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Zuo Zhuan, passed on as
Spring and Autumn Period
Zuo Qiuming
The work of
[1]
It is a historical chronicle. Originally named "Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals", the Han Dynasty called "Spring and Autumn Annals Zuo's Biography", "Spring and Autumn Annals" and "Zuo's",
Han Dynasty
Later called "Zuo Zhuan". Together with "Gongyang Biography" and "Guliang Biography", it is called "Spring and Autumn three biographies".
[14]
Zuo Zhuan is a chronicle of 255 years from the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the twenty-seventh year of Lu Ai Gong (468 BC), which is highly respected by later generations.
[10]
It is...
Confucianist
One of the classics is the history books studied by Confucian scholars in the past dynasties, and the"
Tale of Gong Yang
""
Tale of Gu Liang
Collectively"
The Three Chronicles of Spring and Autumn
". Every joint issue with Spring and Autumn, as the"
The Thirteen Confucian Classics
One of them.
[3-4]
- Title of work
- The Biography of Zuo
- actor
- Zuo Qiuming
- Age of creation
- Spring and Autumn (said Warring States)
- Literary genre
- Annalistic style
- Character number
- About 200,000
- class
- Historical records
The Biography of Zuo
|
1. Hidden AD (722 BC - 712 BC)
2. 18 years of Huan Gong (711 BC - 694 BC)
3. 32nd year of Zhuanggong (693-662 BC)
4. The second year of Lord Min (661-660 BC)
5. 33 Hegong (659-627 BC)
6. The 18th year of Duke Wen (626 BC - 609 BC)
7. 18 years of Xuangong (608-591 BC)
|
8. Cheng Gong 18 years (590 BC - 573 BC)
9. 31 years of Xiang Gong (572 BC - 542 BC)
10. 32 years of Zhao Gong (541 BC - 510 BC)
11. Reign 15 (509 BC - 495 BC)
12. Ai Gong 27 years (494-468 BC)
|
Zuo Zhuan begins with Zuo Zhuan
Spring and Autumn
Through describing the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period, the compendium of the Spring and Autumn Period is explained.
Sima Qian
Chronology of Twelve Princes in the Annals of the Grand Historian said: "Zuo Qiuming, a gentleman of Lu, was afraid that his disciples were all heresy, and each kept his own intention and lost its truth
Confucius
Historical records on its language, Cheng Zuo Spring and Autumn."
The original source of Zuo Zhuan's historical materials should be closely related to the "hearsay" system of historians existing in the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, the "personal or internal documents of historians" recorded in bamboo slips became the source of Zuo Zhuan.
[9]
In ancient times, it is said that Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Qiuming was the masterpiece, "What the teacher said is the classics, and what the teacher said is the masterpiece." This is the tradition of Confucian classics in the past, and it is believed that Zuo Qiuming is the masterpiece. However, since Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, the Tang people broke the theory that Zuo Qiuming wrote Zuo Zhuan, although the scholars have different opinions on the author of Zuo Zhuan, but there is no clear conclusion on the author of Zuo Zhuan, so they have doubts about this issue. As for the date of the writing of Zuo Zhuan, "most scholars have a relatively close view that it is the product of the fourth century AD, that is, the Warring States period." However, as to the date of the fourth century BC, there is still a lot of disagreement among the academic community.
[11]
People-oriented thought
The Biography of Zuo
Secondly, in the relationship between the people and God, the people are placed in the master position and God is moved to the subordinate position. Before the Spring and Autumn period, the relationship between the people and God had always been God's main position, and the people were subordinate to the position. Even if the Zhou Dynasty paid attention to civil affairs at the beginning of the week, it did not place the people on the head of God, but only paid more attention to the people than before under the premise of respecting God. During the Spring and Autumn Period, when people talked about the relationship between the people and God, they often stressed the people and God together. They believed that the people and God had the same emotion and will. However, some people with insight put forward the concept of "people as God" emphasizing people over God, thus taking a big step forward on the basis of attaching equal importance to people and God.
Thirdly, in the relationship between the people and the monarch, emphasis was placed on the role and interests of the people. In ancient Chinese political concepts, there is known as "herdsmen", which holds that the monarch rules and manages the people, and that the monarch shepherding the people is just like the shepherd managing cattle and sheep, which is a relationship between management and being managed, and shepherding and being shepherded. The Spring and Autumn Period is still popular, but there is a new idea in how to "herdsmen", that the monarch can not do anything at will, but should pay attention to and care for the people. For example, the State of Qi
Yan Ying
He pointed out that a prince could not bully his subjects; Chu State
Wu Ju
He said that harmonious coexistence between the monarch and the people is the correct attitude of the monarch toward the people; State Jin
A surname
He said that a monarch can only win the support of the people if he works with them. This kind of understanding that the monarch and the people depend on each other, coexist and prosper together, sees the coexistence relationship between the monarch and the people, and is one of the important manifestations that the status and role of the people have been paid attention to. Some people put forward that the monarch should "appease the people", that is, to provide necessary guarantees for the people to live and work happily; Others proposed that the monarch should "sympathize with the people", that is, empathize with and be kind to the people, share the joys and sorrows of the people, and never be hostile to the people; Jin
A surname
Compared the ideal relationship between the monarch and the people to the father-son relationship, advocated that the monarch should support the people as a son, love the people as a son. Others put forward the view that the interests of the people are the interests of the king, and that the interests of the monarch and the interests of the people are closely related. This is a consciousness based on the interests of the people and regards the interests of the people as the interests of the monarch. The interests of the people are the first consideration, and the interests of the monarch are subordinate and secondary.
[7]
Man and nature
Zuo Zhuan views society in relation to human and nature, showing the social view of "unity of nature and man". It contains the following theoretical contents:
First up is the
Theory of historical change
. In the 32nd year of Duke Zhao of Lu, the State of Jin
A surname
He said, "The state is impermanent, and Kings and ministers are impermanent, which has been true since ancient times." This is a famous saying of the Spring and Autumn historians, which means that a country will not exist forever, and the superior and inferior status of the king and minister will not be fixed and unchanged, which has been the case since ancient times. It is believed that the succession of dynasties and the change of monarch is an eternal law.
secondly
The rule of etiquette invariable theory
. Although history is changing, dynasties have to be replaced, and rivers and mountains have to change masters, the spiritual wealth of mankind, that is, the ideological and institutional virtues and rites that rule society, will never perish, and the point that mankind will use them to govern the country will never change. The State of Qi
Yan Ying
He said: "Rites can be a kingdom for a long time, and with heaven and earth." It is believed that no matter how the history changes, all changes are inseparable from its "rites", and rites will coexist with heaven and earth.
Once again
The role of nature and man
. The history is changing, the rule of etiquette is unchanged, the change of society depends on both the heavenly way and the personnel, and the personnel is the subjective operation of the people to the rule of etiquette. Shi Mo, when talking about Ji's expulsion of Lu Jun from the country, from the heavenly way and humanity, laid out several bases for Ji's departure, pointing out that his behavior was both the recognition of the "Heavenly way", the divine intention of being assigned by the gods in the mother's womb "will be the assistant of the public office", and was also caused by the behavior of the people who "Lu Jun was lost from it and Ji Shi's cultivation of its work". It shows that the formation of the weak monarch and strong subjects in the historical development of Lu is the result of the combined action of providence and humanity. In the understanding of the combination of nature and man in the social history, the human factor is often more important. For example, in the sixteenth year of Duke Xi of Lu, six birds flew backward over the capital of the State of Song.
Duke Xiang of Song
Do not understand is a kind of high-altitude air flow caused, ask the week Shi Shuxing Lord what good or bad, Shu Xing think that it is a natural phenomenon, can not make good or bad, "good or bad by people", that is to say, the social results of good or bad is completely decided by human beings, and the day has no inevitable relationship. Once the Jin Army fought against Chu,
A surname
Think that "heaven" does not bless Chu, Chu army will be defeated, and uncle to say "in its king's virtue." It has nothing to do with the way of heaven.
In short, the social view of the unity of heaven and man holds that heaven and man jointly determine human society. In human society, there is no fixed relationship between Kings and ministers, no Lord who forever protects the world, and social history is a history of constant changes of dynasties, but the rule of etiquette is everlasting, and whoever values the decorum will receive the providence of heaven and the support of the people, and will protect the world and win the country, while those who fail to observe the decorum and decorum will be eliminated by history.
[7]
Concept of war
Zuo Zhuan divides the nature of war into "just" and "unjust", namely, just war and unjust war. A just war is waged against a country or a monarch who does not uphold righteousness or practice the way of Kings. A war without justice and violence is an unjust war. They support just wars and oppose unjust wars.
An objective and dispassionate attitude towards the existence of war. Zuo Zhuan believed that war was inevitable under the social conditions at that time, so it opposed "sending soldiers". Song minister in the 27th year of Duke Luxiang
A surname
The argument goes: War has existed since ancient times, and who can make it not exist? Saints can use it to revitalize the country, rogue ministers can use it to destroy the country, rise and fall are closely related to it. It is emphasized here that war is an objective phenomenon that has existed for a long time in history, especially in the case of frequent wars at that time, war is inevitable. Since war has been successful and inevitable, it also affirms the rationality of the objective existence of war.
Great importance was attached to the role of the people in the war. "Zuo Zhuan" believes that the people's support is the key to the victory and defeat of the war, and puts forward the basic concept of "fighting without the people". Therefore, in the process of describing the war, the victory and defeat of the war are always closely related to the popular support, and whether the public support is an important reason for the victory of the war. Such as Qi, Lu
The Battle of the Long Spoon
Lu's primary concern before the war was the issue of popular support; Jin and Chu Dynasties
The Battle of Chengpu
The reason for Jin's victory over Chu was also mainly due to the fact that Jin gained the support of the people while Chu lost the support of the people.
[7]
Character image
In the process of describing the politics, diplomacy and wars of each vassal state in the Spring and Autumn, Zuo Zhuan has created a number of vivid characters. Such as great talent and broad vision
Duke Wen of Jin
Stupid and pedantic
Duke Xiang of Song
Insidious
Zheng Zhuanggong
Discerning fine break
embryo
Endure humiliation and bear heavy burdens
Zhao Dun
Resourceful
Cao Kui
He left a deep impression. Zuo Zhuan uses artistic expression techniques when depicting these characters. First of all, be good at selecting typical materials to show the main characteristics of the characters. For example, among the five overlords in the Spring and Autumn period, Duke Wen of Jin is the one the author focuses on portraying. The hegemony of Duke Wen of Jin conforms to the requirements of The Times. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, the power of the minority ethnic groups around the royal family became more and more powerful, and the communication between South Yi and North Di was frequent, which seriously threatened the security of the vassal states in the Central Plains. The Central Plains needed a powerful overlord to lead the vassal states and unite to defend their territory. The Duke of Wen of Jin came into being in accordance with the requirement of this era. Duke Wen of Jin established many great achievements in his life, the author chooses some typical cases to show his unique character. One of the most fascinating accounts of his exile is in
Digo
Farewell to my lady with great sadness
A surname
; The farmers of the state of Wei gave him dirt out of a trick, which was interpreted as an auspicious sign of giving away territory; In the state of Qi, Jiang declared the great cause and designed to send him out of the state of Qi, so that he could end his comfortable life and inspire great ambitions; There are also scenes of Cao Gong peeping at Chong 'er's bath, and the king of Chu asking him how to repay Chu's favor. In these narrations, the author chooses different angles, from the positive and negative aspects of Chonger's growth from an ignorant, heedless male brother to a bold, wise and far-sighted monarch. At the same time, for Chonger has always existed some shortcomings, such as too concerned about personal grievances, often emotional, and so on, also selected a typical case to show.
[7]
War narrative
Zuo Zhuan records hundreds of wars, among which the Qin and Jin dynasties
Battle of Crest
Jin and Chu
The Battle of Chengpu
, Qi, Jin
Battle of the Positions
Jin and Chu
The Battle of 邲
,
Battle of Yanling
And so on. These are famous wars. The record of these wars in Zuo Zhuan, with its twists and turns, literary talent and strong literary character, provides an important reference model for the record of military history and the creation of war literature in later generations.
In the mode of war narrative, Zuo Zhuan has a unique and relatively complete mode. It not only describes more fierce battle scenes, but also takes war as a complex social phenomenon, and comprehensively discusses the various factors involved in it as a whole, forming a relatively fixed narrative format. Zuo Zhuan describes the war, taking into account the causes and consequences of the war, generally divided into three stages before the war, during the war, and after the war. In the pre-war period, Zuo Zhuan usually gives an account of the causes of the war and the preparation of the warring parties, including whether they have won the people's support politically, whether they have sufficient weapons and troops, and whether they have gained advantages in diplomatic strategies. In the stage of the battle, the main focus is on the performance of the two sides in the battle, psychological changes, the actual combat strategy of the general, whether the battle is coordinated or divided. In the post-war phase, it focuses on the political impact of the war on both sides. Such as the battle of Jin and Chu Chengpu, the author first introduces the good political situation of the state of Jin, and insert the great achievements made by the state of Jin to govern the state with justice, faith and courtesy, and describes the good character of the Jin army to unite as one and encourage each other, which are the advantages of the State of Jin and the key to its victory over Chu. Then entering the battle stage, it gives a detailed account of the debate between the state of Jin and the fierce battle situation of both sides, and also describes the attitude of Duke Wen of Jin to "retreat", combining the military victory of the State of Jin with the good benevolence of the Marquis of Jin. At the end, it turns to the post-war stage, mainly introducing the great influence of Jin after the victory of Chu, that is, greatly improving the power of Jin, and Duke Wen of Jin was honored as uncle by the son of Zhou, which confirmed the hegemon position.
[7]
Narrative method
The narrative content of "Zuo Zhuan" is very rich, but the text is very simple, not difficult, not difficult, simple and elegant, clear and elegant, showing a high degree of artistic refinement. As written
Duke Linggong of Jin
Cruelty, only said three simple examples: "Jin Ling Gong is not king, thick to carve the wall; From the stage to play people, and see its avoidance pills also; Zaifu is not familiar to bear paw, kill it, set it up with much, so that the woman carries over the court." Linggong is not like a monarch, who rakes money and decorates walls; Hit people with bullets on a high platform, watch people dodge bullets to have fun; The chef did not boil the bear PAWS, he killed the chef in dustup, let the maids carry through the front of the courtiers. Only a few words, with 40 characters, the Duke of Jin Linggong's brutal character of excessive collection, extravagance, wantonly, and trampled human life is written vividly and vividly. Writing the battle scenes is also very concise, such as the battle of Jin and Chuye, writing that the Jin army fled across the river in a hurry when it was defeated: "The middle army and the lower army fought for the boat, and the fingers in the boat could be easily reached." The middle army and the lower army fought to get on the ship, and the fingers cut off on the ship could be held with both hands. Only this sentence, the boat is too few people, soldiers scramble to get on the ship, and the soldiers who can't squeeze on the ship desperately cling to the side of the ship, because the ship is overwhelmed, the soldiers on the ship cut off their fingers with knives and other chaotic tragic scenes, vividly written out. Qi and Lu
The Battle of the Long Spoon
The author used a few dozen short sentences of dialogue, and he already put a man who stood out from the common people, despised the powerful, was good at strategy, and had great wisdom and courage
Cao Kui
The glorious image was clearly drawn. Lu Xi Gong twenty-eight years, Wei doctor Shu Wu painstakingly put Wei Chenggong rescue back, Cheng Gong did not trust Shu Wu, want to kill Shu Wu. Uncle Wu was about to take a bath when he heard Chenggong come back, happy to ignore combing, with his hand holding the scattered hair ran out to meet, the result was killed. Here the author with "catch out" four words, vividly wrote Shu Wu unguarded sincerity and loyalty.
The narrative of Zuo Zhuan uses a large number of folk songs and proverbs, not only the content of folk songs and proverbs is rich and colorful, but also its application methods are flexible and diverse. Folk ballads, also known as folk ballads, are expressions of public opinion. They are rhyming, humorous and suitable for dissemination. Because they reflect the general consciousness of civil society, they are often regarded as a barometer of social life. Proverbs are also a kind of ballads, which are easy to understand, concise, easy to remember and recite. They come from social practice and are summaries and generalizations of life experience, and have good educational and exhortation functions.
[7]
Language
Another prominent feature of the language art of Zuo Zhuan is the beauty of pedestrian diplomacy. The pedestrian, the diplomatic officer. In the Spring and Autumn Period, although the Zhou Dynasty was in decline and the states merged, known as "the collapse of rites and the destruction of music", the Son of the Zhou Dynasty was still formally the co-ruler of the world, and the princes had to carry the banner of "respect the king" when they were hegemons. Vassals and small states must also use diplomatic channels to state their main cause, win broad support, and preserve their own countries. This specific historical environment provides a broad space for the development of pedestrian diplomatic rhetoric, and also provides a profound foundation for the refinement of the language art of Zuozhuan. Diplomatic rhetoric is highly political, which is not only a linguistic tool for big countries to contend, but also a necessary weapon for small countries to contend, and often can produce positive political effects. As a tool for great powers to contend for hegemony, diplomatic rhetoric is mainly used to create public opinion through diplomatic channels to gain initiative, isolate opponents, and cover their own offensive behavior with a reasonable cloak. The opposing side, not to be outdone, will also take the initiative in diplomatic rhetoric, trying to win the moral advantage into its own hands. As a result, the two warring sides will have a contest in diplomatic rhetoric before and after the war to compete for the initiative of public opinion. Such as the four years of Qi and Chu
The alliance of the Mausoleum
The cause is
CAI Ji
Boating provokes anger
Duke Huan of Qi
He was sent back to the state of CAI by Huan Gong, but he did not formally renounce her, and the CAI people married her to another man. Therefore, Huan Gong led an eight-nation army to attack CAI, and took the opportunity to push south to Chu, with the purpose of conquering Chu and recognizing Qi's supremacy. At that time, the power of Chu was very strong, and the State of Qi had no absolute chance of defeating Chu, so on the one hand, it flexed its arms and was prepared to negotiate. Both Qi and Chu wanted to get more benefits in the negotiation and launched a fierce diplomatic debate. The envoy of Chu first criticized the soldiers of Qi who pressed on the border, saying that Qi was in the North Sea and Chu was in the South China Sea, and the two countries were not on the same page, and Chu did not provoke Qi, but unexpectedly Qi came to attack Chu. Qi asserted the legitimacy of Qi's invasion of Chu, accusing Chu of not paying tribute to the Zhou chamber, as well as that year
King Zhao of Zhou
Southern expedition did not return once died in the Hanshui and other crimes. Chu replied, "It was our mistake not to pay tribute, and we will correct it. As for the Zhaowang who did not return from the southern expedition and did not ask us, you should ask the Han River!" The language is humorous and full of fun, especially the Chu's rhetoric, euphemistic and polite, soft and rigid, decisively fought back against the state of Qi. The two sides after many lip war, compromise with each other, and finally reached a peace treaty. As a weapon for small countries to fight against big countries, diplomatic words are mainly used to oppose oppression, protect their own interests and fight for their right to survive.
[7]
Zuo Zhuan has exerted a great influence on the development of ancient Chinese historiography, especially in establishing the status of chronicle history books. Zuo Zhuan inherited the fine tradition of the ancient historians of "not false beauty, not hidden evil", in the face of the historical facts, dare to write straight, recorded events and characters with high historical authenticity, is an important document for the study of the Spring and Autumn period and even the whole pre-Qin period history. With many events compiled in different years, it Outlines the development of the "Spring and Autumn five bullies", as well as the "three families divided into Jin" and "Tian family replaced Qi" and other long evolution of state power, so that readers can clearly see the details of social development and evolution in the Spring and Autumn. Zuo Zhuan not only recorded the history of the high level of nobility in various countries, but also paid attention to the common class. The analysis and description of some social phenomena precisely complemented the changes in the fortunes of the vassals, making history more three-dimensional and clear. In addition, "Zuo Zhuan" reflects a strong Confucian ideological tendency, emphasizing hierarchical order and patriarchal ethics, especially showing a very strong "people based" thought, its positive significance has long been not limited to the field of history.
[2]
Zuo Zhuan is also a very excellent literary work. Scholars of all ages often call it together with Shi Ji and respect it as the ancestor of historical prose. Zuo Zhuan is good at describing wars, good at portraying characters and paying attention to recording rhetoric. "Zuo Zhuan" recorded nearly 500 wars, many of which recounted the detailed process of the war, the distant and recent causes of the war, the combination of changes in the relationship between countries, the pre-war planning, the process of confrontation, the impact of the war and the evaluation of the parties, in a refined and rich literary style, and the style is refined, rigorous and powerful. Zuo Zhuan records nearly 3000 characters, most of which are vividly depicted. Zuo Zhuan is good at writing diplomatic words. These diplomatic words are subtle, rigid and soft, and hidden, and often have intimidating ideological connotation under the polite language form. It is worth mentioning that many of the idioms passed down today are from Zuo Zhuan, such as"
It was fun
""
It is natural
""
Even on the dust
It has had a profound impact on the development of Chinese literature.
[2]
The position of Zuo Zhuan in historiography has been commented as the successor of Zuo Zhuan.
A surname
"And"
Spring and Autumn
After that, open"
Shih Chi
""
History of the Han Dynasty
Of...
What is done before
Important works.
jin
Fanning
"Zuoshi" beautiful and rich, its loss is also a witch (refers to the matter of ghosts and gods)."
Tang Dynasty
Liu Zhiji
"Stone" : "Zuo Zhuan" "its words are simple but important, and its things are detailed and broad." Liu Xizai in the Qing Dynasty thought: "centuries of historians, class is not beyond this method."
[5]
Modern historian
Xu Zhongshu
"Zuo Zhuan" is a great historical work, in terms of its literary value, but also an excellent literary work.
[6]
Swedish sinologists
Goran Malmqvist
I went to Stockholm University in August 1946 to study ancient Chinese and pre-Qin literature with Gao Benhan. My first book at that time was the Zhuan of Zuo, which I have always considered one of the most wonderful works in world literature.
[6]
Since Zuo Qiuming wrote Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian, many Zuo Zhuan texts have been produced:
(1)"
Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals
"By Zuo Qiuming. Chronology of twelve princes records that the Spring and Autumn period ended
Confucius
To change the decline of Zhou chamber, Li collapse and music bad situation, maintain Zhou Gong ritual and music system, view Lu State "historical records of old news", into "Spring and Autumn" more than ten thousand words. Zuo Qiuming was worried that "everyone is heretical and each has his own intention", so he wrote Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals to preserve the meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals.
(2) Zuo's Spring and Autumn Period: Nine Years of Xianggong - Ten Years of Xianggong, remnants, written by Zuo Qiuming, collected by the Archaeological Museum of Zhejiang University. The text is the damaged bamboo slips of the Warring States period, which had been exported abroad. In 2009, the alumni of Zhejiang University bought back and donated 160 bamboo slips to their Alma mater, of which more than 120 were 3,100 characters for the content of "Zuo Zhuan · Xianggong Nine Years - Xianggong Ten Years". The bamboo slips are the texts of Zuo Zhuan in the Warring States Period, and they are valuable historical materials for the study of the evolution of Zuo Zhuan texts by the scholars using the method of philology, carbon-14 measurement, comparative analysis of ancient and modern ink, and comprehensive examination of materials science.
(3) Zuo Biography, 30 volumes, written by Zuo Qiuming. Marquis of Northern Ping of the Western Han Dynasty
Zhang Cang
Presented to the imperial court, the end of the Western Han Dynasty
Liu Xin
Found in the secret house, "to rule" Zuozhuan "to explain the text," proposed to stand in the academic officer, because of the current Wen school resistance and failure. The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
Jia Kui
, Zheng Xing, Zheng Zhong, Cui Yuan, Xu Shen, Ma Rong, Lu Zhi, Zheng Xuan, Fu Qian and other study and spread "Zuo Zhuan", the trend far cover "Ram" and "Gu Liang".
(4) "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Friendship", 31 volumes, now lost, Eastern Han Dynasty
piety
Note. Fu Qian's Zuo Zhuan became an important text for scholars to study from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Du Yuzhu's Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan Collection was published. With the publication of the Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan Collection and the Justice of Zuo Zhuan by Kong Yingda in Tang Dynasty, the Zuo Zhuan gradually lost.
(5) "Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan", fragments, Eastern Han Fu Qian Notes, handwritten manuscripts of the Six Dynasties, unearthed in Turpan, Taitou, Japan Lishudao Museum collection. This remnant is the real object of taking notes on Zuo Zhuan.
(6)"
Collection of the Spring and Autumn classics
", 30 volumes, Western Jin Du Yu Notes, Six Dynasties, rolling, Japan Kanazawa Bunko, Red Yeshan Bunko, Imperial Palace Library second collection. The Japanese Shimada Han considers this text as the treasure of the Six dynasties, and the contemporary scholar Yang Bojun believes that Kanazawa Bunko was originally written by the six dynasties, and the end is complete, which can be said to be the most valuable reference version.
(7)"
Collection of the Spring and Autumn classics
", remnants, 1 axis (volume), Western Jin Du Yu notes, Northern Qi manuscripts, scrolls old, Japan Fujii Saisei will have a neighboring collection. For the "Spring and Autumn Zuoshi Sutra collection" volume two parts content, volume end
Yang Shoujing
The title of the book of the Northern Qi Dynasty is "a total of seven papers and 146 lines of my memory", the end of the title is "Yang Shoujing" Yinwen printed on one side. Yang Shoujing went to Japan to visit the book to see, heavy price brought back, and then carried by Japan Naito Hunan to Japan.
(8)"
Spring and Autumn Zuo Sutra collection
", Western Jin Du Yu notes, Tang manuscripts, Dunhuang sutra cave out. "Chunqiu Zuo's Bible collection and solution," fragments, Tang manuscripts, Dunhuang Sutra cave out. "Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan Justice", remnants, Tang Kong Ying justice, Tang manuscripts, Dunhuang sutra cave out. In 2008, Zhonghua Book Company published a Collection of Dunhuang Classics. The third volume, "The Family of Zuozhuan", contains the remnants of Zuozhuan scattered all over the world.
(9)"
Spring and Autumn left to justice
", 60 volumes, Du Yu Notes in the Western Jin Dynasty, Kong Yingda et al. For Kong Yingda presided over the compilation of "Five Classics of Justice", with Du Zhu's "Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan Collection", the collection of the essence of previous achievements, is up to the Tang Dynasty "Zuo Zhuan" research results.
(10)"
Collection of the Spring and Autumn classics
", 30 volumes, Western Jin Dynasty Du Yu Notes, Song Jiading nine years Xingguo military learning engraved, Imperial Palace of Japan. Volumes 3 to 4, 20 to 21, and 26 to 28 are supplementary copies. Seal "Zhishan", "Yunming", "Jinze library", "Iguchi's 圗 book", "Wen Bing collection son Sun Yongbao", "a pot of wine at the head of the bed can be several times the closure", "Jian Fang Xin Xi hips", "the palace room Shuling Department book Liao library collection" and so on. Japanese Zunjing Pavilion library has "Spring and Autumn classics transmission of Yin Yi" Song edition 5 volumes, engraved "Kanazawa Bunku", this text is distributed.
(11)"
Spring and Autumn left to justice
", 36 volumes, Notes by Du Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty, Kong Yingda et al Shu in the Tang Dynasty, Engravings in Shaoxing Fu in the sixth year of the Song Qing and Yuan Dynasties, Xiuxiu in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, collected by the National Library. The only one left in the world. This half page of 8 lines, in order to distinguish from the later half page of 10 lines, called "eight lines", the quality is much higher than the ten lines of the same period and later various versions.
(12) "Full text of Yin notes Spring and Autumn examples beginning and end Zuozhuan sentence straight interpretation", also known as "Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan Compendium", 70 volumes, Southern Song Dynasty Lin Yao Sou Yin interpretation, Southern Song engraving. Book collector of the Republic of China
Zha Yanxu
Xu Boming has been hiding. Abstract of Chinese Good Books and Bibliography of Chinese Good Books have not been recorded, which is the only one in the world. During the war of Resistance, Xu's collection of books scattered, the whereabouts of this book is unknown, and in 2004, it appeared in the autumn auction of ancient books and rare books of Xiling Seal Society.
(13)"
Collection of the Spring and Autumn classics
", 30 volumes, Notes by Du Yu of the Western Jin Dynasty, engraved by the Library of Minister of Fuzhou of the Song Dynasty, Volumes 1 ~ 2 and 19 in the National Library, Volumes 3 ~ 18 and 20 ~ 30 in the National Palace Museum, Taipei. Half page 10 lines, line 16 words, engraved words and engraved names, Qianlong "five fu five generations of Tang treasure", "eight symbols of the treasure", "Qianlong imperial treasure", "ancient Xi Tianzi" and so on.
(14) "Spring and Autumn Classics Zuoshi Sentence Interpretation", surviving volumes 35 ~ 38, Notes by Du Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty, Song Lin Yao Shushu, Song Engravings. Half page of 10 lines, lines of 22 words. Pan Jingzhen bought from a factory in Beijing during the Republic of China, and has been auctioned in Beijing ancient books twice in 2003 and 2009. There are no descriptions of similar texts in various bibliographies.
(15)"
Collection of the Spring and Autumn classics
", 30 volumes, Notes by Du Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty, explanations by Lu Deming in the Tang Dynasty, and engravings by Yu Renzhong in the Southern Song Dynasty. Half page 11 lines, line 17 words. Once spread to Japan, after returning to China, is now stored in Taipei "central map".
(16)"
Collection of the Spring and Autumn classics
", 30 volumes, Notes by Du Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty, engraved editions by the Yue family in the Late Song and Early Yuan Dynasties, collected by the National Library. Single copy, half page 8 lines, line 17 words. There are no notes in the white text, the words are as big as money.
(17) Yu Shi Yin Zuo Zhuan of Spring and Autumn Annals, 60 volumes, Notes by Du Yu of the Western Jin Dynasty, Interpretation by Kong Yingda Shu of the Tang Dynasty, Interpretation by Lu Deming of the Tang Dynasty, engraving by Liu Shugang of the Southern Song Dynasty, Vol. 1-29 of the National Library, Vol. 30-60 of the National Palace Museum, Taipei. Half page 10 lines, line 17 words, footnote double lines, line 23 words.
(18) Fu Shi Yin Zuo Biography of Spring and Autumn Annals, 60 volumes, Notes by Du Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty, Tang Yingda Shu by Kong Yingming, Tang Lu Deming, engraved edition of the early Yuan Dynasty, collected by the National Library. Half page 10 lines, line 17 words, footnote double lines, line 23 words. The number of words in the size of this page is engraved on the plate heart, and the "autumn Shuji" is engraved under the name of the worker. Well-engraved, reflecting the face of the ten lines of the Yuan.
(19) Zhuoshu, Spring and Autumn Annals, 60 volumes, Western Jin Dynasty
Du Yan
Note, Tang Lu Deming Yin Yi, Tang
Kong Yingda
Thin, Qing Qianlong four years Wuyingdian engraving, Qufu hole house. Half page 10 lines, line 21 words, double lines of small characters in annotations, single line 21 words, the heart of the Qianlong four-year school journal, the title volume, the page number. The text begins with white characters on black background indicating Sutra, preaching, righteousness, knowledge, notes and sounds. Excellent lettering, for the hall of Martial heroes engraving representative.
(20) Zuozhuan Zhushu of Spring and Autumn, 30 volumes (original 60 volumes), Notes by Du Yu of the Western Jin Dynasty, Tang Dynasty
Lu Deming
Yin Yi, Tang Kong Yingda Shu, Qing Tongzhi ten years Guangdong Book Company according to the Hall of Martial heroes this republished. Ruan Yuan is based on the Hall of Martial heroes, with public and private collections of rare books with detailed proofreading. Half page 10 lines, line 21 words, note two lines, single line 21 words. Surrounded by unilateral, engraved on the heart of the "Qianlong four years school journal", engraved in the title of the volume. Excellent engraving, higher quality than the Qianlong four years.
(21)"
Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan notes
"(Revised edition), 4 volumes, large 32 open,
Yang Bojun
Edited, Zhonghua Book Company October 2009 edition, paperback, hardcover. Absorbing predecessors and archaeological achievements is a comprehensive work of research achievements of Zuo Zhuan in the past dynasties.
(22)"
Spring and Autumn Zuo new note
", upper and lower volumes, big 32 open,
Zhao Shengqun
Shaanxi People's Publishing House, March 2008, hardcover. This paper makes a detailed collation, textual research and interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuozhuan, and then an Introduction is attached to it to sort out the research results of Zuozhuan in the past, and to respond to the main controversies of Zuozhuan.
[8]
Zuo Qiuming, born and died at the same time or slightly earlier than Confucius, surname Qiu, name Ming, because his father was left historian, so called Zuo Qiuming, Lu. He was blind, so later people also called blind left. According to legend, he wrote Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals (also known as Zuo Zhuan) and Guoyu.
[12]
