pattern of direct and cruel competition. The concentration of resources makes it possible for countries to Scale of war , the War intensity It also rose sharply. In constant intensity with each other Offensive felling How to seek to survive in the competition and enrich the country and strengthen the army has become the primary consideration goal of the decision-makers of various countries. Under the general needs of this era, a series of reforms were launched at the time, the Warring States period curtain And it pulls away.

According to statistics, from King Yuan of Zhou Year 1 (475 BC) to Qin dynasty In twenty-six years (221 BC) there were two hundred and thirty wars, great and small. When war broke out, the two sides would often deploy tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of troops. In the late Western Han Dynasty Liu Xiang He compiled all kinds of information about this history into a book entitled" Strategy of the warring States From then on, this historical stage was called the Warring States Period.

Social change

During the Warring States Period, ironware It began to appear and use, replacing stone tools and used bronze at the same time, the prosperity of commerce promoted the development of money, and the spring and Autumn period The "minefield" system It was canceled. Agriculture developed further and the population of all countries increased. Handicraft industry The production level of iron smelting, bronze casting, lacquerware, silk weaving industry has been significantly improved among countries Commercial trade It has been vigorously developed. The contradiction between population and resources is intensifying. Vassal state Annexation, land war, scramble Living space Instead of the political hegemony of the Spring and Autumn period.

with Water conservancy The construction of iron and the use of iron Cattle ploughing In the middle and late Spring and Autumn, the economy of the vassal states developed and the political situation also changed accordingly. Inside the vassal state Doctor Qing The power gradually developed, such as the famous Lu state trihuan Tian of Qi, six ministers of Jin. They used their economic power to control and divide the dominions and fight with each other to expand their territories. The six ministers of the State of Jin fought until the end, leaving Han, Wei and Zhao three families. In the twenty-third year of King Weilie of Zhou (403 BC), King of Zhou Formal recognition The three families were princes. King An of Zhou Eleven years (391 BC), Tawa abrogated Duke Qi Kang He declared himself king and was also recognized by the King of Zhou. The victory of the Sanjin and Tian clan was announced Survival of the strong The cruel political law of elimination of the weak. So, to the state of Wei Li Kui's reform As a starting point, countries rushed to do so A rich country has a strong army As the goal of the reform movement. The core of the reform is will Worker Fixed to the land to increase the tax revenue of the state. Social civilization With the deepening of the degree, the rulers' greed for material comforts expanded rapidly. The most direct way of increasing the amount of exploitation is to take more land, and the most convenient way of taking land is war. So, there was a lot of war during this period.

These developments also enable Social structure Something has changed. hereditary hierarchy Some of the former nobles lost their status, while other commoners of that time became rich through trade or other opportunities, and even became important figures in the political group. bureaucracy Something has changed.

Strategy of the warring States (22 photos)

To cope with these changes, different countries have adopted different changes. The earliest reform was initiated Wei . Marquis Wenof Wei After succeeding to the throne in 445 BC, he studied under Zixia , Field field , deadwood Etc. Confucian figure Attracted a large number of talents. reactivate Wei Chengzi , Zhai Huang , Li Kui , A surname , Wuqi County , Simen panther In the political, military, economic and other fields carried out reforms.

Bipolar world Theoretical analysis It points out that during the Warring States period, Guanzhong was the political form of the noble clan serfdom Economic form The Central Plains is the official political form and colonism The economic form, while the south is the primitive tribal political and economic form, China's overall Social form It is the political form of qing doctor and the economic form of official system. ^[9]

Beginning of Warring States

During the Warring States period, the princes were divided into separate states and fought against each other. International community It's very unstable. In the early Warring States period, there were more than a dozen states in the Eastern Zhou, among which Qi, Jin, Chu and Yue were the most powerful and had the potential of four parts of the world.

The three families are divided into Jin

Map of Warring States and reform of various countries^[6]

Later, the state of Jin suffered civil unrest Chi Chi , Fan's, Nakayuki And Han, Zhao, Wei six of the "six Qing" to merge with each other, Fan and Zhong Hang's fall Zhi Boyao Led by the Zhi family, in 455 BC, Han and Wei combined forces to attack Zhao Zhao Xiangzi surround Jinyang , decision The Fenshui River (in Shanxi Province) Irrigation City. Han, Wei suddenly and Zhao family They joined forces to destroy the Zhi Dynasty in 453 BC, and divided all the land of the Zhi Dynasty. Soon, the three families will be again Duke of Jin Room of land and people, except Quwo (now Shanxi Province), Jiangzhou (a place name in Shanxi Province) Present Shanxi Yicheng City Southeast) outside, ^[7] And split it up. At this time, the king of the State of Jin was reduced to three families, and he was so humble that he had to appear before three doctors ( The three families are divided into Jin ) . 403 BC, The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (206 B.C.) Of Common Lord King Weilie of Zhou The order of Han, Zhao, Wei three vassals, thus Seven lords of the Warring States Period The situation is officially formed.

Deji Tian

Tian of the Qing clan of the State of Qi Chen Wan The fifth Sun Tianheng, in conjunction with Bao Shi, destroyed the time Monopolize power Luan, high two usurpation The State of Qi Regime (386 BC, Deji Tian ).

Later, the state of Yan rose, the state of Qin revived, and some other small states were annexed or reduced to vassals one after another. From more than 140 vassals in the early Spring and Autumn Period, after more than 360 years of annexation, only more than 20 vassals remained in the early Warring States period. In between and to the west A surname Qin, East Jiang Qi, Central Plains Three Jin Dynasties (Zhao, Wei, Korea) South Mi Chu, north Ji This is the state of Yan. Seven Kingdoms The very best. Known historically as" Seven lords of the Warring States Period ". The annexation wars between the clans reduced the number of princes, enlarged the territory of the winners, increased the population, and concentrated the wealth. The wealth of land and population, which had been scattered in the hands of various princes, was concentrated in the hands of a few princes.

Power flow of reform

The reform of Marquis Wen of Wei

In 445 BC, Wei Huanzi, the leader of the Wei clan, died of illness, and Wei Si inherited power. Wei Si was Marquis Wen of Wei. When Marquis Wen of Wei attacked Qin three times, he met with great resistance from Qin. The expansion of Chu and Qi also suffered two major defeats. The successive military defeats and the hindering of the great power wars mean that Wei's strength is insufficient. The princes and ministers of Marquis Wen of Wei formed a judgment: If the Wei group wanted to continue to be strong and obtain an absolute advantage in military attack in the great power war, it must carry out a comprehensive reform to seek a new historical way out. Li Kui had written his own book, The Book of Laws, before he went out into the mountains. "Law Book" is not only the crystallization of Li's own legal thought, but also a legal code compiled by collecting and organizing the practical laws of various countries at that time, that is, "writing laws of various countries". ^[38]

The first task of Li Kui's reform was to organize and create a new political system of Wei. For the first time, a new type of power system tending to centralization was creatively established in the state of Wei. The national military power is divided into two systems: one is the "upper general" system, which commands the army to fight, and the other is the "Guowei" system, which defends the fortress pass and guarantees the army's support. The main aspects of the operation of these two systems were directly administered by the king in the form of military symbols. ^[38]

The second basic law of Li's reform was "teaching to the best of his power". It is to stimulate the enthusiasm of farmers to do something, and fully implement the private field system economy to achieve the goal of maximizing the potential of land. The state sold the grain to ensure that it could cope with the famine disaster. Its core is to establish a national grain reserve system by buying surplus grain at a fair price in good years, and then entering the market at a relatively low price in bad years.

The third basic point of Li Kui's reform was to put the rule of law into practice instead of etiquette. Starting from Li Kui's reform, Wei adopted a relatively comprehensive rule of law based on the Book of Laws, replacing the confused way of governing the country in the past. ^[38]

After the completion of the reform, the state of Wei became a super power among the seven Warring States. It was during this period that Wu Qi, a famous cloth scholar from the State of Wei who was frustrated in the State of Lu, arrived in the state of Wei. Marquis Wen first appointed Wu Qi as the West River guard to lead the military operations against Qin, and won many small victories, but never a decisive victory. After the reform, the strength of the state of Wei increased greatly, and Wu Qi immediately trained a well-equipped army with high tactical literacy for the state of Wei, which was known as "the soldiers of Wei." The super strength of the State of Wei after the reform has been beyond the reach of the other six great powers. The strong pressure of the State of Wei on the state of Qin and the war advantage of the state of Wei remained until the success of Shang Yang's reform. The chain effect of Wei's reform also triggered the first wave of reform in the early Warring States period. ^[38]

South Korea Shin not harm the reform law

In the early Warring States period, Korea carried out political reform, but because the reform was not thorough, it caused some political chaos. In 355 BC, Han Zhaohou appointed Shen Bufei as his counterpart and carried out further reforms. ^{[39
]}

Shen Bufei was a native of Zheng Guojing (now southeast of Xingyang, Henan Province). He was a legalist who paid attention to "art", and his theory, "originally from Huang Lao and the main name of punishment", was developed from Huang Lao School. Shen Bufei paid attention to the "art" of ruling and advocated the authoritarian monarchy system of centralization. Shen Bufei advocated the autocracy of the monarch, concentrating the authority in the king and implementing the centralized monarchy system. The techniques mentioned by Shen Bufei mainly refer to the methods of appointing, supervising and evaluating officials. Shen not only advocated that the king should use art, but also demanded that officials at all levels should only do things within the scope of their powers and not go beyond their posts. Anything that is not within the scope of authority should not be said, even if you know it. Shen Bufei once said: "The government is not more than the official, although he knows the word of Buddha." The purpose is to prevent the emperor from usurping power. But in this way, the king can only hear the real opinion, do not understand the real situation, so Han Fei has criticized this. ^{[39
]}

The techniques mentioned by Shen Bufei are objectively the inevitable product after the bureaucratic system is implemented under the system of absolute monarchy. This kind of conspiratorial power technique, not only the king can be used to control the subject, ministers can also be used to seize power and gain, "so Shen Bufei although ten to the Zhaohou to use the art, and the treacherous minister is still a bit of a cunning speech" (" Han Feizi Dingfa "). Shen Bufei's use of techniques to strengthen the rule of centralization is relatively poor. ^{[39
]}

The reform of Wu in Chu

Wuqi County^[8]

Wu Qi, a member of the Zuo family of the State of Wei (now Dingtao West, Shandong), once served as a general of the State of Lu, and immediately entered the State of Wei and was appointed Governor of Xihe. Around 390 BC, due to the exclusion of Wang Cuo, the minister of Marquis Wu of Wei, Wu moved from Wei to Chu, and was appointed as "Wan Shou" by King Dao of Chu to defend Wei and Han. A year later, he was promoted to Reigning Yin and presided over the reform. ^{[40
]}

The key point of Wu Qi's reform is "to lose his surplus and carry on his deficiency" (" Shuoyuan · Zhiwu "). It is to deprive some of the "surplus" of the old nobility to supplement the "insufficiency" of military and political expenditures. He believed that Chu's "poor country and weak soldiers" was due to "the minister is too heavy and the king is too many." These ministers and princes "forced the Lord from above and abused the people from below", so he advocated "collecting titles and salaries for the third time" from the descendants of the princes, reducing the salaries of officials, streamlining "incompetent" and "useless" officials, eliminating "officials who are not in urgent need", and saving these expenses to support "selected and trained men". This measure removed some of the privileges of hereditary princes, streamlined state institutions, and strengthened the military. ^{[40
]}

Another measure of Wu Qi to "take advantage of their surplus and their deficiency" was to relocate the old nobles to desolate areas. According to the characteristics of Chu's vast land and sparse population, he believed that the surplus was land and the shortage was people, and in the past, the old nobles of Chu concentrated the people in areas with fewer land and more people, which was "using the deficiency to benefit the surplus" and should be corrected. Therefore, he ordered "noble people to go to the land of reality and emptiness." This forced the old aristocracy to bring with them personnel to enrich the vast desolate areas, which effectively hit the power of the old aristocracy and was conducive to the development of desolate areas. ^{[40
]}

In the process of reform, Wu Qi was opposed by the old nobility of Chu, and the noble people "were very bitter, and even the simple construction method of changing the" two version of the wall "was also" seeing evil "(Lu's Chunqiu Yi Appreciation Article). He also encountered the attack of Taoism, which was popular in Chu at that time. The state of Chu became strong after Wu's reform. Wu Qi once "collected Yang Yue in the south, and Chen CAI in the north", "but the three Jin, the western invasion of Qin". He "collected the Yangyue in the south" and achieved great results, expanding many lands in the south. But in the year of victory, King Dao of Chu died. When Wu Qi arrived at the place of mourning, he encountered the joint attack of many nobles. Wu heaved on the king's body, and the noble's arrow hit the king's body. Wu Qi was also mutilated by the car and died. After the death of Wu Qi, although Chu also became one of the "Warring States", there were some reforms in the political system, but the military and political power was always in the hands of the nobles Zhao, Jing and Qu, and the politics was relatively corrupt. ^{[40
]}

Rivalry between Qi and Qin

In the Warring States period of 200 years, with the decline of Wei and Chu (see entry Historical stages of warring States ) And formed the State of Qi Qin state Because of the confrontation between the east and the west, Qin and Qi launched a struggle to win over other vassal states and isolate each other, while Han, Wei, Zhao, Chu, Yan and other states swayed in the united Qin against Qi and united against Qin. At this time, two famous statesmen appeared Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan They are respectively Side by side And harmony. This situation is also called vertical and horizontal (longitudinal, the united weak to attack a strong also; On the other hand, a strong attack the weak also).

Zhongshan State

The powerful state of Qin continued to expand its territory to the east. Zhou Xian Wang Forty years ago (329 BC) Zhang Yi of Wei came to the state of Qin, and proposed to King Huiwen of Qin the policy of linking hands, suggesting friendship with Wei and Chu. Then, with the cooperation of Wei and Chu, he attacked Xincheng He of the Republic of Korea Yiyang He drove the army to Luoyang, coerced the Son of Heaven to make the princes, and finally turned back to capture the territory of Wei and Chu, forcing all the princes of the world to serve Qin in the west and complete the great cause of declaring themselves king. This strategy hits the spot King Huiwen of Qin In the mind, then to Zhang Yi A high-ranking official from another state serving in feudal China . Zhang Yi repeatedly encouraged the Qin army to attack the state of Wei, and returned the captured land to Wei, forcing Wei to attack the state of Qin first Kamigori Fifteen counties were given to Qin, posing a great threat to other Eastern states, and Zhang Yi was appointed as Qin's governor Chief minister of state . In the 46th year of King Zhou Xian (323 BC), Wei adopted Gongsun Yanxing's strategy to encourage the five states of Wei, Han, Zhao, Yan and Zhongshan to recognize each other's monarch as king and jointly fight against Qin. But soon, Chu sent troops to attack Wei, Gongsun Yan's strategy suffered a setback. Wei Xiang Be kind to The campaign to unite Qi and Chu also failed and was expelled. King Hui of Wei After being attacked by Qi and Chu, he had to appoint Zhang Yi as Wei's minister in the 47th year of King Xian of Zhou (322 BC), in order to unite the armies of Qin and Han to attack Qi and Chu. However, Zhang Yi's real intention was that Wei should act first against Qin, and other vassals should follow suit. King Hui of Wei did not listen to Zhang Yi's advice, and with the support of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han and other states, King Hui of Wei Zhou Shenliang Wang In the second year (319 BC), he expelled Zhang Yi and appointed Gongsun Yan as the prime minister of Wei. The following year, Gongsun Yan launched Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Han to jointly attack Qin for the first time King Huai of Chu Long, was defeated by Qin.

Since then, Qin has continuously attacked the Three Jin, and also used Shu, The State of Pakistan The opportunity to attack each other, the troops took it Bashu (a county in Sichuan Province) The whole country, gained a rich Rear base , Qin state Set bar, Shu, and and Hanzhong County Its territory was divided into forty-one counties ^[10-12] . As the Bashu area was settled, Qin became stronger and stronger ^[13] . Sichuan basin Rich in products and superior agricultural conditions laid the foundation for the prosperity and unification of Qin in the future.

In the fifth year of King Shen of Zhou (316 BC), Yan Wang Kuai abdicate Sagami Zi Yuki . The son of the king for three years, the domestic chaos, the general city was attacked with the prince flat, the people counterattacked, killed the prince flat and the city, tens of thousands of dead. King Xuan of Qi took the opportunity to send troops to attack Yan, and captured the entire territory of Yan in more than 50 days. Due to the large number of civilians killed by the Qi army, the Yan people rebelled and the Qi army was forced to retreat. But it proved that Qi's power was still considerable. At the same time, Qi allied with Chu, which strengthened Qi's strength to contend with Qin.

Decline of Chu state

The focus of the struggle between Qin and Qi lies in winning Chu State. Chu is an old power in the Spring and Autumn period, and the state of Jin contended for a hundred years, although in the late spring and Autumn period suffered a large-scale invasion of the state of Wu, the national power was greatly damaged, but with King Zhao of Chu, King Hui of Chu Decades of cultivation and continuous expansion to the north and south territory Gradually there are signs of revival. 390 years before the early Warring States period, King Mourning of Chu appoint Wuqi County for Reim Yoon The implementation of reform, Chu defeated the three Jin in the north, Qin in the west, Changsha in the south, Cangwu, the world's princes fear the strength of Chu.

In 381 BC, after the death of King Dao of Chu, the nobles rebelled, shot Wu Qi and struck the king's body with an arrow King Su of Chu But at the same time caused great chaos in the Chu dynasty. In order to stabilize the Chu dynasty, King Su reached an agreement with the remaining nobles to abolish some of Wu Qi's reforms in order to stabilize the state. Although the reform was greatly reduced, it did not affect King Dao's role as a powerful state of Chu King Xuan of Chu , King Wei of Chu After taking the throne, Chu created an unprecedented flourishing situation in the Warring States, that is, in the history of Chu Xuanwei prosperous times During this period, King Xuan of Chu supported him Duke Xian of Qin , Duke Xiao of Qin The two states of Qin and Chu intermarried and fought against the state of Wei. King Xuan of Chu sent troops to rescue Zhao, to divide Sanjin and weaken the strong Wei. Qi Wei Xuzhou The prime minister's failure to inform Chu made Chu furious, and King Wei of Chu destroyed the Qi army in Xuzhou King Qi Wei A lesson, Chu state power reached the strongest situation during this period, the overall development is still upward, and make this flourishing period continue to King Huai of Chu Early stage.

During the period of King Huai of Chu, Qin and Qi became stronger and stronger, and Chu's tendency toward both was an important weight, and the two states began to win Chu's support. However, after the destruction of Yan by the State of Qi, Chu and Qi formed an alliance and made peace alliance As a result, Qin's plan to attack Qi failed, and if Qin wanted to attack and weaken Qi, it had to break up the Qi Chu alliance. However, the king of Chu at this time was King Huai of Chu who was fond of cheap things.

In order to undermine the Chu and Qi alliance, King of Zhou In the second year (313 BC), Zhang Yi went to the State of Chu to break off relations between Chu and Qi. The state of Qin sent Zhang Yi into Chu to preach "Lianyuan" to King Huai of Chu, urging Chu to expel Qi from Qin, and verbally promising to return the Chu state businessman to 600 li (southwest of today's Xichuan in Henan Province) in return. King Huai of Chu believed this and broke off diplomatic relations with the State of Qi. When the state of Chu sent someone to seek land from the state of Qin, Zhang Yi, the minister of Qin, said slyly: "I and Qin King of Chu It was agreed to be six miles, but I never heard of six hundred." King Huai of Chu was very angry and sent an army to attack Qin. The Qin army defeated the Chu army at Danyang, the Chu army was killed 80,000 people, Chu General Qu 匄 Captured, Qin captured Chu Hanzhong 600 li. Zhang Yi persuaded Han, Zhao, Yan and Qin to join hands. In the 14th year of King Nan of Zhou (301 BC), Qi, Han and Wei jointly attacked Chu and killed Chu generals Tang dynasty , swallow it all Chu Fang City Area. Also this year, King of Song Kang In the south, they attacked Chu and captured Huaibei. In the sixteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (299 BC), King Huai of Chu ignored Qu Yuan's advice, was deceived into going to Qin, was detained, and finally died in Qin.

King Qingxiang of Chu After taking the throne, Chu became more and more weak, although it won a series of victories against Qin in capturing the old Ba State, but it also provoked Qin to retaliate and strike. thenceforward King Kaolet of Chu After the throne, use Lord of Chunshen In order to save the state of Zhao in the north, together with the vassals to fight against Qin and defeat the state of Lu, Chu had a tendency to revive, but it was difficult to make up for the huge wounds left by King Huai and King Qingxiang of Chu. After the death of King Kaolie of Chu, the internal court continued to pour, and Chu gradually grew Enervation Get down. ^[14]

The conflict between Qin and Zhao

A horse shot in a Hu suit

King of Zhou Eight years (before 307), King Wuling of Zhao The practice of horseback shooting in Hu uniform ^[15] Change the tradition roaster for cavalry , modify Chariot battle for Mobile warfare To the State of Zhao Military strength Greatly strengthened, and became a new obstacle for Qin's eastward development ^[16] . Zhao King of Qin To fight Zhao, Pai A surname Wei Ran To Qi, about King Qiming He and King Zhao of Qin declared himself emperor at the same time and allied with the five States to attack Zhao.

The lobbyist Su Qin saw through Qin's plot and advised King Qiming They gave up the title of emperor, launched a joint expedition, and joined forces with the armies of Yan, Han, Wei and Zhao. In 287 BC, the 28th year of King Nan of Zhou, Qin was forced to cede territory to Wei and Zhao for peace. After that, Zhao will Zhao She , Lian Po , Zhao Xiang Lin Xiangru Crushed over and over Qin people The military offensive and diplomatic pressure defended Zhao's dignity and homeland.

The Five Kingdoms of Qi

In 286 BC, the State of Qi was destroyed State of Song For a time, its power was very strong, causing anxiety in all countries. Yan allied with Qin, Han, Zhao, Wei and other states to defeat Qi at Jixi (south of present-day Liaocheng in Shandong Province) in 284 BC. Yan Zhao King Since taking the throne, he has worked hard to be strong, humble and virtuous, in order to avenge his humiliation. Zhou people Su Qin He Wei People Yue Yi Be reused. Le Yi helped Yan Zhao Wang carry on Political reform The state of Yan was quickly restored and developed. Su Qin sent to Qi as a spy and persuaded King Min of Qi to invade Song and Chu in order to weaken Qi's strength. They also agreed with Zhao, Wei, Chu and other states to jointly attack Qi. King of Zhou Thirty-one year (284 BC), Yan General Le Yi led the troops of Yan, Zhao, Qin, Wei and Chu to jointly attack Qi and defeat the capital of Qi Linzi And took most of its territory. General Qi Bill of lading Use the state of Yan Internal contradiction Expelled the Yan army and recovered the lost territory. However, Qi had lost its ability to compete with Qin.

Qin since Xiao Gong Shang Martingale's change , meridian channel King Huiwen of Qin King Wu, Zhao King Xiang More than one hundred years, the establishment of a relatively consolidated centralization He paid attention to water conservation and agricultural production, rewarded military achievements, and made full use of guest ministers to plan battles for Qin, and became stronger in the war among the vassal states, finally defeating the powerful enemies in the East and becoming the world's first powerful country.

Qin and two weeks

The First Emperor of Qin who unified China^[17]

During the Warring States period, the Zhou royal family even lost the nominal status of the Communist Party, but it still managed to survive in Luoyang. It was built in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty Luoyi County Two cities were built. Seventeen miles to the west, called Wang Cheng The smaller one on the east is called Zhou. During the Warring States period, due to the internal power and fealty of the royal family, the west who lived in the royal city appeared successively Zhou Gong And Gongyi (now Henan Province Gong County King Zhou Xian, the true son of Heaven, lived under the East Zhou Duke of the capital. In 307 BC, Wang Nan refused King Wu of Qin Try Zhou Ding's request, Qin Army King Nan moved out of the palace of Zhou and moved into the Western Zhou royal city. In the 59th year of Wang Nan of Zhou (256 BC), the Qin army captured Yangcheng (southeast of today's Dengfeng in Henan Province), anemone (Southwest of Dengfeng, Henan Province) Two places , decapitated 40,000. The western Zhou King combined with the vassal army Yi Que County (south of present-day Luoyang in Henan Province) attacked Qin to cut off the passage between Qin and Yangcheng. King Zhao of Qin then sent an army to attack Western Zhou, and the king of Western Zhou had to give all his thirty-six towns to Qin. The Western Zhou State Perish. In the same year, Wang Nan died as the Son of Heaven of the state Zhou Dynasty No longer exists. King Zhuangxiang of Qin In the first year (249 BC), Qin Xiangbang Lv Buwei Lead the army to destroy the East Zhou Gong.

In the thirty-seventh year of King Nan of Zhou (278 BC), General Qin Bai Qi Break the Chudu Ying City , uncovered Qin Unification War The prologue. Chu evaded Qin's army and moved its capital to Chen, a poet Qu Yuan Sense of pain The country falls, vote Miluo River Kill yourself. Zhou Nan King forty-four years (271 BC), visiting Qing Fan Ju The policy of "making friends far away and attacking near" was to make alliances with distant countries, concentrate on defeating neighboring countries first, and then gradually annex other countries.

The blood spilled

Diagram of the Battle of Changping

King Zhao of Qin adopted Fan Ju's strategy, and in the 50th year of King Nan of Zhou (265 BC), he sent an army to invade Han and shut it off Upper Dang The connection with Xinzheng, the capital of Han, forced Han to dedicate Shangdang to Qin. However, Shangdang County became dependent on Zhao. The King of Qin Greatly angry, Qin Zhao war, Zhao sent veteran Lian Po army garrison Changping. Fifty-four years of Wang Nan Zhou (260 BC), general of the Qin School Wang 龁 He captured Shangdang and engaged Lian Po's army at Changping, and Zhao's army was defeated several times. Lian Po reinforced the barrier, the wall did not come out, and the two sides were deadlocked for three years. perennial War of attrition The loss of national strength of both states is too great, Qin wants an early decisive battle, King of Zhao Also very dissatisfied with Lian Po's passive avoidance of war, Qin used a plot to spread rumors in the state of Zhao, so that the state of Zhao with young energy Zhao Kuo replace Lian Po He was the commander of the Zhao army. Qin also secretly exchanged generals Bai Qi . The Qin troops attacked the Zhao army and retreated, Zhao Kuo led the main force to pursue, and Bai Qi sent a surprise force to divide the Zhao army and surround Zhao Kuo. The Zhao army was besieged without food for forty-six days, killing people to eat, and the army's heart was in chaos. Zhao Kuo ventured out of the siege, was killed on the spot, and the whole army was defeated. Bai Qi buried all the soldiers of Zhao army alive, and the Zhao army suffered a total loss of more than 400,000. The Battle of Changping It was the decisive battle between Qin State and his last strongman in the Central Plains, and it was also the fiercest war of the Warring States. At this point, the six Eastern States were no longer rivals to Qin. ^[18]

After the Battle of Changping, the Qin army took advantage of the encirclement Zhao capital Handan. The killing of the Qin army aroused the righteous indignation of the Zhao people and the fear of other countries. In the face of critical survival, Chu Chun Shen Jun and Wei Lord Xinling He led the Zhao army to attack both inside and outside, and defeated the Qin army. The Qin army withdrew due to heavy losses in the battle of Changping and its lack of strength.

The Qin dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms

The War of Qin's annihilation of Six Kingdoms

King Xiaowen of Qin Died a year (250 BC), King Zhuangxiang of Qin He succeeded Lu Buwei, a businessman, as prime minister, and led an army to destroy him the following year The Eastern Zhou State Take Han Zhi Chenggao , Xingyang (a county in Henan Province) , build Samcheongun . The following year, the Qin army attacked Zhao, invaded Han, and set up a party in Shangdong Taiyuan . King Zhuangxiang died in the third year (247 BC), King Zhao Zheng of Qin ( The pre-Qin period During this period, the family name was not unified, and the men called the family and the women Use one's surname , therefore First Emperor of Qin call Zhao Zheng .) Upon his accession to the throne, he became the first Emperor of Qin. In the fifth year of the reign of the King of Qin (242 BC), the Qin army attacked Wei, captured its sour jujube and other 20 cities, and set up East County, in 241 BC, Zhao, Chu, Wei, Han, Yan five states King Kaolet of Chu Is the vertical length, Pang Non As commander of the Allied forces, they attacked Qin together. Allied forces attack Hangu Pass When the Qin army attacked, the allied forces of the princes retreated. The allied forces turned to attack the state of Qi, an ally of Qin, and captured it Rao An (Southwest of Yanshan, Hebei) ^{19-20] [} . In the sixth year of the reign of the King of Qin (241 BC), he crushed the fourth and last joint military attack against Qin by Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and other states, and also eliminated the most vehement anti-Qin Wei by means of a plot against each other Lord Xinling . At this point, in front of the vast territory and strong army of Qin, the Kings of the six Eastern States were like the chiefs of Qin counties.

In the ninth year of the reign of the King of Qin (238 BC), the King of Qin flattened Lao Ai's chaos Ying Zheng He took power in person, and then dispatched the army to destroy the trend of decay and sweep away the old forces of the six countries, history said The Qin dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms . 230 BC Qin exterminating Han ; In 228 BC, Qin captured Handan, the capital of Zhao. 227 BC Jing Ke Stab Qin, failure was killed; 225 BC Qin exterminating Wei ; 223 BC Qin exterminating Chu ; 222 BC Qin exterminating Yan , Zhao; 221 BC Qin annihilated Qi The Qin dynasty called the emperor proemperor .

territory

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EDITOR

Southeast northwest above middle below; Qi Chu Qin Yan Zhao Wei Han.

Territory comparison table
nation	Occupied area
The qin dynasty	Guanzhong, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, southeast Gansu, central and eastern Sichuan
wei	Southwest Shanxi, northern, central and eastern Henan
zhao	Northwest, central and central Hebei, part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Korea	Central and western Henan and southeastern Shanxi
qi	Northeastern Shanxi, southern and western Hebei and southeastern Shanxi
chu	Hubei Province, part of Henan, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang
yan	North of Hebei, part of Liaoning, Jilin ^[3]

The situation in the Central Plains of the war States

political

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EDITOR

Map of Warring States (4 photos)

During the Warring States period, the vassal states successively formed a central bureaucratic system in which the princes were divided into different positions and the civil and military powers were divided. Minister, also known as minister, prime minister, is the head of all officials. The general, also known as the general, is the chief military attache. In the second year of King Wu (309 BC), the state of Qin began to set up the post of prime minister, the most honorable prime minister called the minister, and the highest military post was initially Tayongzu It was not until King Zhao of Qin that generals were established. The state of Chu has always been Reim Yoon For the highest office, Zhuguo or Kaminokuni He was a junior military attache. The military attache at the second level of each country is a lieutenant, or a lieutenant of the state or a lieutenant of the capital. Said the king's secretary censor And has a supervisory role. The setting of counties is more common, and the pattern of counties is gradually formed. Originally, the officials were hereditary, and each had a fiefdom. Beginning in the middle of the Warring States period, the king changed to give certain grain to officials at all levels Official salary Or give gold or coins. At the same time, a seal system was formed to appoint and remove officials based on the seal and mobilize troops Military tally On proof. Thereby concentrating all power in the hands of the king. Below the county level, there are township, township and cluster organizations. Township has three Lao, Ting, there are in the right. Ju is a village, under which there are Wu and Shi organization, five families for a Wu, there is a wu, ten families for a Shi, there is a long.

bureaucracy

Central structure

All the Warring States absorbed the historical lessons of the fall of the monarchical power in the Spring and Autumn period, and established a new bureaucratic system to correct the loss of the patriarchal aristocracy in the past.

The highest officials in the central government during the Warring States period were Sagami . Minister is the chief of all officials, governance in the dynasty Pepsi, the size of the officials have the right to reward and punish. All countries have this official, but the name is slightly different, some countries borrow A surname The old name, Zuozai, Reingyin and so on. Some countries are called prime ministers, but Qin sometimes disregarded their counterparts and appointed them to the left and left. Right Prime Minister .

It is lower than the state Split control Officials in various specific positions included Stu, Sima and Stu, who were in charge of civil, military and engineering affairs commonplace (see Three things (administering punishments and resignations A surname or manager . There are also officials in charge of agriculture, handicrafts and forest resources such as Sitian, Gongshi and Yu Shi.

Local institution

Places are generally divided into counties to replace the past Nobleman After the Qin Shang Yang Reform, there were 41 counties in the country. Strategy of the warring States It is said that Wei had one hundred counties. The county is also called the capital, and the ancient books often call the county even. There are townships and towns below the county level. Some countries have states between villages and regions. Below it, it was divided into a number of houses, five houses, and ten houses. County officials for the order, Qin or three Jin, also known as the county magistrate Sifu . Under the command were cheng, lieutenant, imperial historian and county magistrate, Xian Sima Wait, officer. There are three old people in a village. Satoen And so on. Counties were placed under the rule of monarchs, whose orders could be carried out through local officials to the villages and towns, centralization Much stronger than before.

Countries in... Border area Or newly occupied areas, often set up a county to unify the county. If Wei set up the upper county in Hexi, Qin exterminating Shu postulate Shu County Zhao Tui Linhu , A surname After the establishment of Yunzhong, Yanmen and other counties. The counties in the Warring States period were relatively large, Han Shangdang County had 17 counties, Zhao, Yan dynasty, Upper Valley Each has thirty-six counties. The officers in charge of the county are the guardians, and there are also called the guardians. The purpose of setting up a county is to strengthen the local military defense capability and to defend the old county Administering the people In addition, they also have military power and can lead troops to defend themselves or attack the enemy.

From the prime minister to the local government, all the guards and orders are appointed and removed by the king. To be conferred upon the appointment of officials Privy seal . An official can exercise his power only with an official seal. At the time of the removal of the official, the monarch also withdrew the official seal, which was called "receiving the seal" or "seizing the seal". The monarch adopted the so-called" Fall into a trap "To assess the performance of officials. Any official who is incompetent or negligent may be signed and removed from office by the monarch. " Xunzi "Said:" The state of the year will be in its success to effect the king, when it can be, improper then scrap." The minister is the head of all officials, and can be removed from office at any time if the monarch is dissatisfied with him. It can be seen that the assessment of officials at that time was relatively strict. Because of this, governments are mostly able to stay high Administrative efficiency .

Cronyism

In the Spring and Autumn period, nepotism was practiced, and the officials were mainly sons and Gongsun. In the Warring States period, it was popular to appoint people on merit. Although like Qi, Chu and other countries appointed clansman The phenomenon is still continuing, but most countries promote useful talents mainly from the civilian population, even like Shen Bu Those born in poverty, such as Fan Ju, can also be appointed. Qin used foreign guest ministers to recruit talents from all over the world. Qin can be the strongest in the world, has nothing to do with this. Most officials are recommended and recommended by ministers or celebrities. If the candidate is favouritism, there will be some punishment. For example, the State of Qin said, "All who appoint others and do wrong shall be punished for their crimes."

Officials are generally paid in kind. High officials can eat and receive a thousand bells, even three thousand or ten thousand bells. The lower salary was one thousand stones, followed by eight hundred, seven hundred, six hundred, five hundred, four hundred, three hundred, two hundred, one hundred, and fifty stones. The lower is Fight for food . According to the Qin system, people with more than 600 stones were senior officials. Officials have special merit, the state often reward the land. As... Shang king's book "Once said:" get a first one, reward the jue level, a hectare of benefit field."

create There are still, but it is quite different from the system of Spring and Autumn. If you are a family or a meritorious minister, you can get the title of king or marquis, have a city or fiefdom, mainly food taxes, only a certain amount of governance Civil rights . These titles are more than life or several generations, it is difficult to long-term hereditary succession. The lesser is a minister or doctor, and is generally rewarded to meritorious officials or famous men. Qin peerage The level is more, from Hou to doctor and scholar. Among the lower counts, the recipients were civilians or soldiers.

law

At the beginning of the Warring States period, the laws of various countries were further reformed Legal systematization . A book of Laws compiled by Li Kui in Wei included laws of theft, thief, prisoner, arrest, miscellaneous laws, and tactics. Thieves rule by stealing, thieves rule by killing. Prison law and arrest law are procedures for the detection and arrest of thieves. Miscellaneous law is a punishment for crimes other than theft and theft. The law is to mitigate the crime according to the circumstances or Aggravated punishment The regulations of... The State of Qin already has them Clan death The punishment of... Shang Martingale's change Set up the law of contiguity, but also formulated strict laws, increase Corporal punishment , decapitation With chisel top, ribbing , Wok cooking The punishment of... Other countries are also competing to enact draconian laws. If Qi has cooking, killing, gestation, golden knife and other punishments, Chu has killing, dismembering, cooking, Pierced ear , whip, lash, II, palace, shackles, gravel, destroy home, Yi Zong, three ethnic punishment, Yan has cut, router belly, prison, 劓 and other punishment.

During the Warring States period, all countries ruled by severe laws. A new batch has been drawn up for this purpose Written code . A famous book by Li Kui in Wei Dynasty Dharma classics ", the most famous. Zhao has the Law of the State and Yan has the Law of Fengfa. But these codes are long gone. Qin law It was compiled on the basis of the Dharma Sutra, which no longer exists. But it was unearthed in 1972 Cloud dream Qin law And other related materials, most of which should be from the Qin state during the Warring States period Legal provision It is valuable information for understanding the legal situation of Qin or other countries.

The Qin Law will protect Private property The sanctity of inviolability is placed in the first place, such as the punishment for the crime of theft is extremely harsh. Those who participate in the distribution or shelter of stolen goods will be subject to the same punishment as the thief. A thief whose proceeds of theft exceed six hundred and sixty dollars in value shall be punished by a punishment less severe than death. Such as stealing someone else's mulberry leaves, its value is less than one dollar, also Be obliged to Thirty days of hard labor.

Secondly, the law is against the officials Illegal act Take it seriously. There are a variety of contents of the nature of government regulations in Qin law, such as the" Law of the emperor "," Law of efficiency "," Martial law ", and the production-related" Field law "," Working law "And" Kimble law ". The official who neglects his duty in law enforcement is "incompetent", and the minor sentence of felony or minor crime is "not straight", "incompetent" and "not straight" constitute a crime. Officials who are "not honest" are "evil officials" and are not allowed by law.

Punishment was cruel during the Warring States period. The punishments are death, corporal punishment, imprisonment Class etc. The punishment was divided between Kun, tsingy, tattoo and 劓. Imprisonment is to make the sinner to serve a long period of hard labor, the Three Jin called such criminals Xu, Qin called torturer City Denier or ghost salary, Li minister. In a sentence of Qin, Chengdan is the heaviest and the prisoner Kun can be sent Ochre cloth Wear iron forceps in your neck and iron on your feet 釱. The tattoo is tattooed with tsingy and 劓. Chengdan served long periods of hard labor under close supervision, effectively becoming a criminal slave. In the Warring States period, corporal punishment had become a remnant of the previous era, and imprisonment had become an important means of punishment. Lesser penalties include commutation, flogging And fine, punishment in need. Transfer is the movement of prisoners to a frontier to serve or defend. The families of the prisoners also bear the burden Legal responsibility In the "Dharma Classic", the three ethnic punishments, that is, the relatives of the prisoner's father, mother and wife must also be implicated. The so-called "collection" in Qin law also refers to the wife and children of the native sinner.

Dukes

One hundred countries in the spring and autumn, after continuous annexation, the Warring States in the early years, about a dozen states. Qin, Wei, Han, Yan, Zhao, Qi, Chu, namely, the "seven Warring States". In addition to Yue A relatively powerful country. Small states Song, Lu, Wei, Zhongshan, Teng, Zou and so on. There are quite a few others Minority nationality It is found in the north and northwest Linhu , A surname , A surname The instrument canal, the south has The State of Pakistan The Kingdom of Shu, Minyue County . To Qin unification, passed The various nations The annexation wars and spontaneous economic and cultural exchanges and migrations of these ethnic minorities were numerous with the Central Plains National integration Some maintained the original national style, and some, such as the Xiongnu, were in opposition to the Central Plains.

The most powerful states in the Warring States period were Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin. Seven lords of the Warring States Period ". In the early Warring States period, "seven male" was formed, and all countries spent their energy on internal consolidation. Various countries recruited talents and made great efforts to rule, such as the reform and reform of Li Kui, Wu Qi, Shang Yang, etc., took place during this period. The middle of the Warring States period was the time of great war. It is true: "The country has no peace, the year has no peace", "Bon uncertain No one can decide what to do." In order to maintain their own survival and expand the power of the territory, the monarchs have successively declared themselves king and dominated one side. On the one hand strengthen centralization Reform and strengthen armaments; On the other hand, in diplomacy, we frequently strive for the "cooperation" and "cooperation" of other countries. Side by side ". In the late Warring States Period, King Zhaoxiang of Qin with Fan Ju As the prime minister, he adopted the strategy of "friendship from far away and attack from near", which destroyed the "union" of various states, strengthened the national strength and military of Qin, and became the first powerful state in the Warring States period, weakening the strength of all states

Political reform

Li Kui

Marquis Wenof Wei He appointed Li Kui (reigned from 445 BC to 396 BC) to carry out reforms. Do your best to teach , establish soldier , reuse Wu Qi, Simen panther They governed the region, developed the economy, and became the first powerful country in the early Warring States period.

Contents of the reform:

A. Abolish the system of princes and wealth and establish The system of prefectures and counties bureaucracy . According to the principle of "food is laborious and pay is meritorious", officials were selected according to merit and ability, and aristocratic privileges were weakened and established Shire and county The bureaucracy.

⒉ Introduce the teaching of the best of the land.

implement Peaceful method .

4. Write the Dharma Sutra.

Wuqi County

Background: The decline of Chu, King Mourning of Chu with Wu Qi's reform . Wu Qi (c. 440 BC - C. 381 BC), Wei People, unable to seek development in the state of Wei, defected to the State of Lu, in Zeng Shen Study under the door, take the field house son for his wife, because did not go home to run mother lost, Zengzi interrupted Teacher-student relationship . Rumu He used him as a general. He killed his wife and asked for generals. To Wei after participation Li Kui changed a law . 383 BC, Marquis Wu of Wei At that time, Wu Qi was under the direction of Wei A surname Crowding out, from Wei to Chu. In the twentieth year of King An of Zhou (382 BC), King Dao of Chu appointed Wu Qi to carry out reform and downsizing Redundant officials The abolition of the nobility's worldly wealth, the Ming law review order, the prohibition of private door solicitation, but also increasingly strong up ^[21-22] . However, the old forces of Chu were too strong, and as soon as King Dao of Chu died, Wu Qi was killed by random arrows.

The contents of the reform are:

Make laws and make them public so that officials and citizens can understand them.

All the nobles of the king have been abolished for three generations Pay from titles and titles ; Stop alienating nobles According to rules and regulations Supply, to enrich the domestic aristocracy to a vast and sparsely populated remote place.

The elimination and reduction of unimportant officials, the reduction of official salaries, and the saving of wealth for the strengthening of the army ^{23 [25]} .

Correct the bad atmosphere of Chu officialdom at the expense of public welfare, slaying loyalty and good, so that Chu ministers will serve the country regardless of personal honor and disgrace ^[26] .

Prohibit private solicitation, unify Chu customs ^[27] .

Abolish the "two version of the wall", change to four version of the construction of the city law, the construction of Chu capital Ying (today's Hubei Province Jingzhou City Northwest) ^[28] .

Zou Ji's reform

King Hui of Wei He moved the capital to Daliang, recruited scholars, developed water conservancy, deployed troops abroad, and plotted to annex the state of Wei with Puyang as its capital, causing dissatisfaction among the surrounding countries. At this time, King Qi Wei appoint Zou Ji They carried out reforms, vigorously restructured politics, encouraged the subjects to advise, enacted laws, and encouraged the exiles. Their economy developed rapidly and they became a great power second only to Wei. Zhou Xian Wang Sixteen years (353 BC) Battle of Guiling And King Xian 28 years (341 BC) The Battle of Maling The state of Qi was established Tian Ji For the general, Sun Bin As a military adviser, he defeated the Wei Army with a strange plan, and from then on, the State of Qi became the strongest state in the Central Plains. To meet the demand for talent, King Xuan of Qi The extension is located in Qidu Linzi the Jixia Academy To the scholars who came to Jixia, they were given a generous salary and comfortable living treatment, so that they could concentrate on their academic work and train disciples, which promoted the progress and prosperity of academic work.

Shang Yang

In the thirteenth year (356 BC) and nineteenth year (350 BC) of King Zhou Xian, Duke Xiao of Qin The most thorough reform was carried out by employing Shang Yang. Shang Yang's Reform encouraged population growth, Emphasize agriculture and suppress commerce The abolition of the system of princes and nobles, the award of military merit, the establishment of household registration, and the implementation of the law of continuous seating made Qin the most powerful state after the middle Warring States period. Although Shang Yang was later killed in a failed rebellion and crushed by a car after his death, the new law was not repealed.

Main contents:

A. Waste well fields and open fields of buildings.

Shang Yang who changed the law to strengthen the Qin Dynasty

The fields of fields are the boundaries of the cultivated land. Originally, everyone has a field, but there is no fixed field boundary, because Fallow field Is everyone's Gongjeon Farmland is often redivided. Shang Yang's Reform encouraged the people to expand Cultivated area To develop production and open fields is to expand the cultivated land of the people and set up fields as fixed fields, which provides a favorable guarantee for land users. frontier Is the son of heaven, vassals on the border and nobles fief A boundary on an upper or a field, which is sealed with soil and sealed with trees as a sign, is called a frontier. The opening of the frontier was the demarcation of the private land of the nobility at that time. To open fields of buildings is to break down the old fields of buildings, re-plan them, and do not move without permission. This maintained feudalism Private ownership of land Is conducive to the development of local economy.

⒉ Reward military merit and prohibit private warfare

Awards for military merit, all those who have military merit, can get Confer a title of nobility The reward of the land and the official. Kill the enemy a person, and get its head to give the Lord level, a hectare of land, nine acres of house, concubine a person, can be fifty stone salary officer. Formulated military merit Twentieth rank : (1) A surname ; (2) on the building; ⑶ Hairpin elephant (also known as Mou); (4) No more; (5) Doctor; [6] official ; once A surname ; ⑻ The bus; 'levies Five doctors ; ⑽ Zuo Shuchang ; ⑾ A surname ; ⑿ Left watch ; In (13); [14] Right watch ; ⒂ A surname ; Has displayed Large scale construction ; ⒄ So many cars are long ; ⒅ Taisuga ; trick A marquis inside a pass ; ⒇ A surname . Privileges, commutation, clothing, and graves were granted according to rank. Private fighting is strictly prohibited, and punishments shall be imposed on those who violate it. This encouraged people to fight for their country, and produced a large number of owner-peasant And the landlord, formed the "people are brave in public war, afraid of private fighting" situation.

3. Duplicate copy Suppress the end, reward the cultivation

At that time, agriculture was called the primary industry, which was the basis of the country's wealth and military strength, while commerce and handicrafts were called the "last industry." Shang Yang's exemption from efforts in agriculture Taxes and corvee And those engaged in commerce or who were so lazy that they could not pay taxes were confiscated as official slaves. It is good for the development of agricultural production. In order to increase tax revenue and encourage the production of a family, it is stipulated that two adult men in the family must split the family after marriage and set up a separate house, and women must marry, otherwise they must pay more taxes. In the objective to promote a family Small peasant economy The development thus became an important feature of the feudal economy. One family becomes one Production and business unit The separation of the family and the analysis of production, so that the class is often in change.

implement County system

Shang Yang's reform generally implemented the county system, more than ten thousand households set up orders, less than ten thousand households set up chiefs, salaries ranging from thirty thousand stone to one thousand stone, in the county magistrate, chief, etc., officials receive state salaries, the king has the right to appoint and remove. This set of institutions was conducive to centralization and became the county system in China State apparatus The prototype of...

5. Promulgation of laws and implementation of contiguity.

Pictures of trees to the letter, to affirm the law.

Moved the capital to Xianyang.

reform Tax system .

⒐ abolish A surname Custom.

Shen Bu

At the time of King Hui's reign, Korea was still weak Shen Bu suasion Han Zhaohou Dependent on the state of Wei, recognizing the hegemony of the state of Wei, and at the same time Rule by law And carry out further reforms. ^[29]

In 355 BC, Han Zhaohou appointed Shen Bufei as his counterpart to carry out reform in Korea.

In addition to talking about the rule of law like other legalists, Shen Bufei mainly emphasized the "technique" of the monarch's rule, that is, the method of appointing, supervising and evaluating the officials. He believed that the monarch appointed officials to check whether they were worthy of the name, whether they were competent in their work, whether their words were consistent with their deeds, whether they were loyal to the monarch, and then promoted and removed according to what they knew. The introduction of "art" is of great significance to the establishment of the examination system of appointment and removal of officials at that time.

The first step was to rectify the official administration and strengthen the monarchy's centralized rule, which stabilized the political situation of Korea and greatly increased the power of Korea. At the same time, great "art" treatment, rectification of the ranks of officials, effectively improved State power The administrative efficiency of South Korea has shown a dynamic situation. They also carried out harsh military training and strongly advocated that the people should be more Virgin land To diversify food and attach importance to and encourage the development of handicraft industry, especially the manufacture of weapons. ^[29]

Shen Bufei spent 15 years with Han, "cultivating politics and religion inside, and serving vassals outside", helping Han Zhaohou to implement "law" and "art" to rule Korea Absolute monarchy Strengthened, the domestic political situation was stabilized, and history was called "the end. A surname The body, the country rule the army strong, no invasion of Korea." ^[30]

A horse shot in a Hu suit

King Wuling of Zhao He was a vigorous and promising king of the State of Zhao during the Warring States Period. In order to resist the invasion of the northern Hu people, he implemented the" Hu clothing Riding shot Military reform . The central content of the reform was to wear the clothing of the Hu people and learn the fighting methods of the Hu people on horseback and archery. Its clothes are draped and adorned with minks and cicadas coronet A harness decorated with a gold hook and boots on the feet is a riding rifle. To this end, he tried to overcome the opposition, took the lead in wearing Hu clothing, learning horseback riding, practicing archery, personally training soldiers, so that Zhao Military force Increasingly powerful, and can withdraw the Hu people in the west, the north wiped out the state of Zhongshan, becoming one of the "seven Warring States".

Military affairs

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EDITOR

Warrior of Warring States

Because of the frequent wars, each country has a powerful Armed forces . Soldiers come from Recruit troops Or conscription. At that time, the "practice pawn" or "practice soldier" should be recruited, and after considerable training, with better equipment A standing army . However, in the event of war, men of appropriate age were also drafted at any time Military service . Such as Qin and Zhao The Battle of Changping , Zhao King of Qin Personally went to Hanoi, ordered the people of the right age men to go to the party. In order to motivate soldiers to fight bravely, different countries use different reward Methods, such as the state of Qi A man of skill and attack The leader of the enemy can get the bounty; Wei soldier Their family members may be exempted from service. In addition to rewards, Qin also threatened with severe punishment, which is also one of the reasons for Qin's strong combat effectiveness.

During the Warring States period, the royal power was very centralized, so the monarchs firmly controlled the military power in their own hands, for example, the commanders of the army were appointed by the monarch. In the early Warring States period, Military general A surname Sagami In the future, other senior officials will be appointed. The general is not a permanent officer. Not until the war is over. When moving troops, the monarch uses Tiger tally As a token. Tiger is copper, tiger shape, divided into two halves, there are Joint opening It can fit. The right is in the king's house, the left is in the hands of the generals. If the king sends someone to mobilize the army, you need to bring the right symbol, after the symbol, the army will be able to obey the order. According to the inscription of the Qiqi, a local army with more than 50 soldiers must have a royal replica. So the monarch's control over the army was pretty tight.

economy

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EDITOR

agriculture

Iron tools were further promoted

Iron farm implements^[31]

A large number of iron objects have been unearthed in various places, indicating that universality . The method has been improved, which provides the material prerequisite for the development of agricultural production. Tools of production The revolutionary changes that took place in this area were mainly the emergence and widespread use of iron. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, there was already iron, but it was not popular. After entering the Warring States, both agriculture and Handicraft industry Are inseparable from iron tools. In... Mencius Iron farming is already mentioned in the book. " pipe It is thought that the farmer must have a lei, plow and diao made of iron, the female worker must have a needle and knife, and the turnmaker must have a jin, saw, cone and chisel. Otherwise they can't do what they do. It is known that Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning (Province) Iron tools of the Warring States period have been unearthed in Hunan, Hubei and other provinces, which shows that iron was used at that time Regional anomaly Vast. There are also various types of iron tools, such as hoe, 臿, sickle, 铚, and other farm implements, as well as axes, castings, chisels, and knives Hand tool In the same tool, there are differences in size or different styles. In the Bronze Age, copper tools often coexisted with those made of wood, stone, bone and mussels. By the Warring States period, not only the wooden and stone tools gradually disappeared, but Bronze tool It is also decreasing. Sharp and strong iron tools were used in large quantities in agriculture and handicrafts, and were greatly improved Work efficiency .

Animal farming was promoted

except Cattle ploughing In addition, there are horse farming, the area is more extensive.

Farming techniques have improved

Identify the soil, Fertilization technique A thousand years before Europe.

Types and distribution of food crops

Different countries grow different crops because of different soils, different climates, etc. Food crop The varieties are also different.

Increase of grain production

Simen panther^[32]

The Warring States Period, Farm implements of iron Wood and stone farming tools have been widely used in production, facilitating the felling of forests, the construction of water conservancy, reclamation of wasteland and deep ploughing, and promoting the development of agricultural production. At the same time of deep ploughing and weeding, farmers pay attention to identify the nature of the soil and choose different crops for planting according to local conditions. Fertilization technology improved, know how to use fertilizer juice Dressing seeds , manure, Green manure and Plant ash It is widely used. Start to pay attention to seed selection, control Parasitic disease The implementation of the planting method, sowing density is appropriate, easy to ventilation and drainage, good at bacon, weeding, Thin out seedlings And master Farm season The season. The general promotion of the two-harvest system a year has greatly improved the unit area Annual output . Wei Li Kui There was a time when Grain output It is estimated that one mu of land (about one-third of today's mu) can produce a stone and a half of millet (about 41 kilograms today) in an ordinary year, large, medium and small abundance Time receiving It can reach six stones, four and a half stones, three stones, and only one stone, seven buckets, and three buckets when the harvest is small, medium, and large. The average farmer needs a stone and a half of food a month, A family of five A year to eat 90 stones, the average annual planting a hundred acres of food produced, enough for the whole family for a year and a half. At that time, a stone phase is now 60 jin, so we can see that China's agriculture has a fundamental breakthrough, and the foundation has been laid at that time.

Handicraft industry

Metallurgy iron

Iron smelting is a new metal smelting industry. It began about the end of the Spring and Autumn period and made great progress in the Warring States period. " The Classic of Mountains and Rivers "The mountain of copper is 467 and the mountain of iron is 3,690." When describing the various resources of a mountain, it is often said that its Yang has more copper and its Yin has more iron. Reflects people's attitude to Iron ore resources The situation is well understood. "Guanzi" also said: "There are ochre above, there is iron below", then people have mastered through identification outcrop To find a way to mine.

Since the 1950s, a large number of Warring States ironware has been unearthed in various places. Among them, farm tools and hand tools are the most, and there are also weapons and other utensils. There are also traces of iron or argillaceous patterns used in casting iron. According to the test results of the unearthed iron, a soft iron was refined from the block smelting method at that time, but it can also be processed into a hard iron Pig iron . Due to the brittleness of raw iron, people used softening technology to make it ductile cast iron. The smelter also mastered the iron obtained by the block smelting method carburizing The art of making steel. During the Warring States period of several hundred years, from the more primitive block smelting method into the smelting process of casting pig iron and iron into steel, Technological progress So fast, in the world History of metallurgy It is rare, indicating that China's iron smelting technology has been in a leading position in the world at that time.

Copper metallurgy industry

The copper smelting industry still occupies an important position in the handicraft industry of the Warring States. Hubei (Province) Daye Tonglu Mountain, found a belongs to the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period Copper mine The site, the mine depth of 50 meters, underground has a criss-cross roadway, in order to prevent collapse, the roadway are set up wooden supports. The miners mined the ore with tools of bronze or iron, and with a tackle of wood as a tool for extracting the ore. According to modern estimates, at that time, in successive centuries, the ore mined could reach about 100,000 tons, from the situation of this site, it was mined at that time Copper mine Has a large scale, mining technology is also more advanced.

In addition to the casting of ritual vessels and Musical Instruments, copper is also cast into coins, tally , seal , measure Such things, society on copper Quantity demanded It is very large, so the manufacturing level of copper objects is still improved. According to... Zhou Li exam work record At that time, there were so-called "bell tripod, axe jin, spear, big blade, cutting the arrow, and judging the lock". Six kinds of qi ". "Qi" refers to the ratio of copper and tin, and "six Qi" refers to the different proportions of copper and tin according to six different types of utensils. In order to better decorate the surface of the copper, a fine groove is carved on the surface of the copper, and then the gold, Silver thread Embedded to form a beautiful pattern pattern. This method can also be used for inscriptions on utensils. That's what it's called Misplacing gold and silver After this processing, copper ware has a larger Artistic charm .

Silk and linen fabric

The production of silk and linen fabrics was also well developed. east The State of Qi It was famous at that time for more "writing cloth". Some from an ancient tomb Bast fibre fabric In, there are very fine linen, each Square centimeter There are 28 lines of longitude and 24 lines of latitude. In Hubei Gangnung A large number of these were unearthed from the tombs of Chu in Mashan Silk goods It is well preserved, especially rare, including different varieties of silk, silk, yarn, brocade, etc., with the largest number of silk. Silk has fifty warp lines and thirty weft lines per square centimeter. Of the finest, the lines of longitude are one hundred and fifty-eight, and the lines of latitude are seventy. The silk was dyed red, black, purple, yellow, brown and so on. Gauze and cotton are of thin texture Silk fabric . The most precious brocade in this batch of fabrics is used Jacquard pattern The thick texture of the woven silk fabric, with colorful animal or human patterns, indicates that there was a complex structure at that time Spinning frame The weaver has mastered the more difficult textile skills. There is also a lot of embroidery among the finds. The method of embroidery points Plain embroidery , lockwork Two kinds, embroidered on the luo or silk, embroidered with colorful dragon, phoenix, tiger and other patterns. From the above relics, it can be seen that in the silk production of the Warring States period, whether it is textile, dyeing or jacquard, Hand embroidery All of them have reached a high technical level.

Mode of operation

The handicraft industry of the Warring States period was partly run by the government and partly by the private sector. Government handicraft industry The history of the Warring States period can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the Warring States Period only followed its remaining stages, but there were new developments in the categories, scales and skills of management. Like a new one Iron metallurgy , too Government industry It is indispensable in China. At that time, in addition to the production of salt, iron and coins, which were closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood, the government also engaged in lacquer, pottery, textiles and gold, silver and jade.

Private handicraft industry began at the end of the Spring and Autumn period and developed greatly after entering the Warring States period. In important categories such as salt and iron, there are many private workshops. Wei Yi Dun To operate east of the river Pool salt The famous iron smelters especially many, such as the Kong family of Wei, Zhao Zowe , Guo Zong All to smelt iron and get rich, history said Kong family "home rich thousands of gold", Guo Zong can and "king 埒 rich". There are also other miners, such as Qin's pajuqing Its ancestors have production cinnabar The mine, so can "good at its benefits for generations." Most of the production of the official workshops is for direct consumption, and only a part is sold, while the private sector is not, and its production is mainly for sale. Therefore, the development of private handicraft industry can be Market offer More commodities played an important role in the prosperity of commercial exchange.

commerce

The development of agriculture, handicraft production and the expansion of social division of labor have brought about the development of commerce. The government also recognized the legal existence of merchants and levied various taxes.

Types of merchants: (1) Ordinary merchants who sell on the train and vending women who operate on a small budget.

⑵ Wealthy businessmen, both Political status And have financial resources. For details of the merchants of the Warring States period, see Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Possession of goods ".

In order to meet the needs of commercial development, there were many kinds of coins in the Warring States period and large quantities in circulation. Every country Copper coin The styles of Qi and Yan are mainly knife-shaped Sword money , Three Jin Dynasties It's mostly shovel-shaped Cloth currency Qin and Zhou are mainly round and perforated Won money , Chu State It is mainly shell-like A surname . Gold coins have Chu pressed into a box Ying Yuan Chen Yuan. In the early Warring States period, the state of Wei was every sowthistle Sell thirty money, farmers each kind of one hundred acres of land in the usual harvest, in addition to eating and paying taxes, more than forty-five hundred millet, can sell thirteen hundred and fifty money, each family in addition to the community Lu taste new spring and autumn temple to use three hundred money, each year to spend three hundred money, the whole family to spend fifteen hundred money, less than four hundred and fifty money.

with Commodity Exchange The development of monetary relations became active. During the Warring States period, not only countries minted money, but also many cities minted money, so there were different types of money in different places. After liberation, there were no fewer than hundreds of currencies found in the Warring States. thereout Casting material Look, there are copper and gold coins. From its shape: knife coin, popular in Qi, Yan and other countries; Shovel coin Circulated in Sanjin and other countries; Hwan money circulated in Qin, East, West Zhou and other places; Copper shell (Ant nose money), circulation in Chu. Chu also cast gold coins: Ying Yuan, Chen Yuan. There are many kinds, Volume in circulation Large, reflecting the development of Commodity Exchange at that time. Type of currency Complex, also reflects there is a great regionalism .

With the development of money, Loan Shark Also popular. In addition to Emphasize agriculture and suppress commerce Policy.

Urban rise

Chu capital ruins

With the development of agriculture, handicraft and commerce, Authoritarian centralization system The formation of the city has promoted the concentration of politics, economy and culture and caused the development of the city representativeness Linzi of Qi State, Yanxia Du Ying of Chu, Dingtao Handan of the State of Zhao. The city is Ruling class Rural exercise dominion It was also a place where officials, landlords, merchants, and usury lived together. The city ruled the countryside politically and exploited the peasants economically.

During the Warring States period, the social economy was advancing rapidly, but the development of different regions was unbalanced. Qi and Wei were not only Natural condition Good, and Social reform Early, thus became the Warring States in the early years of the more developed countries. Qin state Originally relatively backward, due to the location Central Guanzhong Fertile fields, the reform is more thorough, so behind, become Late Warring States period The most powerful nation. Chu has the largest territory, fertile land, handicraft industry and commerce are also quite developed, and it was once a powerful country with Qi and Qin Military strength Not strong, was destroyed by Qin.

culture

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EDITOR

Regional culture

The discord of the princes broke the original Zhou culture In the situation of monopoly, cultures around the world began to have a trend of "localization". In terms of the use of characters, it can be roughly divided into five systems according to the region: the eastern Qi system, the Northeast Yan system, the southern Chu system, the northern Jin system and the Western system Qin script The text of each system is generally similar, with only a small number of different texts, so there is not much problem with the exchange of documents between each other.

Literary creation

Difference of words

The prose creation in the Warring States period was very prosperous and varied Historical prose , the essays and other prose works of Zhuzi. These essays are written in a language close to spoken language, or as extravagant as Chuang Tzu, or as eloquent, or as passionate, or as colorful, or as metaphorical A string of beads Han Feizi Allegory, or dissection as thoroughly Mencius , or logical. realism and romanticism It's a good fit Qu Yuan His poems have great artistic appeal. Song Yu The works, while imitating Qu Yuan, have developed and created the Chu Ci, in Poetry in the style of Li Zi mesophysis Fu style It has a great influence on the literary creation of future generations.

A hundred schools of thought contend

In the Warring States Period, the drastic changes of society put forward a series of requirements for academic culture, coupled with the formation of the scholar class and the advocation of the rulers, many schools emerged and formed A hundred schools of thought contend The situation. At that time, the most influential, in addition to the Confucian and Taoist two, there are also Master of calligraphy As the representative of Mohism, to Han Fei , Shang Yang As a representative of the legalists, to Zou Yan As a representative of the Yin and Yang family, Gongsun Longzi as a representative of the famous, to Sun Bin As the representative of the military, to A surname As the representative of the farm family, to Zhang Yi , Gongsun Yan , Su Qin As the representative of the master, to Lv Buwei Representative of The eclectic Let's wait. Each school wrote books and doctrines, taught disciples widely, participated in politics, criticized each other, and penetrated each other, and the academic thought was extremely prosperous. Qin unified the six states, advocated legalism, and used both yin-yang school, Burn books and bury scholars He believed in violence and exaggerated legalism Monarchical power Play the side to the extreme.

The Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period Chinese history A very important period on the feudal territory system landlordism The transitional period, during which the struggle between old and new classes and between classes is complex and intense. Represent all factions Political force In the interests of their own class or group, the scholars or thinkers of the universe, society and all things are explained or proposed. They wrote books, gathered many disciples, spoke eloquently and argued with one another. Thus, in the field of thought, there appeared a very active "contention of a hundred schools of thought" situation, which was very rare in later generations. The so-called "hundreds of schools" does not really mean hundreds, mainly Confucianist , Mohist School , Taoists And legalists, followed by yin-yang family, miscellaneous family, master, master, farmer family and so on. Later generations called these nine houses" Nine streams ". The saying "three religions and nine streams" comes from here. Each school of cultural thought, laid the whole Feudal times The foundation of culture in ancient China Cultural history Occupies an important position on.

Astronomical calendar

During the Warring States period, the outstanding astronomer Qi Ren Gand There is a... Celestial astrology ", Wei Ren A surname There's Astronomy. They found that one of the five planets (Mars) and Venus (Taibai) had retrograde phenomena, and determined that Venus and Venus had retrograde phenomena Jupiter the Conjunctive period The length, and fixed the period of Mars is one point nine years, Jupiter is twelve years, and Modern science The measurements were close. Shi Shen's measurement of the 28 star distance and some other stars is an important achievement in the quantitative observation of early stars. Later generations will be the two works together called" Calamine star Sutra ". The Warring States Period, about Twenty-four solar terms The division and arrangement are roughly in place. Yes Agricultural production Played an important role. The Qin Dynasty implemented the Zhuanxu calendar Natsuma October is The beginning of the year September is the end of the year.

Science and technology

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EDITOR

Maths

The Warring States Period Mohist Classic There are many geometric propositions, such as the equal distance between two parallel lines, the three points are a straight line, the radius of the same circle is equal, and the four corners of a rectangle are right angles. invented Calculation tool Calculation chip, with ten small sticks placed into different shapes to represent the number, calculation, greatly accelerated the speed of calculation, in addition, the optical eight is also an important achievement of Mojing. " Kaogong Ji There are simple arithmetic of fractions and concepts and names of special angles. " Peri-leg longitude 's Become a book Probably in the early Han Dynasty, but it was before the Qin Dynasty metrology the Summary of experience In which a rather complicated score algorithm and opening method are used.

physics

Mechanical knowledge is also well elaborated in Mojing. It is believed that force is the means that the human body has to transfer and change the movement Lever balance It is related to the weight of both ends and the length of the moment arm. It is found that the body size of a ship has a certain equilibrium relationship with its sinking depth in the water, which is a simple expression of the principle of buoyancy. ^[33]

Important principality

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EDITOR

Qin state

Ying's surname is Zhao
monarch	The surname	The name	Time in place
Duke Jian of Qin	won	Zhao Daozi	First 403 - First 400
Duke Hui of Qin		Zhao Ren	Front 399 - Front 387
Qin Izong		Zhao Chang	First 386 - First 385
Duke Xian of Qin		Zhao Shixi	384-362
Duke Xiao of Qin		Zhao Quliang	361 BC - 338 BC
King Huiwen of Qin		Zhao Si	Front 337 - Front 311
King Wu of Qin		Zhao Dang	First 310 - First 307
King Zhaoxiang of Qin		Zhao Ze (Ji)	First 306 - First 251
King Xiaowen of Qin		Zhao Zhu	Top 250
King Zhuangxiang of Qin		Zhao Zichu	249 first. 247 first
First Emperor of Qin ( Qin dynasty )		Zhao Zheng	First 246 - First 210

Note: Qin and Zhao are the same ancestor branch, so the same Is the surname Ying Shi Zhao, a different story according to Feng Kuni This entry refers to "Shi Ji · Qin Benji". Before the Qin Dynasty, men were called Shi (Shi +) and women Surname addition (Generation/home country/first name + last name).

The State of Qi

Jiang's surname is Tian
monarch	The name	Time in place
Duke Qi Kang	Lydai	Front 404 - Front 386
Grand Duke of Qi	Tawa	First 386 - First 385
The removal of the Duke of Qi	Tian Shan	First 384 - First 375
Duke Huan of Qi	Tanwu County	374 BCE - 357 BCE
King Qi Wei	Tian Yinzi	First 356 - First 320
King Xuan of Qi	Land and land	First 319 - First 301
King Min of Qi	field	First 300 - First 284
King Xiang of Qi	Tian Fazhang	First 283 - First 265
Qi Wang Jian	Tian Jian	First 264 - First 221

[Note] Inscriptions on ancient Chinese characters The qi of the middle Lv family is called Qi or Qi Hou, and the qi of the Tian family is called Chen or Chen. A surname "(see) Chen Houwu Dun , Chen Houwu GUI Chen Houinzige). Chen Hou is Tian Hou, the ancient "Chen", "Tian" homonym, all belong to Fixed mother , true Ministry, Level tone . Tian Qi At the beginning of the founding of the state, it existed at the same time as Lu's Qi Marquis.

Chu State

Mi's surname is Xiong
monarch	The surname	The name	Time in place
Singing King of Chu	Mi	Xiong Tang	Front 403 - Front 402
King Mourning of Chu		Kumi	First 401 - First 381
King Su of Chu		Xiong Zang	First 380 - First 370
King Xuan of Chu		Xiong Liangfu	First 369 - First 340
King Wei of Chu		Bear trader	First 339 - First 329
King Huai of Chu		Bear tree	First 328 - first 299
King Qingxiang of Chu		Kumahiro	First 298 - first 263
King Kaolet of Chu		Kumfinished	First 262 - First 238
King You of Chu		Bear fierce	237 -- 229
King Ai of Chu		Xiong Yu	The first 228
The king of Chu bore cud		A surname	The first 227 -- the first 223

Wei

Ji's surname is Wei
monarch	The name	Time in place
Marquis Wenof Wei	Weis	Front 403 - Front 396
Marquis Wu of Wei	Wei Ming	First 395 - First 370
King Wei Hui Wen	A surname	First 369 - First 319
King Xiang of Wei	A surname	First 318 - First 296
King Zhao of Wei	Wei 遬	First 295 -- first 277
King Ann Li of Wei	Wei Stable	First 276 - First 243
King Jingmin of Wei	Wei Zeng	First 242 -- first 228
Wei Wang's vacation	Wei Qi	First 227 - First 225

State of Zhao

Ying's surname is Zhao
monarch	The name	Time in place
Zhao Lihou	Nationality of Zhao	First 403 - First 400
Duke Wu of Zhao	Marquis of Zhao	Front 399 - Front 387
Zhao Jinghou	Zhao Zhang	First 386 - First 375
Jo Sung-ho	Zhao Zhong	First 374 - First 350
Zhao Suhou	Zhao language	349-326 first
King Wuling of Zhao	Zhao Yong	First 325 -- first 299
King Huiwen of Zhao	Zhao He	First 298 - first 266
King Xiaocheng of Zhao	Zhao Dan	First 265 - First 245
King Daoxiang of Zhao	Zhao Yan	First 244 - First 236
King Zhao Youmiao	Zhao Qian	Top 235 -- top 228
Zhao Dai Wang Jia	Zhao Jia	The first 227 -- the first 222

Korea

Ji's surname is Han
monarch	The name	Time in place
Han Jinghou	Han Qian	First 408 - First 400
Han Lihou	Han Du	Front 399 - Front 387
Han Wenhou	Han You	First 386 - First 377
Han Aihou	Han Tunmeng	Front 376 -- Front 374
Emperor Yi of Han	Han Ruoshan	Front 374 - Front 363
Han Zhaohou	Han Wu	First 362 - First 333
King Xuanhui of Han	Han Kang	332-312
King Xiang of Han	Hanchang	First 311 - First 296
King Han Xi	Han Ju	First 295 - First 273
King Huanhui of Han	Han Ran	First 272 -- first 239
Han Wang 'an	Han An	First 238 - First 230

Yan

Ji
monarch	name	Time in place
A surname	Himae	First 414 - First 373
Duke Yan Huan	/	First 372 -- first 362
Yan Wengong		First 361 -- First 333
Yan Yi King		First 332 - First 321
Yan Wang Kuai	Hime Kuai	First 320 - First 314
King of Swallow Zi Yuki	Ji Zi Yuki	Front 316 - Front 314
Yan Zhao King	Himeki	Front 312 -- Front 279
Yanhui King	/	278 -- 271
Yan Wu became king		First 271 - first 258
King Yan Xiao		First 257 - First 255
Yan Wangxi	Kiki	First 254 - First 222

State of Song

Song Junqi	Rev.	469 BC	Great-grandson of Duke Yuan of Song Dynasty
Duke Zhao of the Later Song Dynasty	Have to	468 BC - 422 BC	Great-grandson of the Yuan
Duke Dao of Song	purchase	421 BC - 404 BC	A surname
Song Xiugong	tian	403-381 BC	Passing son
Song Huanhou	March troops	380 BC - 356 BC	childe
Song Tizhi became king	Tick off	355 BC - 329 BC	Dai family, from the Spring and Autumn Song Dynasty Dai Gong son Emperor father Chong Shi.
King of Song Kang	suppress	328 BC - 286 BC	286 BC, King Min of Qi Destroy the Song Dynasty.

Zhongshan State

Title	name	Years in office	Reign year
Duke Wen of Zhongshan	/	6	408 BC - 414 BC
Wu Gong of Zhongshan	/	9	414 BC - about 406 BC
Huan Gong of Zhongshan	Himeguro	29	About 406 BC
Huan Gong of Zhongshan	Himeguro	29	About 380 BC - about 350 BC
Nakayama Narige	/	22	C. 349-328 BC
King Cuo of Zhongshan	Hime Chu	18	327 BC - about 310 BC
The King of Zhongshan?	Hime (left concubine right) (last bug)	11	Circa 309-299 BC
Wang Shang of Zhongshan	Kushan	3	298 BC - 296 BC

[Note] The Qin family, Song family , Yan They all appeared after their country was subjugated.

Princes rise and fall

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EDITOR

Table of vassal states of the Warring States Period (475 BC - 221 BC)
Country name	Date of commencement and destination	In what country	Family name
Qin state	8th century BC - 206 BC	State of Chu (nominal) ^[37]	A surname
Wei	1046 BC - 209 BC	Qin Dynasty	Ji's surname is Wei
Chu State	1042 BC - 223 BC	Qin state	Mi's surname is Xiong
Tian Qi	386 BC - 221 BC	Qin state	The surname is Tian
Yan	11th century BC - 222 BC	Qin state	Ji
Korea	403 BC - 230 BC	Qin state	Ji's surname is Han
State of Zhao	403 BC - 222 BC	Qin state	Ying's surname is Zhao
Wei	403 BC - 225 BC	Qin state	Ji's surname is Wei
State of Song	1040 BC - 286 BC	Tian Qi, Wei, Chu	Son's surname
Zhongshan State	? - 296 BC	State of Zhao	Ji
Lu (State)	1041 BC - 256 BC	Chu State	Ji
Yue	20th century BC - 306 BC	Chu State	Husband's surname
The Shu Kingdom	23rd century BC - 316 BC	Qin state	Du
The State of Pakistan	1122 BC - 316 BC	Qin state	Ji
State Jin	1033 BC - 376 BC	Korea, Zhao, Wei	Ji's surname is Jin
CAI Guo	1046 to 447 BC	Chu State	Ji
Teng State	1122 BC - 296 BC	State of Song	Ji
Qiguo	Circa 2000-445 BC	Chu State	Husband's surname
Juguo	? - The year 431	State of Qi (said Chu)	His surname
State of Zheng	806-375 BC	Korea	Ji
Xu Guo	C. 1046-375 BC	The State of Chu (said Wei)	Jiang
The state of Zhu	? -- About	Chu State	Cao
Xiaozhu State	653-325 BC	Chu State	Cao
The Eastern Zhou State	368-249 BC	Qin state	Ji
The Western Zhou State	441-256 BC	Qin state	Ji
Dianzi	1044-379 BC	Tian Qi	Jiang
Tan County (a county in Shandong Province)	? - After 414 BC or 261 BC	Yue (said Chu)	Own surname (one won surname)
Imkoku	? -- 221 BC	Qin state	Feng surname
Peiguo	? - 261 BC	Chu State	Ren
Phuoc	? -?	Chu State	Ji

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